SALES Case Digest DEFINITION OF CONTRACT OF SALE 1.) SPOUSES ONNIE SERRANO AND AMPARO HERRERA vs. GODOFREDO CAGUIAT, G.R. No. 139173, February 28, 2007 Facts: Petitioners are registered owners of a lot located in Las Piñas. On March 23, 1900, respondent offered to buy the lot and petitioners agreed to sell it at 1,500 ₱ per square meter. Respondent then gave ₱100,000 as partial payment. A few days after, respondent, through his counsel, wrote petitioners informing them of his readiness to pay the balance of the contract price and requesting them to prepare the Deed of Sale. Petitioners, through counsel, informed respondent in a letter that Amparo Herrera would be leaving for abroad on or before April 15, 1990 and they are canceling the transaction and that respondent may recover the earnest money (₱100,000) anytime. Petitioners also wrote him stating that they already delivered a manager’s check to his counsel in said amount. Respondent thus filed a complaint for specific performance and damages with the RTC of Makati. The trial court ruled that there was already a perfected contract of sale between the parties and ordered the petitioners to execute a final deed of sale in favor of respondent. The Court of appeals affirmed said decision. Issue: Whether or not there was a contract of sale. Ruling: The transaction was a contract to sell. “When petitioners declared in the “Receipt for Partial Payment” that they – “RECEIVED FROM MR. GODOFREDO CAGUIAT THE AMOUNT OF ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND PESOS AS PARTIAL PAYMENT OF OUR LOT SITUATED IN LAS PIÑAS… MR. CAGUIAT PROMISED TO PAY THE BALANCE OF THE PURCHASE PRICE ON OR BEFORE MARCH 23, 1990, AND THAT WE WILL EXECUTE AND SIGN THE FINAL DEED OF SALE ON THIS DATE.” there can be no other interpretation than that they agreed to a conditional contract of sale, consummation of which is subject only to the full payment of the purchase price. “A contract to sell is akin to a conditional sale where the efficacy or obligatory force of the vendor’s obligation to transfer title is subordinated to the happening of a future and uncertain event, so that if the suspensive condition does not take place, the parties would stand as if the conditional obligation had never existed. The suspensive condition is commonly full payment of the purchase price. “In this case, the “Receipt for Partial Payment” shows that the true agreement between the parties is a contract to sell. “First, ownership over the property was retained by petitioners and was not to pass to respondent until full payment of the purchase price. Second, the agreement between the parties was not embodied in a deed of sale. The absence of a formal deed of conveyance is a strong indication that the parties did not intend immediate transfer of ownership, but only a transfer after full payment of the purchase price. Third, petitioners retained possession of the certificate of title of the lot. “It is true that Article 1482 provides that whenever earnest money is given in a contract of sale, it shall be considered as part of the price and proof of the perfection of the contract. However, this article speaks of earnest money given in a contract of sale. In this case, the earnest money was given in a contract to sell. The earnest money forms part of the consideration only if the sale is consummated upon full payment of the purchase price. “Clearly, respondent cannot compel petitioners to transfer ownership of the property to him.” 2.) JULIE NABUS, MICHELLE NABUS and BETTY TOLERO vs. JOAQUIN PACSON and JULIA PACSON, G.R. No. 161318, November 25, 2009 3.) MILA A. REYES vs. VICTORIA T. TUPARAN, G.R. No. 188064, June 1, 2011 Facts: Petitioner Mila Reyes owns a three‐storey commercial building in Valenzuela City. Respondent, Victoria Tuparan leased a space on said building for a monthly rental of P4, 000. Aside from being a tenant, respondent also invested in petitioner's financing business. On June 20, 1988, Petitioner borrowed P2 Million from Farmers Savings and Loan Bank (FSL Bank) and mortgaged the building and lot (subject real properties). Reyes decided to sell the property for P6.5 Million to liquidate her loan and finance her business. Respondent offered to conditionally buy the real properties for P4.2 Million on installment basis without interest and to assume the bank loan. The conditions are the following: 1. Sale will be cancelled if the petitioner can find a buyer of said properties for the amount of P6.5 Million within the next three months. All payments made by the respondent to the petitioner and the bank will be refunded to Tuparan with an additional 6% monthly interest. 2. Petitioner Reyes will continue using the space occupied by her drug store without rentals for the duration of the installment payments. 3. There will be a lease for 15 years in favor of Reyes for a monthly rental of P8, 000 after full payment has been made by the defendant. 4. The defendant will undertake the renewal and payment of the fire insurance policies of the 2 buildings, following the expiration of the current policies, up to the time the respondent has fully paid the purchase price They presented the proposal for Tuparan to assume the mortgage to FSL Bank. The bank approved on the condition that the petitioner would remain as co‐ maker of the mortgage obligation. Petitioner's Contention: Under their Deed of Conditional Sale, the respondent is obliged to pay a lump sum of P1.2 Million in three fixed installments. Respondent, however defaulted in the payment of the installments. To compensate for her delayed payments, respondent agreed to pay petitioner monthly interest. But again, respondent failed to fulfill this obligation. The petitioner further alleged that despite her success in finding another buyer according to their conditional sale agreement, respondent refused to cancel their transaction. The respondent also neglected to renew the fire insurance policy of the buildings. Respondent's Answer: Respondent alleges that the deed of Conditional Sale of Real Property with Assumption of Mortgage was actually a pure and absolute contract of sale with a term period. It could not be considered a conditional sale because the performance of the obligation therein did not depend upon a future and uncertain event. She also averred that she was able to fully pay the loan and secure the release of the mortgage. Since she also paid more than the P4.2 Million purchase price, rescission could not be resorted to since the parties could no longer be restored to their original positions. COURT OF APPEALS and BUEN REALTY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION. Bormaheco returned the P100. When the plaintiffs did not receive any reply. The RTC ordered the CU Unjiengs to execute the necessary Deed of Sale of the property in litigation favor of plaintiffs for the consideration of P15M in . they sent another letter with the same request. 1986. Since respondent had already paid a substantial amount of the purchase price. considering the circumstances. it would be more equitable to give respondent a chance to pay the balance plus interest within a given period of time. Ana. Whether the breach is slight or substantial is largely determined by the attendant circumstance. Buen Realty. the Court still cannot allow it for the reason that. 65 SCRA 352. The court ordered the respondent to pay the petitioner the unpaid balance of the purchase price. No. THE HON. Manila. Bormaheco won the bidding for the Sta. Bormaheco made the terms and condition for the sale and Villonco returned it with some modifications. it shall be considered as part of the price and as proof of the perfection of the contract" (Art.000.00 was not a breach of contract. FRANCISCO N. plaintiffs were compelled to file the complaint to compel defendants to sell the property to them. 238 SCRA 602. On several conditions before October 9. Plaintiff thereafter asked the defendants to put their offer in writing to which the defendants acceded. Petition is denied. The subject contract was correctly classified as a contract to sell based on the following pertinent stipulations: 8. SC: The SC agrees that the subject Deed of Conditional Sale with Assumption of Mortgage is a contract to sell and not a contract of sale. petitioner stated that Buen Realty and Development Corporation brought the property subject to the notice of lis pendens. 1994 Facts: The plaintiffs were tenants or lessees of residential and commercial spaces owned by defendants in Binondo. but merely an event that prevented the seller (petitioner) from conveying title to the purchaser (respondent). transfer and convey and otherwise encumber the subject real properties without the written consent of the First and Third Party. 1975 Facts: Francisco Cervantes of Bormaheco Inc. Since defendants failed to specify the terms and conditions of the offer to sell and because of information received that the defendants were about to sell the property. BORMAHECO. That upon full payment by the Second Party of the full balance of the purchase price and the assumed mortgage obligation herein mentioned the Third Party shall issue the corresponding Deed of Cancellation of Mortgage and the First Party shall execute the corresponding Deed of Absolute Sale in favor of the Second Party The title and ownership of the subject properties remains with the petitioner until the respondent fully pays the balance of the purchase price and the assumed mortgage obligation. Pending payment of the balance of the purchase price and liquidation of the mortgage obligation that was assumed by the Second Party..R. It is only right and just to allow Tuparan to pay the said unpaid balance of the purchase price to Reyes. 4. defendants informed the plaintiffs that they are offering to sell the premises and are giving them priority to acquire the same. it could not be permitted because her non‐payment in full of the purchase price “may not be considered as substantial and fundamental breach of the contract as to defeat the object of the parties in entering into the contract.R. Hence. L‐26872. That the title and ownership of the subject real properties shall remain with the First Party until the full payment of the Second Party of the balance of the purchase price and liquidation of the mortgage obligation of ₱2. In reply to defendants’ letter.) VILLONCO REALTY COMPANY and EDITH PEREZ DE TAGLE vs.Issue: Is the conditional sale at bar a contract of sale or a contract to sell? Can the transaction or obligation be rescinded given that the conditions were not satisfied? Ruling: RTC: The deed of conditional sale was a contract to sell. No. there was only a slight or casual breach in the fulfillment of the obligation. After 26 days from signing the contract of sale. 9. During negotiations. 1482. 