ANNALES
Thessaloniki 2009
du 18e CONGRÈS de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE pour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE
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ANNALES du 18e CONGRÈS de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE pour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE
Editors Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras
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Editing Committee Nadia Coutsinas Ian C. Freestone Sylvia Fünfschilling Caroline Jackson Janet Duncan Jones Marie-Dominique Nenna Lisa Pilosi Maria Plastira-Valkanou Jennifer Price Jane Shadel Spillman Marco Verità David Whitehouse
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Thessaloniki 2009
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Couverture / Cover illustration The haematinon bowl from Pydna. Height 5.5 cm. © 27th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Greece. The bowl (skyphos) is discussed in the paper by Despina Ignatiadou ‘A haematinon bowl from Pydna’, p. 69. © 2012 Thessaloniki AIHV and authors ISBN: 978-90-72290-00-7 Editors: Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras
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AIHV Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre International Association for the History of Glass http: www.aihv.org Secretariat: The Corning Museum of Glass One Museum Way Corning NY, 14830 USA Printed by: ZITI Publishing, Thessaloniki, Greece http: www.ziti.gr
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CONTENTS PRÉFACE – MARIE-DOMINIQUE NENNA
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PREFACE – MARIE-DOMINIQUE NENNA
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GREEK LITERARY SOURCES STERN MARIANNE EVA Ancient Greek technical terms related to glass production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2nd MILLENNIUM BC / BRONZE AGE GLASS NIGHTINGALE GEORG Glass and faience and Mycenaean society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 SMIRNIOU MELINA, REHREN THILO, ADRYMI-SISMANI VASSILIKI, ASDERAKI ELENI, GRATUZE BERNARD Mycenaean beads from Kazanaki, Volos: a further node in the LBA glass network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ARCHONTIDOU-ARGYRI ΑGLAÏA, VAVLIAKIS GEORGE Mycenaean Psara - The glass finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 BIRON ISABELLE, MATOÏAN VALÉRIE, HENDERSON JULIAN, EVANS JANE Scientific analysis of glass from Ras Shamra – Ugarit (Syria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ERTEN EMEL Early ancient glass from Şaraga Höyük, Gaziantep, Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 NICHOLSON T. PAUL, JACKSON M. CAROLINE The Harrow chalice: Early glass or early fake? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 RÖHRS STEFAN, SMIRNIOU MELINA, MARÉE MARCEL The British Museum’s Amarna fish scientifically studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 IKEDA KAZUMI Core-formed glass vessels from Sinai peninsula, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 AZUMA YOKO, TANTRAKARN KRIENGKAMOL, KATO NORIHITO, AND NAKAI IZUMI Scientific analysis of ancient glass collections of the Miho Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
LIARDET FRANCES Taking the Heat: The contribution of apprenticeship to the understanding of the manufacture and typology of core-formed vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
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1st MILLENNIUM BC / ARCHAIC / CLASSICAL GLASS
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NENNA MARIE-DOMINIQUE Les contenants à huile parfumée façonnés sur noyau dans les dépôts votifs des sanctuaires grecs : l’exemple de l’Artémision de Thasos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 IGNATIADOU DESPINA A haematinon bowl from Pydna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 OIKONOMOU ARTEMIOS, BELTSIOS KONSTANTINOS, ZACHARIAS NIKOLAOS Analytical and technological study of blue glass from Thebes, Greece: An overall assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 READE J. WENDY, DUNCAN JONES JANET, PRIVAT KAREN Iron Age and Hellenistic monochrome glasses from Gordion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
HELLENISTIC GLASS PATERA IOANNA, NIKOLAIDOU-PATERA MARIA Hellenistic tomb at the ancient city of Philippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 CONNOLLY PHILIP, REHREN THILO, DOULGERI-INTZESILOGLOU ARGYROULA, ARACHOVITI POLYXENI The Hellenistic glass of Pherai, Thessaly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, KARATASIOS IOANNIS, TRIANTAFYLLIDIS PAVLOS Corrosion morphology of Hellenistic glass finds in relation to manufacture techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 PLOYER RENÉ Glass from the excavations in the so-called ‘Hellenistic’ town of Palmyra. A preliminary report . . . . . . . . 104 AUTH H. SUSAN The Denderah cache of glass inlays: A possible votive pectoral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 GRADEL CORALIE Les verres d’époques hellénistique et romaine dans le royaume de Méroé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
ROMAN GLASS BREMS DIETER, BOYEN SARA, GANIO MONICA, DEGRYSE PATRICK, WALTON MARC Mediterranean sand deposits as a raw material for glass production in antiquity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 DIANI MARIA GRAZIA, TONINI CRISTINA Nouvelles attestations de verres antiques dans le Musée de Lodovico Pogliaghi – Varèse (Italie) . . . . . . . . . 128 SAGUÌ LUCIA, SANTOPADRE PAOLA, VERITÀ MARCO Technology, colours, forms, and shapes in the 2nd century glass opus sectile materials from the villa of Lucius Verus in Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
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BOSCHETTI CRISTINA, LEONELLI CRISTINA, CORRADI ANNA The earliest wall mosaics and the origin of Roman glass in Italy: archaeological considerations for an archaeometric study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 BOSCHETTI CRISTINA, NIKITA KALLIOPI, VERONESI PAOLO, HENDERSON JULIAN, LEONELLI CRISTINA, ANDREESCU-TREADGOLD IRINA Glass in mosaic tesserae: Two interdisciplinary research projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 DEMIERRE PRIKHODKINE BRIGITTE Le verre du Quartier de la Maison aux mosaïques à Érétrie (Eubée, Grèce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
