HSC 2016 PART IV: HISTORICAL PERIODSTHE GREEK WORLD Students learn about: 1. Plataea and Mycale ● Role and contribution of Themistocles. Persian Wars ● Origins: Persian imperialism. citizenship law 3.Option H Greece: The Greek world 500 – 440 BC Principal Focus: Through an investigation of the archaeological and written sources for the Greek world 500 – 440 BC. Leonidas. role and contribution of Cimon and Aristides the Just ● Transformation of the Delian League into the Athenian empire ● Nature of Athenian imperialism. organisation and activities to the Battle of the Eurymedon River. composition and activities of the Peloponnesian League: Spartan responses to Athenian imperialism . Pausanias. Eurybiades ● Reasons for Greek victory and Persian defeat 2. Salamis. forces and relevant historiographical issues that shaped the historical period. students learn about significant developments. ostracism. Development of Athens and the Athenian Empire ● Delian League: origins. role of Miltiades ● Inter-war period: preparation and developments in Persia and Greece ● Invasion of 480-479 BC: Battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium. Ionian Revolt ● Invasion of 490 BC: Battle of Marathon. aims. changing relations with allies ● Key democratic developments: influence of the thetes. Athens and Sparta ● Impact of Persian Wars ● Nature. In 539. ● Herodotus is one of the BEST sources for The Greek World. However Darius had always shown interest in invading mainland Europe to further expand the Persian Empire. education. language. Babylon was also taken over by Persia. Poems selected by himself) ● Many of the sources are written by Greek historians so bias can be considered as a playing part in the representation of Greece’s success. law. whom disagreed with Persian rule. ● These Ionian cities were Greek. The Medes and Persians were IndoEuropean tribes who originally settled where we now know as Iran. ● Cyrus’ rule was eventually taken by Darius. and some of them fled. The Histories ● The Greek historian Thucydides is also a great source with his writing. when Lydia’s king took attack on Cappadocia after being told by the delphic oracle that crossing the river would result in him ‘destroying an empire’. Ionian Revolt ● Much of what we know of western civilisation today is due to the advancements of the ancient Greeks and Romans. but back then naming their sides Media and Persia (thus what we know their communities as) ● Cyrus (the great) was the key figure in the rise of Persia during the 6th century. and sciences are as advanced as they are due to these two ancient civilisations ● This should be noted when studying The Persian Wars and Greece’s success. and Elam. in his work. Media. Cyrus then took over the Asian minor Ionian cities fell under Persia’s control. only to be fought and beaten by Cyrus. whom at the time of his rule was dealing with revolts from smaller cities such as Babylon. Much of our architecture. ● Even though Persia was defeated it was but a small bump in their otherwise successful empire. After taking the throne of a small area known as Persis. ● The Ionian revolt is considered as the ‘spark’ that ignited Darius’ decision to invade Greece.1: Persian Wars Origins: Persian Imperialism.” (Graves. . literature. ● IONIAN REVOLT . History of the Peloponnesian War ● The Persians mostly expanded during the 6th century BCE.MINOR GREEK CITIES IN THE ASIA MINOR REBELLING AGAINST THE OVERLORD AKA PERSIA. ● “Truth loving Persians do not dwell upon the trivial skirmish fought near marathon. Robert. a popular form of government in the 6th century BC ● There was also hope for support from Athens and Sparta. ● Herodotus claims that one of the results of the Ionian revolt was the single minded goal of defeating Athens out of vengeance. two of the strongest greek city states. However a persian by the name of Megabates betrayed Aristagoras after a fight by warning the people of Naxos to allow them to protect themselves ● Because of his failure to give Artaphernes Naxos. ● The battle was the end of the first attempt by Persia. concern towards tyrants in the persian court. when the Persians closed in around Miletus and the Ionian Greek rebels were defeated by Persia. Athens and Eretria had sent a force to support the cities of Ionia. ● The Ionian Revolt began in 499BCE and began with the casting away of pro-persia tyrants in the ionian states. ● It was fought between the Athenians and the Persians. Artaphernes. Sympathy for their fellow Greeks in Ionia. remember the Athenians!” -Herodotus ● The revolt ended with the battle of Lade in 494 BCE.and enraged. ● Darius. under King Darius I. who were trying to overthrow Persian rule. ● The Persian invasion was a response to Greek involvement in the Ionian Revolt. It was part of the first Greco-Persian war. “Sire. and swore and attack on Athens who had helped the Ionians. whom had mixed motivations for helping them. he lived fearing an attack placed upon them from Persia or any of its states. however. ● Naxos received help from Athens. to overtake Naxos so that it would technically fall under Persian rule. Darius swore vengeance on Athens.