Grammar referenceStarter Unit Pasado simple y pasado continuo • Se utiliza el pasado simple para hablar de acontecimientos Presente simple y presente continuo y acciones terminadas en el pasado. • Se utiliza el presente simple para hablar de Daniel visited Italy two years ago. hechos, hábitos y rutinas. Daniel visitó Italia hace dos años. It takes about two hours to fly from London to • Se utiliza el pasado continuo para hablar de acciones en Madrid. curso en un momento concreto del pasado. Se tardan unas dos horas en avión de Londres a Madrid. At eight o’clock, I was waiting for the train. A las ocho estaba esperando el tren. We go to Cornwall on holiday every summer. • También se utiliza el pasado continuo junto a when y Todos los veranos vamos de vacaciones a while para describir la situación durante la que sucede algo. Cornualles. When we arrived, Granddad was sleeping on the sofa. • Se utiliza el presente continuo para acciones Cuando llegamos, el abuelo estaba durmiendo en el sofá. en curso en el momento de hablar o en un momento cercano. While we were getting ready to go out, it started raining. He’s doing his homework right now. Can he call Cuando nos estábamos preparando para salir, empezó you later? a llover. Ahora mismo está haciendo los deberes. Presente perfecto y pasado simple ¿Puede llamarte más tarde? • Se utiliza el pasado simple para hablar de acciones y A: How’s your basketball team doing this experiencias que tuvieron lugar en un período de tiempo season? ya terminado. B: Pretty well, actually – we’re winning all our In 2009, my little sister was born. matches. En 2009 nació mi hermana pequeña. A: ¿Cómo le va a tu equipo de baloncesto esta • Se utiliza el presente perfecto para hablar de experiencias temporada? y hechos del pasado que tuvieron lugar en un período de B: ¡Pues muy bien! Estamos ganando todos los tiempo que no ha terminado. partidos. She’s bought a lot of new clothes this year. • Normalmente no se utilizan en presente continuo Este año se ha comprado mucha ropa nueva. verbos relacionados con el pensamiento, las • También se utiliza el presente perfecto cuando el opiniones, los sentimientos y las emociones; momento exacto de una acción del pasado no se menciona por ejemplo: like, love, think, remember, o no tiene importancia. believe, know, mean, imagine, want, prefer. You’ve left the light on in your room. I really like her. Te has dejado la luz de la habitación encendida. I’m really liking her. Ella me gusta mucho. Presente perfecto con ever, never, for y since. Ella me está gustando mucho. • A menudo se utiliza ever justo después del sujeto en Do you know what you want for lunch? preguntas en presente perfecto sobre la vida de alguien. Are you knowing what you want for lunch? Has she ever helped you with your homework? ¿Sabes qué quieres para comer? ¿Te ha ayudado alguna vez con los deberes? ¿Estás sabiendo qué quieres para comer? • A menudo se utiliza never entre have/has y el participio • El verbo de emoción enjoy es una excepción: pasado para decir «en ningún momento». se puede utilizar con la forma continua. He’s never been to New York. Are you enjoying the party? Nunca ha estado en Nueva York. ¿Te estás divirtiendo en la fiesta? • Se utiliza for y since junto con el presente perfecto • Cuando se utiliza el verbo think para hablar para expresar la duración de un hecho. Se utiliza for para de una acción, se puede utilizar en la forma períodos de tiempo y since para momentos concretos. continua. She’s lived here for seven years. You look sad. What are you thinking about? Lleva viviendo aquí siete años. Pareces triste. ¿En qué estás pensando? He’s worked here since 2007. Trabaja aquí desde 2007. 84 Grammar reference Grammar practice S Present simple and present Present perfect and past simple continuous 3 Complete the email with the present perfect 1 Circle the correct options. or past simple form of the verbs in brackets. 1 I don’t get / ’m not getting very good marks Hi Ollie, at school this term, but I don’t know / How 1 were (be) your holidays? We ’m not knowing why. 2 (go) to Portugal for two weeks. 2 They go / ’re going swimming four times a week. We 3 (cycle) along the coast, we They love / ’re loving being in water. 4 (swim) in the sea – it was a 3 She can’t speak right now. She drives / ’s driving. bit cold – and we 5 (eat) lots of 4 It rains / ’s raining a lot here in winter, but it delicious food! Term 6 (begin) last doesn’t rain / ’s not raining today, I’m happy to Monday and I 7 (start) at my new say! school. I 8 (not be) here very long, 5 I prefer / ’m preferring coffee to tea, but, actually, but I love it! Everyone 9 (be) very I like / ’m liking hot chocolate most of all! kind to me and I 10 (make) some new friends. And I 11 (join) the 6 A: Rick! You don’t listen / ’re not listening to me! football team! I 12 (not have) any What do you think / are you thinking about? homework back, but I hope they aren’t too strict! B: How much I enjoy / ’m enjoying this book I Your friend, read / ’m reading at the moment. Lucy 7 We don’t revise / aren’t revising for our exams at the moment, we listen / ’re listening to some music. Present perfect with ever, never, for and since 8 He hates / is hating hot weather, so he ’s / ’s being happy that it’s snowing today. 4 Complete the mini dialogues with ever, never, for and since. Past simple and past 1 A: Have you 1 ever been to Australia? continuous B: No, but I’ve wanted to go 2 I was 2 Complete the sentences with the past simple a child. or past continuous form of the verbs in A: Really? My aunt has lived there 3 brackets. ten years − she loves it. 1 Mathew was playing (play) in the garden 2 C: Have you 4 played the violin? when he (find) a gold coin. D: Yes, I’ve had violin lessons 5 I was 2 Elena (not hear) the teacher’s ten. question because she (chat). C: Really! I’ve 6 heard you play! 3 While we (fish) last weekend, we (catch) a large fish. 3 E: I’ve 7 tried yoga − is it difficult? 4 Lisa (not see) the end of the F: Not really − I’ve done it 8 five film because she (talk) on her years. phone. 4 G: Did you know he’s lived in nine different 5 They (not go) out yesterday countries 9 he was born? because it (rain) all day. H: Really? 6 When the teacher (come) into the classroom, Joseph and Lisa G: Yes. His mother works for an international fight. company and she’s 10 in the same country for more than a year. 7 My computer (crash) while I (do) my project. 8 I (try) to answer the question when my friend (shout) out the answer. Grammar practice 85 Cuando se utiliza junto con el pasado perfecto. arrived? I used to like swimming but I didn’t use to like diving. I’d had long hair all my life. • Las interrogaciones con pasado perfecto se forman • Used to funciona como un verbo normal. estado allí el año anterior. pero ahora lo lleva muy corto. pero un día • También se utiliza used to. I called him three times. respuestas cortas Yes. pasó hace mucho tiempo. They used to go swimming on Tuesdays but now Jack no quiso venir con nosotros porque ya había they go on Fridays. pero no en las Had you finished your homework when your friends oraciones interrogativas y negativas. ¿Ya habías terminado los deberes cuando llegaron Me gustaba nadar. negativa You / They would I / You / He / She / It / We / negativa hadn’t expected it. before. negativas. When I was a baby my parents would take me for a Ya había dejado de llover cuando llegué a la playa. You / They I / You / He / She / It / We / didn’t use to interrogativa You / They wear jeans. but now it’s really short. • Se utiliza el pasado simple para hablar de Last year. one day. El año pasado fui a Francia. Ash_55 y no Ash-55. acontecimientos y acciones completadas del pasado. Había llevado el pelo largo toda la vida. I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they had. The rain had stopped when I arrived at the beach. I went to France. not Ash-55. pero no would. para hablar decidí cortármelo muy corto. El verbo con Had + sujeto + participio pasado. I didn’t ask for directions because I’d been there Ayer le llamé tres veces. termina en d en las formas del pasado. cuando eras pequeño? 