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Short Circuit According to the IEC 60909 - Open Electrical
Short Circuit According to the IEC 60909 - Open Electrical
June 23, 2018 | Author: Doly Damanik | Category:
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07/05/2016According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical According to the IEC 60909 From Open Electrical Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Why do the calculation? 1.2 When to do the calculation? 2 Calculation Methodology 2.1 Step 1: Construct the System Model and Collect Equipment Parameters 2.2 Step 2: Calculate Equipment Short Circuit Impedances 2.2.1 Network Feeders 2.2.2 Synchronous Generators and Motors 2.2.3 Transformers 2.2.4 Cables 2.2.5 Asynchronous Motors 2.2.6 Fault Limiting Reactors 2.2.7 Static Converters 2.2.8 Other Equipment 2.3 Step 3: Referring Impedances 2.4 Step 4: Determine Thévenin Equivalent Circuit at the Fault Location 2.5 Step 5: Calculate Balanced ThreePhase Short Circuit Currents 2.5.1 Initial Short Circuit Current 2.5.2 Peak Short Circuit Current 2.5.3 Symmetrical Breaking Current 2.5.4 DC Short Circuit Component 2.6 Step 6: Calculate SinglePhase to Earth Short Circuit Currents 3 Worked Example 3.1 Step 1: Construct the System Model and Collect Equipment Parameters 3.2 Step 2: Calculate Equipment Short Circuit Impedances 3.3 Step 3: Referring Impedances 3.4 Step 4: Determine Thévenin Equivalent Circuit at the Fault Location 3.5 Step 5: Calculate Balanced ThreePhase Short Circuit Currents 3.5.1 Initial Short Circuit Current 3.5.2 Peak Short Circuit Current 4 Computer Software 5 What Next? Introduction This article looks at the calculation of short circuit currents for bolted threephase and singlephase to earth faults in a power system. A short circuit in a power system can cause very high currents to flow to the fault http://www.openelectrical.org/wiki/index.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 1/14 In this method. systems Part 0: Calculation of currents" and uses the impedance method (as opposed to the perunit method). Why do the calculation? Calculating the prospective short circuit levels in a power system is important for a number of reasons. with the following prerequisite documents and design tasks completed: Key single line diagrams Major electrical equipment sized (e. it is assumed that all short circuits are of negligible impedance (i. but would be useful) Calculation Methodology This calculation is based on IEC 609090 (2001. "Short circuit currents in threephase a. etc) Electrical load schedule Cable sizing (not absolutely necessary. generators. short circuit withstand ratings) To help identify potential problems and weaknesses in the system and assist in system planning To form the basis for protection coordination studies Figure 1. the short circuit current is estimated using the guidelines presented in IEC 60909.ch/publication/3886) .php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 2/14 .g. transformers. c2002) (https://webstore. no arc impedance is allowed for).07/05/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical location. including: To specify fault ratings for electrical equipment (e.e. There are six general steps in the calculation: Step 1: Construct the system model and collect the relevant equipment parameters Step 2: Calculate the short circuit impedances for all of the relevant equipment Step 3: Refer all impedances to the reference voltage Step 4: Determine the Thévenin equivalent circuit at the fault location Step 5: Calculate balanced threephase short circuit currents Step 6: Calculate singlephase to earth short circuit currents Step 1: Construct the System Model and Collect Equipment Parameters http://www.org/wiki/index. The magnitude of the short circuit current depends on the impedance of system under short circuit conditions. In this calculation.iec.openelectrical.c. Lightning arc When to do the calculation? The calculation can be done after preliminary system design.g. rated generator capacity (VA). Network Feeders Given the approximate fault level of the network feeder at the connection point (or point of common coupling).openelectrical. resistance and reactance of cable ( ) Asynchronous motors: full load current (A). starting power factor (pu) Fault limiting reactors: reactor impedance voltage (%).05 for voltages <1kV. and then collect the relevant equipment parameters. rated power factor (pu) Transformers: transformer impedance voltage (%). rated current (A). X/R ratio of the network Synchronous generators and motors: perunit subtransient reactance.1 for voltages >1kV) is X/R ratio of the network feeder (pu) http://www.g. total copper loss (W) Cables: length of cable (m). locked rotor current (A). rated current (A) Step 2: Calculate Equipment Short Circuit Impedances Using the collected parameters. rated transformer capacity (VA).07/05/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical The first step is to construct a model of the system single line diagram. The relevant equipment parameters to be collected are as follows: Network feeders: fault capacity of the network (VA). synchronous and asynchronous motors).php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 3/14 . 