5. Unless the parties stipulated it.000. Issue: WON Bormaheco is bound to perform the contract with Villonco. agrees to sell to Villonco Realty a parcel of land and its improvements located in Buendia. Bobby Cu Unjieng offered a price of P6‐ million while plaintiffs made a counter of offer of P5‐ million. asking that they specify the terms and conditions of the offer to sell. As for the 6% interest.00. The court considered fulfillment of 20% of the purchase price is NOT a substantial breach. Civil Code). Whenever earnest money is given in a contract of sale. INC.000 to Villonco with 10% interest for the reason that they are not sure yet if they will acquire the Sta. July 25. Granting that a rescission can be permitted under Article 1191. hence. Ruling: The contract is already consummated when Bormaheco accepted the offer by Villonco. Makati. Without respondent’s full payment. The sale is for P400 per square meter but it is only to be consummated after respondent shall have also consummated purchase of a property in Sta. there was no contract of sale at all. Villonco issued a check to Bormaheco amounting to P100.Ana property. wrote to the lessees demanding the latter to vacate the premises. Manila since 1935 religiously paying rent. 109125. In its reply.” The RTC believed that respondent showed her sincerity and willingness to settle her obligation. the Second Party shall not sell. the fact that Villonco did not object when Bormaheco encashed the check is a proof that it accepted the offer of Bormaheco. the Cu Unjieng spouses executed a Deed of Sale transferring the property in question to Buen Realty and Development Corporation.000. plaintiffs wrote. petitioner failed to substantiate her claim that the respondent committed to pay it. rescission is allowed only when the breach of the contract is substantial and fundamental to the fulfillment of the obligation. It was of the opinion that although the petitioner was entitled to a rescission of the contract. as the new owner of the subject property. On the other hand. CA: The CA agreed with the RTC that the remedy of rescission could not apply because the respondent’s failure to pay the petitioner the balance of the purchase price in the total amount of ₱805. G.) ANG YU ASUNCION.000 as earnest money. CERVANTES and ROSARIO N. there can be no breach of contract to speak of because petitioner has no obligation yet to turn over the title. The acceptance can be proven when Bormaheco accepted the check from Villonco and then returned it with 10% interest as stipulated in the terms made by Villonco. The court dismissed the complaint on the ground that the parties did not agree upon the terms and conditions of the proposed sale. ARTHUR GO AND KEH TIONG vs. it was but right and just to allow her to pay the unpaid balance of the purchase price plus interest. On November 15. G.Ana land and subsequently bought the property. The court agrees that a substantial amount of the purchase price has already been paid. Villonco rejected the return of the check and demanded for specific performance. 1990. CERVANTES. December 2. The judge issued a writ of execution. She also stated in her testimony that her husband was an illiterate and only learned how to write his name in order to be employed in a sugar central.R. he underwent development and the exploitation for the mining claims which he estimates to be approximately 24 metric tons of iron ore. Intelligence in consent is vitiated by error. the so‐called “right of first refusal’ is an innovative juridical relation. Dominador. at her behest. SPOUSES REMEGIO AND GLORIA BERNABE and SPOUSES DIOSDADO and LOURDES SALVADOR. freedom by violence. Petitioner insisted that the entire lot had not yet been formally subdivided. On 15 March 1973. Fortunato and petitioner denied the material allegations of the complaint and claimed that Fortunato never sold his share in Lot to private respondent and that his signature appearing on the purported receipt was forged. For consent to be valid. without first being afforded a day in court. • Notice of Lis Pendens – may involve actions that deal not only with the title or possession of a property but also with the use or occupation of property. As can be gleaned from Flores's testimony.00. Bienvenido. GEORGE KRAKOWER. He even dismissed the idea of asking somebody else to assist Fortunato considering that a measly sum of thirty pesos was involved. Even on the premise that such right of first refusal has been decreed under final judgment. Petitioners are aggrieved by the failure of private respondents to honor the right of first refusal. 456 SCRA 193. and that the contents of said receipt were never explained to them. By way of counterclaim. 2 SCRA 830. Fortunato agreed to sell his share in the lot to private respondent. The court set aside the title issued to Buen Realty Corporation for having been executed in bad faith. they managed to collect only thirty pesos. to wit: The essence of consent is the agreement of the parties on the terms of the contract.. Maria Ondoy. 87‐41058. It is born from the moment there is a meeting of minds upon the thing which is the object of the sale and upon the price. 134219. namely: Fortunato. 133638. PACIFICO ESCANDOR and FERNANDO TY. Court of Appeals. having not impleaded in the above‐stated Civil Case. object. the following elements must be present: consent. known as the Dawahan Group. 2005 CHARACTERISTICS 1. the remedy is not the writ of execution on the judgment. June 8. G. SEGUNDINA VIVAS. Adela. Fonacier decide to revoke the authority given to Gaite. Encarnacion. DE LUMAYNO.) PERPETUA VDA.recognition of petitioner’s right of first refusal and that a new Transfer Certificate of Title be issued in favor of the buyer. that private respondent made her (petitioner's) husband sign a receipt acknowledging the receipt of said amount of money. Bernalda. it must be stressed. The area of agreement must extend to all points that the parties deem material or there is no consent at all. Respondent constituted and appointed plaintiff‐ appellee Gaite as attorney‐in‐fact to enter into contract for the exploration and development of the said mining claims on. Issue: WON Buen Realty can be bound by the writ of execution by the virtue of notice of lis pendens? Ruling: In the law of sales. This Court annuls the contract of sale between Fortunato and private respondent on the ground of vitiated consent. Buen Realty. 1961 Facts: Defendant‐appellant Fonacier was the owner/holder of 11 iron lode mineral claims. For there to be a perfected contract of sale. since there is none to execute. (b) it should be free and (c) it should be spontaneous. all surnamed Ape. the Register of Deeds is duty bound to carry over the notice of lis pendens on all titles issued. it cannot be deemed a perfected contract of sale.000.) SPOUSES MARIO AND ELIZABETH TORCUATOR vs. let alone ousted from the ownership and possession of the property. Cornelio. L‐11827. situated in Camrines Norte. whereas respondent assented subject to certain conditions. Braulio. Consequently a revocation of . By “Deed of Assignment.R. ISABELO FONACIER. A contract of sale is a consensual contract. the property passed on to his wife. However. Furthermore. Court ruled that the records of this case betray the stance of private respondent that Fortunato Ape entered into such an agreement with her. On March 1954. the acceptance by one of the offer made by the other. 6. ‐ In case of subsequent sales or transfers. its breach cannot justify correspondingly an issuance of writ of execution under a judgment that merely recognizes its existence. No. cannot be held subject to the writ of execution issued by the respondent judge. joined by her husband. G. Needless to point out. that is. or with an exact notion of the matter to which it refers. Upon Cleopas Ape's death.) FERNANDO A. the defendants below maintained having entered into a contract of lease with respondent involving Fortunato's portion of the lot. spontaneity by fraud. The appellate court set aside and declared without force and effect the above orders of the court a quo. the parties may reciprocally demand performance. No. G. thus. Andres Flores. Issue: Whether or not there was a valid contract of sale? Ruling: No. while he was very much aware of Fortunato's inability to read and write in the English language. The final judgment in Civil Case No. he did not bother to fully explain to the latter the substance of the receipt. Felicidad. 7. however. which owned solely and belonging to him. intimidation or undue influence. July 31. 459 SCRA 439. it is perfected by mere consent of the parties. we explained the element of consent. has merely accorded a “right to first refusal” in favor of petitioners. et al. Upon its perfection.R. but an action for damages in a proper forum for the purpose. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS and GENOROSA CAWIT VDA. 2005 Facts: Cleopas Ape was the registered owner of a parcel of land. GAITE vs. private respondent and Fortunato entered into a contract of sale of land under which for a consideration of P5. April 15. instituted a case for "Specific Performance of a Deed of Sale with Damages" against Fortunato and his wife Perpetua (petitioner herein) before the then Court of First Instance of Negros Occidental. it must meet the following requisites: (a) it should be intelligent. Lourdes.. that on 11 April 1971 she and her husband went to private respondent's house to collect past rentals for their land then leased by the former. In the case of Leonardo v. It was alleged in the complaint that on 11 April 1971. FRNACISCO DANTE. and their eleven (11) children. Loreta. No. INC. It is the concurrence of the minds of the parties on the object and the cause which constitutes the contract. and price in money or its equivalent. Generosa Cawit de Lumayno (private respondent herein). petitioner executed a general assignment conveying the claims into the Larap Iron Mines. however. The agreement was contained in a receipt prepared by private respondent's son‐in‐law. Thereafter. and Angelina. the vendee may compel the transfer of the ownership and to deliver the object of the sale while the vendor may demand the vendee to pay the thing sold.. DE APE vs. LARAP MINES & SMELTING CO. 165420. whether or not they are entitled to take full advantage of the period granted them for making the payment. while the rest of the motions were held unnecessary to resolve Issue: Whether or not the Lower Court erred in holding the obligation of appellant Fonacier to pay appelle Gaite the balance of P65k. Eugenia transferred possession by delivering the property to Concepcion who in turn paid the purchase price. No. TULIAO. The Trial Court ruled in favor of plaintiff ordering defendant to pay the balance of P65k with interest. as well as. necessarily displacing Natividad. provided the liability of Far Eastern would only prosper when there had been an actual sale of the iron ores of not less than the agreed amount of P65k. OLAYON vs. all rights and interest on the road and other developments done. prompted petitioner to file a complaint in the CFI of Manila for the payment of the balance and other damages. but was intended merely to fix the future date of the payment. G. as one with a period or term and not one with a suspensive condition. is subordinated to the happening of a future and uncertain event. NATIVIDAD A. To secure the payment of P65k. 1955 substantially reduced the security of the vendor's rights as creditor for the unpaid P65. affirming the decision of the lower court. the Larap Mines and Smelting Co. but was only a suspensive period or term.00 as consideration. The motion for contempt was held unmeritorious. 