86 Grammar reference . decided Cuando era pequeño mis padres me llevaban a to get it cut really short. I would call him three times. tus amigos? Did you use to have a bike when you were a kid? ¿Tenías bicicleta. • Would se utiliza poco en frases interrogativas o No pedí indicaciones porque ya había estado allí antes. I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they didn’t. Yesterday. there last year. Solían ir a nadar los martes. de estados y sentimientos del pasado que ahora son • El pasado perfecto no solo describe una cosa que distintos. Ashley didn’t get the email because I had typed • No se utiliza used to ni would para hablar de hechos Ash_55. que solo pasaron una vez ni para informar de cuantas Ashley no recibió el correo porque yo había escrito veces tuvo lugar un hecho. Yesterday. pasear todas las tardes. pero no me gustaba bucear. Last year. • Se utiliza used to y would para hablar de hábitos y Jack didn’t want to come with us because he’d been acciones del pasado que son distintos ahora. Grammar reference Unit 1 Pasado perfecto y pasado simple used to y would afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / afirmativa had expected it. pero ahora van los viernes. walk every afternoon. normalmente es la acción más reciente de las dos. I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they hadn’t. antes de la acción (o estado) pasada más importante. You / They I / You / He / She / It / We / used to wear jeans. • Se utiliza el pasado perfecto con otras formas de pasado para acciones o estados que tuvieron lugar No. but then. Solía llevar el pelo largo. use to wear jeans? we / you / they No. sino que se utiliza con otras She used to have long hair. formas de pasado para establecer el orden de los She would have long hair… hechos. wouldn’t Had I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they expected it? interrogativa respuestas cortas Did I / you / he / she / it / Yes. I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they did. I used to go to France. 5 I only (pass) my driving test 5 We didn’t have a lot of money in those days. If both are possible. 1 We went to the cinema every afternoon when I was 1 Karen went (go) home because she young. She 4 o’clock in the morning. 2 (never/go) to Glastonbury Julie: That sounds cool! How 7 you before but she 3 (always/want) get home? to go and all her friends 4 Dad: We 8 have a car. 7 How many stories you 7 She didn’t eat meat even when she was a child. use would. use mountains before they (go) would. to Kilimanjaro? Julie: What kind of music 1 did you 10 How long she (live) in use to like when you were younger? Japan before she (meet) her Dad: Oh we 2 listen to all kinds of boyfriend? music. she’s so serious nowadays! Grammar practice 87 . famous. It’s strange − I can’t imagine her at a festival. They 12 (dance) to music all night long. her friends 9 (arrive) the day before and they 10 (set) up a large tent and she 11 (stay) there with them. She 10 sing all our favourite songs. If both are possible. had forgotten (forget) her ticket. 3 We (be) late for school because we (miss) the early bus. and the past perfect in each sentence. Your mother and I 3 like soul and reggae. would go 2 you (hear) of this band 2 Did you have long hair when you were young? before we (see) them last week? 3 I saw the Rolling Stones once in Hyde Park. 7 (never/see) so many tents before. the home hand in hand under the stars and we whole place 6 (be) packed. write ✗. Julie: That sounds romantic! Then she realised she 8 (not bring) Dad: It certainly was! her tent! Luckily.Grammar practice 1 used to and would Past perfect and past simple 1 Rewrite the underlined phrases using used to or 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form would. Dad: Oh yes. It was the first time she and we 6 get home until 3 or went 1 (go) to a music festival. If neither of the verbs in brackets. after I (take) it three times. 4 Where did you live when you were at college? 4 Hayley (be) upset because they (not invite) her to their party. so (have) a crazy time there the year before. 2 Complete the conversation with the correct form 9 they (climb) any of used to or would. we 9 walk all the way when she 5 (get) there. (write) before you (publish) your first book? 8 Did you go to the Isle of Wight Festival in 1980? 8 We (go) to the Thai restaurant because (not try) Thai food before. 4 Complete the paragraph with the past simple Julie: Really? 4 you go to or the past perfect form of the verbs in concerts together? brackets. Use the past simple is possible. 6 Sam (play) with three different 6 They sat in coffee shops all day when they were bands before he (become) students. all the time! We 5 Have you seen this photo? It’s my aunt at hang out with the musicians after the concerts Glastonbury 1992. Anyway. No compró el pastel: lo hizo él mismo. siguen en curso y se espera que Se vio en una situación complicada. pero lo estaba. I haven’t watched TV much recently. coinciden. 88 Grammar reference . other You’ve looked at those jeans twice. she / it hasn’t. but he was. Últimamente no he mirado mucho la televisión.) they haven’t.) Llevo nueve años yendo a clases de piano. como like. • Se utiliza el presente perfecto simple para centrarse en el She bought her a stripy shirt. • Se suele utilizar el presente perfecto continuo para expresar Jack and Ellie sent each other Valentine’s cuánto tiempo se lleva haciendo algo. he / los que quieras o necesites. resultado actual de una acción. • Se utiliza each other cuando dos sujetos She’s been blogging since last summer. • Se utilizan los pronombres reflexivos recently. sin ayuda. Cuando estoy solo. They are always together. continúen. Presente perfecto continuo He didn’t buy the cake – he made it I / We / You / They have been having himself.) We’ve been cooking for the party all morning! You can see the twins really love each ¡Nos hemos pasado toda la mañana cocinando para la fiesta! other. I sing to me when I’m alone. Why don’t you buy them? I myself it itself Ya te has mirado esos pantalones dos veces. yet y today.) respuestas they have. I / we / you / Yes. I / We / You / They haven’t been sleeping Se le da bien la pastelería. Sírvete tú mismo los bocadillos.) Llevo trabajando duro toda la semana. negativa He / She / It hasn’t very well. He found himself in a difficult situation. A Emily le gusta desde que lo conoció. Jack y Ellie se enviaron tarjetas de San • Se utiliza el presente perfecto continuo para centrarse en la Valentín. y Ellie le envió a Jack una tarjeta. • A menudo se utilizan expresiones temporales como since. in the last year. so far. She bought herself a stripy shirt. this week/month. cards. otro. (o más) hacen la acción del verbo uno al Escribe un blog desde el verano pasado. (Jack le envió a Ellie una tarjeta acción en curso en vez del resultado. and Ellie sent Jack a Valentine’s card. • No se utiliza el presente perfecto continuo con verbos de Se ve que los gemelos se quieren mucho. ¿Por qué no te you yourself we ourselves los compras? he himself you yourselves Ashley’s read all the books in the series. Emily’s been liking him since she met him. estado.) que empezaron en el pasado. I / we /you / No. (He didn’t intend to be in a difficult • Se utiliza el presente perfecto continuo para hablar de acciones situation. interrogativa Has he / she / it lessons? Help yourself to sandwiches! (Take what Yes. up to cuando el sujeto y el objeto de un verbo now. (Coge cortas No. • Al utilizar algunos verbos con pronombres Have I / we / you / they been having reflexivos cambia su significado. He’s good at baking. afirmativa He / She / It has lessons for ages. I’ve been going to piano lessons for nine years. Grammar reference Unit 2 Presente perfecto simple • Se puede utilizar el presente perfecto simple para indicar cuántas Pronombres reflexivos y each veces hemos hecho o cuánto hemos completado una acción. Se compró una blusa rayada. Emily’s liked him since she met him. complicada. I sing to myself when I’m alone. she / it has. Este año hemos ido seis veces de excursión con el colegio. he / you want or need. (No pretendía estar en una situación I’ve been working hard all week. We’ve been on six trips with the school in the last year. (Jack sent Ellie a Valentine’s card. she herself they themselves Ashley se ha leído todos los libros de la serie. Siempre están juntos. I’ve passed all my exams! ¡He aprobado todos los exámenes! • Los pronombres reflexivos también Have you finished your homework? ¿Has terminado los deberes? se usan para enfatizar el hecho de que alguien hizo algo solo. have y know. canto. 