● There are a few reasons for the breakout of the Ionian revolt: ● Persia ruled it’s city states with tyrannical power. Athens was supported by a small force from the city of Platea. ● The Athenians burned Sardis -ine of Persia’s ionian states. . was still angry over the small defeat at Sardis. Invasion of 490 BC: Battle of Marathon. His father then persuaded him to revolt against Persia. ● The Ionians also clearly wanted independance as they were not satisfied with being subjects of a bigger and more controlling state. role of Miltiades ● The Battle of Marathon took place in September 490 BC on the plain of Marathon. ● The large island of Naxos was led by Aristagoras who was pro-Persia and convinced the satrap of western asia. Then. and a desire for trade links across the black sea. to conquer Greece. ● “According to Herodotus. After a successful campaign in the Aegean. Darius swore to burn Athens and Eretria to the ground. the Persians defeated. to subjugate the Cyclades. The Histories . ● Built bridges across the Hellespont and Strymon River for his men to travel across. level and ideal for battle. for reasons that are not clear. the group of Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. ● The Persian force then sailed for Attica. Bactrians and Sakas. Xerxes brought an army of approximately five million to invade Greece.” Antiquity. ● Assembled army of 200. Xerxes planned that both land & sea battle was required. ● The broad field. In response to this raid. and blocked the two exits from the plain of Marathon. Darius began planning to conquer Greece. captured and burnt Eretria. Despite the numerical advantage of the Persians. the Greek hoplites proved very effective against the more lightly armed Persian infantry. stores and equipment.000 men. called the plain of Marathon. Needed large army: navy for support and communication. Medes. page 368 ● “The army (Persian) was indeed far greater than any other in recorded history” – Herodotus. from across the empire however most of them were Persians. Modern historians have tended to divide this figure by ten. joined by a small force from Plataea. but were forced to retreat with heavy losses. as well as take supplies over. the Athenians decided to attack the Persians.The Athenians and Eretrians succeeded in capturing and burning Sardis. he sent a naval task force under Datis and Artaphernes across the Aegean. In 490 BC. 800 ship fleet crewed with Egyptians and Ionian Greeks. Inter-war period: preparation and developments in Persia and Greece ● Persian Preparations during the inter-war period ● Post-father’s rule. ● Left Greek states to frantically meet up to plan a way to defend and protect their land. was flat. Stalemate ensued for five days. They landed on Schinias beach on the east end of Marathon bay. ● Once the Ionian revolt was crushed by the Persian victory at the Battle of Lade. Xerxes faced the issues of the rebellions in Egypt and Babylon that avoided him from attacking the Greek city states as early as initially planned. 4-year preparation.[b]They routed the Persian wings before turning in on the centre of the Persian line. Then. marched to Marathon. The Athenians. ● The next step was to attack Athens and Eretria. ● Herodotus explains that it took 4 years for Xerxes to assemble his troops. ● League lacked unity initially. Thebans. but the grand total.5km in length). Thespians and Locrains) and held the narrow passage (around 1. / Nor be still. Plataea and Mycale ● Thermopylae ● Herodotus: path was at its narrowest. Village of Alpeni was supply base. and Themistocles convinced Athens after a second council meeting to give Sparta leadership at seas too. ● Leonidas was informed of another route.● “As nobody has left a record. Peloponnesians. but help you and your children. 