“TEENAGE PREGNANCY: ITS EFFECT ON EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTSAND OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH IN MARAMAG, BUKIDNON “ Chapter I Introduction; Over the past few decades, teenage pregnancy has become a public concern which has generated a great deal of attention in the locality. Increasing awareness of the social and economic consequences of teenage pregnancy has led to a consensus opinion among policy makers and the public that teenage pregnancy and child bearing is a significant social problem. It has been linked to an array of other social issues, such as welfare dependency, child health and well-being, out of wedlock births, fatherhood responsibility, child abuse and neglect, school drop-out and workforce development. (Torivillas, The Philippine Star, 2013). There was a strong agreement that teenage pregnancy rate is still on the increase and and every increased there has an additional consequences of abortions and fetus losses and yet reducing the number of births by this age group remains an important goal, Scott (1981). The frequency of teenage pregnancy among the youth is alarming and has become more or less a fact of life in many nations of the world including Philippines. This remains both culturally deleterious and personally destructive. Teenage pregnancy has lots of effects on Educational Development of teenagers who are victims of this phenomenon. The Philippine government and other religious institutions are studying every angle to look for ways to reduce untimely pregnancy among teenager. These are many factors which have been recognized by researchers and authors as being responsible for teenage pregnancy. It has been noted and well documented that today’s teenagers face more sexual temptation than previous generations. They seem to be more aware of sex and susceptible to the dangers of illicit sex. Today’s society is more bombarded with sexually oriented materials in the environment. The teenager are more vulnerable to sexual temptations. Health and Home, Philippines, Pregnant at 16, p.12-13 &22). According to Eruesgbefe, (2005). “Today’s teenagers have become more sexually active and promiscuous compared to their age mates of some thirty, forty or fifty years ago in the Nigerian situation”. He also asserted that, “The gradual departures from the traditions, customs and religious doctrine of the different ethnic groups on the premise of civilization have been largely responsible for this. Community and families must work hand in hand to shield their teenagers against these phenomena. Increases in both health and social problems are products of uncontrollable multiple sex partners among teenagers. Mainly because the youth cannot control their emotional feelings, they rush into untimely sex, in the belief that the act will be undetected. According to Albano (2001). In the Philippines, school administrators. . Bukidnon. (Health and Home pp. The churches now are also don’t want to left behind on nurturing the youths by instilling to their minds that early sex out of wed luck has consequences and the consequences hurt more than waiting. Religious sectors are also showing concerns about the teenagers by intensifying the activities at the church and detour their interest while they are still young and not yet prepare to face the consequences brought about early sex. however. she can impart some important strategies and information she gained to the community. RH bill could be a big help to let the teenagers know how to act about sex. Filipino families and communities is properly informed about their responsibilities to their youngsters with regards to sex. In practice. The family of the victim is in trauma discovering that their teenager was some months on her way already. Particularly it aims to answer the following problems. They focused their judgment to the victim but they did not bother to ask why and what were behind of indulging sex at teens and got pregnant not at the right time. this category are not taught family life education by their parents and schools because of the sensitivity of the issue. Existing government family planning programs have been directed principally to married couples. Bukidnon. While teenagers wherever they are must be reached to educate and be well informed how to counter early pregnancy. introduced some strategies to minimize the increasing cases of pregnancy as observed after a decade in the Philippines. Statement of the Problem This study is aimed to look into the effects of teenage pregnancy to the educational development of students and out-of-school youth in Maramag. this is contrary to the wide assumption that family life education is on. to the teachers. The Philippine government through some of its agencies like Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and Department of Education (DepEd). Sex education is being incorporated to the subject matters in school. Maramag is still a growing community.2003). not much of sex education is taught in every Filipino family. The researcher of this paper hope that after the study. cases of teenage pregnancy usually become a big issue to the neighbors and to the whole community. parents and to the teenagers on how to minimize teenage pregnancy to students and out-of-school youth in Maramag.13. Almost everybody is blaming the pregnant teenager of the consequences of her misdeeds.usually in a family. to the parents. What are the causes of teenage pregnancy among the students and out-of-school youth in Maramag. Bukidnon. school administrators. to the community. age when pregnant. peers and church involvement. educational attainment. In the 2nd box is the consequence of teenage pregnancy and that is effect of educational development. Filipino communities. families and teenagers must be smart enough to counter the phenomenon. which happen to go with peers that having a positive attitude towards early and or premarital sex but no knowledge yet about . instead leave their teenagers to learn out of their initiatives which usually mislead and might make them submit to early sex. teachers.1. What is the demographic profile in terms of age. An independent variables or combination of these can be the cause of teenage pregnancy considering that Filipino families usually offer sex education to their teenagers truncated halfway which usually misunderstood. Conceptual Framework Due to the increasing cases of teenage pregnancy in the Philippines and found out on this last decade that Philippines has the highest case all through the Asian region. Peers and friends of teenagers might be one cause. The study will also benefit students who still are at school because it will give them information about the cause and possible effects of teenage pregnancy to their studies once they got pregnant. The result of this study is beneficial to students and out-of-school youth. This is the dependent variable. type of school attended and economic background of the respondents. The schematic diagram in Fig 1 shows the variables reflected to the 1st box. or never touched about sex. 2. In one way or in another this paper will guide them to focus first their attention to their studies rather than giving priority to their romantic affairs with boyfriends. status. Significance