Strawberry
Growth, Development and Diseases
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Strawberry Growth, Development and Diseases
Edited by
Amjad M. Husaini and Davide Neri
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CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Nosworthy Way Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8DE UK Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail:
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© CAB International 2016. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Husaini, Amjad M., editor. | Neri, Davide, editor. Title: Strawberry : growth, development and diseases / [edited by] Dr. Amjad M. Husaini and Davide Neri. Description: Boston, MA : CABI, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016022767 (print) | LCCN 2016023629 (ebook) | ISBN 9781780646633 (hbk : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781780646640 (ePDF) | ISBN 9781780646657 (ePub) Subjects: LCSH: Strawberries. Classification: LCC SB385 .S743 2016 (print) | LCC SB385 (ebook) | DDC 634/.75--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016022767 ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 663 3 Commissioning editor: Rachael Russell Editorial assistant: Emma McCann Production editor: Shankari Wilford Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY, UK
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Contents
About the editors
xi
Contributors
xiii
Foreword F. A. Zaki
xvii
Forewordxix N. Ahmed Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1 Strawberries: a General Account A.M. Husaini and F.A. Zaki 1.1. Origin and History of Strawberry Cultivation 1.2. Taxonomy and Biology 1.3. Area, Production and Yield 1.4. Health-promoting Properties
xxi xxiii 1 1 2 2 4
Part I: Genetics, Breeding and Omics 2 Genetic Resources of the Strawberry 10 M. Gambardella and S. Sánchez 2.1. Historical background and botanical classification of the genus Fragaria10 2.2. Evolution and origin of the genome 12 2.2.1. Diploid species 12 2.2.2. Tetraploid species 14 2.2.3. Hexaploid species 15 2.2.4. The genome of octoploid species 15 2.3. Breeding programmes involving native germplasm 16 2.3.1. Fragaria chiloensis17 2.3.2. Fragaria virginiana19 2.4. Sources of genes of agronomic interest in native germplasm 19 2.5. Germplasm collections 22 v
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3 Strawberry Breeding W. Faedi and G. Baruzzi 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Historical Breeding 3.3. Modern Breeding 3.3.1. Yield 3.3.2. Harvesting time and fruiting habit 3.3.3. Average fruit weight 3.3.4. Organoleptic quality of fruit 3.3.5. Pest and disease resistance 3.4. Future Breeding Programmes 3.5. The Main Breeding Programmes and Released Cultivars Worldwide
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4 Chilean White Strawberry: Phenolic Profiling of its Different Parts G. Schmeda-Hirschmann, E. Viveros-Valdez, R. Montenegro, C. Quispe and M. Simirgiotis 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Phenolic Profile of Cultivated Chilean White Strawberry 4.2.1. HPLC analysis of white strawberry leaves 4.2.2. HPLC analysis of white strawberry flowers 4.2.3. HPLC analysis of white strawberry rhizomes 4.2.4. HPLC analysis of white strawberry fruits 4.3. The Plant Response under Fungal Infection 4.4. Future perspectives
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26 26 27 28 28 30 30 31 31 33
41 43 44 44 44 46 46 50
5 Role of Fungal Avirulent Pathogens in the Defence Response of Strawberry 53 J.C. Díaz Ricci, C.F. Grellet-Bournonville, N.R. Chalfoun, U. Tonello, G.G. Martos, V. Hael-Conrad, M. Perato and G. Martínez Zamora 5.1. Introduction 53 5.2. Temporal accumulation of salicylic acid mediated by the avirulent strain M23 of C. fragariae in strawberry 55 5.2.1. Expression analysis of the PR-1 gene 56 5.2.2. Expression analysis of the PAL-3 gene 57 5.3. Salicylic acid-induced protection 57 5.4. The systemic acquired resistance response 58 5.5. Transcriptional changes in strawberry leaves in response to A. strictum interaction 59 5.6. Defence elicitor produced by A. strictum61 5.7. Early reactive oxygen species response of strawberry cells to AsES elicitor protein 63 5.8. Conclusions and future perspective 64 6 Agrobacterium-mediated Genetic Transformation of Strawberry 71 A.M. Husaini and Y. Wen Xu 6.1. Introduction 71 6.2. Factors Affecting Transformation and Regeneration of Transformants 72 6.2.1. Robust in vitro regeneration protocol 72 Explant type 75 Physical factors 75 Dark period 75 Light and photoperiod 75 Chilling76 Chemical factors 76 Plant growth regulators 76 Vitamins and salts 77
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Contents vii