1955. Antonio requested Natividad to vacate the premises. price and terms of payment. the parties would stand as if the conditional obligation had never existed. Eugenia and the latter’s husband. But in the latter case the defendants‐appellants' obligation to pay became absolute after one year from the transfer of the ore to Fonacier by virtue of the deed. Antonio. Gaite. either because the appellant debtors had impaired the securities originally given and thereby forfeited any further time within which to pay. Afterwards an appeal was affected by the respondent where several motions were presented for resolution: a motion for contempt. Thus such failure.00. He also had each subdivision titled. for One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100. records.Power of Attorney and Contract was executed transferring P20k plus royalties from the mining claims. Antonio averred that his wife only admitted of selling 1/3 of the property to Concepcion for which a receipt was issued signed by Concepcion. AINZA. and its stockholder as sureties. Furthermore. and if there was any. It also declared that the transfer of the property did not violate the Statute of Frauds because a fully executed contract does not fall within its coverage. respondent executed a surety bond with himself as principal. paid Eugenia the price of One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100. this was refused by petitioner. Lastly the balance of P65K was to be paid for covering the first shipment of iron ores. Hence a second bond was produced with Far Eastern Surety as an additional surety.R. The Lower Court was legally correct in holding the shipment or sale of the iron ore is not a condition or suspensive to the payment of the balance of P65k. DR. There was physical delivery of the land through Concepcion’s other daughter (Natividad) acting as atty‐in‐fact.00) . unless he immediately gives new ones equally satisfactory. Concepcion thereafter allowed Natividad and her husband occupy the purchased portion of the land. and the balance of P65k. A contract of sale is perfected by mere consent. the right to use of the business name. 462 SCRA 614. two motions to dismiss the appeal for becoming moot and academic. What characterizes a conditional obligation is the fact that its efficacy or obligatory force as distinguished from its demandability. so that if the suspensive condition does not take place. Ruling: Yes.” Appellants' failure to renew or extend the surety company's bond upon its expiration plainly impaired the securities given to the creditor (appellee Gaite).000. 1198. Yet. 2005 Facts: Petitioner Concepcion Ainza bought one‐half of an undivided portion of the property from her daughter. The appellant had indeed have forfeited the right to compel Gaite to wait for the sale of the ore before receiving payment of the balance of P65. Issue: Whether or not the contract of sale between Ainza and Eugenia is valid. substituted by her legal heirs. and that the term expired on December 1955 Ruling: No error was found. included in the transfer was the rights and interest over the 24K+ tons of iron ore that had been extracted.00). 000. 000. The sale of the ore to Fonacier was a sale on credit. The expiration of the bonding company's undertaking on December 8. Appelle further required another bond underwritten by a bonding company to secure the payment of the balance. June 30.) CONCEPCION R. The debtor shall lose every right to make use of the period: “(2) When he does not furnish to the creditor the guaranties or securities which he has promised. (3) When by his own acts he has impaired said guaranties or securities after their establishment.000.00. Antonio caused the division of the lot into three. a security that Gaite considered essential and upon which he had insisted when he executed the deed of sale of the ore to Fonacier (first bond). in other words. there is no merit in appellants' argument that Gaite's acceptance of the surety company's bond with full knowledge that on its face it would automatically expire within one year was a waiver of its renewal after the expiration date. goodwill. Gaite acted within his rights in demanding payment and instituting this action one year from and after the contract was executed. JALECO and LILIA A. but cash payment was received by the respondents. motion for a new trial. CORAZON A. its liability was to automatically expire on December 1955. Under paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 1198 of the Civil Code of the Philippines: ART. filed by appellee Gaite. because of their failure to renew the bond of the Far Eastern Surety Company or else replace it with an equivalent guarantee. would assume the risk of not being paid at all. No Deed of Absolute Sale was executed to evidence the transaction. first bond. On December 1955. who in turn. While as to the right of Fonacier to insist that Gaite should wait for the sale or shipment of the ore before receiving payment. upon a meeting of the minds on the offer and the acceptance thereof based on subject matter. Eugenia delivered the property to Concepcion. for Gaite stood to lose and had nothing to gain barely. SPOUSES ANTONIO PADUA and EUGENIA PADUA. and not an aleatory contract where the transferor. No such waiver could have been intended. moreover. it could be rationally explained only if the appellants had agreed to sell the ore and pay Gaite before the surety company's bond expired on December 8. there was a perfected contract of sale between Eugenia and Concepcion. documents related to the mines. The contract of sale was consummated when both parties fully complied with their respective obligations. and that the previous sale or shipment of the ore was not a suspensive condition for the payment of the balance of the agreed price. the second bond had expired and no sale amounting to the stipulation as prior agreed nor had the balance been paid to petitioner by respondent. STAGES 1. The CA reversed the RTC ruling. The RTC ruled in favor of Concepcion that the sale was consummated when both contracting parties complied with their respective obligations. The records show that Eugenia offered to sell a portion of the property to Concepcion. who accepted the offer and agreed to pay P100. became due and payable thereafter. In this case. and when through fortuitous event they disappear. Nevertheless. or because the term of payment was originally of no more than one year. unless immediately renewed or replaced. or. 000. with a reduced area of 2. 1965 consisting of 1. 1980. L‐ 61623.The PHHC board of directors acted within its rights in withdrawing the tentative award.00 and their share of 2. we cannot say there was a meeting of minds on the purchase of Lot 4 with an area of 2. 1978. The Mendozas never paid the price of the lot nor made the 20% initial deposit.00. for the sum of P300. the private respondents filed a complaint in the Regional Trial Court of Quezon City against the petitioners and PBC for the annulment of the deed of sale on the ground that the subject land had been earlier sold to them. 1980. they were requested to "expedite the loan (they were negotiating for this purpose) so we can consummate the transaction as soon as possible". Sps. 1979. on May 14. the Orlinos. Sps. to the Mendozas which they can enforce against the PHHC by an action for specific performance. No. 1990 Facts: The subject of this controversy is a parcel of land originally owned by Felix. the PHHC board of directors passed Resolution No.901. 1977. The subdivision of Lot 4 into five lots was approved by the city council and the Bureau of Lands. MENDOZA.7. They did not. Another subdivision plan was prepared which included Lot 4. The mortgagee thereafter transferred all its assets. It was conditionally or contingently awarded to the Mendozas subject to the approval by the city council of the proposed consolidation subdivision plan and the approval of the award by the valuation committee and higher authorities. 1960. Issue: Whether or not there was a perfected sale of the Lot 4. The contract of sale is perfect at the moment there is meeting of the minds upon the thing which is the object of the contract.608. but again no action was taken to deliver to it the stipulated consideration for the sale. 1975. 85733. On May 22. when the revised plan was approved. They did not do so. G.15 square meters on a property situated in Caloocan City. PBC reminded the private respondents of its letter of November 2. but again they did not. 133 SCRA 777. withdrawing the tentative award of Lot 4 to the Mendoza spouses and re‐awarding said lot jointly and in equal shares to Miguela Sto.000.7 square meters at P21 a square meter and pay to them P4. the mortgage was foreclosed and the bank acquired the property as the highest bidder at the auction sale on March 28. the Mendozas should have manifested in writing their acceptance of the award for the purchase of Lot 4 just to show that they were still interested in its purchase although the area was reduced and to obviate ally doubt on the matter. who mortgaged it to the Progressive Commercial Bank as security for a P100. including the said land.000. Quezon City. On April 26. the city council disapproved the proposed consolidation subdivision plan of which the spouses were advised through registered mail. 218. 182 SCRA 564. they were reminded of that letter of November 2.15 square meters on the property situated at Camarin. In 1978. Issue: Whether or not the execution of the deed of sale in favor of the petitioners are valid. The PHHC appealed to this Court. Under the facts of this case. 513 wherein it stated that subject to the approval of the Quezon City Council of the Consolidation Subdivision Plan. RIZALINO L. and upon the price. On April 8. FELIX and DOLORES ORLINO. however. Before the request could be acted upon.the PHHC board of directors passed Resolution No. Manuel and Maria Concepcion Orlino. confirms the agreement through a letter dated November 9. PBC executed a deed of sale over the land in favor of the herein petitioners. TERESITA and OSCAR GUEVARRA. the bank.) Sps. 25. From that moment. 1955. Civil). In response. 7 and the petitioners are now before us. Surely. In the letter of PBC dated November 9. On October 18. The loan not having been paid.101 square meters and located in Diliman. One year later. Sps. Lot 4 containing 4. Ruling: In the case at bar.603. 1978.2 square meters be awarded to Spouses Rizalino and Adelaida Mendoza. MARCOS and ANITA ORLINO. CONDITIONAL CONTRACT OF SALE 1. However. the spouses filed the instant action for specific performance and damages. at a price of twenty‐one pesos (P21. Concepcion is entitled to have half of it. Under the circumstances. 2. February 23. the spouses Enrique and Consuelo Lim. 3 PBC granted the request subject to the condition that title would remain with it until the execution of the necessary deed of conveyance.R. PBC advised the private respondents that if the transaction was not finalized within 30 days. to the Pacific Banking Corporation (PBC).000. and their respective spouses. Ruling: The SC hold that there was no pertected sale of Lot 4. and again asked to comply. COURT OF APPEALS. they were reminded of their obligation and asked to comply within thirty days. The Mendoza spouses asked for reconsideration of the withdrawal of the previous award to them of Lot 4 and for the cancellation of the re‐award of said lot to Sto. passed a resolution recalling all awards of lots to persons who failed to pay the deposit or down payment for the lots awarded to them. ROMULO and CONSUELO ORLINO and Sps. the PHHC board of directors.Since the land was undivided when it was sold. 1475. urging reversal. December 26. When the city council disapproved the subdivision plan. That was in 1977. b) The additional consideration shall consist of your client's conveyance to us of their share of 2.) PEOPLE'S HOMESITE & HOUSING CORPORATION vs. The trial court sustained the withdrawal of the award which was appealed by the Mendozas.000. the court held that both PBC and the spouses Lim had acted in bad faith when they concluded the sale knowing that "there was a cloud in the status of the property in question. the private respondents obligated themselves to deliver to the bank the sum of P160. it would consider the offer of other buyers. 1964. ENRIQUE and CONSUELO LIM vs." 6 The decision was affirmed in toto by the respondent court. subject to the law governing the form of contracts (Art. 1980. on November 2. the corresponding deeds of sale were executed in their favor. 1978. PBC had the right to . the Mendozas were advised through registered mail. 18.000 as attorney's fees and litigation expenses. 2 The record does not show any further development until June 8. 