of the Study The study will conducted to find out the extent of how extreme is the effect of the major causes of teenage pregnancy to the educational development of students and out-of-school youth in Maramag. researchers and other interested individuals because this can serve as empirical data where suggestion of minimizing teenage pregnancy in the community can be taken. Bukidnon. Community has a big role on teenage pregnancy. Teenagers who are exposed to the society where sex is tolerated and lots of teenagers are pregnant might convinced them to do the same. These are independent variables which point out the major causes of teenage pregnancy and that are family. community. These are teenagers who got pregnant but determine to pursue their studies in spite of the hassle brought about being in the school and having a child to rear and earn a degree after all while others can’t. The dependent variables of the respondents indicate the effect of causes of teenage pregnancy to the educational development of students and out of school youth. and social status community.is the producer of an effect. parental occupation. The perception of the teenager to the effects of major causes of teenage pregnancy were limited to educational development only. Maramag. These are teenagers who got pregnant and pursued their studies in spite of the hassle of having in the school and having a child to rear. progress on their school performance of students or out-of-school youth/teenagers who have been pregnant. and social status. There are also teenagers especially out-of-school youth who never have the chance to go to school after pregnancy. Definition of Keywords The following terms are defined for smooth progress of understanding and clarity of the major concepts used in the study. underemployed. parental educational level. While others did not. qualification. The dependent variables of the respondents indicate the effects of educational development among students in school and out-of-school youth. Out-of-school youth – are youth aged 13 – 19 who are not in school and who are unemployed. age. These are also teenagers especially out of school youth who never have the chance to go back school after pregnancy. Educational Development– is the possible trend. or lacking basic skills. community. . Peers of teenagers – means were teenagers having an age of 13 to 19 who is equal to another in abilities. and church involvement. Effect of teenage pregnancy– means a result brought about by premarital sex at the age of 13 to 19 years old in relation to her educational development. Economic Status– means family income. background. with the educational development of students and out-of-school youth in Maramag.dealing sex which result to teenage pregnancy. Scope and Delimitation The study is delimited to students who have been pregnant at their teens (12-19) years old and living in. Bukidnon. peers. This was the dependent variables of the study. Bukidnon.The subjects were drawn to the students who have been pregnant and or have been a student on their teenager days and living in Maramag. result or consequence. Bukidnon. Cause of teenage pregnancy. There are also teenagers who got pregnant tried to go to school and earned a vocation plus degree. The study focused on the extent of major causes of teenage pregnancy which are family. Was employed to analyze which among the major causes of teenage pregnancy greatly affect the respondents educational development. Statistical Treatment In the analysis of the data of the study. the researcher employed the following statistical tools. Step.Wise Regression Analysis. research locale. status. Research Locale This study was be conducted at Maramag. behavior and development of a boy to manhood and fatherhood and a girl to motherhood as well as with human reproduction. educational attainment. sampling procedure. This was used to determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age when pregnant. Teenage Pregnancy -means conception by a girl between the ages of twelve (12) and nineteen (19) year old which was not planned for. the respondents. This was used to find out the extent of Teenage pregnancy among the students and out of school youth in Maramag. type of school attended and their economic background.qualitative research design. Research Methodology This chapter presents the research design. status. Research Design Basically. data gathering tools. The t-test was likewise used to test the significant difference of the extent on the educational development of teenage pregnancy when grouped according to age. this study employed a descriptive. Certain questions were designed to draw out responses on specific information regarding the future plans of the respondents despite the conditions that they are in. type of school attended and economic background of the respondents. sociological. the scoring procedure and the treatment data in the foregoing study. Frequency and Percentage. economic and social factors that affect the personality. Bukidnon. Respondents of the study . Average Weighted Mean.Sex Education – means learning the external conditions such as psychological. This municipality was be purposively chosen because of its accessibility to the researcher in gathering data for the reason that this municipality is developing and the researcher is concerned of the teenagers who get pregnant in the locality and are often the topics of the bystanders and acquaintances of the respondent who are affected with the sudden twist of their life situation. Bukidnon. These respondents were selected to generate information of the effects of teenage pregnancy and to the family. of Respondents Percent Anahawon 9 15 Base Camp 12 20 Dagumbaan 10 17 North 13 22 South 16 27 Total 60 100 . They were chosen to provide vital information about the effects of teenage pregnancy to their educational development. considering that the population of respondents is small and there are lots to consider on securing the respondents’ participation.The respondents of this study would be selected teenage students and out of school youth who got pregnant from the year 2009-2013 in Maramag. The local government has programs for the moral and economic development of the youth but still lacks implementation thus creating problems among teenagers. community. Sampling Procedure The method that was used in choosing the respondents was purposive sampling picking all the cases that meet the criterion. educational. All teenage students and out of school youth who got pregnant from the year 2009- 2013 were involved and prioritized. peers and the church denomination where they are affiliated. the victims might be ashamed to disclose their experiences. educational attainment. Data about the respondents can be obtained from health centers. some don’t want to refresh their sad past chapter of their lives. Table 1. Presentation of data follows the sequence in the statement of problem found in the study. others have transferred to other place and there are still others that were not be reached for comments. inquiries from friends and neighbors. Bukidnon. General Profile of the Respondents Barangay No. Furthermore. type of school attended and economic background of the respondents. Problem 1. hospital. The researcher will