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MALAMA PENELOPE, DARAKIS KONSTANTINOS Die Kunst der Glasherstellung in Amphipolis während der römischen Zeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 MCCALL BERNADETTE Use or re-use: Late Roman glass finds from the Nea Paphos Theatre site, Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 STOLYAROVA K. EKATERINA Chemical composition of glass and faience beads from the Belbek IV Necropolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 JACKSON CAROLINE, PRICE JENNIFER Analyses of Late Roman glass from the Commandant’s House of the fort at South Shields, Tyne and Wear, UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 ROBIN LAUDINE L’artisanat du verre à Lyon-Lugdunum (France) durant le Haut-Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 LOUIS AURORE La place du mobilier en verre dans les sépultures gallo-romaines de Champagne-Ardenne (France) . . . . 190 BULJEVIĆ ZRINKA Glass from the Lora Cemetery at Split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 FADIĆ IVO, ŠTEFANAC BERISLAV Workshop stamps on square bottles from the Zadar region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 DRĂGHICI CRISTINA Glassware from Tomis: Chronological and typological aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 HANSEN LUND ULLA The Early Roman painted glass from Zaborów, Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 GREIFF SUSANNE On the relationship between enamelled glass and other opaque glass technologies: The colour red . . . . . 224 TARTARI FATOS Les nouvelles trouvailles de verre antique à Dyrrhachium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
ROMAN / EARLY CHRISTIAN GLASS COUTSINAS NADIA Le matériel en verre de la cité d’Itanos (Crète orientale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 PAPAGEORGIOU METAXIA, ZACHARIAS NIKOLAOS, BELTSIOS KONSTANTINOS Technological and typological investigation of Late Roman glass mosaic tesserae from Ancient Messene, Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 SAKALIS ANASTASIOS, TSIAFAKI DESPOINA, ANTONARAS C. ANASTASSIOS, TSIRLIGANIS C. NESTOR Micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of Late Roman glass from Thessaloniki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
FUJII YASUKO A study of a Late Roman blue glass dish with sea creatures in relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
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MORAITOU GEORGIANNA, LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, TILIGADA DIMITRA A triple ark for the Kenchreai opus sectile glass panels: Preventive conservation and access at the Isthmia Archaeological Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
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MORAITOU GEORGIANNA Past Conservation Interventions on the Kenchreai opus sectile panels: The Greek approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
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SILVANO FLORA Glass finds from Antinoopolis, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 MARII FATMA, REHREN THILO Levantine glass of Petra characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 JEREMIĆ GORDANA Glass artefacts from Roman and Late Roman fortification at Saldum on the Middle Danube. Social and economic background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 GENÇLER GÜRAY ÇIĞDEM Early Byzantine glass finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Mersin-Ayaş) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
BYZANTINE AND EARLY ISLAMIC GLASS BARAG P. DAN Stamped glass pendants from Syria: From Constantine the Great to the Arab conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 ANTONARAS C. ANASTASSIOS Gold-glass tile decoration in the St. Demetrios Basilica, Thessaloniki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, MOROPOULOU ANTONIA Byzantine gold-leaf glass tesserae:A closer look at manufacturing technique and decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 ATİK ŞENİZ Three Byzantine gold-glass pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 VERITÀ MARCO, ZECCHIN SANDRO Scientific investigation of Byzantine glass tesserae from the mosaics on the south chapel of Torcello’s Basilica, Venice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 JAMES LIZ Glass and the manufacture of Byzantine mosaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 CANAV-ÖZGÜMÜŞ ÜZLIFAT Recent glass finds in Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 WINTER TAMAR Glass vessels from excavations at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC GLASS PILOSI LISA, STAMM KAREN, WYPYSKI T. MARK An Islamic cameo glass fragment in the Metropolitan Museum of Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 SWAN M. CAROLYN Spatial and temporal considerations of technological change: Examining Early Islamic glass . . . . . . . . . . . 346
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BOULOGNE STEPHANIE, HARDY-GUILBERT CLAIRE Le verre décoré issu des fouilles du site d’al-Shihr au Yémen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 MOSSAKOWSKA-GAUBERT MARIA Verres de l’époque byzantine - début de l’époque arabe (ve-viiie siècle) : objets provenant des ermitages en Égypte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 KATO NORIHIRO, NAKAI IZUMI, SHINDO YOKO Comparative study of Islamic glass weights and vessel stamps with the glass vessels in Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . 367