1. fault limiters (e. large cable interconnections and large rotating loads (e. transformers. resistance and reactance of the network feeder is calculated as follows: Where is impedance of the network feeder (Ω) is resistance of the network feeder (Ω) is reactance of the network feeder (Ω) is the nominal voltage at the connection point (Vac) is the fault level of the network feeder (VA) is a voltage factor which accounts for the maximum system voltage (1. generation or network connection. full load power factor (pu). each of the equipment item impedances can be calculated for later use in the motor starting calculations.org/wiki/index. reactors). rated power (W). the impedance.g. The model of the single line diagram should show all of the major system buses. The zerosequence impedances need to be derived from manufacturer data. 14.29 for 100MVA. 1.6. typically 20 for 100MVA.07/05/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical Synchronous Generators and Motors The subtransient reactance and resistance of a synchronous generator or motor (with voltage regulation) can be estimated by the following: Where is the subtransient reactance of the generator (Ω) is the resistance of the generator (Ω) is a voltage correction factor see IEC 609090 Clause 3.05 for voltages <1kV.1 for more details (pu) is the perunit subtransient reactance of the generator (pu) is the nominal generator voltage (Vac) is the nominal system voltage (Vac) is the rated generator capacity (VA) is the X/R ratio.openelectrical. Transformers The positive sequence impedance.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 4/14 .1 for voltages >1kV) is the power factor of the generator (pu) For the negative sequence impedance. the quadrature axis subtransient reactance the above equation in place of the direct axis subtransient reactance can be applied in . and 6.67 for all generators with nominal voltage 1kV is a voltage factor which accounts for the maximum system voltage (1. resistance and reactance of twowinding distribution transformers can be calculated as follows: http://www. though the voltage correction factor also applies for solid neutral earthing systems (refer to IEC 609090 Clause 3.org/wiki/index.6.1). different neutral earthing systems will affect zerosequence impedance). zero sequence impedances can be derived from positive sequence impedances via a multiplication factor (as suggested by SKM Systems Analysis Inc) for magnetic cables: Asynchronous Motors http://www.07/05/2016 Where According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical is the positive sequence impedance of the transformer (Ω) is the resistance of the transformer (Ω) is the reactance of the transformer (Ω) is the impedance voltage of the transformer (pu) is the rated capacity of the transformer (VA) is the nominal voltage of the transformer at the high or low voltage side (Vac) is the rated current of the transformer at the high or low voltage side (I) is the total copper loss in the transformer windings (W) For the calculation of impedances for threewinding transformers. In the absence of manufacturer data.3.3. but also depends on the winding connections and fault path available for zerosequence current flow (e. These need to be converted to Ohms based on the length of the cables: Where is the resistance of the cable {Ω) is the reactance of the cable {Ω) is the quoted resistance of the cable {Ω / km) is the quoted reactance of the cable {Ω / km) is the length of the cable {m) The negative sequence impedance is equal to positive sequence impedance calculated above.3).g. an impedance correction factor must be applied (see IEC 609090 Clause 3. The zero sequence impedance needs to be derived from manufacturer data. For network transformers (those that connect two separate networks at different voltages). The zero sequence impedance needs to be derived from manufacturer data.2. refer to IEC 609090 Clause 3.org/wiki/index. Cables Cable impedances are usually quoted by manufacturers in terms of Ohms per km. The negative sequence impedance is equal to positive sequence impedance calculated above.openelectrical.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 5/14 . Static Converters Static converters and converterfed drivers (i.org/wiki/index. static converters contribute to the initial and peak short circuit currents only. http://www.9. and contribute 3 times the rated current of the converter. Per IEC 609090 Clause 3. negative and zero sequence impedances are all equal (assuming geometric symmetry).e. resistance and reactance is calculated as follows: Where is impedance of the motor (Ω) is resistance of the motor (Ω) is reactance of the motor (Ω) is ratio of the locked rotor to full load current is the motor locked rotor current (A) is the motor nominal voltage (Vac) is the motor rated power (W) is the motor full load power factor (pu) is the motor starting power factor (pu) The negative sequence impedance is equal to positive sequence impedance calculated above. feeding rotating loads) should be considered for balanced threephase short circuits.openelectrical.