1980.00) per square meter and that this award shall be subject to the approval of the OEC (PHHC) Valuation Committee and higher authorities. 1984 Facts: On Feb. In 1964. made a written offer to PBC to repurchase the property.7square meters at P21 a square meter. when the private respondents requested PBC to allow them to secure a certified true copy of its Torrens certificate over the land for purposes of its survey and partition among them preparatory to the actual transfer of title to them. and was approved by the city council on Feb.182.00 payable in full upon signing of the Deed of Absolute Sale. the parties may reciprocally demand performance. The Appellate Court reversed that decision and declared void the re‐award of Lot 4 and the deeds of sale and directed the PHHC to sell to the Mendozas Lot 4 with an area of 2.608. MENDOZA and ADELAIDA R. No. G. Domingo. On September 30. 1977 under the following conditions: a) The cash consideration shall be P160. 1969. Virgilio Pinzon. Enrique Esteban. Caloocan City. Leonardo Redubloand Jose Fernandez who were able to make the required 20% of the net selling price as deposit and thereafter.R. On April 8. In its judgment for the plaintiffs. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS. 1965. Domingo and four others. the bank could not be required to wait for them forever. or two years later.00 loan on July 1. Finally.901. especially so since they remained in possession of the property and there is no record that they were paying rentals. with the reduced area. who had remained in possession of the land. 1989 Jonette Borres informed defendant Dizon that she will be able to pay the full amount of P1. payable in 6 years. CONTRACT TO SELL 1. PELAYO. The deed of sale between PBC and the petitioners must therefore be sustained. Salazar in favor of private respondent Jonette Borres is a perfected contract of sale or a mere contract to sell. Prescription cannot also be invoked against the Donascos because an action to quiet title to property in ONE’s POSSESSION is imprescriptible. Salazar further reduced the period within which plaintiff may purchase the lots. G. leaving a balance of P10. September 6. Having arrived at these conclusions. Salazar constituted co‐ defendant Teresa Dizon as custodian at the Deed of Absolute Sale together with the Titles of the Land in question with the instruction to Teresa Dizon not to surrender said documents to Jonette Borres until upon payment of the full price in "cash".369 plus P2. Pingol adamantly refused to accept the payment by Donascos and insisted that they no longer had the obligation to transfer the title.00 and Teresa Dizon replied to Dr. In the meantime or on June 16. they agreed to meet at Metro Bank West Avenue Branch to get the documents and then to proceed to Makati to meet the plaintiff's business partner a certain Balao who allegedly gave plaintiff a Far East Bank and Trust Company check for the amount of P1. Salazar offered to sell his properties to Jonette Borres for One Million pesos (P1. Salazar again emphasized to Jonette Borres that he needed the money because he was then buying a property in the United States. On June 14. Salazar is the owner of the two (2) parcels of land with improvements thereon located at 2914 Finlandia Street. No. The acts of the parties. Thus. The delivery of the lot divested Pingol of his ownership and he cannot recover the title unless the contract is resolved or rescinded under Art. Dr. Ruling: (1) No. 31038 and 31039 of the Registry of Deeds of Makati. Facts: In 1969. SALAZAR and TERESITA DIZON vs.00). 1989 and the balance was payable on June 30. . PELAYO. that Dr. No. Salazar made an overseas call to co‐ defendant Dizon to inquire if Jonette Borres had already paid the down payment of P500. the sale was deemed cancelled. namely: MELINDA D. CUEVAS.000. Salazar refused to sign because Jonette Borres did not have the money ready then. G. 1592 of NCC.000 downpayment. since despite the fact that the title had been transferred to them by the execution of the deed of sale and the delivery of the object of the contract. It is not necessary that the vendee should have an absolute title. With Donasco’s breach of the contract in 1976 and death in 1984. It states that the vendee may pay even after the expiration of the period stipulated as long as no demand for rescission has been made upon him either judicially or by notarial act. Pingol neither did so. Pingol refused to accept the offer and demanded a larger amount. the Court no longer finds it necessary to determine if the petitioners acted in bad faith when they purchased the subject property.000. (2) Whether or not Donasco has the right to quiet title.) EMILIO A. CACERES and MARY DONASCO. 3223) in Caloocan City. Salazar and he reduced it to a three (3) months period that sometime on [May] 28. Metro Manila and covered by Transfer Certificate of Title Nos. In said occasion Dr.00 on June 15. 1989. an equitable title being sufficient to clothe him with personality to bring an action to quiet title. Dr. 1996 Facts: That defendant Dr. 118203.00 in "cash" by June 15. Makati. Donasco died and was only able to pay P8. 1989. Salazar reluctantly agreed to sign the document provided that Jonette Borres pays one half (1/2) of the consideration or P500. the heirs of Donasco filed an action for specific performance (with Prayer for Writ of Preliminary Injunction. 226 SCRA 118. Salazar to sign said document.R. The initial proposal took place at the Dimsum Restaurant. DONASCO. Pingol averred that the sale and transfer of title was conditional upon the full payment of Donasco (contract to sell. HON. Salazar at the latter's residence in Bataan bearing a copy of a Deed of Absolute Sale and Deed of Warranty but Dr. MYRNA D. NATIVIDAD D. contemporaneous and subsequent to the contract.000. Jonette Borres then met again Dr. YOLANDA D. the private respondents had no legal standing to assail that subsequent transaction. Issue: Whether or not the so‐called Deed of Absolute Sale executed by petitioner Emilio A. Salazar that Jonette Borres had not paid the down payment. Pingol. COURT OF APPEALS and JONETTE BORRES. (2) Although the complaint filed by the Donascos was an action for specific performance. 1992. and the heirs’ continuous occupancy was only being tolerated by Pingol. Salazar on June 2. clearly show that the parties intended an absolute deed of sale. Makati. 1993 A vendee in an oral contract to convey land who had made part payment thereof. Dr. Hence. an equitable title being sufficient to clothe him with personality to bring an action to quiet title.000.) SPOUSES VICENTE and LOURDES PINGOL vs. Issues: (1) Whether or not Pingol can refuse to transfer title to Donasco. 1989 at the Ninoy International Airport who was about to leave for the United States of America where he is a resident. Jonette Borres had with her the Deed of Absolute Sale and asked Dr. the owner of a lot (Lot No. executed a DEED OF ABSOLUTE SALE OF ONE‐HALF OF AN UNDIVIDED PORTION OF [his] PARCEL OF LAND in favor of Donasco (private respondent).consider the contract to sell between them terminated for non‐payment of the stipulated consideration. We hereby confirm that rescission. In 1984. The private respondents lost all legal interest in the land when their contract to sell was rescinded by PBC for their non‐compliance with its provisions. A cloud has been cast on the title. However. the ownership of the lot was transferred to the Donasco upon its actual (upon Donasco’s possession and construction of the house) and constructive delivery (upon execution of the contract). she then went to the house of Teresa Dizon to see and get the documents entrusted to her by Dr. July 5. is entitled to bring suit to clear his title against Pingol who refused to transfer title to him. COURT OF APPEALS and HEIRS OF FRANCISCO N. 3. Donasco has equitable title over the property. Salazar went to see Dr. Jonette Borres together with a certain Emilio T.00 with which to buy the property. it was actually an action to quiet title. not contract of sale).500. As that contract was no longer effective when the land was sold by PBC to the petitioners. 102909. Salazar. It was during this occasion that Dr.R. The heirs of Donasco remained in possession of such lot and offered to settle the balance with Pingol. 1989. The documents not being in Dizon's possession. to one (1) month or up to June 30. The contract between Pingol and Donasco is a contract of sale and not a contract to sell.161.000. Salazar then ordered Dizon to stop the sale. Donasco. MARIETTA D. It is not necessary that Donasco should have an absolute title. 1989 and on the next day. Plaintiff agreed to the above conditions and Dr. who had made partial payments and improvements upon the property. SINGSON.000. because Pingol were encroaching upon Donasco’s lot).000. For some reason or another Jonette Borres and defendant Dizon failed to proceed to Makati. whereby it was proposed that the payment of the consideration was to be made within six (6) months but was objected to by Dr. entered upon the land and had made valuable improvements thereon is entitled to bring suit to clear his title against the vendor who had refused to transfer the title to him. The withholding by Salazar through Dizon of the Deed of Absolute Sale. filed the instant petition for review on certiorari imputing the following errors to the CA: 1. Because the respondents failed to make good the P110. 1997 Agreement a contract to sell. premises considered. represented by the Spouses Romeo and Epifania Vicente. certificates of title. Emmaliza Bohler and respondents negotiated for the sale of the former’s house and lot located at Poblacion. On the following day.00 on the date of execution of the agreement and the remaining balance on or before December 15. by agreement.00 cash and allegedly a P110.000. The appellate court erred in declaring the contract styled AGREEMENT dated 08 November 1997 as a "contract of sale" and not a contract to sell. Otherwise stated. the title to the property passes to the vendee upon the delivery of the thing sold. Having learned of the subsequent sale. November 28. and annulled the subsequent sale to the petitioners. they signed an Agreement which pertinently reads as follows: We. the Agreement contains all the requisites of a contract of sale. and on the terms of payment. respondents appealed the case to the CA. 2.) UNITED MUSLIM AND CHRISTIAN URBAN POOR ASSOCIATION. no right in her favor and no corresponding obligation on the part of Salazar were created. In a contract of sale. Bohler. and 7. which was a suspensive condition. That all parties concerned shall agree to all the terms and conditions stipulated herein. the 8th of November 1997. Salazar and Borres mutually agreed that despite the Deed of Absolute Sale title to the two lots in question was not to pass to the latter until full payment of the consideration of P1 million. whereas. The said agreement cannot be considered a contract to sell. the withholding by the vendor of that deed under explicit agreement that it be delivered together with the certificates of titles to the vendee only upon the latter's full payment of the consideration amounts to a suspension of the effectivity of the deed of sale as a binding contract. shall vacate the said house and lot on or (sic) the 31st of January. Undoubtedly. New Washington. Thus. Accordingly. Ruling: Sale is a consensual contract and is perfected by mere consent. declared the November 8. asked the bank for a certification that it was funded and consulted their lawyer who sent a notice of lis pendens (or notice of pending action) to the Register of Deeds and the Provincial Assessor. Issue: Whether the transaction between Bohler and the respondents is a perfected contract of sale or a mere contract to sell. INC.000. In the latter contract. the house and lot. In a contract to sell. That the buyers. The CA ruled. agree to the following terms and conditions regarding the sale of the house and lot located at Poblacion. While generally the execution of a deed of absolute sale constitutes constructive delivery of ownership.00) shall be made as per #1 above.00) to be paid in full on or before the 15th of December 1997. the appellate court reversed the trial court’s ruling. on the price. She hence demanded for its payment up to midnight on that day otherwise she would cancel the sale. 1998. 