chose purposive sampling. age when pregnant. status. What is the demographic profile in terms of age. Bukidnon. co teachers and Municipal Social Welfare Development or (MSWD) office. The researcher hoped to gather not less than 60 respondents all throughout the Municipality of Maramag. The respondents of the study are those whose ages range from 12 to 19 years old who got pregnant while still in school. analysis and interpretation of data gathered . CHAPTER 4 Presentation. Analysis and Interpretation of Data This chapter presents the findings. knowing that this barangay has the smallest population and a little bet far from atmosphere that is commonly found in urban areas.3 19 – 20 years old 14 23.0 Total 60 100.7 Elementary Graduate 11 18. Barangay Anahawon has the least respondents.The table shows that majority of the respondents were came from Barangay South Poblacion (16 out of 60 or 27%). This is followed by 16 years old and below which is 28. only 6 or 10 percent are 21years old and above. house helpers.3 . Table 2.3 percent of the total respondents. During their tour of duties they met and become lovers while their employers usually were busy on their business or job. which made their boyfriends having the chance to indulge early sex out of the absence of their employers. Considering that Barangay South Poblacion is highly urbanized. baby care takers. gasoline boys. Parents here were still conservatives when it comes to teenagers whereabouts. weight clifters “kargadors” and some others. Barangay South Poblacion is a fast growing place when it comes to economic or it is highly urbanized all throughout the barangays of Maramag.3 17 – 18 years old 23 38. Aside from that. Table 2 shows that a large majority of the respondents are between ages 17 to 18 years old. leaving them alone at home were the usual trend between employees and employers. Table 3. Due to this reasons teenagers both females and males especially out of school youth rushing in for earning a living as sales clerk. Distribution of the Respondents According to Educational Attainment Educational Attainment Frequency Percent Elementary level 7 11. parents earning a living usually busy and cannot monitor anymore the where about of their daughters doing things like viewing “ for adults only” on TV shows and going with peers anywhere else. By contrast.0 The general profile of the respondents includes their age.3 21 years old and above 6 10. type of school attended. and monthly income. educational attainment. educational status.teenage pregnancy brings about life – changing outcomes and commitments. Distribution of the Respondents According to Age Age Frequency Percent 16 years old and below 17 28. This comprises 38. this would mean that they are just beginning to enjoy and experience their teenage life. This may be because Barangay South Poblacion is the most thickly populated compared to some other barangays. The result is quite alarming since the findings showed that many of the respondents are still in their prime age and for those respondents who became pregnant while still in school.3 percent. Thus their studies and ambitions will most likely be hampered as they will concentrate their attention to their new situation in life-taking care of the babies. Based on the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy (2002). While at home male friends can have chances to court them thus resulting to teenage pregnancy due to less parent’s intervention influence from barkadas. Majority of the respondents are in the high school level which is 38. This simply means that they are still supported by their parents to go through college education.3 percent are still studying. Since the community where the respondents are situated.0 Data according to educational attainment of the respondents presented in Table 3. Women are usually left at home to take care of the household chores while men go to the farm. Based on the result of the researcher’s personal interview with the respondents.3 percent of the respondents are still studying.0 The distribution of respondents according to educational Status is presented in table 4. parents would prefer their daughters to stay at home. children especially young girls are left at home. this is a common scenario experienced by women among low income farming communities. though parents are mad and angry at first upon knowing their untimely pregnancy. a few or 18. Table 4. many girls find various ways to get rid of the fetus.7 Still Studying 14 23. Out-of-School Youth represents the majority which is 46 or 76. and too much exposure to films and pornographic materials. Only 23.3 Private 13 21.3 percent are high school graduate.3 percent of the respondents make it to college. absenteeism from school resulting to low academic performance and finally prefers to stay home.3 Total 60 100.3 High School Graduate 8 13. these teenagers were not given access to high school and college education.7 .3 College Level 11 18. Forced with few options with nowhere to turn to. The lowest educational attainment of the respondents is elementary level representing 11. In the rural setting. Distribution of the Respondents According to Type of School Attended Type of School Attended Frequency Percent Public 47 78. still they are willing to support their college education and also the child who will be left to their care while the respondents are pursuing their studies. With parents busy in their livelihood.High School Level 23 38. Only 14 or 23. After graduation from the elementary school.3 Total 60 100. While most of teenagers who get pregnant are in the high school level.7 percent of the total respondents.7 percent of the population. and only 8 or 13. In the absence of “family intervention.” teenage girls usually are left with barkadas and vices resulting to indulging in sexual activities.3 percent. Distribution of the Respondents According to their Educational Status StatusFrequency Percent Out-of-School Youth 46 76. is predominantly poor. the situation is grim for pregnant teenage girls who are in school and their babies. Table 5. Many lost interest at school. To paraphrase Albano (2010).provide some interesting figures. This represents 78.001 – Php 8. Table 6. social. parents would prefer to enroll their children in public schools for obvious reasons that they do not pay tuition and school-related expenses is quite low. Perception of the Respondents on the Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in Terms of Family Factor FAMILY FACTOR MEAN DESCRIPTIVE 1.3 Php 5. are loose in terms of discipline no matter how hard the teachers try to impose discipline.000 or less which is 40 to 43. because of their big number. The data show only slight difference in number of respondents whose parents have monthly income between Php 5.000 26 43.7 percent are daughters of parents where income ranged from Php 8.7 Total 60 100.000 to Php 8.000 per month.000 24 40. moral and educational problems some of these are caused by population boom thus more mouths to feed among poor families Only 10 respondents or 16.0 Php 8. Bukidnon. Parents are not open about the use of contraceptives at home. What are the causes of teenage pregnancy among the students and out-of-school youth in Maramag. Only 13 or 21. this income seems to be only