4m at the West Gate ● Leonidas. Aristides recalled from exile. / But await not the host of horse and foot coming from Asia. Invasion of 480–479 BC: Battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium. 60. Salamis. R. didn’t identify as ‘Greeks’ ● Themistocles convinced the state –after ostracizing Aristides. 141 ● “…The reasons why many Greeks allied in 481BC to resist the invasion must be sought in the particular circumstances of those cities. . but turn your back and withdraw from the foe / Truly a day will come when you will meet him face to face. The Histories. excluding the naval contingent. ● Persians waited 4 days to attack believing that the Greeks would retreat. turned out to be 1. ● Oracle was interpreted by Themistocles as a reference to naval ships as wall. VII. Small states wanted to just protect themselves.000…” –Herodotus. ● “…yet Zeus the all seeing grants to Athene’s prayer / that the wooden wall only shall not fall. advances with 7000 soldiers (300 Spartans. / –Herodotus. Phocians. to gain forces to go against Persia. ● Hellenic League establishes meant cease of dispute for all states to win. Spartan King. ● Greek Preparations during the inter-war period ● Greek’s preparations were not as systematic as due to their success at Marathon they were not expecting a later attack. A History of The Greek City States.on a naval force over military forces. not in any general recognition of Persia as a national Enemy…” Sealey. Invites to states who weren’t yet apart of it were sent out. 1000 Phocians volunteered to hold the path. ● Spartan leadership on land was automatically decided. Book VII. I cannot state the precise number of me nprovided by each separate nation.700. ● Hoplite phalanxes needed level ground to be most effective. whom were trying to overtake their land. ● Persians collected Eretrian prisoners and sailed for Athens. ● Leonidas sent most of the troops away keeping his Spartans and Thebans and Thespians who refused to leave. Used to Asian terrain which was broad and flat. Tactics of 480: boarding an enemy’s ship. ● Ephialtes betrayed the Greeks and guides the Persians over the mountain pass. ● Typical offensive strategy was to invade an enemy’s territory.● First 2 days of fighting: unsuccessful and even the immortals had no success because of Greek’s strategic position. after having failed to conquer Greece during the first Persian Invasion in 492-490 BCE. Aimed at breaking the opposition’s phalanx through sheer weight/coordinated strength. Athenian hoplites and heavier defensive armour was superior to Persian infantry. Part of Athenian success at Marathon. ● The Greeks. ● Persians possessed more ships. Also used hand-to-hand fighting. ● Spartans and Thespians died fighting. superior speed and better manoeuvrability. ● Land strategy of Greeks: based on the effectiveness of Persian cavalry and archery. officially commanded by the Spartan Eurybiades. ● Greek naval strategy also based on contemporary sea battles. ● Greeks relied upon massed formation of troops who used the same strategy and tactics. Soldiers are surrounded. Inability to use cavalry. ● Persians: different weaponry and style. Success rested on cavalry and archers who had mobility and could surround a phalanx. with or without ramming it. Therefore Greeks had to fight in narrow straits where Persians numbers would be a disadvantage. the army would be forced to return. . but in fact by the Athenian Themistocles understood that they had to annihilate the Persian transport fleet. They moved to a narrower pass and onto a mound. Fighting occurred on board. without its support. ● Artemisium: ● The Greek Navy in 480 BCE were defending their land from the Persian invasion. ● Greeks needed to choose a good battle location with a defensive position. More advantageous to bigger and heavier Greek ships. ● Leonidas dies and there is a battle over his body. ● Phocians were caught by surprise and were passed by. Xerxes mutilates Leonidas’ body. 065 marines. they captured 30 enemy ships. the Persian navy could sail around Euboea and attack the defenders of Thermopylae. and attack the Greek navy at Artemisium in the rear. 4. ● This tactic was not used by the Greeks. occupied Aphetae on Cape Magnesia. ● The Persians had the simple plan of forcing their way through their enemies. ● On the first night. to strengthen their chances of winning there. ● The Persians had the advantage of more men. 36. at the same time. and had some success: on the first day. and on the second day. and 46. as well as more experienced sailors than that of the assembled army of Greece. less maneuverable. ● Fifteen ships lost contact with the main force.207 ships. the Persian cavalry could proceed to Chalcis.210 marines. ● During the first two days of the encounter. Still. the . who had suffered some losses in a storm during their advance from Therma to the south.there were simply too many Persian ships at Magnesia. the Greeks could attack units separately. and this is assumed from Herodotus’ recount of their ships being “heavier and. cross to Euboea.