2007 Facts: On November 7.000.000. the November 8. 2. 1997.000.000. payment of the price is a positive suspensive condition. Petitioners. 1997 Agreement herein cannot be characterized as a contract to sell because the seller made no express reservation of ownership or title to the subject house and lot. 2003. The November 8. That the seller. Aklan. In the instant case. P165. which is manifested by a meeting of the minds as to the offer and acceptance thereof on the subject matter. to the latter for the consideration of P165. Ownership was not reserved by the vendor and non‐payment of the purchase price was not made a condition for the contract’s effectivity. Bohler subsequently sold the property to the petitioners. the vendor loses ownership over the property and cannot recover it until and unless the contract is resolved or rescinded.000. respondents handed to Bohler P20. an initial payment of P130. in a contract of sale. Bohler.000. the certificates of title. No.R. 1997 Agreement clearly indicates that Bohler and the Spouses Reyes had a meeting of the minds on the subject matter of the contract. among others. 2. ownership is. That the total amount to be paid shall be One Hundred Sixty‐Five Thousand Pesos (P165. 1997. and all other documents relative to the lots is an additional indubitable proof that Salazar did not transfer to Borres either by actual or constructive delivery the ownership of the two lots. the former could validly sell the property to the petitioners. the respondents immediately tendered the check. thus. represented by its President. BRYC‐V DEVELOPMENT . specific performance and damages was subsequently filed by the respondents with the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Kalibo. BUEN vs. WHEREFORE.00) shall be made today. Bohler nonetheless insisted that the entire partial payment should be in cash as she needed it to redeem the subject property from the bank on the following Monday. and other documents concerning the two lots. Civil Case No. 6.3 Upon the signing of the said contract. that the wordings of the agreement and the conduct of the parties suggest that they intended to enter into a contract of sale. Ruling: It is a contract to sell not contract of sale. Salazar cannot be compelled to deliver to her the deed of sale.00. The appellate court erred in declaring the petitioners in bad faith when they bought the subject matter house and lot on 02 March 1998 from Emmaliza H. in a contract to sell. 1997 Agreement a contract of sale. the trial court dismissed the complaint. 170917. 5.) SPOUSES NESTOR CASTILLO and ROSIE REYES‐CASTILLO vs. In other words. Emmaliza M.00. That the remaining balance in the amount (sic) of Thirty‐Five Thousand Pesos (P35. MANUEL V. title is retained by the vendor until full payment of the price. failure of which is not a breach but an event that prevents the obligation of the vendor to convey title from becoming effective. the contract of sale was perfected. 539 SCRA 193. At that precise moment when the consent of both parties was given. the RTC rendered its Decision declaring the November 8. That a partial payment (sic) a total amount of One Hundred Thirty Thousand Pesos (P130. 3. the petition for review on certiorari is DENIED DUE COURSE. Aggrieved. SPOUSES RUDY REYES and CONSOLACION REYES. G.00. In the challenged December 6. 2005 Decision.000. Aklan: 1. 6070 for annulment of sale. reserved in the vendor and is not to pass to the vendee until full payment of the purchase price. That the tenants. Considering that no actual sale happened between Bohler and the respondents. Aklan against Bohler and the petitioners. 4. shall vacate the same on or before the 30th of April. 3. represented by the Spouses Rudy and Consolacion Reyes (sic) shall be responsible for all the legal and other related documents and procedures regarding this sale. 1998. the undersigned. On February 21. November 8. Instead. represented by Ms. price and terms of payment of the price. since Borres was unable to pay the consideration.00‐check. The form of the instrument cannot prevail over the true intent of the parties as established by the evidence. New Washington. However. Intent on buying the subject property. In a contract to sell. may be sued for damages by the intending buyer. full payment of the purchase price. such that if there had already been previous delivery of the property subject of the sale to the buyer. 1991 is not. G.R.523. Branch 16. Diola. SFC averred that the document was drawn and executed merely to accommodate UMCUPAI and enable it to comply with the loan documentation requirements of NHMF. A contract to sell as defined hereinabove. 300 located in Lower Calainan. of course. T‐121. such second buyer of the property who may have had actual or constructive knowledge of such defect in the seller’s title. Thereafter. 300. and the cancellation of TCT No. 300‐C. 62557 which affirmed in toto the Decision2 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC). respectively. which UMCUPAI failed to do when it did not obtain the loan from NHMF. Ruling: The petition deserves scant consideration. According to UMCUPAI. cannot be deemed a buyer in bad faith and the prospective buyer cannot seek the relief of reconveyance of the property. a third person buying such property despite the fulfillment of the suspensive condition such as the full payment of the purchase price. No.58. Applying Article 1544 of the Civil Code. HERNANDEZ. there being no previous sale of the property. the Letter of Intent was simply SFC’s declaration of intention to sell. although it is conditioned upon the happening of a contingent event which may or may not occur. The first paragraph of Article 1479 contemplates the bilateral relationship of a contract to sell as distinguished from a contract of sale which may be absolute or conditional under Article 1458 of the same code. 1991 was subject to a condition i. Issue: WON the Letter of Intent to Sell and Letter of Intent to Buy is a bilateral reciprocal contract within the meaning or contemplation of Article 1479 (1) of the Civil Code of the Philippines. SFC sold Lot No. It is essential to distinguish between a contract to sell and a conditional contract of sale specially in cases where the subject property is sold by the owner not to the party the seller contracted with. and not a promise to sell. UMCUPAI appears to labor under a cloud of confusion. in a series of conferences with SFC. 300‐B was constituted as road right of way and donated by SFC to the local government. 1995. if the suspensive condition is fulfilled. Lot 300‐B. However. Court of Appeals is illuminating and explains the distinction between a conditional contract of sale under Article 1458 of the Civil Code and a bilateral contract to sell under Article 1479 of the same code: A contract to sell may thus be defined as a bilateral contract whereby the prospective seller. Zamboanga City and covered by Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) No. through its President. the three‐month period lapsed with the sale not consummated because UMCUPAI still failed to obtain a loan from NHMF.. On the whole. Zamboanga City in Civil Case No. and preferred right over BRYC in the purchase of Lot No. An accepted unilateral promise to buy or to sell a determinate thing for a price certain is binding upon the promissor if the promise is supported by a consideration distinct from the price. SFC maintained that the Letter of Intent dated October 4. UMCUPAI alleged that the sale between the respondents violated its valid and subsisting agreement with SFC embodied in the Letter of Intent. for instance. UMCUPAI filed with the RTC a complaint against respondents SFC and BRYC seeking to annul the sale of Lot No. In turn. may not even be considered as a conditional contract of sale where the seller may likewise reserve title to the property subject of the sale until the fulfillment of a suspensive condition. Title to the property will transfer to the buyer after registration because there is no defect in the owner‐seller’s title per se. proposed the subdivision of Lot No. 300‐C. • Respondent Sea Foods Corporation (SFC) is the registered owner of Lot No. UMCUPAI expressed its intention to buy the subject property using the proceeds of its pending loan application with National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation (NHMF). 3182 (T‐576). but the latter. but to a third person. If the suspensive condition is not fulfilled. sometime in December 1994. 300. UMCUPAI. Such second buyer cannot defeat . the sale becomes absolute and this will definitely affect the seller’s title thereto. Lot No. 1479. a valid and subsisting contract of sale. nor an offer contemplated under Article 1319 of the Civil Code.350. According to the RTC. binds himself to sell the said property exclusively to the prospective buyer upon fulfillment of the condition agreed upon.e. Carmen T. the RTC dismissed UMCUPAI’s complaint. It reads: Art. on July 20. if there had been previous delivery of the subject property. the seller will no longer have any title to transfer to any third person. 300‐A for P4. • SFC countered that the Letter of Intent dated October 4. • On January 11. ownership thereto automatically transfers to the buyer by operation of law without any further act having to be performed by the seller. the subject lot. In a conditional contract of sale. cannot be a registrant in good faith. The lower court found that the Letter of Intent was executed to facilitate the approval of UMCUPAI’s loan from NHMF for its intended purchase of Lot No. On the contrary. • A year later. while expressly reserving the ownership of the subject property despite delivery thereof to the prospective buyer. 1995. The prospective seller still has to convey title to the prospective buyer by entering into a contract of absolute sale. despite the extension. UMCUPAI negotiated anew with SFC and was given by the latter another three months to purchase Lot No.801. • UMCUPAI failed to acquire Lot No. the first element of consent is present. Thus. 2009 Facts: This petition for review on certiorari seeks to set aside the Decision1 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA G. • After trial. the parties executed a Letter of Intent to Sell by [SFC] and Letter of Intent to Purchase by UMCUPAI • However. as in the case at bench. 467(4544). On March 5. 300‐C. 300 were willing to join the undertaking. 300‐C for P2. 179653.R. the contract of sale is thereby perfected. or a bilateral contract to sell and buy. upon the fulfillment of the suspensive condition which is the full payment of the purchase price. • Consequently.CORPORATION represented by its President. better. that is. July 31. 300‐C for lack of funds. In all. upon the fulfillment of the suspensive condition. the intended sale was derailed due to UMCUPAI’s inability to secure the loan from NHMF as not all its members occupying Lot No. the Letter of Intent granted it a prior. however. There is no double sale in such case. BENJAMIN QUIDILLA. 