in the subsistence level.Total 60 100. Table 7. cases of teenage pregnancies usually happen to students living in boarding houses. Black 2003 added in his study that teenage child bearing is thought to be associated with a wide spectrum of psychological. Considering the cost of living today and the cost of education. Though closely monitored by teachers and guidance counselors.3 percent of the entire population. A big majority of the respondents are products of public national high school. The findings is consistent with the study of Cessane in 2010 that adolescents who live in communities with more social disorganization and fewer economic resources are more likely to engage in sex at an early age and become pregnant. This indicates that the monthly income of families has a great impact on the childrens’ success or failure in school. This would imply that in a predominantly farming communities.0 The data in table 5 show the distribution of the respondents according to type of school attended.3 percent respectively.13 Agree . Those enrolled in private schools are not also exempted in this predicament of untimely pregnancy. This is notable considering that it is believed that students in public schools.7 percent attend private.0 The distribution of respondents according to monthly income of their parents are shown in Table 6.001-Php15000 10 16.000 to Php 15. The respondents of the study who belong to low income families are those prone to get pregnant at early age. 4. Distribution of the Respondents According to Monthly Income Monthly Income Frequency Percent Less than Php 5. Problem 2. 93 Moderately Agree 7. 2. television and internet. In the press release on reproductive Health 2012. Filipino families remain hesitant to open up sex education to their children. Parents have permissive attitudes towards sex or premarital sex.88 Moderately Agree OVER ALL MEAN 3. they are more likely to use contraceptive.2. The indicators with equal mean of 4. Members of the family learned about sex from pornographic. Table 8.12 Moderately Agree 6. Kin relatives or members of the family have different romantic partners that younger relatives emulate. Computer and other electronic gadget are openly used at home. 3. Parents don’t talk about consequences of plan or unplanned indulgence of sex.42 Agree 1. 3.13 Agree 5. Making x-rated film available to young people.32 Moderately Agree 4. (2000) and Kirby (2001) whose perceptions of normative sexual attitude and behavior is closely associated to the teen’s own attitude and behavior.41 – 4. Equally agreeable to the respondents is the indicator ”Parents don’t talk about the consequences of planned or unplanned indulgence of sex with a mean of 3. The levels of educational attainment of parents in low and the income is not enough to support the family.Indeed schools find it hard to teach sex education in the classrooms because of our deeply rooted beliefs and values that sex is sacred and should only be discussed among adults.7 Agree . pornographic materials and from friends and peers.61 – 3. When teenagers support the use of contraceptive. 3.60 Disagree 3. Their agreement of the first three indicators shows that predominant among Filipino families is not open to discuss among children issues about sex. playboy. Perception of the Respondents on the Causes of TeenagePregnancy in Terms of Friends and Peers Factor FRIENDS AND PEERS FACTOR MEAN DESCRIPTIVE 1.21 – 5. they said that when teens believe correctly or not that their peers are having sex.13 with a description of “Agree” are “Parents with income not enough to support the family”. Parents work outside the home giving teenagers time to be alone most often.00 – 1. Further. government.20 Agree Shown in Table 7 is the perception of the respondents on the causes of Teenage Pregnancy in terms of Family Factors.40 Moderately Agree 4. contraceptives and the consequences of premarital sex. 4.07 Moderately Agree 8.80 Strongly Disagree 2. 3. The result is that young people learn about sex from x-rated films.00 Strongly Agree 1.78 Agree 3. 3.2.81 – 2.All the rest of the indicators were described as “moderately agree” notable of which are “Friends and peers usually read pornographic materials when they are together” and “Indulging in relationship with opposite sex is encouraged by peers”. Single kin relatives or members from the family likely to have unprotected sex and become pregnant.78. points at families as the first access on Sex Education of children but inspite of massive campaign of the Philippines. These contentions are supported by the study of Wertheimer. Peers and friends are often permitted by parents to go out late at night. their favorite topic is about their relationship with the opposite sex. Indulging in relationship with the opposite sex is encouraged by peers. therefore. Friends are likely to talk about freedom in indulging premarital sex.55 respectively.91 Moderately Agree 10. This is affirmed in the study of Kaiser.40 Moderately Agree 4. 2. Friends and peers are likely to joke about still being a virgin. There is common place where friends and peers hang-out together. Lowest among the indicators are “Watching x-rated movies among barkadas is the usual form of recreation “ with a mean of 2. movies and magazines.2. one-third of teens are reported to having conversation focused on sex due to scenes they saw on TV.00 – 1. attitudes and behavior of adolescents.61 – 3. the content of television.21 – 5.81 which the respondents described as “moderately agree. In addition.80 Strongly Disagree 2. but still in some instances are contributors to teenage pregnancy. 2. 3.33 Moderately Agree 6. Family Foundation (2011) that teens are most likely to learn about sex from TV shows.41 – 4. and “Indulging in relationship with the opposite sex is encouraged by peers” with a mean of 2. Drugs and intoxicating drinks are usually introduced during group gathering.91. Their teenage daughter are most often left at home. Villanueva (2000) also studied in his research that it is difficult to document the effect of the media on behavior. Other vices may also contribute to teenager’s indulging in sexual activities like intoxicating drinks and drugs. “Friends and peers usually read pornographic materials when they are together” with a mean of 2. Only few engaged in business. Most often. 2.55 Agree 3.95 Moderately Agree 9. Respondents agreed on two major factors namely: “Parents work outside the home giving teenagers time to be alone most often” and “Teenage couple usually indulge in sexual activities out of curiosity.20 Agree The perception of the respondents on the causes of teenage pregnancy in terms of friends and peers factor is presented in table 8. when young people are with their peers and barkadas. 3. This finding could be generally accepted due to the fact that majority of parents in the Poblacion of Maramag and nearby barangays are farmers. 3. Friends and peers usually read pornographic materials when they are together.60 Disagree 3. Watching x-rated movies is a usual form of recreation among barkadas.81 – 2.95. Teenage couple usually indulge in sexual activities out of curiosity.35 Moderately Agree 4.34 Moderately Agree 5.81 Moderately Agree OVER ALL MEAN 3. both parents have to work the whole day outside the home.97 Moderately Agree 8. A 2002 national survey also indicated that 15 to 17 years old adolescents believed that sexual content on TV and in music videos influenced the behavior of teenagers a lot. each received mean of 3.21 Moderately Agree 1.00 Strongly Agree 1. 