6.2.2. Robust transformation protocol 77 Efficient Agrobacterium strain 77 Physical factors 80 Pre-culture (pre-incubation) 80 Co-cultivation81 Pre-selection81 Chemical factors 81 Antibiotics81 Acetosyringone83 Trehalose and validamycin A 85 6.3. How to Estimate Transformation Success – Efficiency and Percentage are not Synonymous 85 6.4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 87 Part II: Cultivation Systems and Propagation 7 Plant Architecture in Different Cultivation Systems F. Massetani and D. Neri 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Flower Induction and Environmental Control 7.3. Growing Cycles – Plant Plasticity for Harvest Seasons 7.4. Plant Manipulation in the Nursery 7.4.1. Thermophotoperiod 7.4.2. Location 7.4.3. Chilling 7.4.4. Light quality 7.4.5. Nutrient supply 7.4.6. Growing substrate 7.4.7. Water supply 7.4.8. Defoliation 7.4.9. Propagation 7.4.10. Evaluation of plant quality 7.5. Plant Manipulation in the Field 7.6. Architecture Analysis Techniques 7.7. Conclusion 8 Strawberry Root Growth and Architecture in Relation to Organic Residues and Replanting Problems D. Neri 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Strawberry Root Growth and Architecture 8.2.1. Apical dominance 8.2.2. Lateral root formation 8.2.3. Allelopathic sensitivity 8.2.4. An architectural model 8.3. The Strawberry Root During the Growth Cycle and Production 8.3.1. Stolon and runner relations with the mother plant 8.3.2. Tray plant growth 8.3.3. Root–shoot interaction and plant collapse 8.4. Allelopathic Interactions and Replanting Problems 8.4.1. The ambivalent relationships of strawberry with organic residues 8.4.2. Strategies to overcome replanting problems 8.4.3. How to improve soil quality 8.5. Conclusions
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9 Plant Propagation Techniques and Types of Plants M. Gambardella, F. Massetani and D. Neri 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Plant Production Systems 9.2.1. Nuclear stock 9.2.2. Propagation stock I 9.2.3. Propagation stock II 9.2.4. Commercial nursery 9.3. Plant Types and Cycles 9.3.1. Bare-root plants 9.3.2. Potted plants 9.3.3. Cycles 9.4. Plant Certification Systems 9.5. Conclusions
139 139 140 140 141 141 142 142 143 149 152 153 155
Part III: Disease and Stress Management 10 Fungal Diseases of Strawberry and their Diagnosis 157 C. Garrido, V.E. González-Rodríguez, M. Carbú, A.M. Husaini and J.M. Cantoral 10.1. Introduction 157 10.1.1. Modern strawberry, a domesticated species for production 157 10.1.2. Economic importance of world strawberry production 158 10.1.3. Pathogen incidence in strawberry production 158 10.2. The Main Fungal Pathogens of Strawberry 159 10.2.1. Botrytis cinerea162 10.2.2. Colletotrichum spp. 162 10.2.3. Fusarium oxysporium163 10.2.4. Phytophthora spp. 164 10.2.5. Verticillium spp. 165 10.2.6. Other genera 166 10.3. Diagnosis Methods and Field Monitoring of Strawberry Diseases 167 10.3.1. Molecular methods applied to phytopathogenic fungi 167 10.3.2. Past and present diagnosis methods 168 10.3.3. PCR alternatives applied to fungal diagnosis 169 10.3.4. Other molecular techniques used to study fungal pathogens 172 10.3.5. Web-based decision support systems 174 10.3.6. Proteomics advances in strawberry fungal pathogens 181 10.4. Conclusions 184 11 New Biocontrol Strategies for Strawberry Fungal Pathogens M. Carbú, V.E. González-Rodríguez, C. Garrido, A.M. Husaini and J.M. Cantoral 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Methyl Bromide and Other Fungicides 11.3. New Biological Control Agents 11.3.1. Biofumigation 11.3.2. Antagonistic rhizobacteria 11.3.3. Plant growth-promoting bacteria 11.3.4. Antagonistic fungi 11.3.5. Trichoderma spp. 11.3.6. Summary 11.4. Conclusion
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Contents ix
12 Emerging Diseases in Strawberry Crop: Charcoal Rot and Fusarium Wilt B. de los Santos, M. Chamorro, J.J. Medina-Mínguez, N. Capote, A. Aguado and F. Romero 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium Yellows) 12.2.1. Fusarium wilt management 12.3. Charcoal Rot 12.3.1. Charcoal rot management 12.4. Soil Disinfestation After the Phase-out of Methyl Bromide 12.4.1. Chemical alternatives 12.4.2. Non-chemical alternatives 12.5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 13 Induced Systemic Resistance to Fusarium Wilt and Antioxidative Ability in Mycorrhizal Strawberry Plants Y. Matsubara and A.M. Husaini 13.1. Biological Control of Fusarium wilt 13.2. Induced Systemic Resistance and Antioxidative Ability 13.3. Estimation of Induced Systemic Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Mycorrhizal Strawberry Plants 13.4. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation on Antioxidative Ability 13.4.1. SOD activity 13.4.2. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity 13.4.3. Polyphenol content 13.4.4. Ascorbic acid content 13.5. Conclusions