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 6/14 . An R/X ratio of 0.1 should be used for the short circuit impedance. Fault Limiting Reactors The impedance of fault limiting reactors is as follows (note that the resistance is neglected): Where is impedance of the reactor (Ω) is reactance of the reactor(Ω) is the impedance voltage of the reactor (pu) is the nominal voltage of the reactor (Vac) is the rated current of the reactor (A) Positive. The zero sequence impedance needs to be derived from manufacturer data.07/05/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical An asynchronous motor's impedance. showing a voltage source and a set of complex impedances representing the power system equipment and load impedances (connected in series or parallel).07/05/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical Other Equipment Line capacitances. impedances can be referred to the LV side: Step 4: Determine Thévenin Equivalent Circuit at the Fault Location The system model must first be simplified into an equivalent circuit as seen from the fault location. Effects from series capacitors can also be neglected if voltagelimiting devices are connected in parallel.wikipedia. http://www. which is a circuit containing only a voltage source ( ) and an equivalent short circuit impedance ( ). The next step is to simplify the circuit into a Thévenin equivalent circuit (http://en.org/wiki/index. the equipment impedances calculated earlier need to be converted to a reference voltage (typically the voltage at the fault location) in order for them to be used in a single equivalent circuit. impedances (as well as resistances and reactances) can be referred to the primary (HV) side of the transformer by the following relation: Where is the impedance referred to the primary (HV) side (Ω) is the impedance at the secondary (LV) side (Ω) is the transformer winding ratio (pu) Conversely. parallel admittances and nonrotating loads are generally neglected as per IEC 609090 Clause 3. The winding ratio of a transformer can be calculated as follows: Where is the transformer winding ratio is the transformer nominal secondary voltage at the principal tap (Vac) is the transformer nominal primary voltage (Vac) is the specified tap setting (%) Using the winding ratio.10. Step 3: Referring Impedances Where there are multiple voltage levels. by rearranging the equation above.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 7/14 .org/wiki/Th%C3%A9venin%27s_theorem) .openelectrical. finding ( .g.openelectrical. but for the sake of simplicity. Thévenin equivalent circuit The positive sequence impedance calculated in Step 4 represents the equivalent source impedance seen by a balanced threephase short circuit at the fault location.e. i. we can calculate the X/R ratio at the fault location.05 for voltages <1kV.1 for voltages >1kV) is the nominal system voltage at the fault location (V) is the equivalent positive sequence short circuit impedance (Ω) Peak Short Circuit Current IEC 609090 Section 4. 1. If unbalanced short circuits (e. the following currents at different stages of the short circuit cycle can be computed: Initial Short Circuit Current The initial symmetrical short circuit current is calculated from IEC 609090 Equation 29. and ). we will only focus on the X/R ratio at the fault location method.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 8/14 .org/wiki/index. The peak short circuit current is then calculated as follows: (for nonmeshed networks) http://www. Using this impedance. as follows: Where is the initial symmetrical short circuit current (A) is the voltage factor that accounts for the maximum system voltage (1.e.07/05/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical This can be done using the standard formulae for series and parallel impedances. Using the real (R) and reactive (X) components of the equivalent positive sequence impedance . single phase to earth fault) will be analysed. then a separate Thévenin equivalent circuit should be constructed for each of the positive. negative and zero sequence networks (i. Step 5: Calculate Balanced ThreePhase Short Circuit Currents Figure 2. keeping in mind that the rules of complex arithmetic must be used throughout.3 offers three methods for calculating peak short circuit currents. org/wiki/index. This is the current that the circuit breaker must be rated to interrupt and is typically used for breaker sizing. the symmetrical breaking current will be higher. respectively.openelectrical. of the equivalent source impedance at the fault location (Ω) http://www.07/05/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical or (for meshed networks see clause 4.3. DC Short Circuit Component The dc component of a short circuit can be calculated according to IEC 609090 Equation 64: Where is the dc component of the short circuit current (A) is the initial symmetrical short circuit current (A) is the nominal system frequency (Hz) is the time (s) is the X/R ratio see more below The X/R ratio is calculated as follows: Where and are the reactance and resistance. but this is left to the reader to explore.12b) Where is the peak short circuit current (A) is the initial symmetrical short circuit current (A) is a constant factor. More detailed calculations can be made for increased accuracy in IEC 60909. IEC 609090 Equation 74 suggests that the symmetrical breaking current for meshed networks can be conservatively estimated as follows: Where is the symmetrical breaking current (A) is the initial symmetrical short circuit current (A) For close to generator faults. Symmetrical Breaking Current The symmetrical breaking current is the short circuit current at the point of circuit breaker opening (usually somewhere between 20ms to 300ms).php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 9/14 . 