8 My mum and dad really enjoyed H: I don’t know. I have a large Italian this year? Does she like it? mirror at home so that I can see 4myself / me while 3 Jack and Harry I’m practising. 9 My brother and I hadn’t seen for ages. I told 4 Why you 6 myself / me not to be nervous. Last week. Carmen 8 Mel the art museum every weekend to learn about art. her today. computer games in the library every Saturday.Grammar practice 2 Reflexive pronouns and each Present perfect simple other 3 Complete the mini dialogues with the present 1 Complete the sentences with reflexive perfect form of the verbs in brackets. It’s really popular! working in the garden. All been having guitar lessons? You’re great! our parents came and watched 3ourselves / us in a 2 Suzanna new dance performance. Love. Present perfect continuous 10 My sister taught to play the 4 Complete the sentences with the present saxophone. I had a solo. 2 Circle the correct options. we were very busy preparing 1 How long have you 2 ourselves / us for the end-of-term performance. I can send 9yourself / you some new music blog? It’s great! photos! Please write with your news. The performance was on Saturday. absent for four days now. Dear Lisa. 2 C: 3 you (hear) of this film? 3 Can we help to some more cake? D: Of course! I think I 4 (see) it about five times. 1 A: How many slices of cake 1 have you 1 Maria introduced herself to her new eaten (eat) today? classmates. My best friend took a video of 5itself / it. but it’s really difficult to school every day? Don’t you like the bus? to stay calm − how do professional dancers keep 5 I her on the phone all 7 themselves / them calm? Do you think they have a day but she doesn’t answer! special technique to help 8themselves / them not to 6 you that be nervous? Anyway. B: I 2 (not have) many − four! 2 I often talk to when I’m in the shower. Grammar practice 89 . But I can watch it again! 4 You need to prepare for the test next week. F: Really? How many times 6 you 6 My friends don’t send (win) so far? birthday cards anymore – we send emails. perfect continuous form of the verbs in the box. pronouns or each other. 3 E: I 5 (play) this new computer 5 My brother hurt when he was game ten times. 7 This cooker turns off when 4 G: Where’s Suzie? I 7 (not see) the clock rings. She 8 (be) at our school concert. We haven’t seen 10 each other / ourselves for ages − let’s meet soon! 7 We photos of all the buildings in our town for our website. have play read call take visit walk study I’m really enjoying 1 myself / me at my new dance class. Don’t call after ten o’clock – we may be watching a film. pero I saw the weather forecast this morning. Siempre llega tarde. at university. Quizás no vaya a la universidad. It / We / You / They next week. • También se puede utilizar el futuro continuo para Predicciones con be going to. He’s He isn’t She’s She isn’t He won’t be here at 8. won’t It / We / You / They next week. viendo una película. might I’ll be leaving at 3 pm. It’s It isn’t Chinese. will y may/ hablar de planes de futuro y hacer predicciones. I’m picking my little brother up from school. No va a venir a la fiesta. No creo que gane. Futuro continuo I’m going to go out this weekend. de intenciones. In five years. Quick! We’re going to miss the train! ¡Rápido. He’s always late. expresar futuro I’m sure (estoy seguro) y I expect (espero). Grammar reference Unit 3 • Se hacen predicciones con will/won’t cuando existe la certeza sobre una acción o acontecimiento futuros. going to learn going to study A las 8 no habrá llegado. El tren sale el sábado a las 7 en punto de la mañana. • Se utiliza el presente continuo para hablar de planes interrogativa de futuro con una fecha o momento concretos. Are we / you / they When he gets here. Puede que trabaje con Is he / she / it going to leave the city? mi padre. Voy a recoger a mi hermano pequeño al pruebas o hechos reales. puede que quiera hablar contigo. colegio. El mes que viene mi hermano hará un curso de I / You / He / She / be celebrating this time fotografía. afirmativa/negativa My brother’s going to do a photography course next I / You / He / She / will be celebrating this time month. Johnson. won’t. profesor Johnson. will. 90 Grammar reference . que vamos a perder el tren! • Se utiliza may/might en lugar de will cuando no estamos muy seguros acerca de una acción futura. interrogativa I might not go to university – I may get a job with Am I my dad. respuestas cortas What are you doing this weekend? ¿Qué harás este fin de semana? I / you / he / she / it / we / Yes. I’ll be living in London and working as an Los lunes y miércoles tenemos matemáticas con el engineer. pero creemos que es probable. trabajando de ingeniera. estaré viviendo en Londres y The train leaves at 7 o’clock on Saturday morning. Will you / they time next week? Mi primo y su novia se casarán en julio. you / they • Se puede utilizar el presente simple para hablar de programas y calendarios en el futuro. A be going to y formas de presente para veces se utilizan con expresiones como I think (creo). but I expect I’ll finish in the top ten. Esta mañana he visto la previsión del tiempo. pero espero terminar entre los diez I’m I’m not primeros. Este fin No llames después de las diez. he may want to speak with you. Este fin de semana voy a salir de fiesta. It’s going to creemos que es posible. so I can’t be late. We’re We aren’t • Se utiliza may o might (not) para mostrar que no You’re You aren’t estamos muy seguros acerca de un acontecimiento They’re They aren’t futuro. rain this weekend. tal vez estaremos de semana va a llover. • Se utiliza going to para hacer predicciones basadas en Saldré a las 3. we have Maths with Mr creemos que estarán en curso. • Se utiliza be going to para hablar de planes de futuro y Cuando llegue. I / you / he / she / it / we / be celebrating this My cousin and his girlfriend are getting married in July. afirmativa negativa I don’t think I’ll win. Dentro de cinco años. I / you / he / she / it / we / No. • Se utiliza el futuro continuo para hablar de acciones que On Mondays and Wednesdays. así que no puedo llegar tarde. you / they She isn’t coming to the party. I 8’m going Will people be living until they’re 150? to apply / ’m applying for a Chinese language course − everyone says it’s the language of the future.’ This summer I 1 ’m going / ’ll go on a tour of China ‘Do you feel confident about the future?’ ‘Yes. 5 My art class finishes in September. Our flight 5leaves / will leave next Tuesday at 4 Write future continuous questions about the 6 am (horribly early!) and it 6arrives / is arriving at 6 am year 2030 with the prompts. I 7’m going to learn / learn some Chinese 1 people / live / until they’re 150? phrases before I go. She 7 you hers.’ ‘Don’t worry – descriptions (A−C). I’ll ask him. I 8 a millionaire my parents who live in Beijing. but be careful – you 4 them.’ 1 Martina is going to study medicine. ‘Can I carry those glasses for you?’ ‘Yes. us a lift in his car?’ ‘I’m not sure. with my family. ‘Oh no! It’s already too late – we 6 We’re graduating in June. We 2’re visiting / visit some friends of totally. break lend pass miss 1 Yes / They / live / until they’re 150 Yes. not 2 How / we / spend / our free time? English! The course 9starts / ’s starting in September and it 10takes / is taking one year. 5 Write answers to the questions in Exercise 4 need be give become using the future continuous. I’m really looking 3 Where / people / go / on holiday? forward to learning about a new culture! 4 What fashions / we / wear? Predictions with be going to. and when I get back. we 3’re staying / before I’m 21!’ ’re going to stay with them for five days and after that we 4’re taking / take a bus tour to some ancient historic Future continuous sites.’ 5 No / Children / do / all their classes online Grammar practice 91 . will and may/might 5 children / go / to school? 3 Complete the predictions with the correct form of the verbs in the boxes.’ 2 The summer holidays start next week! 3 We’re going to play tennis every day. the next day.’ A future intention 1 B future arrangement may / will C scheduled future event ‘I need to borrow some brown shoes. some. they will. First.’ ‘It’s OK.’ 4 We / design / our own clothes on computers ‘Is it cold outside?’ ‘Yes. They said so on the radio. might / be going to 2 People / not read / books anymore ‘I haven’t brought a coat.’ ‘Brooke has 2 Circle the correct options.Grammar practice 3 be going to and present tenses for might / will the future 1 Match the sentences (1−8) with the correct ‘I’m nervous about the exam. They’ll be living until they’re 150. It 3 Spaceships / take / people to Mars on holiday 1 isn’t going to be cold. be going to / might 4 I’m staying with my friend Gina this summer. ‘Do you think Daniel 6 8 They’re going to have a party on Saturday. I think you 2 a coat later on. 5 the train!’ 7 I leave for Tokyo tomorrow morning. I’m sure you 3 . If it was Saturday. • Se utiliza el segundo condicional para hablar de • A menudo se utiliza if + presente simple (afirmativo situaciones imaginarias en el presente y de sus posibles o negativo) para describir la situación. not ask him Will I lose weight if I eat less junk food? interrogativa • Se utiliza el primer condicional para hablar de Would you ask him if you knew him? situaciones posibles en el presente o el futuro y decir cuáles creemos que serán las consecuencias. might not lose weight. might (if/unless + presente If I didn’t know him. I’d be quiet and not say anything if I were/was you. could consecuencia. posible consecuencia situación imaginaria weight (would/could/might + (if + pasado simple) You won’t / may not / if you don’t eat less junk infinitivo) might not lose weight unless you food. muy seguros acerca de la consecuencia. he’ll be home at half • Se utiliza might (not) para mostrar que no estamos past six. se utiliza when. (if/unless + presente (will/won’t. If Dad isn’t busy at work. Si yo fuese tú. I might take up the guitar. Si miras muchas películas y series de televisión Si no le gustaras no te mandaría mensajes ni tweets. may. seguido de un verbo afirmativo. she wouldn’t send you texts watch films and TV series. y will. (will/won’t. may o consecuencias. y would. unless. Si tuviera más tiempo libre. You’ll learn lots of good English expressions if you If she didn’t like you. no diría nada. ¡No lo sé! • Se utiliza could (not) para expresar una posibilidad o • Cuando queremos decir «if not» («si no») se puede habilidad como consecuencia. You will / may / might lose if you eat less junk food. Grammar reference Unit 4 • Cuando se está seguro de que una situación futura sucederá. o might para la consecuencia. could y If you eat less junk food. I would / could / might ask him. • Se utiliza would (not) cuando se está seguro acerca • Se utiliza may/might (not) para mostrar que no de la consecuencia. 92 Grammar reference . I may have steak or I might his time playing computer games. • Se utiliza was o were con I. situación imaginaria posible consecuencia If you don’t eat less junk you won’t / may not / (if + pasado simple) (would/could/might + Unless you food. llegará a casa a las If I had more free time. Si fuera sábado podríamos ir a comer una pizza. pescado. Si papá no tiene mucho trabajo. he/she e it en la frase que comienza por if. seis y media. and Tweets. puede que pida un filete o quizás jugando al ordenador. infinitivo) consecuencia situación If I knew him. may. you will / may / might lose might weight. I would / could / might ask him if I knew him. buscaré información en la página web. situación consecuencia Cuando lleguemos a casa. Unless Dad is busy at work. estamos tan seguros acerca de la consecuencia. interrogativa I wouldn’t / couldn’t / might if I didn’t know him. Michael would get better marks if he didn’t spend all If we go out for dinner. when y When we get home. • Se utiliza if + pasado simple (afirmativo o negativo) • Se utiliza will (not) cuando estamos seguros de la para describir la situación imaginaria. he’ll be home at half past six. I wouldn’t / couldn’t / might (not) + infinitivo) simple) not ask him. utilizar unless. aprenderás muchas expresiones en inglés. I’ll look for information on the may/might website. have fish. we could go out for pizza. might para hablar de la consecuencia. no if. Primer condicional con if. a lo mejor empezaría a tocar la guitarra. might simple) (not) + infinitivo) Segundo condicional con would. I don’t know! Michael sacaría mejores notas si no se pasara el día Si vamos a cenar. I might go 4 a will turn b are turning c turn shopping. the heat.Grammar practice 4 First conditional with if. I won’t / don’t this weekend have to cook dinner! If 7 Mum may / make / makes a chocolate cake for . but it won’t cook 3 you 4 up . don’t stir it all the time. 4 a ’re sitting b ’ll sit c sit 4 Where ? If I could fly. when and may/might could and might 1 Circle the correct options. but it 3 not be so noisy if we 4 here If we shared a bedroom. Grammar practice 93 . Second conditional with would. 2 Complete the conversations with the missing words. 2 How B Chris: Where do you want to sit? If we 1 a table ? by the window. 1 a add b am adding c will add 4 Write questions for these answers. Martina: Yes. 1 If / Suzanna / have / enough money / go / 2 We might buy / buy some food on the way to expensive restaurants home if we have / ’ll have time. we might get / get to really need / it the fish and chip shop before it closes. Sam and Christy . Martin 5 I ’ll make / make tea and coffee when the guests . Circle the correct options. you unless / if you ask her nicely. 1 What would you do if you didn’t need to study 2 a tastes b is tasting c will taste this weekend ? 3 a when b if c unless If I didn’t need to study this weekend. I’d choose Johnny Depp. 4 Sam and Christy / only / ask / for help / if / they / 8 If you ’ll hurry / hurry up. she’d go to 3 The sauce will get thicker unless / when you expensive restaurants . 3 If / we / not be / so busy / might go / to the beach 6 If we eat / ’ll eat out tonight. 3 What 1 a get b gets c ’ll get ? 2 a have b ’ll have c ’re having If I could have any superpower. 