212 212 213 218 221 228 230 232 234 239 251 251 252 253 255 255 256 256 258 258
14 Challenges of Climate Change to Strawberry Cultivation: Uncertainty and Beyond 262 A.M. Husaini and Y. Wen Xu 14.1. Climate change and forecasting the impact on strawberry 262 14.1.1. Photoperiod and vernalization 264 14.1.2. Disease and pest outbreaks 266 14.2. Major environmental factors of critical importance 267 14.2.1. Temperature rise 267 14.2.2. Temperature drop 268 14.2.3. Water scarcity/surplus 269 14.3. Engineering strawberry with ‘adaptive’ advantages 270 14.3.1. Classical breeding 270 14.3.2. Advanced genetics 271 Osmotin: a multirole PR-5 protein 273 14.4. Microorganisms for enhancing resilience 275 14.4.1. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 275 14.4.2. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza 276 14.4.3. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria 276 14.4.4. Piriformospora indica277 14.5. Extreme events, policy response and social action 277 14.6. Future perspective 278
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15 Molecular and Physiological Responses of Strawberry Plants to Abiotic Stress H. Gulen, E. Turhan and A. Eris 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Salinity stress 15.2.1. Salt injury 15.2.2. Salt tolerance 15.3. Temperature stress 15.3.1. Cold stress 15.3.2. Heat stress 15.4. Water stress 15.5. Conclusions and future prospects
288 290 290 292 295 295 297 298 301
Index
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About the Editors
Dr Amjad M. Husaini Dr Husaini, Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir (India), has an M.Sc. from Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, India. He holds a Ph.D. in Biotechnology and a PG Diploma in Bioinformatics (Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi), as well as certificates in Intellectual Property Rights (Indian Law Institute, New Delhi) and Remote Sensing Applications in Agriculture (Indian Agricultural Research Institute-Indian Space Research Organization). He has post-doctoral experience of working at the Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA; and the Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. He has edited/authored four books, and published more than 40 research/review papers in journals of international repute. He has several awards such as the CREST Award-2013 (DBT, India), Young Scientist Award in Agriculture 2009 (J&K, India), Jawahar Lal Nehru Award for Agricultural Research-2008 (ICAR, India), Junior Scientist of the Year Award-2007 (NESA, India), and Junior and Senior Research Fellowships of CSIR, India. His biography was included in 27th edition of the Marquis Who’s Who. His research areas include plant tissue culture, genetic engineering and plant chematics, as well as conventional, molecular and participatory plant breeding. Dr Davide Neri Dr Neri has published about 130 scientific, technical and extension papers in international refereed journals, refereed proceedings, national technical and scientific journals, national refereed proceedings, and chapters in scientific and technical books; one technical book; seven edited books and proceedings; extension papers; and multimedia extension items. He is the editor of 23 of the 53 episodes of the agricultural TV series Le Mille Agricolture by TVRS. He was Chairman of the strawberry physiology working group of the COST 836 ‘Integrated berry production’ and of the bilateral project Italy-Japan ‘Strawberry fruit quality: genetic and physiological background’ 2000–2003. He has contributed to the organization of several international and national symposia: COST 836 Final Workshop – Euro Berry Symposium; V International Strawberry Symposium in Australia 2004; and the National Scientific Meeting of Horticultural Society SOI 2013.
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Contributors
Ana Aguado, Centro IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil. CAPDER-Junta de Andalucía. Alcalá del Río, Sevilla, Spain. Gianluca Baruzzi, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L’Analisi dell’economia agraria, Unità di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, Forlì, Italy. Jesús M. Cantoral, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Environmental and Marine Sciences Faculty. University of Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain. Nieves Capote, Centro IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil, CAPDER-Junta de Andalucía, Alcalá del Río, Sevilla, Spain. María Carbú, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Environmental and Marine Sciences Faculty, University of Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain. Nadia R. Chalfoun, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT; and