1 for voltages >1kV) is the nominal voltage at the fault location (Vac) is the equivalent positive sequence short circuit impedance (Ω) is the equivalent negative sequence short circuit impedance (Ω) is the equivalent zero sequence short circuit impedance (Ω) Worked Example In this example.5 0. Per IEC 609090 Section 4. However.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 10/14 . and supplied by a single generator.5 0.openelectrical.org/wiki/index. for unbalanced short circuits (e. The initial short circuit current for a single phase to earth fault is as per IEC 609090 Equation 52: Where is the initial single phase to earth short circuit current (A) is the voltage factor that accounts for the maximum system voltage (1. Step 1: Construct the System Model and Collect Equipment Parameters The system to be modelled is a simple radial network with two voltage levels (11kV and 415V).05 for voltages <1kV.055 ): Step 6: Calculate SinglePhase to Earth Short Circuit Currents For balanced short circuit calculations. short circuit currents will be calculated for a balanced threephase fault at the main 11kV bus of a simple radial system. 1.27 <2. The system model is shown in the figure to the right.g.15 <5 0. The equipment and cable parameters were collected as follows: http://www.07/05/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical is a factor to account for the equivalent frequency of the fault.092 <12. single phase to earth fault). the positivesequence impedance is the only relevant impedance.4. symmetrical components come into play. the following factors should be used based on the product of frequency and time ( <1 0. Note that the single phase to earth fault currents will not be calculated in this example. 000 V = 415 V = 0.0506 Ω\km.30 pu Figure 3.0997 Ω\km) Motor M1 Motor Cable C2 = 500 kW = 11.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 11/14 .000 W = 0% Length = 100m Size = 3C+E 95 mm2 (R = 0.000 V = 200.85 pu Generator Cable C1 Length = 30m Size = 2 parallel circuits of 3 x 1C x 500 mm2 (R = 0. X = 0.85 pu = 0.115 Ω \km) Transformer TX1 Transformer Cable C3 = 2.0993 Ω\km) http://www.07/05/2016 Equipment Generator G1 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical Parameters = 24.500 kVA = 11.0625 pu = 19. System model for short circuit example Length = 150m Size = 3C+E 35 mm2 (R = 0.000 V = 0.668 Ω\km.org/wiki/index.255 pu = 0. X = 0.openelectrical. X = 0.150 kVA = 11.7 A = 6.5 pu = 0.247 Ω\km. Knowing that the transformer is set at principal tap.08672 1.30 pu Step 2: Calculate Equipment Short Circuit Impedances Using the patameters above and the equations outlined earlier in the methodology.00993 415V Motor M2 0.org/wiki/index.8 pu = 0.openelectrical.0026 Transformer Cable C3 0.0247 0.30 pu Motor M3 = 150 kW = 415 V = 1.1885 Motor Cable C2 0.001496 11kV Motor M1 9.1432 Step 3: Referring Impedances We will model a fault on the main 11kV bus.85 pu = 0.01725 Transformer TX1 (Primary Side) 0.000759 0.1002 0.0656 0.217.36784 3.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 12/14 .2390 Generator Cable C1 0.5 pu = 0. so all impedances must be referred to 11kV. The two low voltage motors need to be referred to this reference voltage.595.07/05/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical Motor M2 = 90 kW = 415 V = 1. we can calculate the winding ratio and apply it to refer the 415V motors to the 11kV side: http://www.0450 0.8 A = 6. the following impedances were calculated: Equipment Resistance (Ω) Reactance (Ω) Generator G1 0.3 A = 7 pu = 0.2086 415V Motor M3 0.4938 30. the symmetrical peak short circuit current is: kA Computer Software http://www.org/wiki/index.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 13/14 . the equivalent Thévenin circuit at the fault location (main 11kV bus) can be derived.07/05/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical The 415V motor impedances referred to the 11kV side is therefore: Equipment Resistance (Ω) Reactance (Ω) 415V Motor M2 46. The equivalent source impedance is: Step 5: Calculate Balanced ThreePhase Short Circuit Currents Initial Short Circuit Current The symmetrical initial short circuit current is: kA Peak Short Circuit Current The constant factor at the fault location is: Therefore as it is a simple radial system (nonmeshed).6462 100.5735 415V Motor M3 31.openelectrical.0952 146.6284 Step 4: Determine Thévenin Equivalent Circuit at the Fault Location Using standard network reduction techniques. What Next? The results from the short circuit calculations can be used to specify the fault ratings on electrical equipment (e.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909 14/14 . switchgear. etc) and the calculations are far easier to perform with software than by hand. etc) and also for protection coordination studies. at 01:34.org/wiki/index. DIgSILENT.php?title=According_to_the_IEC_60909" This page was last modified on 9 May 2015.07/05/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical Short circuit calculations are a standard component of power systems analysis software (e. PTW.openelectrical. ETAP.openelectrical. http://www. However manual calculations could be done as a form of verification to confirm that the software results are reasonable. Short Circuit Calculation Retrieved from "http://www.g.org/wiki/index.g. protective devices. 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