● The Greek’s main goal was to protect the flank of the army at Thermopylae. and 205.070 oarsmen ● The Persians 1. ● The most common attack used in the Mediterranean at this time was called ‘ramming’ ● Another maneuver figured out by the Persians and the Greeks included something referred to as ‘diekplous’. a storm hit the area which prevented the Persians from travelling southward. This is perhaps why Herodotus refers to them as having “better sailing ships”. although the units were situated at some distance of each other .190 oarsmen ● The two sites were connected: if Thermopylae fell. which made it hard to keep them together. by implication.” ● The Greeks used a crescent form with their ships to surround the Persians. ● The Greeks had 271 ships. Considering the holdup with stormy weather before the battle they needed to come up with an effectful plan of attack. ● The Persians. but their fleet was very large. and were captured by the Greeks.While not many sources point out the specifics of this sea tactic it is said to have involved sailing into the gaps between enemy ships and ramming into the side of their ship/s. or to outflank them. ● Athenian general Themistocles proposed an alliance with other Greek states. the greater part landed at Aphetae. to stop the Persian invasion at the pass of Thermopylae. due to the experience contrasted between the two. who had newly built ships with reasonably new crew. . ● The Greek and Persian ships rammed each other. The Corinthian ships immediately retreated. king Xerxes had defeated the Greek land army. until a single Greek trireme quickly rammed the lead Persian ship causing the rest of the Greeks to join the attack. decided to meet the Athenian fleet off the coast of Salamis Island. and would be retreating during the night. which also served to block any Greek ships who might be planning to escape. with arrows and javelins. and a smaller contingent of Athenian and Aeginan triremes flanked the Persian navy. or withdraw completely and let the Persians attack them by land. ● None of the other Greek ships attacked. ● On the third day. the Persians came out at full strength and beat the Greeks. asleep. led by Xerxes. ● In the morning. who served the Persian king. at Thermopylae. ● At the same time. after also hearing of the outcome of the battle at Thermopylae. however. This may have been due to cowardice or the Corinthians had most likely been instructed to feign a retreat by Themistocles. ● Themistocles argued in favor of fighting at Salamis. ● Themistocles sent a slave named Sicinnus to Xerxes to make the Persian king believe that the Greeks had not been able to agree on a location for battle. while the Greeks remained on their ships. ● The much larger Persian fleet consisted of 500 or 1207 ships (it is not sure). so that they could retreat to the mainland in case of a defeat. Xerxes believed Sicinnus and had his fleet blockade the western outlet of the straits. They wanted to fight the battle closer to Corinth. ● Salamis Battle: ● The Greeks had 371 triremes and pentekonters (smaller fifty oared ships). who now had to leave Artemisium and retreat. drawing the Persians further into the straits after them. commanded by the Spartan king Leonidas. Both sides had marines on their ships (the Greeks with fully armed hoplites). Eurybiades and the Spartans argued about the necessity of fighting at Salamis. ● The Persians tried to turn back but a strong wind trapped them and those that were able to turn around were trapped by the rest of the Persian fleet that had jammed the strait. Throughout the night the Persian ships searched the gulf for the Greek retreat. the Persians sailed into the straits to attack the Greek fleet. ● The much larger Persian fleet could not manoeuvre in the gulf. ● The Persians.destroyed the flotilla of the Cilicians. ● Mardonius sends the cavalry under Masistius. ● According to Herodotus. ● Greeks descended from Cithaeron ranges and numbered 38 700. ● Neither wanted to attack from their good positions – Persians run out of supplies quicker. non-Peloponnesians helping the Athenians. Greek water supply is poisoned. The 