Instituto de Química Biológica ‘Dr. Bernabé Bloj’, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI – San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Manuel Chamorro, Centro IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil, CAPDER-Junta de Andalucía, Alcalá del Río, Sevilla, Spain. Berta de los Santos, Centro IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil. CAPDER-Junta de Andalucía. Alcalá del Río, Sevilla, Spain. Juan C. Díaz Ricci, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT; and Instituto de Química Biológica ‘Dr. Bernabé Bloj’, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI – San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Atilla Eris, Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul, Turkey. Walther Faedi, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L’Analisi dell’economia agraria, Unità di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura – Forlì, Italy. Marina Gambardella, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología – Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Carlos Garrido, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Environmental and Marine Sciences Faculty. University of Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain. xiii
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xiv Contributors
Victoria E. González-Rodríguez, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Environmental and Marine Sciences Faculty. University of Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain. Carlos F. Grellet-Bournonville, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT; and Instituto de Química Biológica ‘Dr. Bernabé Bloj’, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI – San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Hatice Gulen, Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul, Turkey. Verónica Hael-Conrad, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT; and Instituto de Química Biológica ‘Dr. Bernabé Bloj’, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI – San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Amjad M. Husaini, Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir90025, India. Gustavo G. Martos, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT; and Instituto de Química Biológica ‘Dr. Bernabé Bloj’, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI – San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Francesca Massetani, HORT Soc. Coop. (Horticulture Oriented to Recreation and Technique), part of Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; and Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy. Yoh-ichi Matsubara, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. Juan J. Medina-Mínguez, Centro IFAPA Huelva, CAPDER-Junta de Andalucía. Huelva, Spain. Rudy Montenegro, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile. Davide Neri, Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura – Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L’analisi Dell’economia Agraria, Rome, Italy. E-mail
[email protected], and Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali – Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy. Marisa Perato, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT; and Instituto de Química Biológica ‘Dr. Bernabé Bloj’, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI – San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Cristina Quispe, Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, 3460000, Chile. Fernando Romero, Centro IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil. CAPDER-Junta de Andalucía. Alcalá del Río, Sevilla, Spain. S. Sánchez, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile. Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann, Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, 3460000, Chile. Mario Simirgiotis, Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Casilla 170, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile. Ursula Tonello, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET- UNT; and Instituto de Química Biológica ‘Dr. Bernabé Bloj’, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI – San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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Contributors xv
Ece Turhan, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Eskisehir, Turkey. Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez, Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, 3460000, Chile; and Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pedro de Alba s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66450, México. Y. Wen Xu, Pharmaceutical Botany, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, PR China. Farooq A. Zaki, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir-190025, India. Gustavo Martínez Zamora, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET- UNT; and Instituto de Química Biológica ‘Dr. Bernabé Bloj’, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI – San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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Foreword Farook A. Zaki