3. movies and magazines in some ways shape the sexual beliefs. . 3. he further added that it seems likely that.14 Moderately Agree 7. 2.7 and 3. (2000) and pursued by Kirby in (2001) saw that the participation of female in the labor force and the availability of family planning services in the community also shape the likelihood of first intercourse and subsequent sexual behavior among teenagers. There are out-of-school teenagers in the community that are earning for a living.69 Agree 8. 4. Majority of families in the community have very low income and not enough to support the needs of the family.51 Agree OVER ALL MEAN 3.18 Agree 2. Perception of the Respondents on the Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in Terms of Community Factor COMMUNITY MEAN DESCRIPTIVE 1.40 Moderately Agree 4.80 Strongly Disagree 2. “Pregnant unwed teenagers are often frowned in the community” with a mean of 4.16 Agree 3.”Indeed. Highest mean among the indicators is “There are out-of-school teen-agers in the community that are earning for a living” with a mean of 4. 3.68 Agree 9. The community provides counseling to teenagers about healthy boy-girl relationship. Based on the result of the personal interview conducted by the researcher. Religiosity is not manifested among families in the community. 4. Community elders who gambles and drink are the usual people seen by teenagers everyday.Table 9. They are not only frowned by people in the community. The other two indicators have also a notable bearing on the study.81 – 2. Mothers are usually out from home to help earn a living. teenagers who get pregnant are disgruntled of the situation where they are in. The research conducted by Villanueva. Elders would gossip about pregnant unwed teenagers. A very notable is indicator number two. 4.68. There are cases of teenage pregnancy in the community.08 Agree 6. 4.15 Agree 4.90 Agree 1.41 – 4. They added that the presence of alcohol and drugs in the community might convince the teen-agers to do “ atry. 3. one is “Community elders who gambles and drink are the usual people seen by teenagers everyday” with a mean of 3.60 Disagree 3.12 Agree 5. but also by the members of their own family especially the parents.00 Strongly Agree 1. Pregnant unwed teenagers are often frowned by people in the community. Oftentimes.00 – 1.21 – 5.86 Agree 7. 4.18. the researcher is convinced based on the finding of the study and her . and “Children are usually on their own at home because of absentee parents” with a mean of 3. 3. Children are usually on their own at home because of absentee parents.59 Agree 10. the teenage unwed mother has to stop schooling and find ways and means to earn a living for herself and for the baby.20 Agree Table 9 shows the perception of the respondents on the causes of Teenage pregnancy in terms of community factors.15. 3. All the indicators elicited agreement among the respondents though they vary in the degree of importance.61 – 3.69. 3. 7 Agree 10.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree 2.56 Agree OVER ALL MEAN 3.21 Moderately Agree . that the community is a big factor in the teenage early pregnancy based on factors cited above. Going to church irregularly.87 Agree 1.90 Agree Perception of the Respondents on the Major Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in Terms of Church Involvement 3. 3. 3.” This has the mean of 4. next to the family has great influence on the formation of moral values.25 and described as “Strongly Agree.81 – 2.97 Agree 4.87 Agree Educational Development After Pregnancy 4.61 – 3.83 Agree 7.21 – 5. Perception of the Respondents on the Major Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in Terms of Community Factor 3.00 Strongly Agree 1.20 Agree Presented in Table 10 are the perceptions of the respondents on the causes of Teenage Pregnancy in terms of church Involvement. Cesanne (2010) in his study found out that teenagers.25 Strongly Agree 2. Table 10.75 Agree 9. The church promotes the use of natural family planning method.42 Agree Perception of the Respondents on the Major Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in Terms of Friends and Peers Factor 3.60 Disagree 3. The church promote the teaching of moral standards especially among the young. teenagers now a days find it a taboo to join religious activities and become actively involved in the church.41 – 4.40 Moderately Agree 4. 3. The indicator that receive the highest mean is “Participating in church activities strengthen the value of the teen- agers. 4. Going to Church without commitments.15 Agree 3.8 Agree 8.03 Agree religiouscommitment” might pull the teenager to be pregnant for they will prioritized their relationship with the opposite sex rather than abiding to the moral .83 Agree 6. 3. Perception of the Respondents on the Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in Terms of Church Involvement CHURCH INVOLVEMENT MEAN DESCRIPTIVE 1. 3. 3. with “low level” of Perception of the Respondents on the Major Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in Terms of Family Factor 3. Less participation in church activities among teenagers 3.personal interview with the respondents. Unwed pregnant women usually prohibit themselves from attending church activities.85 Agree 5. Church elders lack support and advice to unwed pregnant teenagers. Going to church is just to be with friends and peers. Participating in church activities strengthen the values of the teenagers.” Although it is true that the church. 3. Teenagers who get pregnant belong to families who are nominal church goers. 4. 4. church involvement and community are among of the causes of teenage except for the “friends and peers “ which they only moderately agree of having a mean of 3.30 Strongly Agree 4. 4. majority of them has lost the opportunity to continue their studies as they agree which having a mean of 4. they agreed that due to their practice and development in their respective family. My parent lack support and hinders my desire to continue schooling. 3.97 Agree 9.03 Agree 8. church involvement and community factor has a mean of not less than 3.03. Table 11.83 Agree 13. I find it difficult to attend school due to my pregnancy. 4. I have great desire to finish a degree for the sake of my child. It is hard for me to face the community because of my situation. thus. status.17 Agree 7. they might have not experienced unexpected pregnancy. is the community where they live in and the possible activities where they were exposed such as “church involvement”.20 which the respondents agree that family.41 but not also more than 4.21. 3. type of school attended and economic background of the respondents. the same study shows that teenagers who are busy in the church usually listen to the advises and warning of parents. Problem 3. Rearing up a child is very demanding. 