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FREY ANNETTE, GREIFF SUSANNE Early Medieval glass beads with metal tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 BROADLEY ROSE, GARDNER CARLOTTA, BAYLEY JUSTINE The Church Lane assemblage: Early Medieval glass-working in the shadow of Canterbury Cathedral . . . 379 RADIČEVIĆ DEJAN Medieval glass bracelets from Banat Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 MĂNUCU-ADAMEŞTEANU GHEORGHE, POLL INGRID Bracelets en verre découverts dans les nécropoles de Isaccea - Vicina, département de Tulcea (Xe - XIIIe siècles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 KUNICKI-GOLDFINGER J. JERZY, KIERZEK JOACHIM, FREESTONE C. IAN, MAŁOŻEWSKA-BUĆKO BOZENA, NAWROLSKA GRAŻYNA The composition of window glass from the cesspits in the Old Town in Elbląg, Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 ČERNÁ EVA, HULÍNSKÝ VÁCLAV, MACHÁČEK JAN, PODLISKA JAROSLAV On the origin of enamel-painted glass of the 12th-14th centuries in Bohemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 KRIŽANAC MILICA Scent bottles from Kotor, Montenegro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 ZEČEVIĆ EMINA Glass of Novo Brdo and its significance in Late Medieval glass production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
POST BYZANTINE / VENETIAN / FAÇON DE VENISE GLASS PAYNTER SARAH The importance of pots: The role of refractories in the development of the English glass industry during the 16th / 17th centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 SCOTT B. REBECCA, SHORTLAND J. ANDREW, POWER MATTHEW The interpretation of compositional groupings in 17th century window glass from Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 CAEN JOOST M. A. The production of stained glass in the County of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant from the XVth to the XVIIIth centuries: Materials and techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 MEEK S. ANDREW, HENDERSON JULIAN, EVANS A. JANE North-western European forest glass: Working towards an independent means of provenance . . . . . . . . . . 437
IOANNIDOU MARTHA From didactic stained glass windows of medieval cathedrals to the redemptive divine lightin Matisse’s Vence Chapel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
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MORETTI CESARE, TONINI CRISTINA, HREGLICH SANDRO, MARIA DIANI GRAZIA “Lead glass with wonderful emerald colour”. A parallel between one of Antonio Neri’s recipes and the composition of a vessel in the Pogliaghi Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
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MEDICI TERESA Revisiting the ‘Moura glass treasure’: New data about 17th century glass in Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
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GREINER-WRONOWA ELŻBIETA, PUSOSKA ANNA, WRONA JAROSŁAW The influence of gradient temperature changes on a glass reaction intensity with volatile organic compounds in museum cabinets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 DE VIS KRISTEL, CAGNO SIMONE, VAN MOL WILLY, SCHALM OLIVIER, JANSSENS KOEN, CAEN JOOST The decolourization of manganese-stained glass: The conversion reaction and evaluation of its effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
18th AND 19th CENTURY GLASS LAURIKS LEEN, DE BOUW MICHAEL, QUENTIN COLLETTE, WOUTERS INE 19th century iron and glass architecture: Common construction details of cylinder and crown glass on iron sash bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 VAN GIFFEN ASTRID, EREMIN KATHERINE, NEWMAN RICHARD The Harvard Glass Flowers and more: A technical study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 JARGSTORF SIBYLLE Mosaikglas/Millefioriglas - Probleme der Zuordnung und Herkunftsbestimmung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
AFRICAN AND ASIAN GLASS IGE O. AKIN Ancient glassmaking in Ile-Ife, Southern Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 BORELL BRIGITTE Han period glass vessels from the gulf of Tonking region:Aspects of their technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
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INDEX OF ΑUTHORS
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PRÉFACE Marie-Dominique Nenna
’ai le grand plaisir de vous présenter les Annales du 18e congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre et je tiens à remercier tous ceux qui ont fait que cette publication paraisse dans les meilleurs délais, les auteurs au premier chef, le comité de lecture et surtout les éditeurs du volume, Despina Ignatiadou, vice-présidente, puis membre du bureau de l’AIHV durant les années 2006-2012 et Anastassios Antonaras.
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Le 18e congrès de l’AIHV s’est tenu à Thessalonique du 21 au 25 septembre 2009. Il a été dédié à Clasina Isings qui est venue, via une video, nous offrir ses meilleurs vœux au début des sessions. Tous nos remerciements vont d’abord au Musée archéologique de Thessalonique qui a organisé l’ensemble de cette manifestation et au Musée de la civilisation byzantine qui a accueilli nos sessions dans le tout nouveau auditorium, utilisé pour la première fois pour notre congrès. Remercions aussi les amis du Musée archéologique de Thessalonique qui ont soutenu ce congrès avec entre autres, le beau sac décoré de balsamaires-oiseaux ; la préfecture de Thessalonique qui nous ont accueillis à la fin de ces journées. Et enfin, du fond du coeur, tous nos remerciements vont à Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras et au comité d’organisation pour avoir réuni tous leurs efforts pour organiser ce congrès et nous offrir l’occasion de nous rencontrer une nouvelle fois pour partager nos découvertes et nos réflexions sur ce matériau qui nous passionne tous. Durant les trente-trois sessions organisées en parallèle, 95 contributions orales et 55 posters ont été présentés, montrant ainsi la vitalité de la recherche sur l’Histoire du Verre dans l’ensemble du monde scientifique. Grâce au dynamisme du comité grec, après une découverte de la ville à l’orée de notre congrès, des promenades thématiques ont été organisées afin de mieux connaître les différents aspects de Thessalonique, ville hellénistique et romaine, ville byzantine, ville ottomane avec son importante communauté juive et ville du xxe siècle. En outre, les excursions post-congrès ont permis aux participants de découvrir le cœur de la Macédoine avec les cités de Vergina et de Dion, ainsi que le lac de Pikrolimni, producteur de natron dans l’Antiquité et encore aujourd’hui, les villes d’Amphipolis et de Philippes ou encore de faire une croisière autour du Mont Athos.