Strawberry is a delicious fruit with a special economic position in the fruit industry because of its post-harvest processing and antioxidant functional value. There are a large number of cultivars grown worldwide, encompassing major regions distributed across all six continents. Despite its importance, I have come across only a few books dedicated exclusively to the subject of the strawberry. This book provides a broad, well-structured review of strawberries and their cultivation under current environmental conditions. Methods of strawberry cultivation have undergone many improvements, and this book covers aspects from plant propagation, architecture, genetic resources, breeding, abiotic stresses and climate change to evolving diseases and their control. The book is aimed at those involved in strawberry research and development, and also to those who are interested in cultivation of strawberry for commercial gain. The first chapter gives a general introduction to strawberry with some important statistics. It is followed by Section 1 on Genetics, Breeding and Omics, which contains five chapters. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss modern aspects related to available genetic resources and breeding for yield, quality and disease traits. The scope of metabolomics is discussed with special reference to white strawberry in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 is an interesting study on the transcriptomic profile of some key genes in relation to systemic acquired resistance, while Chapter 6 discusses different aspects of genetic transformation in strawberry. Section 2 on Cultivation Systems and Propagation contains three chapters. These chapters discuss at length the plant growth, flowering, root growth and architecture, replant problems and plant propagation techniques. Section 3 on Disease and Stress Management contains six chapters dealing with biotic and abiotic stresses of strawberry. The first four chapters discuss traditional and emerging fungal diseases, their diagnosis and modern biointensive management strategies. Chapters 14 and 15 deal with the emerging challenges posed due to climate change and its impact on the changing magnitude and dimensions of abiotic stresses on strawberry. This book is different on many accounts from the available compilations. It is up to date, containing the latest information available on the subject and is quite comprehensive. Each chapter is on a specialized theme, contributed by leading researchers across the globe. Figures and tables are included to make the subject comprehensible and informative. The book also provides an insight into the different aspects of emerging challenges. xvii
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xviii Foreword
Overall, this is a job well done by the authors and editors. I am confident that researchers, teachers, students and commercial growers will find this book useful, interesting and informative. I congratulate the authors on their endeavour and wish them success. Dr Farooq Ahmad Zaki Dean Faculty of Horticulture SKUAST-K-190025 India
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Foreword Nazeer Ahmed
Strawberry is a fruit of immense significance in temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It generally fetches a high price in the market if supplied fresh. It is in demand in large quantities, both fresh as well as its products like juices, jams, jellies, ice creams, chocolates, pies, syrups and milkshakes. Artificial strawberry flavourings and aromas are also widely used in many products like candies, sanitizers, perfumes, lip sticks etc. Strawberries are rich in nutrients like vitamin C, potassium, folic acid and fibre. These are of medicinal importance. Quercetin, a flavonoid contained in them, has been shown to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and to provide protection against the damage caused by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The high polyphenol content in them may be helpful in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Due to their high potassium content, strawberries are recommended to people with high blood pressure as it helps to counter the effects of sodium in the body. Furthermore, their low glycaemic index and high fibre content may help in regulating blood sugar and hence they are a smart choice for diabetics. There are some challenges to strawberry cultivation. Scientists have been successful in making headway in addressing some of these challenges. The most common issues pertain to strawberry improvement for traits that help improve shelf-life as well as increased tolerance against diseases and pests. This book is an excellent contribution by a group of international strawberry experts. I congratulate CABI and Drs Amjad M. Husaini and Davide Neri for their painstaking efforts in bringing forth such an up-to-date book relevant to strawberry researchers, academics, growers and industry. I am happy to recommend this book to all those interested in strawberry and believe they would find it useful. Prof. Nazeer Ahmed Vice-Chancellor Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir India