3.41 Strongly Agree 3. The respondents “ agree” to the rest of the indicators. I am hurt when I hear people talk about me. In here. My sibling’s education is affected of what had happened to me.23 Strongly Agree 6. Due to Pregnancy at teens. There is very limited time for me to concentrate on my school work.27 Strongly Agree 5. educational attainment. I find it difficult to study because my attention is focused on the baby. 3. My priority is to look for a part-time job to support my baby. Summary Table of Problem 2 Table shows that perception of the respondents on the major causes of Teenage Pregnancy in terms of family factor.69 Agree . making them aware that if they only abide to the teachings of the church.90 Agree 11. Filipino children are usually attached to their family and next to family. Educational Development of the Respondents After Pregnancy EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AFTER PREGNANCY MEAN DESCRIPTIVE 1.43 Strongly Agree 2.85. For example in the indicator that says “going to church irregularly which has a mean of 3. 4. 3. Is there a significant difference on the Educational Development of Teenage pregnancy when grouped according to age. 3.93 Agree 10. the respondents agree that they do not go to church regularly . I experience very low self-esteem due to my pregnancy. I lost my desire to continue my studies. On the other hand.teaching of the church. My peers and friends lessen their communication with me. This was explained because as we observed in both rural and urban areas. 4. 4.87 Agree 12. communities and how they being involved in church has great role why they become pregnant at teens. 4. Due to Pregnancy at teens. the new responsibilities can be overwhelming.41 – 4. My parents are hesitant to support my plans to go back to school. When school aged students become mother.23 4. 3.14.67 Agree 15.38 4.40 Moderately Agree 4. Deviation Maximum 16 years old and below 3. My plans for college education is still very strong in my heart.81 – 2.39 4. For teenage mother who lack support from their own parents.41 which the respondents has “Strongly Agree.03 Agree 1.02 0.60 Disagree 3. In here.” This has the mean of 4.66 Agree OVER ALL MEAN 4.07 Total 4. Analysis of Variance on the Educational Development of the Respondents After Pregnancy when Classified According to Age Age Mean Std. Henshaw.61 – 3.03. This was explained because as we observed in both rural and urban areas.80 21 years old and above 3. Filipino children are usually attached to their family and next to family.66.93 0.20 which the respondents agree that family.00 Strongly Agree 1.41 but not also more than 4. they agreed that due to their practice and development in their respective family. majority of them has lost the opportunity to continue their studies as they agree which having a mean of 4.27 17 – 18 years old 4.73 19 – 20 years old 3.000 a month as stated in table 6.44 4.45 4. Table shows that perception of the respondents on the causes of Teenage Pregnancy in terms of family factor.” Thus. church involvement and community are among of the major causes of teenage except for the “friends and peers “ which they only moderately agree of having a mean of 3.80 Strongly Disagree 2.94 0.23 0. Table 12.21.60 0. The respondents agree that going back to school is already difficult after pregnancy as the indicator “My parents are hesitant to support my plans to go back to school having mean of 3.43 and described as “Strongly Agree. communities and how they being involved in church has great role why they become pregnant at teens.20 Agree Table11 presents the educational development of the Respondents after pregnancy. The overall mean indicates that respondents are having difficulties on pursuing their education considering that majority of them are came from low income family and less than Php 5.21 – 5. according to the latest available statistics.” Followed with” I find it difficult to attend school due to my pregnancy” with a mean of 4. 3. this experience can be even more daunting as they seek support in adult-oriented systems which even older parents may find challenging. church involvement and community factor has a mean of not less than 3. is the community where they live in and the possible activities where they were exposed such as “church involvement”. & Carlin. The indicator that receive the highest mean is “I am hurt when I hear people talk about me. 2010).80 . (Kost. 31 0.23 0.547) is large and the p-value (0.02 19 – 20 years old 16 years old and below -0.33 0.30 0. 19-20 years old.38 21 years old and above 0.34 0.25 1.19 0. Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test on the Educational Development of the Respondents After Pregnancy when Classified According to Age (I) Age (J) Age Mean Difference (I-J) Std.01 0.25 1. etc. Through shame and stigma.757 25 0. parents’ lack of support. However.52 21 years old and above 16 years old and below -0.20 0.533 3.63* 0. teenagers aged 16 years old and below have the same educational development with the rest of aged brackets since the computed mean difference on their responses are very small to reject the .38 21 years old and above 0. This result coincides with the result of the analysis of variance that the responses of the teenagers who got pregnant are significantly different across the different age brackets since the computed F-value (3. Table 13. As shown in the Table.26 0. she finds it difficult due to the time and learning she has missed.547 0.52 As to the multiple comparison test on the differences of the educational development of the respondents.63* 0.58 17 – 18 years old -0.20 0.02 19 – 20 years old -0. Interpretation Between Groups 1. teenagers aged 16 years old and below.00 21 years old and above 0. and 21 years old and above agree that there pregnancy brought negative effect in their educational development such as low of self-esteem.31 0.19 0.54 19 – 20 years old 0.356 28 When a girl falls pregnant. Turkey’s Test points out which of the age brackets are significantly different from each other. ashamed in facing the community after what had happened.01 0.23 0.23.150 Total 5. Consequently. One of the aims of this study is to look for the educational development of the teenagers who undergone pregnancy across the different age brackets.22 0. she will be forced to withdraw from school.26 0.22 0. bullying and harassment.30 0. she probably withdraws from school and will fail to reach her academic potential.029) is less than the level of significance.58 17 – 18 years old 16 years old and below 0.34 0. Error p-value 16 years old and below 17 – 18 years old -0. If she does make it back to school.599 3 0. the teenagers aged 17-18 years old seemed to have greater effect as revealed by the highest mean response of 4. her life turns upside down. The girl will face the same challenges after giving birth to her child and wonders how she will take care for her child.00 17 – 18 years old -0.54 19 – 20 years old 0. As shown.029 Significant Within Groups 3.Source of Variation Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. lost the desire to continue their studies.33 0. Teenage parents—or students with children are parents between the ages of 13 and 19. al. Regardless of race. In other words. and socio-economic status.04 0. Descriptive statistics.18 4 0.40 0.38 4. which even older parents may find challenging.80 Source of Variation Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.95 0. et.02. Similarly. However. This means