1995. and cannot be considered. VICENTE T. payment of the acquisition price. initiated negotiations with SFC for the purchase thereof.00 to respondent BRYC‐V Development Corporation (BRYC). The case of Coronel v. • Petitioner United Muslim and Christian Urban Poor Association. Lot 300‐C. In a contract to sell. In fact. the seller’s ownership or title to the property is automatically transferred to the buyer such that. UMCUPAI purchased Lot No.585. or at least was charged with the obligation to discover such defect.547. 300 was subdivided into three (3) parts covered by separate titles: Lot 300‐A. 300 to allow the squatter‐ occupants to purchase a smaller portion thereof. an organization of squatters occupying Lot No. (UMCUPAI). ownership will not automatically transfer to the buyer although the property may have been previously delivered to him. the perfection of the contract of sale is completely abated. nor an option contract. represented by its Executive Vice President. because in a conditional contract of sale. A promise to buy and sell a determinate thing for a price certain is reciprocally demandable. Lot No. and SEA FOODS CORPORATION. Inc. CV No. the RTC concluded that the Letter of Intent was neither a promise. Dichoso made representations to Borja that they were ready to make the repurchase. The Letter of Intent to Buy and Sell is just that – a manifestation of SFC’s intention to sell the property and UMCUPAI’s intention to acquire the same. it is not supported by a distinct consideration distinct from the price of the land intended to be sold and to be bought x x x No option was granted to UMCUPAI under the Letter of Intent/Agreement to buy subject land to the exclusion of all others within a fixed period nor was SFC bound under said Agreement to Sell exclusively to UMCUPAI only the said land within the fixed period. subject to the condition that UMCUPAI could raise the necessary funds to acquire the same at the price of P105. Roxas had received from Dichoso several sums of money amounting to P770. The Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA G. L‐17441. LAURA ROXAS. 1962 Facts: On December 13. the defendant appeals. S. having elected to rescind and notified the defendant of such an election.000. 4. which must be shown to have taken place before either party can bring suit.000 less than it would have been if the tobacco had been in the condition which defendant agreed that it should be. 1954 but within the five years stipulated for the exercise of Roxas' right to repurchase. Philippine currency. for costs and general relief. no claim having been made for the alleged breach of warranty of quality within the statutory period. the aforesaid sum of P770.735. plaintiff promptly notified the defendant. Wherefore. however. The fair construction to be put upon the contract is. On October 22. As found by the RTC. in holding that this action should be maintained.00. 1957. Laguna. CV No. or P24. San Pablo. it must be plain and unconditional. as well as to Roxas for the latter to be ready to execute the corresponding deed of absolute sale in their favor after . 1918. Laura A. the plaintiff prays judgment for the amount of P24.the first buyer’s title. That delivery was made and the plaintiff paid the full purchase price. 1957. Issue: Is the defendant liable for breach of contract? Ruling: Affirmative. And the authorities hold that the arrival of the goods. but merely a declaration of its intention to buy the land. 823. MCCULLOUGH & CO. 467(4544) are AFFIRMED. The Letter of Intent/Agreement does not contain a PROMISE to sell and to buy subject property. Philippine currency.00 to be considered as initial or advance payment on the purchase price. Moreover. September 26. G. vs. the Letter of Intent/Agreement does not contain a promise or commitment to enter into a contract of sale as it merely declared the intention of the parties to enter into a contract of sale upon fulfillment of a condition that UMCUPAI could secure a loan to pay for the price of a land. 1957 Roxas sent them back the check just referred to with the request that they endorse the same to Borja when they made the repurchase.R.R. is a condition precedent. in holding that the plaintiff is entitled to maintain an action for breach of contract after having agreed with the defendant to rescind and to make restitution of the subject‐matter and the price after a violation of the agreement.. BERGER. On November 29. and the plaintiffs should pay the contract price.98 or P23. 1922 Facts: In the month of February. 43 Phil.00. the plaintiff promptly cabled the defendant that the tobacco was not satisfactory.96 with legal interest from January 6. fifth. their agreement being that after December 13. situated in Barrio San Diego. In case a title is issued to the second buyer. premises considered. ET AL.965 square meters and with 393 coconut trees.00. in overruling the defendant's motion for a new trial. M. By the terms of the contract.R. from which. and. Out of the balance of P1. G. After December 13. and does not contain a binding promise to sell and buy. 5. the defendants should deliver them. The Letter of Intent/Agreement is not an "option contract" because aside from the fact that it is merely a declaration of intention to sell and to buy subject to the condition that UMCUPAI shall raise the necessary funds to pay the price of the land. ET AL. 62557 and the Regional Trial Court in Civil Case No. that on the arrival of the ship containing the goods.000. From November 26. as a result of which plaintiff claims damages for $12. may now refused it and affirm the same and recover from the alleged breach of warranty. third in holding that the plaintiff. the Letter of Intent was executed to accommodate UMCUPAI and facilitate its loan application with NHMF. the plaintiff could not then render the defendant a statement of the amount of this claim. the first buyer may seek reconveyance of the property subject of the sale. The defects in the tobacco were inherent and could not be ascertained without opening the bales and making a physical examination. Roxas had received additional sums from Borja." The Although the word "sold" is used in the written contract. The lower court rendered judgment against the defendant and in favor of the plaintiff for the sum of P11. CELSO BORJA and NELIA ALANGUILAN. 1957. which is neither a contract to sell nor a conditional contract of sale. Dichoso sent her a check for the sum of P320. 1955 to July 5. When this was done.00 "in full payment of the P2. July 31. Defendant shoulders the loss. pursuant to Roxas' request made on July 23. in such case. In the nature of things. There was no promise or commitment on the part of SFC to sell subject land to UMCUPAI.00 a parcel of unregistered coconut land with an area of 16. Roxas sold to Borja for the sum of P850. by absolute sale.00 consideration for the deed of absolute sale" and thereafter they informed Borja of their readiness to repurchase the property. from the date of the sale which was evidenced by a public document.C. Roxas would sell the same property. That when the condition of the tobacco was discovered. No. Neither can the Letter of Intent/Agreement be considered a bilateral reciprocal contract to sell and to buy contemplated under Article 1479 of the Civil Code which is reciprocally demandable. subject to the condition that the vendor could repurchase it for the same amount within five years. United States currency. In the instant case. who ignored the protest. second. vs. Costs against the petitioner. and upheld by the CA. It is subject to the condition that UMCUPAI will "apply with the Home Mortgage and Finance Corporation for a loan to pay the acquisition price of said land.00 consideration of the pacto de retro sale.000. claiming that the court erred: First.00 per square meter x x x WHEREFORE. 19009. UMCUPAI’s declaration of intention to buy is also not certain and definite as it is subject to the condition that UMCUPAI shall endeavor to raise funds to acquire subject land. 1954. the parties executed a Letter of Intent. but not earlier than three years. aside from the P850. the petition is hereby DENIED." The Letter of Intent to Sell fell short of an "offer" contemplated in Article 1319 of the Civil Code because it is not a certain and definite proposal to make a contract but merely a declaration of SFC’s intention to enter into a contract.) WELGO DICHOSO. fourth.000.230. That upon an examination later the tobacco was found to be in a musty condition. because it appeared that. 1922. the transaction shows that the sale was not complete until the arrival of the goods in New York. in finding that the tobacco was not in good condition when it arrived in New York.00 to repurchase the property from Roxas after December 13. The Letter of Intent/Agreement between SFC and UMCUPAI is merely a written preliminary understanding of the parties wherein they declared their intention to enter into a contract of sale. plaintiff and defendant entered into an agreement by which the defendant was to deliver plaintiff 501 bales of tobacco to New York City in good condition. 5 SCRA 781. 1957. Dichoso would use the sum of P850. 1957.) E. to Dichoso for the total sum of P2.000.867. after his motion for a new trial was overruled. and costs. the defendant guaranteed the arrival of the tobacco in New York "in good condition. No. and its value was $12. The acceptance of the offer must be absolute. 000 balance of the purchase price of the property. R. The mere issuance of the Certificate of Title in favor of Cristobal did not vest ownership in her. 1957. INC.R. Roxas was not with them". 1972 7. Ruling: No. What transpired between the parties was a contract to sell. but merely serves as evidence of. five days prior to December 13. The provisions of paragraph 3. MARITIME BUILDING CO. if Cristobal will not be able to pay Portic will reimburse) A transfer certificate was executed in favor of Cristobal. and SPOUSES RODOLFO and CORAZON LAYUMAS. in the absence thereof. Such being its condition. upon the facts of the case. among other things.000. 2005 Facts: In 1968. the ownership shall pertain to the person who in good faith was first in the possession. Part of which Mascunana.Sumilhig later sold the same lot to Layumas.. Roxas and Borja had deliberately failed to execute the corresponding deed of absolute sale and deed of resale already mentioned. Borja had no knowledge until December 13. Issue: Who is the rightful owner of the parcel of land? Ruling: The Portics insofar as there was no contract of sale..they had made the repurchase. 1957. 158646.00) shall be paid by the VENDEE unto the VENDOR assoon as the above‐portions of Lot 124 shall have been surveyed in the name of the VENDEE and all paperspertinent and necessary to the issuance of a separate Certificate of Title in the name of the VENDEE shall havebeen prepared. vs.684. that is. No. The contract price is 4. In short. 456 SCRA 577. as long as it remains unpaid. 43 SCRA 93. according to the lower court. MASCUÑANA. however. what they paid as consideration for the execution of the private document Exhibit I. INC. and on which occasion appellants refused to allow the repurchase "because Laura A. and that the purpose of the present action is precisely to compel Laura A. not a contract of sale. Should there be no inscription. Neither did it validate the alleged absolute purchase of the lot. June 23. mere registration is not enough to acquire a new title. until the full payment of the purchase price. Hence. April 22. January 31. Cristobal was not able to pay on the due date. The provision of the contract characterizes the agreement between the parties as a contract to sell. Roxas to recover from her. (payment is due 22May 1985. 