2 Martin / could go / cycling in the park / not have / 4 Unless / If I study at the weekend I won’t pass / so much homework pass the exams. do you think it If 2 better? Mum: OK. 5 Who ? If I could meet any film star. or I might watch a movie. If Suzanna had enough money. arrive / will arrive. we’d argue every day. I’d go to the moon. add / ’ll add the flour. in the corner. I’d like to be able 3 a might b won’t c is to fly. 5 If / someone / give / me / a free ticket to any country / I / go / to Australia A Joey: If I 1 butter to this recipe. we 2 a great view. 3 Write second conditional sentences with the 1 The soup will burn when / unless you stir / prompts. unless. Cogeré una chaqueta por si hace frío afuera. calculadora. obligación porque la considera importante. friend’s house. La vi salir hace media hora. She’s on holiday in quitarse los pendientes. I had to leave the party early as I wasn’t feeling well. awake! Para entrar en esta universidad hay que sacar buenas Prueba a beber más agua: te puede ayudar a estar notas. may y might para indicar que you don’t have to. A lo mejor tienes un virus y por eso te sientes mal. Surely you can’t want to buy that bag? It’s so ugly! • Se utiliza don’t have to para indicar que algo no es No puede ser que quieras comprarte ese bolso necesario. Llega tarde. Debe de estar durmiendo. • Have to va seguido de un infinitivo. Puedes traer algo de comida a la fiesta si te apetece. pero no tienes por qué. encontraba bien. deportivas a las fiestas! Debemos rellenar este formulario y mandarlo a la oficina. tan feo. imposible. She may be his wife. En el examen de matemáticas no podemos utilizar la No puede estar en casa. • A menudo se utiliza must cuando el hablante indica una He’s late. Tengo que comprarle un regalo de aniversario a mi They say that drinking too much coffee can give you mamá. • Se utiliza had to para indicar que fue necesario hacer A: Who’s that woman? A: ¿Quién es esa mujer? algo en el pasado. may. Prohibición • Se utiliza must si creemos que algo es muy probable. China! • Must va seguido de un infinitivo sin to. Esa no puede ser Julie. y no mustn’t si algo no puede ser No puedo llevar mi teléfono nuevo al colegio. prohibido por ley o normativa. She can’t be at home. Son las verdad. B: No lo sé. Está enfadada porque en la escuela la obligan a That can’t be Julie over there. You have to get good exam results to get a place in Try drinking more water: it can help you feel more this university. I saw her leaving half an hour We mustn’t use our calculators in the Maths exam. might Visitors must complete the form and then give it y must + infinitivo sin to para expresar el grado de to the receptionist. Quizás es su esposa. ago. I can’t take my new phone to school – It’s the rule. 94 Grammar reference . hipertensión. You must do your homework before you go to your You must be tired after all that exercise today. • Se utiliza can’t. It can’t be her! She never wears trainers to a party! ¡No puede ser ella. Está de vacaciones en China. Grammar reference Unit 5 Obligación / No obligación • Se utiliza must y have to para indicar que hace falta Posibilidad y probabilidad hacer algo. She’s angry because she has to take her earrings off in • Se utiliza can’t cuando creemos que algo es school. posibilidad o probabilidad que creemos que puede Los visitantes deben rellenar el formulario y dárselo al tener una acción o acontecimiento. I forgot • Se utiliza can para hacer afirmaciones generales last year! sobre posibilidades. No responde al teléfono. Puede que esté en medio de un atasco. creemos que algo es posible. Tuve que irme de la fiesta antes porque no me It may be cold outside so I’ll take a coat. haciendo ejercicio. could. recepcionista. • A menudo se utilizan can. She mustn’t be at home. You could have a virus – that’s why you’re feeling ill. You can bring some food to the party if you want. pero que se puede hacer si se quiere. She must be sleep. normas. nunca va con zapatillas We have to fill in this form and then send it to the office. Debes de estar cansada después de todo el día Debes hacer los deberes antes de ir a casa de tu amigo. B: I don’t know. He might be stuck in a traffic jam. ¡El año pasado me olvidé! high blood pressure. but • Se utiliza could. • Se utiliza can’t y mustn’t para indicar que algo está She’s not answering her phone. I must get my mum a present for her birthday. • A menudo se utiliza have to cuando se habla de leyes o Dicen que beber demasiado café puede producir normas. can’t. más despierto. a can’t b mustn’t c must 2 I think it rain later so I’m taking my don’t have to wear had to finish can’t use coat. but you mobile phones. 2 I’m so tired because I had study all night. that’s why he’s not office. yesterday. 2 Do you think you be in a bad mood 1 Susan. 5 It’s about 30º today – you be very hot in that coat! 6 A: Where’s Sarah today? 4 I heard we don’t to have to take our sports kit to B: I’m not sure. 5 My mother is upset because I have do extra homework for failing the exam. I don’t Susan. aspirin help. 6 You can help me make dinner if you want to. 4 It help to talk to a friend if you have a problem. your vegetables up. 3 They told me I can’t to take my dog on the bus. or T-shirts! a could b can’t c can 4 It’s OK to use a proper calculator in the exam. but she had a bad headache school on Friday.Grammar practice 5 Possibility and probability Obligation/No obligation/ 1 Circle the correct options. must nearly 1 am! or might/may/could. already had two pieces and I’m on a diet! 1 That can’t be Jane – she’s away on holiday with her mum and dad. 6 Don’t wait for me – I be late. so she be ill. More than one answer is 6 Right. can’t. otherwise no ice cream! a might b can’t c must 3 On Fridays. but we still smart – no jeans answering his phone. you must to take your library books back because you’re hungry? before the end of term. Find one unnecessary word or add a missing word. OK? 3 She bring him to the party. 1 You have to be good at science to study a can b must c mustn’t Medicine at university. Jimmy – you all exercise. Grammar practice 95 . 4 Correct the mistake in each sentence. we formal clothes to the 5 He be asleep. I any more cake – I’ve possible for some sentences. 5 I a project yesterday evening to have a must b might c can it ready for school today – I didn’t get to bed until 2 Complete the sentences with can. that’s it. mustn’t eat have to be have to look must eat a must b can c may 3 If you have a headache. 4 You be hungry after doing so much 2 I’ve told you before. Prohibition 1 It be 6 o’clock already! I’ve only just 3 Complete the sentences with a phrase in the had lunch! box. you must take your … know – she wasn’t sure when I spoke to her. but you don’t have. Writing was invented in Asia. responsable de la acción. • Se utiliza la voz pasiva cuando no se sabe o no Ésta es la canción de la que te hablé. sujeto cuando el sujeto del pronombre y el de la oración English is spoken in most restaurant. se utiliza will + sujeto + be + participio pasado. I’m sure of it! You could try the restaurant where we had my birthday Pronto se descubrirá vida extraterrestre. Conocemos a mucha gente que vive en el pueblo. • Se utilizan oraciones de relativo para establecer la interrogativas persona. with jeans or a skirt. Will your project be finished by Friday? Mi tía tiene una amiga que fabrica unas velas preciosas. tourist offices. The man who/that lives next door to us spends every La primera videoconsola se fabricó en 1972. The first video game console was made in 1972. Where is the most coffee drunk in the world? Tigers aren’t found in Africa. hechos y acciones que creemos que pasarán en el • Se utiliza that o which para hablar de cosas. The book was written by an expert in waste and Do you remember the name of the guy whose phone recycling. Extra-terrestrial life will be discovered soon. cargador del móvil la semana pasada? Competition entries will be judged by teachers in the English department. When will the next chess club meeting be held? Planes weren’t used until the 1900s. It was lovely! seguro. day in the garden. pasado ponen las partículas interrogativas antes del verbo be. • Se utiliza by con el pasivo para indicar quién es el • Se utiliza whose para hablar de posesiones. Will sujeto be participio pasado My aunt has a friend who makes lovely candles. hotels and siguiente son el mismo. • Los pronombres relativos se ponen al principio de las • Se utiliza el presente simple pasivo para hablar de oraciones de relativo y no se repite el pronombre de hechos del presente. • Se utiliza where para hablar de lugares. hoteles y oficinas We know a lot