that the desires of the respondents to pursue again their studies are the same across their different level of educational attainment.63 and a p-value of 0. can be a life-altering experience.42 4. Furthermore. Analysis of Variance on the Educational Development of Respondents After Pregnancy when Classified According to their Educational Attainment Educational Attainment Mean Std. Often these students drop out of school because of the pressures they experience. The analysis of variance educational development of the teenagers who got pregnant classified according to educational attainment is presented in the Table 14.01 0.41 4. and maximum values. Table 15.19 Not Significant Within Groups 4. Two-Sample Independent T-test Analysis on the Educational .17 Total 5.02 0. social service agencies. this experience can be even more daunting as they seek support in adult-oriented systems. and other organizations (Stephens. When school-aged students become parents. Interpretation Between Groups 1.29 1. are presented in the Table to describe the nature and variation of the responses each group.53 College Level 4. teenagers aged 17-18 years old and 21 years old andabove revealed to have significant difference to each other as indicated by a mean difference of 0.49 4. motherhood—and fatherhood— uniformly places demands on one’s life that was non-existent prior to the birth of a child. the new responsibilities can be overwhelming.19) is greater than the level of significance.36 28 Becoming a parent.67 High School Level 4. Deviation Maximum Elementary level 4. The purpose of this analysis is to look if a significant difference exists on the desire of the respondents in pursuing again their studies across their different educational level.69 0. such as the individual mean responses.73 Elementary Graduate 3.38 3.80 High School Graduate 3. standard deviations. at any age. the F-value of the analysis of variance is also presented which is found to be 1.27 0. including stigmatization associated with early parenting. and lack of needed support from family. For teenage parents who lack support from their own parents. This value is not enough to reject the null hypothesis since its corresponding p-value (0.44 4. the educational level of the teenagers when they got pregnant has nothing to do with their development or desire to pursue their studies. isolation from peers. 2003).18 24 0.null hypothesis and the computed p-values are greater than the level of significance.50 Total 4. education. schools.69. Table 14. friends. teenagers aged 19 – 20 years old obtained the same result. the individual mean responses of the respondents across the different monthly income are close to each other ranging from 3. As shown.356 28 The analysis of variance on the educational development of the respondents when classified to monthly income is presented in Table 16.44 4.9630.02 0. and type of school attended is presented in Table 15.42 4.45 4. Analysis of Variance on the Educational Development of the Respondents When Classified According to Economic Background Monthly Income Mean Std.047 Significant Public 4. However. respondents who attended in private and public schools revealed to have significant different responses on their educational development since the computed t-value is -2. This coincides with the mean square deviation between the groups which is found to be 0. as compared to those enrolled in private schools.07 0.001-Php15000 4.96 -0. The respondents who got pregnant in their teenage years are grouped to either out-of-school youth or still studying.352.220 26 0. etc. Table 16. This means that those teenagers who are enrolled in public school are losing more desire to pursue their studies. This means that those out-of-school youth and still studying who got pregnant both agree that they lost their desire to continue their studies due to lack of support of their family.80 Php 5.000 4.08 0.72 Not Significant Within Groups 5.95 0.45 4. Interpretation Between Groups 0.Development of the Respondents when Classified According to Educational Status and Type of School Attended Educational Status Mean t-value p-value Interpretation Out-of-School Youth 3.963 and a p-value of 0.136 2 0.34 0.10 0.95 to 4.33 The two–sample independent t-test on the educational development of the respondents when classified according to their educational status. the child is the priority than to continue studying.73 Php 8.20 Total 5.352 Not Significant Still Studying 4. Deviation Maximum Less than Php 5. This is the variation of the mean responses of every monthly income .80 Source of Variation Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.08 and its corresponding p-value (0. experiencing very low self-esteem.06 0.000 3. It is also shown that they have almost the same dispersion as indicated by the computed standard deviations of each group. after getting pregnant.07. The negative sign of the t-value indicates that the mean response of those in private schools is significantly higher as compared to those enrolled in public schools.53 Total 4.14 Type of School Attended Mean t-value p-value Interpretation Private 3. It shows that their desires to pursue education or their educational development are not significantly different as suggested by a t-value of -0.94 -2.10.001 – Php 8.047) is less than the level of significance. 94 . the conclusion drawn. family has entered in the second iteration and obtained a beta coefficient of 0.345 .334.001 Friends and Peers 0.bracket which is very small.71 .34 which is known to be the F-value.344 0.213 0.558 . Bigger value is in favor of the rejection.2254. R2 = 0. .0. explains that the error of prediction on the dependent variable is about ± 0.20. Further.232 Std. and the recommendations offered.213 and a t-value of 3.000 Family0.000 2 (Constant) 1. the ratio of these two variations is 0. on the other hand. Independent Variables Included in the Regression Model Model Variables Beta Coefficient Std.334.482 Adj. Moreover. CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY This chapter presents the summary of findings. the value of 0.71.061 3.073 4. Similarly.115 . Bukidnon.041 7. The first iteration of the regression analysis entered the friends and peers as significant variable with a beta coefficient of 0. Error t p-value 1 (Constant) 1. x1 is the friends and peers factor. This means that the educational development or the desires of the respondents to continue their studies after giving birth are the same regardless of their monthly earnings. Error of Estimate = 0.34 indicates not significant result since it obtained a p- value of 0. The R-squared shows the proportion of variation in the dependent variable that can be explained by a linear relationship with the significant predictors while the standard error of estimate (S) is the numerical value that measures the accuracy of the obtained regression model.310 0. the R- squared = 0. The S = 0.025 R = 0.000 Friends and Peers 0. The adjusted R-squared is also computed together with the standard error of estimate. Finally. in this case. This result m where Y is the respondents educational development. This value would lead us to the decision of rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis.334 Table 17 shows the regression analysis on the