000. the decision appealed from is reversed. No. they made the first attempt to repurchase the property in question. Portic defaulted in paying SSS. until the full price is paid. The Portics then executed a contract with Cristobal and the latter agreed to buy the said property for P200k. it could not possibly give rise to the case of one and the same property having been sold to two different purchasers. the Cristobals. therefore. No. 461 SCRA 186.) Spouses RICARDO and FERMA PORTIC vs.Heirs Mascunana then filed a complaint for recovery of possession against Barte ( an individual whomLayumas allowed to stay on the subject property). was at most an actual assignment of the right to repurchase the same property.00 paid as consideration for the pacto de retro sale was considered as a part. it is merely an event that prevents the effectivity of the obligation of the vendor to convey the title. that notwithstanding these demand and representations.appellants' rights were no longer based on the superseded pacto de retro sale but on the aforesaid deed of absolute sale —which was a perfectly valid contract as between the parties. Good faith must concur. 2005 Facts: Masunana bought a parcel of land from the Wuthrich siblings.) LUZON BROKERAGE CO. if not a mere promise to assign. G. 1957.. Roxas no longer had any right to repurchase the property. reserving to appellees. Moreover. Roxas sold to her co‐ defendants under a deed of pacto de retro sale. She is also precluded from asserting ownership against the Portics. MASCUÑANA vs. after that date Laura A. COURT OF APPEALS. Clearly. Roxas in favor of the herein plaintiffs concerning property which said Laura A. apply..690 with 3. provided there is good faith. the right to file a separate action against Laura A. to the person who presents the oldest title. Having arrived at the above conclusions. After December 8. Theaddressee. Roxas to enforce whatever rights they may have against her in consonance with this decision. WHEREFORE. the Portics. we are constrained to hold that. 6. the ownership shall be transferred to the person who may have first taken possession thereof in good faith. it will not be passed to the vendee.. 1957 — in effect superseding the pacto de retro sale mentioned heretofore for a total consideration of P1. (Emphasis supplied)” do not. Issue: WON the contract of alienation of the subject lot in favor of Sumilhig was a contract to sell or a contract of sale. Ruling: . "there exists no written contract of assignment of rights executed by Laura A. if it should be movable property. ANASTACIA CRISTOBAL. when according to appellees themselves.R.. 8. and. INC. 1958 Borja filed a motion to dismiss the complaint upon the ground that Dichoso had no cause of action against them because their contract was not them but with Laura A. L‐25885. according to the same. Cristobal has not yet fully paid the purchase price. The salt — in favor of appellants was of the property itself. with costs. Our land registration laws do not give the holders any better title than that which they actually have prior to registration. G.00 has not yet been fully paid the FIRST PARTYOWNERS shall retain the ownership of the above described parcel of land together with its improvements but the SECOND PARTY BUYER shall have the right to collect the monthly rentals due on the first door (13‐A) of the said apartment. appellees are not entitled to the reliefs sought in their amended complaint and that whatever remedy they have is exclusively against Laura A. he later sold to Sumilhig. while the one in favor of appellees. with the result that this case is dismissed. Under Article 1544 of the Civil Code. and failure to comply with it is not a breach of obligation. refused to receive the mail matter. Years after.00. Registration does not vest. Such payment is a positive suspensive condition.R. Their agreement says: That the balance of ONE THOUSAND PESOS (P1. Roxas in favor of appellants on December 8. 156171.) HEIRS OF JESUS M. the lower court failed to give due weight to the deed of absolute sale executed by Laura A. of which the amount of P850. On January 8. Roxas to execute the corresponding deed of assignment. however. AQUILINO BARTE. title. Article 1544 of the Civil Code of the Philippines which read as follows: “If the same thing should have been sold to different vendees. A suit ensued to lift the cloud on the title.. MARITIME BUILDING CO. In plain words. Cristobal’s down payment was P45k and she also agreed to pay SSS. Roxas. 1957 that Roxas had assigned her right to repurchase to Dichoso. Ownership is retained by the vendors. she cannot feign good faith. and MYERS BUILDING CO.690 as down payment. INC. spouses Portic acquired a parcel of land with a 3 door apartment from Sps. LC sustained the motion and dismissed the complaint because. represented by JOSE MA. The CA’s finding that she had a valid title to the property must be set aside. the vendor retains ownership. There is no dispute at all as to the genuineness of this private deed of absolute sale nor as to its execution on December 8. The contract between them states: That while the balance of P155." Issue: Whether or not Dichoso can repurchase the coconut land which was sold to Borja by Laura Roxas. It is obvious that in deciding the case. Alcantara even though they’re aware that the land was mortgaged to the SSS. Layumas wrote to the heirs of Mascunana(since Mascunana died already) offering to pay the 1. G. and c) Price certain in money or its equivalent. petitioner Jose Mascuñana was able to secure title over the property under the name of his deceased father. Sale. It bears stressing that in a contract of sale. Court of Appeals (158 SCRA 375). or that the right to unilaterally resolve the contract upon the buyer’s failure to pay within a fixed period was given to such vendor. It merely provides the manner by which the total purchase price of the property is to be paid. The vendor undertook to have the property sold. INC. not conditional. there being no previous sale of the property.690. that is. for instance. Thus. 1545. in one case.R. Applying these principles to this case. the implication was that they sold their property.000.. it cannot be gainsaid that the contract of sale between the parties is absolute. delay by the other begins.000. and the other to pay therefor a price certain in money or its equivalent. the Monesets has the right to dispose the property. one of the contracting parties obligates himself to transfer the ownership of and to deliver a determinate thing. Ursal stopped paying the installment (as stated in the contract) because Moneset failed to deliver the transfer certificate of title of the property as per their agreement. A seller cannot unilaterally and extrajudicially rescind a contract of sale unless there is an express stipulation authorizing it. it was stated: A deed of sale is considered absolute in nature where there is neither a stipulation in the deed that title to the property sold is reserved in the seller until full payment of the price. or the latter’s successors‐in‐interest. “ Petitioner’s recourse should be: Petitioner’s rights were limited to asking for specific performance and damages from the Monesets. the sale was consummated upon the delivery of the lot to respondent.00. There is no reservation of ownership nor a stipulation providing for a unilateral rescission by either party. from the moment one of the parties fulfill his obligation.7 On the same day. the vendor (Jesus Mascuñana) failed to comply with his obligation of segregating Lot No. the respondents herein. the contract executed by the parties is a deed of sale and not a contract to sell. they are expected to exercise more care and prudence in their dealings than private individuals. 2005 Facts: Monesets entered into a contract to sell with Ursal. The condition in the deed that the balance of P1. 9. In People’s Industrial and Commercial Corporation v. The condition did not prevent the contract from being in full force and effect: The stipulation that the “payment of the full consideration based on a survey shall be due and payable in five (5) years from the execution of a formal deed of sale” is not a condition which affects the efficacy of the contract of sale. a third person buying such property despite the fulfillment of the suspensive condition such as the full payment of the purchase price. surveyed and segregated and a separate title therefor issued in the name of the vendee. by the execution of a public document) of the property sold. No. there are three essential elements of sale. Article 1458 of the New Civil Code provides: By the contract of sale.00 shall be paid to the vendor by the vendee as soon as the property sold shall have been surveyed in the name of the vendee and all papers pertinent and necessary to the issuance of a separate certificate of title in the name of the vendee shall have been prepared is not a condition which prevented the efficacy of the contract of sale. But it does not affect in any manner the effectivity of the contract. Ownership will then be transferred to the buyer upon actual or constructive delivery (e. COURT OF APPEALS. Thus. 473 SCRA 52. b) Determinate subject matter. But. as attorney‐in‐fact of the Monesets. cannot be deemed a buyer in bad faith and the prospective buyer cannot seek the relief of reconveyance of the property. In this case. until or unless the price is paid. Additional Notes: The case discussed what the contract to sell is about: A contract to sell is a bilateral contract whereby the prospective seller. Issue: The effectivity of the mortgage. ownership is retained by a seller and is not to be transferred to the vendee until full payment of the price.) WINIFREDA URSAL vs. the vendor may file an action for specific performance or judicial rescission. Court of Appeals. Moneset executed an absolute deed of sale to Dr. In such case. the other party may either waive the condition or refuse to proceed with the sale.31 Indeed. Thus. Such payment is a positive suspensive condition. There was no stipulation in the deed that the title to the property remained with the vendor. we have said that. nor one giving the vendor the right to unilaterally resolve the contract the moment the buyer fails to pay within a fixed period. the contract was a contract to sell.690. e. existed and discharges the obligation created under the transaction. Rafael Canora. 1477 provides that the ownership of the thing sold shall be transferred to the vendee upon the actual or constructive delivery thereof. for a time. As the Court ruled in a recent case: In Dignos v. the non‐payment of the price is a resolutory condition which extinguishes the transaction that. It merely provides the manner by which the full consideration is to be computed and the time within which the same is to be paid. October 14. the failure of the condition would prevent such perfection. to wit: a) Consent or meeting of the minds. the failure of which is not a breach of contract but simply an event that prevented the obligation from acquiring binding force. Bundalo.g.00 of which P3. Civil Code). when the sellers declared in a “Receipt of Down Payment” that they received an amount as purchase price for a house and lot without any reservation of title until full payment of the entire purchase price. executed a real estate mortgage over said property with Rural Bank of Larena An action for declaration of non‐effectivity of mortgage and damages against the Monesets. Where the condition is imposed upon the perfection of the contract itself. Patently. Petitioner claims that: the Bank failed to look beyond the transfer certificate of title of the property for which it must be held liable. Art. Ursal never acquired ownership over the property.00 was paid by the vendee to the vendor as down payment. In fact. this time with pacto de retro with Restituto Bundalo.g. although denominated a “Deed of Conditional Sale. In a contract to sell. Monesets executed another sale. neither party incurs in delay if the other does not comply or is not ready to comply in a proper manner with what is incumbent upon him. when the vendor undertook to deliver and transfer ownership over the property covered by the deed of absolute sale to the vendee for the price of P4. Jr. and SPOUSES JESUS MONESET and CRISTITA MONESET. binds himself to sell the said property . Thus. while expressly reserving the ownership of the subject property despite delivery thereof to the prospective buyer. “In a contract to sell. Article 1169 of the New Civil Code provides that in reciprocal obligations. 