of people who live in the village. ¿Cuándo se celebrará el próximo encuentro del club de will ajedrez? The prize will be awarded next week. 96 Grammar reference . ¿Dónde se bebe más café en el mundo? pasado simple • Para hacer preguntas con will. Grammar reference Unit 6 • Para hacer preguntas en presente y pasado. Exam results will be emailed to students next She wants to buy some boots which/that she can wear week. se utiliza la forma apropiada de be + sujeto + participio pasado y se La voz pasiva: presente simple. tejanos o una falda. estoy dinner. En la mayoría de restaurantes. • Se utiliza el pasado simple pasivo para hablar de • Se utiliza who o that para hablar de personas. El hombre que vive en la casa de al lado se pasa el día en • Se utiliza will con la forma pasiva para hablar de el jardín. Los resultados de los exámenes se enviarán a los Quiere comprarse unas botas que pueda llevar con alumnos por correo electrónico la semana que viene. This is the song that I told you about. Pronombres relativos The exams won’t be marked until the weekend. simple y will Was the light bulb really invented by Edison? presente simple ¿Fue realmente Edison quien inventó la bombilla? Spanish is spoken in many countries. Las inscripciones al concurso serán evaluadas por profesores del departamento de inglés. charger I borrowed last week? El libro lo escribió un experto en residuos y ¿Recuerdas cómo se llamaba el chico que me dejó el reciclaje. el lugar o la cosa de la que estamos hablando. We know a lot of people who they live in the village. tiene interés saber quién lleva a cabo la acción. Podríais probar el restaurante donde celebré mi cumpleaños. hechos del pasado. futuro. Era encantador. de turismo se habla inglés. but film places 7which / where robots may become common (not use) anymore. 6 past simple and will 7 1 Complete the sentences with the correct active or passive form of the verbs in 8 brackets. 4Today. 2 a that won an award b where it can detect 3 c where you can read d which changes human breath 4 e which are currently available f whose name is Arsh Dilbagi 5 g who use the device h whose medical conditions Grammar practice 97 . It 3 European countries did not introduce paper money was invented by a 16-year-old boy from India 2 . 2 Rewrite the text using the passive. They’ve invented a robot 4 The first radio waves 2 that / where can walk and run just like a human. (transmit) by Marconi in 1895. hospitals and schools. 6In the future. include supermarkets. Arsh has a website 8 9th century AD. generally under the nose. 8 that / whose intelligence is superior to humans may take over the planet. Relative pronouns and clauses 2 In 1990. 9th century AD. 5People also make cheaper than other systems 4 − some of them many payments using digital systems. Wide Web. 1 The first email was sent (send) by Ray Tomlinson in 1971. 4 Complete the text using the relative clauses 1 The Chinese invented paper money in the below. Tim Berners-Lee (develop) the World 3 Circle the correct options. It is much bank notes all over the world. People 5 need to wear a digital money will replace physical money. Many tasks 6which / whose elderly people find the first photograph in 1839. recently was a communication device called TALK. about his invention and his plans for research. people use His invention is a device 3 into letters. until more than 500 years later. emails (send) a new type of robot have just won a prize for by millions of people all over the world.000. The other planets in the future? robots can also work in homes 5where / which the disabled or the elderly need many types of routine 6 Louis Daguerre (take) care. People 3where / whose jobs involve working in 5 radio waves places 4where / which are dangerous for humans (use) to communicate with will find many uses for this type of robot. 2Merchants signed certificates An amazing invention 1 a at the Google Science Fair promising to pay a certain amount of money. 7 make it difficult for them to speak can use this 1 Paper money was invented by the Chinese in the device to communicate. Add by if necessary. 8You’ll only find the person’s breath. can cost over $5. People them in museums and in history books. Computer scientists 1which / who have invented 3 Today. Other 7 Photographs are still popular. But 8 Penicillin (discover) some people are afraid that in the future robots by Alexander Fleming in 1928. technological innovation.Grammar practice 6 The passive: present simple. The sensor is placed 6 variations in won’t use coins or notes anymore. 7People special sensor. difficult could eventually be done by robots. I’m looking forward to seeing you at Christmas. • Se utiliza la forma -ing después de ciertos verbos y They don’t expect to have any problems. pero se Encantado de conocerte. • En los verbos que terminan con una vocal y una La natación es un gran ejercicio. Hemos decidido que esta noche vamos a ver Tengo muchas ganas de verte en Navidad. • También se utiliza la forma -ing después de una You were lucky to get tickets for the match. requieren el uso de la forma -ing se encuentran be Mi padre me enseñó a ir en bici. Infinitivos She thinks having a school prom is a terrible idea. She’d like everyone to get here for 8 o’clock. se dobla la consonante y se añade -ing. hospital. esfuerza mucho. recommend. very hard. preposición. No es fácil hablar con mi profesora. I didn’t invite Nathan to come with us. • Algunos verbos necesitan que haya un objeto antes No me importa ayudarte a colocar la decoración. My favourite hobby is dancing. expresiones. imagine y celebrate. ser el hijo mayor puede ser complicado. but he tries partido. She spends a lot of money in going to concerts. Echamos de menos que nos cuentes chistes en clase. el hospital. Nos estamos planteando dejar el voluntariado en Kaitlyn se ofreció a ayudarme con los deberes. megapíxeles. good/bad at. de un adjetivo. • Normalmente. practise. can’t stand. comprar – comprando A veces. se elimina la -e y se añade -ing. ask. teach. consonante. seem. decide. • Entre las expresiones y verbos más comunes que My dad taught me to ride a bike. get – getting run – running shop – shopping Mi afición favorita es bailar. hope. promise. learn. miss. Se gasta mucho dinero en ir a conciertos. want y would like. No creen que vayan a tener problemas. No les gusta que cante en la ducha. They don’t like him singing in the shower. una película. enjoy. choose. suggest. We miss you telling us jokes in class. Grammar reference Unit 7 • En los verbos que terminan con -e. love. I don’t mind helping you put up the decorations. No invité a Nathan a que viniera con nosotros. offer. Kaitlyn offered to help me with my homework. infinitivo con to son agree. forma -ing. se añade -ing al infinitivo. don’t mind. wait. Tuviste suerte de conseguir entradas para el My dad’s not very good at cooking. • También se utiliza el infinitivo con to después de We’re thinking of giving up volunteering at the algunos verbos. • Algunos verbos pueden tener un objeto antes del • Algunos verbos pueden llevar un objeto delante de la infinitivo con to. • En la mayoría de verbos. ahorrar – ahorrando Swimming is great exercise. They asked us to turn the music down. Le gustaría que todos llegaran antes de la 8. We’ve decided to watch a film this evening. I’m very pleased to meet you! Mi padre no es muy bueno cocinando. Nos pidieron que bajáramos el volumen. Formas -ing have – having write – writing save – saving • Se puede utilizar la forma –ing como sustantivo y para tener – teniendo escribir – escribiendo crear sintagmas nominales. see – seeing watch – watching buy – buying ver – viendo mirar – mirando comprar – comprando 98 Grammar reference . like. recibir – recibiendo correr – corriendo Being the oldest child can be difficult sometimes. She suggested buying the phone with the 13 • Algunos de los verbos que van seguidos de un megapixel camera. hate. se utiliza el infinitivo con to después Cree que el baile de graduación es una idea pésima. del infinitivo con to. Sugirió comprar el teléfono con la cámara de 13 expect. My teacher’s not very easy to talk to. of our course − let’s have a costume party! 