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Ce volume réunit 84 contributions qui couvrent un arc chronologique très vaste depuis le deuxième millénaire av. J.-C. jusqu’à nos jours, et touchent à tous les aspects de l’histoire du verre, avec une bonne interconnexion entre l’archéologie, l’histoire de l’art et l’archéométrie. Une part importante est réservée aux débuts de l’histoire du verre au iie millénaire et au début du ier millénaire av. J.-C. et à ses développements
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dans le monde hellénistique avec des communications portant sur le ProcheOrient, l’Égypte et le Soudan, la Grèce et la Turquie. Les mondes romain et byzantin sont abordés selon deux axes : étude de la production et de la consommation de la vaisselle et des ornements et étude en fort développement de l’emploi du verre dans les mosaïques pavimentales et pariétales. Les communications sur le monde islamique s’inscrivent dans la lancée inaugurée au 15e congrès et attestent la vitalité de la recherche dans ce domaine. La présentation de découvertes et études portant sur la Grande Bretagne, l’Italie, le Kosovo, le Montenegro, le Portugal, la Pologne, la Roumanie, la Serbie et la Tchéquie alimentent le débat sur le verre à l’époque médiévale et post médiévale en Europe. xviiie et xixe siècles ne sont pas en reste, avec des communications sur le verre dans les toits, les fleurs de verre et le verre mosaïqué et on dispose aussi de communications sur le verre en Chine méridionale et en Afrique subsaharienne. Lors de l’assemblée générale, le bureau de l’AIHV a été renouvelé. Jan Egbert Kuipers, trésorier et Ian Freestone, que l’on doit remercier pour leur dévouement et leur efficacité, ont présenté leur démissions. De nouveaux membres ont été élus : Irena Lazar, organisatrice du 19e congrès en 2012, comme vice-présidente et Huib Tijssens, comme trésorier. Déjà présents dans le bureau, Despina Ignatiadou a été élue comme membre, Jane Spillman a été réélue comme secrétaire général, David Whitehouse comme membre, et j’ai moi-même été réélue comme présidente. Le comité exécutif réunissant six membres élus ainsi que les représentants des associations ou comités nationaux a été en partie renouvelé, avec l’élection de Fatma Marii et de Yoko Shindo, tandis que Sylvia Fünfschilling, Lisa Pilosi, Marianne Stern et Maria Grazia Diani ont été réélues. Nous avons déploré le décès lors du congrès de deux de nos membres, Sarah Jennings d’Angleterre et Claudia Maccabruni d’Italie.
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Les préparatifs pour le 19e congrès se déroulent sous la houlette d’Irena Lazar. Le congrès se tiendra à Piran en Slovénie du 17 au 21 septembre 2012 (www. aihv.org, www.zrs.upr.si). Après l’accent mis sur la Méditerranée orientale au congrès de Thessalonique, une nouvelle avancée vers les informations et les membres d’Europe Centrale sera effectuée à Piran.
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PREFACE Marie-Dominique Nenna
have great pleasure in presenting you with the Annales of the l8th congress of the Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, and I wish to thank all those who have ensured that this publication appears with the least delay: principally the authors, the academic committee, and especially the academic editors of the volume, Despina Ignatiadou, vice-president, and member of the board of the AIHV for the years 2006-2012 and Anastassios Antonaras.
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The 18th congress of the AIHV was held in Thessaloniki from September 21st25th, 2009. It was dedicated to Clasina Isings, who came, via a video, to offer us her best wishes. Here we have to warmly thank the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki which has organized the whole manifestation, and the Museum of Byzantine Culture, which has hosted our sessions in the brand new auditorium of the Museum, used for the first time for our congress. All our warm thanks also to The Friends of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki who supported the organization of the congress among the others with the nice bag decorated with bird-balsamaria, and The Prefecture of Thessaloniki, who has hosted us at the end of the congress. Last, but not the least, from the bottom of our heart, our thanks go to Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras and the Organizing committee for their hard work in organizing this congress and for offering us the opportunity to meet once again to share our discoveries and our thoughts on this wonderful material, glass, to which we are all dedicated. During the 33 parallel sessions, 95 oral communications and 55 posters were presented, displaying the vitality of research on the history of glass in the scientific world. Thanks to the energies of the Greek Committee, after a first glance at Thessaloniki at the beginning of our congress, thematic visits were organised to discover the different aspects of Thessaloniki. Hellenistic and Roman city, Byzantine city, Ottoman city with its important Jewish community, contemporary city. In the post-congress trips, the participants were able to visit the heart of Macedonia, with the cities of Vergina and Dion, and the Pikrolimni Lake, producing natron in Antiquity and still today, the ancient cities of Amphipolis and Philippi, or to make a cruise around Mount Athos.