400 Persian soldiers were annihilated by the Greek troops. Persians running out of food. ● Battle is divided in two with Megarians. It made it possible for communication with Thebes. Right centre were Peloponnesians. ● Only about 100 of the heavier Persian triremes could fit into the gulf at a time. the Persians suffered many more casualties than the Greeks because the Persians did not know how to swim. On left centre was a miscellaneous group. ● The stockade is taken and Persians are slaughtered. Persians destroy Greek food wagons. ● Pausanias moves the centre closer to Plataea while Spartans keep the high ground and Athenians keep the low ground. . and each successive wave was disabled or destroyed by the lighter Greek triremes. He camped his troops along the river Asopus facing the passes by which the Greeks emerged. very good military unit. Right were Spartans and Tegeans. ● Plataea ● Mardonius chose the area because it was cavalry country and Thebes was an allied city. Fighting continues and Greek formation is not broken. but in the hand-to-hand combat that followed Ariamenes was killed by a Greek foot soldier.● The chief Persian admiral Ariamenes rammed Themistocles' ship. ● Spartans wait behind phalanx and show great courage. ● Significant numbers of Greeks. ● Mardonius sees the Greeks retreat and turns on the Spartans and had not seen the Athenians. On the left with there were Athenians and Plataeans. ● Greeks run out of water and move west behind Plataea behind a row of hills – closer to Asopus River and plentiful water supply. ● Persians built a stockade to serve as protection in case of defeat. Mardonius doesn’t send reinforcements. His troops eventually return northward to Asia. Leaves road to Athens open. Those Persians who survived and ended up on shore were killed by the Greeks who found them. ● Skirmishes between Greeks and Persians. ● In the final part of the battle the Athenian general Aristides took a large number of soldiers to the island of Psyttaleia where the 400 troops of Xerxes had been left by the Persian fleet in their retreat. Pausanias charges – Mardonius is killed. Peloponnesians closing the gap between Athenians and Spartans. ● Council of War decide to start offensive and land at Samos to find Persians had retreated to the mainland. after the other allies . ● Leadership at Sestos shows the first step towards an empire. ● Greeks land on shore proclaiming freedom. Athenians face the Persians while Spartans attack from inland. ● Persian army make headquarters at Samos.● Mycale ● Greeks make chase and land in Mycale. Greeks sail to Delos and set up a defensive position. made under the guidance of Themistocles. Eurybiades ● The Athenians had been building up a large fleet since 483 BC. it is probable this build up. ● Only 1/3 of the Greek fleet is formed at Aegina. Role and contribution of Themistocles. ● Persian army and navy is destroyed – Greeks storm the stockade. Milesians sent to guard the paths leading inland. The revolt of the Ionians and desire to join the Hellenic League – radical change of military policy. Pausanias. ● Spartan King Leotychides asked by Chios to sail to Ionia (ready to revolt). ● The fleet was commanded by the Spartan Eurybiades son of Euryclidas. ‘It never enterted their thoughts that the Greeks would undertake an expedition to Ionia’. Request is refused. 2nd Ionian revolt from Persian domination. ● Now enters Athenian leadership – not happy with just helping Ionia. Persians beached at Mycale – many Persian forces loyalty is thin. ● Ionians change sides and Milesians join in the slaughter and proved Persia’s bitterest enemies. Tell the Greeks that Persians are in a poor condition and the mere sight of the allied fleet off the coast would encourage the Ionians to revolt. ● Further military and naval action takes place until 448. ● Greeks burn the ships and fort and retire to Samos to debate the future of Ionia ● Greeks control the Aegean sea. Leonidas. Ionians get revenge. Spartans are still in charge of the fleet and infantry. However. ● Marks the end of a defensive war. ● Samos joins the Greeks – betray Persians. Mycale ended the defence of the mainland ● War with Persia not over yet. was also made with a future conflict with the Persians in mind ● Sparta and Athens led the joint Greek army. ostensibly to help win them in their ongoing conflict with Aegina. who had played a key part in building up the Athenian fleet. ● general Themistocles dictating strategy. ● Within the Greek side there were multiple leaders