2 Simon / invite / me / dance / with him Dave: Are you joking? I can’t stand 2to dress / dressing up. I like 2 4 I imagine people listening to my music on stage. How many 7 We / be / ready / leave / ten minutes ago people do you plan 8to invite / inviting? Debbi: Everyone in our class! 8 Which dress / you / decide / wear? Dave: That’s thirty people − I recommend 9 to ask / asking your neighbours if they mind us 10to have / having a party − it could get very noisy! Grammar practice 99 . says I need to practise 6 to be more confident. infinitives where necessary. 5 new friends is really hard! My mum 7 I’m excited about playing in the school concert. I love 1 going to parties. Use the past simple of the verbs provided and 4 Circle the correct options. I can’t imagine myself 8 up in front of all those people! I’m terrified of 9 d We use the -ing form after prepositions. chat dance dress stand try 1 I was amazed to see so many people at the play. up and I enjoy 3 to music. 1 My sister / offer / lend / me / her new handbag Debbi: I want 1 to celebrate / celebrating the end My sister offered to lend me her new handbag. so what can I do? 6 It / be / difficult / talk / because of the noise Debbi: I’d like you 6to get / getting hold of some lights and something to play music. 2 Write sentences with the prompts.Grammar practice 7 -ing forms Infinitives vs. -ing forms 1 Complete the text with the -ing form of the 3 Circle the infinitives and -ing forms in these verbs in the box. Dave: OK. but I hate 5 Playing computer games is a total waste of time! 4 with people that I don’t know. I don’t mind 7 to plan c Some verbs can have an object before the the party. That’s easy 7to do / doing. and to make noun phrases. sentences and look at the words before them. Then match them to the rules. What can I do? a We use the -ing form as a noun. I’m brilliant at 5to organise / 5 My friend / ask / us / go / to a party organising things! Dave: OK. Infinitives g Some verbs need an object before the infinitive with to. b We use the -ing form after certain verbs My sister’s having her engagement party this and expressions. 1 f We use the infinitive with to after certain verbs. 3 We / be / amazed / get / free concert tickets Debbi: Well I think people will enjoy 3to design / designing their own costumes. Dave: I suppose so … but I’m hopeless at 4 We / agree / watch / the fireworks / tonight 4 to plan / planning parties. weekend. but she wants me to make a speech! -ing form. 6 He taught her to play the guitar. stupid! 10 about it is keeping me e We usually use the infinitive with to after awake at night. 3 Sally’s parents offered to take us to the prom. Debbi: Don’t worry. go look help worry make 2 They suggested decorating the room with flowers. What should I do? adjectives. It’s very hot today. sorprendido el final de la película. If I hadn’t missed the penalty. How long would they have waited for me if I’d been late? If I hadn’t seen your email. pero no la única Si mi hermano hubiese estado en casa. They’d have found the exam easy if they’d done así que deben de haber preparado una sorpresa. Puede que se lo pidiera a William o quizás a Evan. I wouldn’t have called you. Si hubiesen repasado más habrían encontrado He can’t remember! fácil el examen. she wouldn’t have been Es posible que me lo dejara en el bus. Debe haberse ido a la cama. If you’d known the battery was so bad. • Se forman preguntas de respuesta Sí o No con could + If I hadn’t posted the photo on Facebook. or he might have asked Evan. He may have asked William. consecuencia imaginaria del pasado. May Isabel have known the answer? 100 Grammar reference . Mis padres no pueden haberse olvidado de mi aniversario. They may have gone to the pool. posible. would you have situación imaginaria del consecuencia imaginaria pasado del pasado bought the same mobile? Si hubieras sabido que la batería era tan mala. might/may/ consecuencias imaginarias en el pasado. I don’t remember putting it back in my bag. Si hubiese ganado el premio no se habría decepcionado. so they Si no te hubieses leído el libro te habría must have planned a surprise. Si no hubiera fallado el penalti. We / They could • Se utiliza el tercer condicional para hablar de situaciones imaginarias en el pasado y de las • A menudo se utiliza must have. ¡No se • Se utiliza if + pasado perfecto (afirmativo o acuerda! negativo) para describir la situación imaginaria • Se utiliza must have cuando creemos que nuestra del pasado. mis ¿Es posible que los extraterrestres hayan visitado padres no lo habrían descubierto. explicación es la única correcta. I might have left it on the bus. can’t have. habríamos visto su coche nuevo. parents wouldn’t have found out. We would have seen my brother’s new car if he’d • Se utiliza might/may/could have cuando creemos que been at home. more revision. No lo sabe. No responde a mis mensajes. metido de nuevo en la mochila. my sujeto + have + participio pasado. ¿Cuánto tiempo me habrían esperado si hubiera llegado consecuencia imaginaria situación imaginaria del tarde? del pasado pasado Must have. Hoy hace mucho calor. pasado cuando estamos seguros de la No pudo ser Emma quien se lo dijo. we would have She isn’t answering my texts. • Se utiliza would (not) + have + participio It can’t have been Emma that told him. Grammar reference Unit 8 • Para hacer preguntas con el tercer condicional. Could aliens have visited our planet without us knowing? Si no hubiera colgado la foto en Facebook. No recuerdo haberlo disappointed. ¿te (if + pasado perfecto) (would have + infinitivo) habrías comprado el mismo móvil? If I had seen your email. might/may/could have (would have + infinitivo) (if + pasado perfecto) sujeto verbo modal have participio pasado I would have called you if I had seen your email. If she’d won the prize. He / She / It / might may have enjoyed it. She doesn’t know. nuestra explicación puede ser correcta. She must have gone to bed. habríamos ganado el partido. • A menudo se utiliza el tercer condicional para hablar de cosas de las que nos arrepentimos. I would have called you. se utiliza if + pasado perfecto. My parents can’t have forgotten my birthday. film would have been a surprise. I / You / must can’t I wouldn’t have called you if I hadn’t seen your email. the ending of the pasó algo o para sugerir qué creemos que pasó. nuestro planeta sin que lo sepamos? • Normalmente no se utilizan might y may en las preguntas de respuesta Sí o No. (partícula interrogativa) + would El tercer condicional (not) + sujeto + have + participio pasado. won the match. • Se utiliza can’t have para rechazar explicaciones sobre por qué ha pasado algo. can’t have. could have + participio pasado para explicar por qué If you hadn’t read the book. Quizás han ido a la piscina. because his bag is still here on his chair. might/ may/could have 1 Write third conditional sentences with the prompts. we wouldn’t have seen (not see) the giant footprints. for some sentences. Or maybe he’s outside. . 2 Why did he step off the path? (not fall into the 1 Maria didn’t go to school last week.) . 4 Why didn’t we bring any money? (buy some food) 4 He got a new bike. I (not see) the coffee. 2 C: Oh no! I can’t find my keys! 4 Vicky (not lose) her D: Do you think you 3 way.) . (I’m sure it was his birthday. (I’m sure he didn’t study much. the correct form of the verbs in brackets.Grammar practice 8 Third conditional must have. If 6 There was a lot of loud music next door last night. can’t have. Use the ideas in If you had set the alarm. 1 A: Where’s Lucas? Has he gone home already? 