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This volume brings together 84 contributions, which cover a vast chronological span from the second millennium BC up to the present day, touching on all aspects of the history of glass with a good networking between archaeology, history of art and archaeometry. An important part is devoted to the beginnings of the history of glass in the second millennium and the beginning of the first
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millennium BC, and the developments in the Hellenistic world with papers covering the Near East, Egypt and Sudan, Greece and Turkey. The Roman and Byzantine worlds are approached from two directions: the study of the production and consumption of vessels and ornaments and the expanding study on the glass in mosaic pavements and walls. The papers on the Islamic world build on the start made at the 15th congress and show the vitality of research in this area. The presentation of discoveries and research coming from the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, Portugal, Poland, Romania and Serbia, fuels the debates about glass during the medieval and post-medieval period in Europe. The 18th and 19th centuries are not ignored, with papers dealing with glass in roofs, glass flowers and mosaic glass and there are also studies dealing with African and Asian glass. During the General Assembly the board of the AIHV changed. Jan Egbert Kuipers (Treasurer) and Ian Freestone, to whom we extend all thanks for their work, submitted their resignations. The newly elected members were Irena Lazar, organizer of the 19th Congress in 2012, as Vice President, and Huib Tijssens, as Treasurer. Already present in the board, Despina Ignatiadou was elected member, were re-elected Jane Spillman as General Secretary, David Whitehouse as member, and I as President. The executive committee which assembled six elected members as well as the presidents of the national Associations or Committees, was partly renewed, with the election of Fatma Marii and Yoko Shindo; Sylvia Fünfschilling, Lisa Pilosi, Marianne Stern et Maria Grazia Diani were re-elected. We mourned during the congress the recent death of two long time members, Sarah Jennings from England and Claudia Maccabruni from Italy.
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The preparations for the 19th congress are progressing under the guidance of Irena Lazar. The congress will be held at Piran (Slovenia) from September 17th to September 21st 2012 (www.aihv.org, www.zrs.upr.si). After the wider opening towards eastern Mediterranean members effectuated during the Thessaloniki Congress, we will receive in Piran more information and members coming from Central Europe.
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EARLY MEDIEVAL GLASS BEADS WITH METAL TUBES Annette Frey, Susanne Greiff
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
ombining glass beads with metal is a technique that was used from Hellenistic times until the Middle Ages1. The technique consisted of embedding thin gold or silver foils between layers of transparent glass to give a lustrous appearance to the object. The decorative character of the glass-metal combination used for the beads investigated in this paper is much less evident than that of the metal foil beads used in the Roman or early mediaeval periods. The beads discussed here are characterised by a small metal tube forming the thread hole of a more or less transparent glass bead. A scientific study of beads of this kind, found in an early mediaeval graveyard in Tiengen, near Freiburg, was carried out in the laboratory of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. This was a good opportunity to have a closer look at this specific type of glass bead. The almond- or drop-shaped beads discussed in this paper form a distinct and well-defined group, not only because they are technologically similar but also because of their regional and chronological distribution. They have not been investigated in great detail yet, but a recent study by Claudia Haberstroh addresses the questions of chronology and distribution of more recent beads with metal tubes from Carolingian and Ottonian cemeteries in Central and Eastern Europe2. Some chemical analyses of beads from the graveyard at Borovce were undertaken by Danica Staššíková-Štukovská and A. Plško in the 1990s3. The primary aim of this paper is to collect archaeological and technological data on the beads with metal tubes from Tiengen. Research on similar beads from other sites will follow.
4. Frey 2001, 811-813. 5. Two more graves containing beads of this type were found at a cemetery at Munzingen, near Tiengen; see Groove 2001, 182-183. 6. Katzameyer 1997, 152-153. 7. Tovornik 2002, 27.
1. Spaer 1993; Greiff and Nallbani 2009. 2. Haberstroh 2004, 40-54. 3. Staššíková-Štukovská and Plško 1997, 266-272.
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Tiengen (Stadt Freiburg) is situated 8 km west of Freiburg im Breisgau, in southern Baden-Württemberg. An early mediaeval cemetery of the 6th and 7th centuries is located south of the modern village (Lot “Am Kirchpfad/Hummelbuckel”); the burials with grave goods mostly indicate an averagely prosperous population. Two smaller 7th century graveyards are situated south-west (Lot “Jaucherte”) and north (Lot “Im Finkeler”) of today’s Tiengen. Only some of the tombs “Im Finkeler” contained grave goods. The beads under discussion are part of a necklace placed in the grave of a little girl (Tomb 10). Apart from the beads, it contained fragments of the golden pressure plate of a brooch. The tomb, unfortunately plundered, must have been one of the richest in this cemetery. The necklace was composed of a minimum of 50 beads of different types, opaque and transparent, and a tiny bone disc. The necklace and the brooch date the burial to the second half of the 7th or the turn to the 8th century4. Transparent, almond-shaped beads are common in early mediaeval women’s graves in old Franconia and Alemannia, but examples with a metal tube are not typical for these regions5. Beads with metal tubes are much more frequent in early mediaeval graves of the outgoing 7th and early 8th centuries in old Bavaria: in today’s Upper Franconia and Bavaria, especially the Nuremberg and Munich regions6, as well as in Austria7. Were the Tiengen beads imported from these regions? The small cemetery at least indicates a group of people of some wealth, able to cultivate long distance contacts.
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Fig. 1: Tiengen ‟Im Finkeler” grave 10. Plan and grave-goods. Plan scale 1:20; grave-goods 2:3 (A. Frey 2001).
TECHNOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
In the western regions grave goods mostly disappeared during the beginning of the 8th century at the latest, whereas in Upper Franconia, the Upper Palatinate, Thuringia and Austria, as well as in the Czech and Slovak Republics beads are found in burials until the 11th century. It is interesting to observe that transparent beads with metal tubes retained their popularity. These younger beads are mostly olive-shaped, casually corded and sometimes bigger, with a greater variety of colours than the examples from the 7th/early 8th centuries. They were being produced until at least the first half of the 10th century8. It is possible that the 7th century almond-shaped transparent beads with metal tubes were prototypes, developed and diversified in later times – but this is a subject for further research.