from different Greek city states.” -The Histories ● Themistocles ● Narrow patriotism for Athens ● Personal egotism ● Clever deceit ● Lack of moral principle ● Corrupt by money ● He most likely fought at the Battle of Marathon but was probably not an Athenian general ● Clear vision of the necessity for Hellenic unity ● Wise insistence on a naval policy for Athens after Marathon ● Convinced the Athenians to use the silver to build triremes ● The account of Herodotus portrays a cunning and corrupt Themistocles. the allied Greek fleet drew the Persians into the narrow confines of the straits between Salamis and the mainland and won a resounding victory. ● Xerxes. ordered attacks on Greece focusing on brute force. however unlike Themistocles he was not as drawn towards attacking and Themistocles was.refused to follow an Athenian leader. He received 30 talents from the Euboians and used it to bribe commanders at Artemisium. His tactic was to defend rather than fight back. commanded the Athenian contingent and played a major part in ensuring that the fleet stood and fought. but kept most of the money for himself . The Athenian leader Themistocles. Herodotus comments that. who when faced with the Persian army coming forth after ● Spartan Leader Eurybiades led the Greek’s side. including the Spartan general Eurybiades.000 men from over 24 city states in the battle of salamis. but this was not held up for the entire three days. “The finest history in all history known to me was by Pausanias. He also held together an army that was suffering with low food and even lower chances at victory. leading the Persian fleet. was defeated after he split his army from spartiates and troops/ ● Pausanias held together an army of over 100. He delayed plans on attack until he was otherwise convinced. ● Athenian leader Themistocles also played a significant role in the building of the Greek’s naval fleet. ● Leonidas led the spartan army at Thermopylae. bringing their capital and skilled labour ● He ‘was always introducing sweeping reforms’ – Plutarch ● Thucydides described Themistocles as ‘a man who showed unmistakable natural genius’ ● Plutarch says that he is ‘generally regarded as the man most responsible for saving Greece’ ● His vision for Athens was to ‘unite the whole city to the sea’ and make Athens into a great naval power ● ● ● ● After 476 BC he was ostracised Leonidas ● Spartan leadership at the Battle of Thermopylae ● Spartan bravery ● Emphasise the traditional view of the Spartans ● Inspired Greeks ● Helped establish a hero cult Pausanias ● Spartan regent ● Spartan leadership at the Battle of Plataea ● Recaptured Byzantium ● Accused of treasonable negotiations with Xerses Eurybiades ● Control of Greek fleet ● Listened to the tactical advice of Themistocles at Artemisium .● Would threaten to leave the Greeks and take the triremes to Italy is they did not defend the areas he suggested ● Developing control of the grain regions of Greece ● Recognised the necessary economic relationship between democracy and imperialism for Athens ● Convinced Athens to build a wall even though the Spartans objected ● He sought by decree to secure the annual addition of 20 new triremes of a new and improved style ● Promoted commercial expansion ● He attracted foreigners to make their homes at the Piraeus. ● Much of northern and eastern Greece still occupied. Pausanias ‘won the most splendid victory which history records. ● Example of Greek unity: 23 states taken oaths and fought. 3 weeks. had times of kinship or empire building. ● Success of Plataea brought new supporters to the alliance – Samos. Ionians and Aeolians. ● Cultural turning point → defined Europe geographically and philosophically ● Greeks maintained cultural identity → foundation of Western civilization.Reasons for Greek victory and Persian defeat ● Plataea – plain and spread out. ● Greeks pretended to retreat but turned around and the Persians were forced back ● Mardonius was killed and all organization had fallen away. ● Greeks were very lucky – not clear that they were going to win. Greeks started offensive. ● Discipline and prowess of Spartan hoplites shown – bore the brunt of fighting. Was a national alliance though shortlived over approx. . Asian Minor: Athens’ moral obligation to go help the Ionians. ● Spartan battle – rise to power of Pausanias as ‘King Regent’.’. ● Both sides were jockeying for the best position. ● Persians held the high ground while Greeks held the plain. ● Plataea was a decisive battle which ended Persian occupation.