2 No one (believe) us if B: No. (I’m sure they had a party.) He She might have been ill . (I’m sure you haven’t seen it yet. 3 Write sentences with must have. Use the words in brackets. . 6 Why wasn’t he more careful? (not break the window) 4 Complete the mini dialogues. if the sign (be) them in your coat pocket? clearer. but 6 they 8 How (he/escape) if they a taxi to the airport? (not follow) him? Grammar practice 101 . they 5 on if you (hear) a strange holiday − look their car’s parked outside. C: I don’t think so … Oh I know! 5 They (not find) him I4 them in the door in the snow if he (not again! have) his phone. shooting stars. 5 The film doesn’t come out until Friday. He can’t have and might/may/could have and . (Maybe she lake) was ill. They . They . More than one answer is possible for some 2 Complete the third conditional sentences with sentences. If 3 They were late. Use must have. you wouldn’t have been brackets.) 5 Why did you make so much noise? (not wake the neighbours) You . (Maybe they missed the bus.) 3 Why did she leave her phone in the car? (call the police) He . 2 Michael got a zero in his test. More than one answer is possible late . noise? E: Yes. 1 If we hadn’t climbed (not climb) the go go leave take put go mountain. can’t have 1 Why didn’t you set the alarm? (not be late) and might/may/could have. 3 If you (not wake) me A: Yes … he 2 for a up. 6 What (you/do) if you 3 E: Do you think the neighbours have gone on (see) an alien spaceship? holiday? 7 (you/go) into the cave F: No.) We It . he 1 can’t have gone home we (not take) a photo. the correct form of the verbs in the box. las directas. • Cuando se forman preguntas indirectas con «Si cometiera un crimen no hablaría de ello en Internet. normalmente se hacen los Me preguntaba dónde se habían escondido los mismos cambios en las formas verbales. I was wondering where the kidnappers hid. «¿Dónde fuiste después del colegio?» Presente simple Pasado simple Mis padres me preguntaron dónde había ido ‘I want a new bike.” • Las preguntas indirectas suenan más educadas que He said he’d show me the false passports the next day. se utiliza if. me if you know this Do you know man? this man? Can/Could I ask you if • A menudo también debemos cambiar otras palabras. debemos cambiar las formas verbales. “Where did you go after school?” discurso directo discurso indirecto My parents asked me where I’d been after school. En la primera parte de las preguntas «Mañana te mostraré los pasaportes falsos. Do you know… ? y I was pasaportes falsos.» indirectas se utilizan frases determinadas como Can/ Dijo que al día siguiente me mostraría los Could you tell me… ?. • Cuando se citan preguntas con respuesta Sí o No. “I’ll show you the false passports tomorrow. 102 Grammar reference . como pronombres y referencias temporales. Citas de preguntas I was wondering where did the kidnappers hide. • Cuando se citan preguntas. will would pregunta directa pregunta indirecta ‘They’ll give us a He told us (that) they would give us a con respuesta sí book to read.’ night in a police cell.’ She said (that) she wanted a new bike. “If I committed a crime. los pronombres secuestradores. “Did you tell the truth?” They asked him if he’d told the truth. Grammar reference Unit 9 «¿Dijiste la verdad?» Le preguntaron si había dicho la verdad.’ anyone. o no can could Can/Could you tell ‘I can help him. y las referencias temporales que en el discurso indirecto. wondering… .’ She said (that) she was very tired. ‘I’m very tired. I was wondering if you know this man. I wouldn’t talk about it online. frases afirmativas.» partícula interrogativa no se añade verbo auxiliar Dijo que si cometiera un crimen no hablaría de ello en y el orden de las palabras es el mismo que en las Internet. I was wondering where the bank is. he wouldn’t talk ¿Sabes cuánto tiempo esperó antes de irse? about it online. Discurso indirecto • Cuando se citan preguntas no se utiliza • Cuando se citan las palabras de alguien. Pasado simple Pasado perfecto Preguntas indirectas ‘They spent the You told me (that) they had spent the pregunta directa pregunta indirecta night in a police cell. después del colegio. • Para formar preguntas indirectas con respuesta Sí o • Cuando se citan preguntas con una partícula No se utiliza if. I was wondering if this is Old Street.’ She said (that) she could help him.’ book to read. Can/Could you tell me where the bank Presente perfecto Pasado perfecto Where is the Can/Could I ask you is? ‘They’ve never told He said (that) they had never told bank? anyone. interrogativa no se añade verbo auxiliar y el orden de las Can I ask you if you think she was brave? palabras es el mismo que en las frases afirmativas.” Do you know how long he waited before he left? He said that if he committed a crime. • No hace falta cambiar las formas verbales si la situación Could you tell me what your brother’s name is? sigue siendo válida en el momento de la cita o si es ¿Podrías decirme como se llama tu hermano? imaginaria. Me pregunto si esto es Old Street. a menudo interrogante. ¿Te puedo preguntar si crees que fue valiente? Connor asked when the school trip was. Connor asked when was the school trip. Connor preguntó cuándo era la excursión con el colegio. ’ 3 What did you see? Jasmin said that Keira Could you tell me . but he 7 they The officer asked me might be spies. questions.Grammar practice Reported statements Reported questions 1 Complete the police officer’s report. I asked her before . 10 them again. but the reviews 1 Where do you live? were very good. call you if I see them again. I don’t want to cause any trouble. He told us that his Emma: Where did it take place? name 1 was Mike and that he Officer: It was next door to you. I haven’t. I live on Greenwood Road.’ I said I’d been at home all day.’ 5 and she said Martin said that Shelley had been there the day they were investigating a robbery. but I think Officer: Where were you this morning at 10 am? they might be spies. I’ll Emma: I was at home all day. My name is Mike. Then 2 Complete the reported statements. He said he to any neighbours today? 3 some strange men going into the Emma: No. He said that he 8 1if I could answer some questions . She said it was routine. I can’t remember anything else. She anything else but he 9 us if he asked me 2 . please? They looked very suspicious.’ Could you tell us where you live? Sam told me that they 2 What is your address? .’ Officer: Did you hear any unusual noises? Emma: No.’ Do you know Ellen said that Maria 5 Did you see the car number plate? . to change pronouns and time references. 3 Vicky: ‘I’m not sure what time I’ll finish work this evening. inspector: Emma: Has there been a crime? ‘Good morning. He said they 4 Officer: Please will you get in touch if you hear any very suspicious and that he 5 them information? there before. And then she . This morning we received Officer: We’re investigating a robbery. 6 . asked me 8 . What is it about? before. Officer: Can you answer some questions. ‘Hello. I haven’t seen them here Emma: Yes. 4 Sam: ‘We haven’t seen the film yet. of course. I was wondering 6 Did you notice their appearance? Can I ask Grammar practice 103 . She asked me 3 . He told us that he 6 to cause any trouble. What’s happened? The police officer reported the message to the chief Officer: It’s just routine. Then complete the The police received a mysterious phone message: text with reported questions. And she said it 2 Jake: ‘I saw this film a week ago. I saw some strange men going into the house next door. I asked her 1 Martin: ‘Shelley was here yesterday.’ Indirect questions Vicky told me 4 Rewrite the direct questions as indirect . I didn’t. house next door. 4 Who called the police? 6 Ellen: ‘Maria can’t come to the concert. 3 Read the police interview. I said no. Have you spoken 2 on Greenwood Road. Could I ask 5 Jasmin: ‘Keira will call you tomorrow.’ had been next door to my house! She asked me Jake told me 7 . chief. a message from a man. Remember I asked her 4 .