15 mostly almond-shaped beads from the necklace found in Tiengen, “Im Finkeler”, Tomb 10, consisting of transparent glass with a metal tube and some individual tubes were delivered to the lab. Colour and shape: Most of the beads are very light blue or light turquoise, some are rather dark blue and others nearly colourless (Fig. 1). The examples containing a metal tube were all produced by winding a broad trail of more or less transparent glass around a metal tube. The glass contains many bubbles and inclusions. The rims are firepolished and the glass covers the sharp edges of the metal tube. In some places glass can be observed between the overlapping layers of the rolled metal sheet. The contact planes formed by the glass strings when
8. Haberstroh 2004, 40-54 with references; Hochmanova-Vavrova 1972, 86-87.
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Fig. 2: The beads with metal tube are irregular in shape and size. Most are nearly colourless, pale blue or turquoise; some are of a dark blue colour. (Sabine Steidl, RGZM).
being wound around the tube are often darkened by an accumulation of a brownish-black substance. The shapes vary considerably: some were flattened while soft resulting in a trapezoidal or square crosssection, while others became lentoid. Some are irregularly rounded. The diameter of the thread holes compared to the thickness of the glass walls is quite large. The thread holes conform to the shape of the rolled metal sheet and may be narrower at one end than the other.
Fig. 3: In cross-section the manufacture of the metal tube by rolling a thin sheet of copper becomes visible. (Sonngard Hartmann, RGZM).
of the Tiengen samples with metal tubes show characteristic cracks and fractures, and many are broken (Fig. 3). The different parts have separated along longitudinal fractures, corroborating the relationship between the corroding metal tube and the fracture pattern. Some of the metal tubes have been lost, but the typical fracture pattern and some faint residues of green copper corrosion particles visible under the microscope are strong indicators for the former existence of a metal tube. The corrosion salts have crept along the fissures formed by corrosion stress and can also be found in zones of weakness that were created during the winding of the beads where the succeeding strings of softened glass did not melt together entirely. Some of the blackish-brown material might have been introduced when the bead was being made. The corroding copper metal sheet acted as a natural biocide, thus preventing organic substances like the remains of the fibres for the thread from decaying.
The metal tube and black layers: Overlapping edges visible in cross-sections of the metal tubes reveal that they were produced by rolling a very thin sheet (Fig. 2) into tubes of 5.5-7 cm length with a diameter of around 1.7-2.5 mm. The sheet thicknesses are now about 0.4 mm. The initial value before corrosion layers started to build up must have been less. Some of the metal tubes are shorter than the length of the thread hole. Those parts not covered by the metal reveal a black layer similar to the black residues often observed in early mediaeval glass beads9. The black layers mentioned in the literature are iron oxides. Preservation characteristics: The conversion of the copper alloy metal sheet into copper corrosion products such as malachite (a hydrous copper carbonate) or atacamite (a copper chloride) and other typical secondary copper salts is accompanied by a considerable increase in volume and a drastic decrease in the mechanical stability and elasticity of the metal sheet. Here, the pressure exerted by the corrosion process is great enough to weaken the surrounding glass, giving rise to cracks. Indeed, most
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF METAL AND GLASS
9. Denninger 1959; Gam 1990 etc.
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Despite the degree of corrosion, it was possible to identify the metal originally used for producing the sheet and then the tubes. Micro-XRF analyses performed on several parts of different corroded metal sheet samples revealed a predominance of copper accompanied by minor impurities that could have been introduced during burial. Elements such as tin, copper or lead were not detected at a level that would identi-
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Metal tube and black residues:
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Fig. 4: Corrosion of the metal tubes leads to a characteristic longitudinal fracture pattern of the glass. Green corrosion products have penetrated along fissures and cracks. (Susanne Greiff, RGZM).
Fig. 5: A black residue of iron oxides on both ends of the thread hole, left by the mandrel after winding the bead, is visible in those parts not covered by the copper tube. (Sonngard Hartmann, RGZM).