educational development of the respondents after pregnancy with 4 causes of teenage pregnancy as independent variables.232 means that 23.2% of the variation of the dependent variable is explained by a linear relationship with the peer and family factors.72 which is greater than the level of significance.491 .345 and a t-value of 4. the variation of responses within groups is also small which is revealed to be 0. and x2 is the family factor.361 3.723 .491 which results to the rejection of the null hypothesis. Problem 4. In this case. Which among the major causes of teenage pregnancy effects most to students and out-of-school youth in Maramag . It uses stepwise method in selecting the best predictors of the regression model wherein in takes 2 iterations to get into the final results.482 which suggests a moderate correlation. Table 17. the relationship between the obtained significant predictors and the independent variable is explained by the value of R = 0. Average Weighted Mean was used to find out the extent of teenage pregnancy among the respondents. educational attainment.3 percent of the respondents make it to college. The educational attainment of the respondents were mostly high school and elementary level. Firstly. majority or 78. playboy. The age level of the majority of the respondents is between 17 to 18 years old. 4.000. the data showed that parents’ family factor. The monthly income of the family of the big majority of the respondents is less than Php 5. pregnant unwed teenagers are often frowned in the community. This constitute 38. 4. Step-wise regression analysis was used to analyze which among the causes of teen-age pregnancy greatly affect the respondent’s educational development. who.55 and agreed by the respondents. with a mean of 4.3 percent are from public school. 3. The findings showed that the respondents agreed to all indicators stated in the questionnaire. Secondly.13. With regards to the type of school attended. Only few or 18.7 and a description of “Agree”. Parents not being open about the use of contraceptive at home ranked first with a mean of 4. This was followed by teenage couple usually indulge in sexual activities out of curiosity with a mean of 3. 2.13. “Drugs and intoxicating drinks are usually introduced during group gathering 4. Moderately agreed also by the respondents is the indicator.3 percent of the population. Bukidnon. While 14 of the respondents are still studying.88. the respondents agreed that their parents are not open about the use of contraceptives at home. It was also found out that parents who work outside the home giving teenagers time to be alone most often. This has a mean of 2. A self-made questionnaire was employed to gather data of the study. This is ranked first with a mean of 3. the respondents agreed o all indicators The highest of which are out-of-school youth teenagers in the community that are earning for a living. majority are out-of-school youth. type of school attended and the socio economic status of the family. When the perception of the respondents on the causes of teenage pregnancy in terms of family factor. this study endeavored to identify perception of the respondents on the causes of teenage pregnancy in terms of the following factors: the family. T-test was also used to test the significant difference of the extent of the educational development when respondents were grouped according to age. The respondents also agreed that parents don’t talk about consequences of plan or unplanned indulgence of sex.This study attempted to answer the question related to the effect of teenage pregnancy on educational development of students and out-of-school youth in Maramag. Findings The following are the findings of the study: 1. not being open about the use of contraceptives and permissive attitudes towards premarital sex were contributory to teenage pregnancy.18. television and internet. this study attempted to find out the causes of teenage pregnancy as perceived by the respondents in terms of community factor. The lowest rank were respondents moderately agree was members of the family learned about sex from pornographic. In terms of the perception of the respondents or the causes of Teenage pregnancy in terms of community factor. after pregnancy prefer to stay at home and take care of their babies. the levels of educational attainment of parents is low and the income is not enough to support the family.16 and majority of families in the community have very low income . the following recommendations are put forward. 7. Many community elders gamble and drink. 4. 2. The school curricula must not only integrate values in all subject areas but also information about the reproductive organs. . 4. The findings also confirms that pregnant unwed teenagers are often frowned by people in the community. television and internet and since parents work outside the homes. the parents must be informed to closely monitored their children. The data likewise showed that teenagers learned about sex from pornographic magazines. 6. cigarettes and the dangers of drugs. the respondents agreed that their parents are not open about the using contraceptive at home. The teachers. Strengthen the collaboration between parents and school to guide the teenagers parents and school to guide the teenagers the dangers of indulging in pre-marital sex especially that they are still studying. Likewise it is recommended that during PTC/PTA Meetings . Local communities should provide recreational programs and facilities to give teenagers gainful and wholesome activities.and not enough to support the needs of the family. it is clearly shown that the respondents perception on the causes of teenage pregnancy are the following: family. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of the study. and their drinking spree becomes the usual sight teenagers see among their elders everyday. 1. 3. Local officials should pass ordinances to prohibit teenagers from taking alcoholic drinks. especially class advisers must act as the second parents to teenagers especially those in need of parental guidance. 5. teenagers are left alone with barkadas and friends at home hanging out together thus more likely indulge in premarital sex. so that teenagers will be given information and counseling regarding boy- girl relationship.15 another indicator like unwed pregnant women usually prohibit themselves from attending church activities can also be surmised as effect that the respondents felt in the community. Education programs should be designed to address pressing and urgent concerns regarding teen-age pregnancy and collaborate with other agencies like DSWD and Health Care Units to help teenagers avoid premarital sex and live a healthy life style. The community was also considered as one factor that may cause teen-age pregnancy. The School Administration should strengthen its homeroom and guidance program. Religiousity is not also manifested among families in the communities. RECOMMENDATIONS Having identified the effects of teenage pregnancy on the educational development of students and out-of-school . the level of educational attainment of parents is low and and the income is not enough to support the family. Involve the community in giving teenagers good models of values and character.