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Acknowledgements
It is difficult for me to find the words to acknowledge the support given by contributors of this book, especially because it took us 3 years from conception to completion. The patience with which each contributor worked in the lengthy editing process is particularly commendable. I would also like to thank Professor Davide Neri (co-editor), Dr Sreepat Jain (former Commissioning Editor, CABI) and Dr Rachael Russell (Commissioning Editor, CABI) for supporting this project at different stages of the process. I need to acknowledge the immense support that my friend, Wen Xu, provided in formatting and updating all the references correctly, which was rather a painstaking task. Lastly, I express my gratitude to Professors Farooq A. Zaki and Riaz A. Shah for their support and encouragement. I would be totally dishonest if I ignored the support of my wife, Maroofa, and my lovely parents. They had to bear my absence during long hours of work on this book, and much of the time that I should have been sharing with them had to be sacrificed for this project. Amjad M. Husaini
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Abbreviations
1,3-D 2,4-D ABA AFLP AMF APS APX ASA ASD Avr BA BCA BTH CAT CGIAR CML DAMP DGGE DMDS DPPH ELISA EMBL EPPO ESI EST ETI EU FAO GC GMO GR GSH GST
1,3-dichloropropene 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid abscisic acid amplified fragment length polymorphism arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi American Phytopathological Society ascorbate peroxidase ascorbate anaerobic soil disinfestation avirulence benzyladenine biological control agent benzothiadiazole S-methyl ester catalase Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research calmodulin-like damage-associated molecular pattern denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis dimethyl disulphide 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay European Molecular Biology Laboratory European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization electrospray ionization expressed sequence tag effector-triggered immunity European Union United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization glucosinolate genetically modified organism glutathione reductase glutathione glutathione S-transferase
xxiii
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xxiv Abbreviations
H2DFFDA HPLC-DAD HR HSP HST IAA IBA IFAD ISR ITC ITS JA Kan MeBr MS/MS NAA NAM O2•− p.t. PA PAL PAMP PCR PCR-DGGE PEG PGPB PGPR PR PRD ProCa PRR PRX PTI Q-3-Gluc RAPD Rf RFLP ROS rRNA RT SA SAR SCAR SOD SSR TDZ TIF USDA VAM VCG VIF VOC WFP
0002766112.INDD 24
2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection hypersensitive response heat-shock protein heat stress tolerance indole-3-acetic acid indole-3-butyric acid International Fund for Agricultural Development induced systemic resistance isothiocyanate internal transcribed spacer jasmonic acid kanamycin methyl bromide tandem mass spectrometry 1-naphthaleneacetic acid non-AMF-inoculated superoxide anion post-treatment phytic acid phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathogen-associated molecular pattern polymerase chain reaction polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis polyethylene glycol plant growth-promoting bacteria plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria pathogenesis-related partial root zone drying prohexadione-calcium pattern-recognition receptor peroxidase PAMP-triggered immunity quercetin 3-O-glucuronide random amplified polymorphic DNA retardation factor restriction fragment length polymorphism reactive oxygen species ribosomal RNA reverse transcription salicylic acid systemic acquired resistance sequence characterized amplified region superoxide dismutase simple sequence repeat thidiazuron totally impermeable film US Department of Agriculture vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza vegetative compatibility group virtually impermeable film volatile organic compound United Nations World Food Programme
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