fy the metal sheet as a copper alloy such as bronze or brass. Some of the black residues observed in the thread holes on parts not filled by the metal tubes were chemically identified by qualitative Micro-XRF to contain mainly iron, indicating some iron oxide had formed during the winding process.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The aim of this study was to collect archaeological details and technological data on a rather special group of early mediaeval glass beads with metal tubes. The samples came from Tiengen, “Im Finkeler”, Tomb 10. The beads from Tiengen belong to a technologically similar group but do not form an homogeneous assemblage in terms of their glass compositions. All tubes were produced by rolling a thin copper sheet, which is quite a soft metal well suited for such a purpose. The black residues as well as other details visible under higher magnification, such as rounded glass rims covering the edges of the tubes, the traces of winding the soft glass trail etc., reveal that the hot glass was wound around the copper tube already cut into segments. The black layers present on the samples where the bead was longer than the tube show without doubt that an iron mandrel was used to fix the bead during the hot working as would be the case for comparable contemporaneous beads without metal tubes. This raises the question as to the original function of the tube. Could it be on grounds of aesthetics? When copper is exposed to a higher temperature it may easily oxidise under normal conditions, taking on a red to black colour depending on the thickness of the oxidised layer. The fact that by far the majority of the beads with metal tubes are made from transparent and pale-coloured glass might suggest that it was an attempt to imitate transparent red glass. A thin, bright red layer of copper oxide could evoke such a colour effect, which would have been desirable at a time when
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The glass: The transparent beads with metal tubes are all made from soda-lime glass with a composition typical for mineral soda with sodium oxide contents ranging between 14.5 and 19 weight percent (wt %). No plantash characteristics, such as elevated potassium and magnesium contents, were detected. Nineteen beads were analysed by Micro-X-ray Fluorescence, one was a bead (P7) originally produced without an internal metal tube. Analytical details can be found in the appendix. Results are given in Table 1. P11-P19 all belong to the group of dark blue samples whereas P1P10 are made from pale glass masses with only light tinges of blue or turquoise; P4 and P8 show a rather pale yellowish-olive colour. These two beads share several compositional characteristics such as high iron and manganese values, which distinguish them from the other samples. Furthermore, the dark blue beads do indeed form a quite homogeneous compositional group with higher cobalt, copper and lead contents. The sample without a tube (P7) is the one with the highest antimony. The high copper content for sample P1 (a pale colour) is probably due to migrating copper corrosion products that were not eliminated by sample preparation.
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Table 1: Micro-XRF compositional data of the glass beads (weight percent).
P1
15.94 0.74 2.19
69.68 0.15 0.15 0.71 7.57 0.04 0.07 0.45 0.52 0.01 0.00 1.43* 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.20
P2
17.14 0.78 2.28
70.09 0.19 0.14 0.89 7.23 0.01 0.09 0.38 0.51 0.01 0.01
0.06 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.08
P3
15.90 0.80 2.29
70.43 0.14 0.13 0.58 8.36 0.00 0.05 0.50 0.27 0.00 0.00
0.42 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.07
P4
19.01 1.05 2.43
66.63 0.08 0.21 0.63 5.84 0.18 0.47 2.00 1.36 0.02 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.05
P5
17.77 0.70 2.12
69.86 0.08 0.17 0.71 7.07 0.00 0.06 0.69 0.40 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.25
P6
16.61 0.69 2.27
70.28 0.36 0.14 0.87 6.99 0.03 0.08 0.59 0.63 0.01 0.01
0.22 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.08
P7
17.88 0.97 2.10
68.75 0.11 0.27 0.71 6.65 0.05 0.11 0.57 0.60 0.01 0.01
0.09 0.02 0.05 0.33 0.03 0.06 0.69
P8
18.32 1.19 2.42
66.55 0.14 0.19 0.61 6.17 0.00 0.31 1.12 1.78 0.02 0.01
0.22 0.03 0.11 0.59 0.03 0.10 0.13
P10
15.32 0.85 2.28
71.25 0.12 0.15 0.60 8.34 0.01 0.07 0.50 0.28 0.01 0.00
0.05 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.07
P11
18.67 0.97 1.99
67.77 0.16 0.21 0.64 6.57 0.02 0.11 0.38 0.93 0.06 0.01
0.34 0.02 0.10 0.44 0.03 0.07 0.55
P12
17.47 0.68 2.00
68.20 0.15 0.26 0.73 7.26 0.00 0.13 0.60 0.89 0.06 0.02
0.35 0.11 0.03 0.39 0.04 0.06 0.63
P13
18.43 1.00 2.18
67.53 0.15 0.26 0.64 6.62 0.01 0.12 0.39 0.91 0.06 0.01
0.36 0.02 0.06 0.46 0.03 0.09 0.72
P14
18.91 0.78 2.15
67.54 0.09 0.24 0.63 6.61 0.03 0.11 0.39 0.91 0.05 0.00
0.39 0.02 0.04 0.48 0.03 0.09 0.56
P16
18.98 0.76 2.13
67.50 0.06 0.24 0.64 6.72 0.01 0.12 0.39 0.95 0.06 0.00
0.36 0.02 0.06 0.47 0.03 0.08 0.46
P17
19.00 0.90 2.06
66.96 0.09 0.23 0.68 6.72 0.04 0.11 0.40 1.16 0.06 0.01
0.37 0.01 0.07 0.47 0.03 0.07 0.59
P18
17.43 0.86 3.00
68.35 0.13 0.23 0.74 5.76 0.01 0.11 0.42 1.14 0.05 0.01
0.30 0.02 0.04 0.38 0.03 0.08 0.92
P19-1 18.42 1.00 2.10
67.61 0.10 0.23 0.60 6.55 0.00 0.11 0.39 1.12 0.06 0.00
0.34 0.02 0.13 0.42 0.03 0.05 0.70
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Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 K2O CaO BaO TiO2 MnO FeO CoO NiO CuO ZnO As2O3 PbO SrO SnO2 Sb2O5
* High copper values probably due to corrosion products
The modest overall quality of the beads in terms of regularity and transparency suggests a possible recycling of Roman or early mediaeval vessel glass. The composition does not contradict this idea, but in general, transparent glass beads have more or less the same composition as vessel glass. Further analyses of transparent almond-shaped beads, of the later olive-shaped pieces and even of the few opaque examples with a metal tube could help to reveal more information about the reasons for using such a combination of glass and metal.
the production of red transparent glass was not easy to achieve. However, it is difficult to deduce clear scientific evidence from the objects themselves as the corrosion of the metal sheet would obscure all possible traces of a former thin oxide layer. Other arguments point in a different direction: Judging by the poor quality of the glass mass and the irregular shapes the Tiengen beads are not indicative of a high standard of craftsmanship. Thus, it seems more likely that the makers used rolled copper sheets together with iron mandrels to facilitate the detachment of the beads after winding. The advantage of iron rods for winding beads lies in the fact that they form oxidation scales on the surface that stick to the hot glass and act as a separation medium. When the iron rod starts to cool and shrink, the bead can be removed by a short, sharp blow. This takes some practice. The use of a metal tube is a material-consuming but safe way to separate the bead from the rod if the skills required for taking advantage of the conventional use of iron scale are not available. In the final analysis, the original function of the metal tube remains uncertain.
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We are grateful to Dr. Andrea Bräuning, Regierungspräsidium Freiburg, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Referat 84 for permission to study the glass beads from Tiengen. We should like to thank Sonngard Hartmann for analysing the glass samples and Katja Broschat-Eckmann for preparing the samples.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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APPENDIX: ANALYTICAL DETAILS To analyse the bulk composition of the glass a MicroXRF-system by Roentgenanalytik Messtechnik GmbH (Taunusstein, Germany) was used with an analytical spot size of 0.3 mm. The smallness of the point limits the level of damage to the original substance. Surface cleaning is essential when dealing with excavated glass since even smooth and shiny surfaces undergo chemical interaction with the soil, not visible to the naked eye. The chemical composition is affected causing sodium and potassium to leach out leaving a body which has an outer layer enriched in silicon dioxide. The system used is an ‘Eagle III XXL’ with an extra large sample chamber measuring 0.75 × 0.75 × 1.35 m. The device is equipped with a rhodium tube, options for measurement in air or vacuum, and a nitrogen-cooled Oxford EDAX-system with a Si(Li) detec-
tor (FWHM resolution for MnKα = 146 eV). The conditions were as follows: Beam 40 kV and 355 μA, spot size 0.3 mm, forming time 35 μs, vacuum conditions, 300 Live seconds acquisition time. Quantification was performed by means of a system-integrated software package based on commercially available glass reference materials (Corning A, Corning D, BR U 7, BR EK 010, NIST 610 and 620 SLG) combined with fundamental parameter calculations where certain chemical elements were missing in the reference samples. Detection limits for most elements are around 0.01 wt % and 0.07 wt % for arsenic due to the AsKα / PbLα peak overlap. For each sample three points were measured. Due to the instrumental setting it is not necessary to remove any samples, but it is necessary to prepare a small surface area of approx. 0.5 mm2.
REFERENCES Denninger, E., 1959. Physikalisch-chemische Untersuchungen an Glasperlen der Merowingerzeit. Fundberichte aus Schwaben 15, 80-83. Frey, A., 2001. Die alamannischen Grabfunde von Tiengen, Stadt Freiburg i. Br.. Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemberg 25, 767-824. Groove, A.M., 2001. Das alamannische Gräberfeld von Munzingen / Stadt Freiburg. Materialhefte zur Archäologie in Baden-Württemberg 54. Stuttgart, Konrad Theiss Verlag. Gam, T., 1990. Prehistoric Glass technology – Experiments and analysis. Journal of Danish Archaeology 9, 203213. Greiff, S. and Nallbani, E., 2009. When metal meets beads – Technological study of early medieval metal foil beads from Albania. Mélanges de l`Ecole française de RomeMoyen Age 120-2 2008, 355-375. Haberstroh, C., 2004. Das frühmittelalterliche Gräberfeld von Wirbenz, Gde. Speichersdorf, Lkr. Bayreuth. Kataloge der archäologischen Staatssammlung in München 30. München, Archäologische Staatssammlung – Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte und I.P. Verlagsgesellschaft.
Hochmanova-Vavrova, V., 1972. Altslawische Funde von Glasperlen aus dem Gebiet der Tschechoslowakei. AnnAIHV 5. Katzameyer, Th., 1997. ‘Verbreitungsbilder ausgewählter Perlentypen des Frühmittelalters in Süd- und Westdeutschland’ in von Freeden and Wieczorek, eds, 149-160. von Freeden, U. and Wieczorek, A., eds, 1997, Perlen. Archäologie, Techniken, Analysen. Akten des Internationalen Perlensymposiums in Mannheim vom 11. bis 14. November 1994. Kolloquien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 1, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn. Spaer, M., 1993. Gold-glass beads: A review of the evidence. Beads, Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 5, 1993, 9-25. Staššíková-Štukovská, D. and Plško, A., 1997. ‘Typologische und technologische Aspekte der Perlen aus dem frühmittelalterlichen Gäberfeld in Borovce’ in von Freeden and Wieczorek, eds, 259-274. Tovornik, V., 2002. Das bajuwarische Gäberfeld von Schwanenstadt, Oberösterreich. Monographien zur Frühgeschichte und Mittelalterarchäologie 9. Innsbruck, Universitätsverlag Wagner.
ANNETTE FREY
SUSANNE GREIFF
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Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Ernst-Ludwig-Platz 2 55116 Mainz GERMANY
[email protected]
Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Ernst-Ludwig-Platz 2 55116 Mainz GERMANY
[email protected]
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