124‐B and the issuance of a Torrens title over the property in favor of the vendee. 142411. If the condition is imposed on the obligation of a party which is not fulfilled. G. the rule that persons dealing with registered lands can rely solely on the certificate of title does not apply to banks. Worse. upon which the latter would be obliged to pay the balance of P1. Bundalo and the Bank by Ursal. In this case. there was a meeting of the minds between the vendor and the vendee. A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional.” a sale is still absolute where the contract is devoid of any proviso that title is reserved or the right to unilaterally rescind is stipulated. THE RURAL BANK OF LARENA (SIQUIJOR). as their business is impressed with public interest. consent to transfer ownership in exchange for the price. Ruling: The court agreed that banks cannot merely rely on certificates of title in ascertaining the status of mortgaged properties. Respondent answered: its interest in the property was only that of mortgagee and not a purchaser thus its interest is limited only to ascertaining that the mortgagor is the registered owner. (Art. merely a preparatory contract in the nature of a contract to sell. Issue: (1) What is the nature of the contract between Carrascoso and El Dorado? (2) What is the nature of the contract between Carrascoso and PLDT? Ruling: (1) The contract executed between El Dorado and Carrascoso was a contract of sale. represented by one of its minority stockholders. Due to Carrascoso’s failure to perform and reply. It was stipulated in the provisions of the Deed of Sale of Real Property that Carrascoso is to pay the following: (1) Of the said sum of P1. G. In the meantime. In the civil case proceeding against Carrascoso. Carrascoso obtained a total of P1. whereas in the latter.” which provision this Court has held to be a typical characteristic of a contract to sell. on the other hand.000‐hectare portion to its subsidiary PLDTAC. indicating that the Agreement to Buy and Sell was.07M as mortgage and used the same to pay the down‐payment as agreed upon. 10. 1975 Agreement to Buy and Sell. the contract of sale is thereby perfected.R. as the appellate court held. 11. and covered by postdated cheques.exclusively to the prospective buyer upon fulfillment of the condition agreed upon.000 hectare portion of the property. LAURO LEVISTE. The RTC ruled in favor of Carrascoso. The land is to be sold at P3M. full payment of the purchase price. Whereas in a contract to sell. 123672. the parties declared that they “are now decided to execute” such deed. cede. • Respondent wrote to petitioner a letter expressing his intention to acquire one (1) Class A share of True North and accordingly paid the reservation fee. The seller obligates itself to transfer the ownership of and deliver a determinate thing.00 subject to certain terms and conditions. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS. what was vested by the July 11. Should the buyer opt for the deferred payment scheme.3M plus 10% interest would be paid over the next 3‐years at P519k every 25th of March... It was perfected by their meeting of the minds and was consummated by the delivery of the property to Carrascoso. Ergo. Such failure to pay the price in the manner prescribed by the contract of sale entitles the unpaid seller to sue for collection or to rescind the contract. vs. Part of the terms and conditions agreed upon was that Carrascoso is to remove all tenants from the land within one year. INC.” such that in the April 6. The subject of the sale was a 1000‐hectare portion of the land sold to Carrascoso by Leviste. Occidental Mindoro.000.000 hectare portion of the property.R. CA reversed the RTC ruling. 2005 Facts: Once upon a sunny morning in Sablayan. Carrascoso executed a Buy and Sell Contract with PLDT on the 1977. Leviste. Lauro P. executed a Deed of Sale with Fernando O. Leviste. G. ownership will not automatically transfer to the buyer although the property may have been previously delivered to him. such that if there had already been previous delivery of the property subject of the sale to the buyer. In the July 11. such payment being a positive suspensive condition and failure of which is not a breach but an event that prevents the obligation of the vendor to convey title from becoming effective. ownership thereto automatically transfers to the buyer by operation of law without any further act having to be performed by the seller.) SACOBIA HILLS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION and JAIME C. JR. and EL DORADO PLANTATION. The subject of the sale was a 1. The non‐payment of the price by the buyer is a resolutory condition which extinguishes the transaction that for a time existed. then sent him letters to Carrascoso asking him to comply with his obligation to pay. ALLAN U. 1975 Agreement to Buy and Sell to PLDT was merely the beneficial title to the 1. title is retained by the vendor until the full payment of the price. El Dorado Plantation Inc. December 14. The failure of Carrascoso to deliver the amount agreed upon on the stipulated date violates such contract of sale. 477 SCRA 666. 470 SCRA 395. the land does not fall under the Land Reform Code. KOA vs. approval is subject to our receipt of a down payment of at least 30% and the balance payable in installments over a maximum of eleven (11) months from the date of application. 165889.) FERNANDO CARRASCOSO. that is. This is evidenced by the terms and conditions that they have agreed upon that after fulfillment of Carrascoso’s obligation PLDT has “to notify Carrascoso of its decision whether or not to finalize the sale. Leviste allowed Carrascoso to mortgage the land. No. and the buyer obligates itself to pay therefor a price certain in money or its equivalent. ownership is not transferred upon delivery of the property but upon full payment of the purchase price. if the suspensive condition is fulfilled. The prospective seller still has to convey title to the prospective buyer by entering into a contract of absolute sale. then President of El Dorado Inc. the vendor has lost and cannot recover ownership until and unless the contract is resolved or rescinded. (2) The contract between Carrascoso and PLDT is a contract to sell. conveyed the aforesaid 1. otherwise the former will file a civil suit against the latter. gave Carrascoso the assurance that there were no tenants on the subject land. assign and/or transfer the parcel of land. In the former. inter alia: o Approval of an application to purchase golf/country club shares is subjected to the full payment of the total purchase price. and (3) The balance of P1. there was a clear intent on the part of the therein petitioners‐sellers to transfer title to the therein respondent‐buyer. September 20. For in a conditional contract of sale. TY. P290k would be paid by Carrascoso to PNB to settle the mortgage placed on the said land. Carrascoso defaulted from his obligation.” Being a contract to sell. It assured its shareholders that the development was proceeding on schedule and that the golf course would be playable by October 1999.. PLDT still had to “definitely inform Carrascoso of its decision on whether or not to finalize the deed of absolute sale for the 1. El Dorado Plantation Inc. the title passes to the vendee upon the delivery of the thing sold.8M constituting he full consideration of the sale. the parties even had to stipulate in the said Agreement to Buy and Sell that Carrascoso. 1977 Deed of Absolute Sale subsequently executed. A contract of sale is a reciprocal obligation. which was supposed to be settled on March 25. Petitioner approved the purchase application for P600. But Carrascoso made no reply. In the Coronel contract. . and discharges the obligations created thereunder. pursued to file a complaint to rescind the Deed of Sale conveyed to former. “during the existence of the Agreement. shall not sell. whereas in a contract to sell. Inc. Carrascoso Jr. 1975. *Notes (Copy and Pasted from the Case’s Decision) In a contract of sale. through a board member Feliciano Leviste. (2) P210k would be paid directly to Leviste. No. In fact. A perusal of the contract adverted to in Coronel reveals marked differences from the Agreement to Buy and Sell in the case at bar. which the latter did. 2005 Facts: • Petitioner is the developer of True North Gold and Country Club in Pampanga. PLDT intervened averring that it was a buyer in good faith. as Director and Minority Stockholder and On Behalf of Other Stockholders of El Dorado Plantation. Leviste.825 hectare of land. by a Deed of Absolute Sale. upon fulfillment of the suspensive condition. PLDT. which embodies the terms and conditions of the agreement. or your failure to issue the required postdated cheques. We shall undertake to execute the corresponding sales documents/Deed of Absolute Sale covering the reserved shares upon full payment of the total purchase price. Petitioner filed a petition for review on certiorari before the Supreme Court. the failure of which is not a breach. SPS. This also means forfeiture of 50% of the total amount you have already paid. and the Notice of Approval to Purchase Shares of True North. The contract to sell does not by itself give Adao the right to possess the property. 1998. 2005 Facts: Project Movers Realty and Development Corporation (PMRDC) owe P200M to Keppel Banks. otherwise. In cases of non‐payment. His continued possession became unlawful upon the owner’s demand to vacate the property. RAMOS ALFREDO R. casual or serious. 12. we shall reserve the right to offer the said shares to other interested parties. therefore. By way of dacion en pago. 154413. Considering that Adao failed to discharge the burden of proving payment. The payment of the purchase price is a positive suspensive condition. CARMENCITA RAMOS. the payment of the purchase price is a positive suspensive condition. Unlike in a contract of sale. 13. Ruling: No. petitioner signified its intent to retain the ownership of the property until such time that the respondent has fully paid the purchase price. he cannot claim ownership of the property and his possession thereof was by mere tolerance. Ramos are now in my possession and received in good running and serviceable order. The trial court found that the contract between the parties did not warrant that the golf course and clubhouse would be completed within a certain period of time to entitle respondent to rescind. The agreed price for the vessel is Nine Hundred Thousand Only (P900. One of the units transferred was occupied by Adao. Ruling: It was a contract to sell. Adao must also. EDUARDO RAMOS. On the other hand. G. In a Contract to Sell. Though Keppel is not a purchaser in good faith for not looking into the property (checkingif it was infirm and free from other claims). The lower courts ordered Keppel to respect the contract to sell between Adao and PMRDC for when the properties were transferred by way of dacion en pago.• • • • Your reserved share shall be considered withdrawn and may be deemed cancelled should you fail to settle your obligation within fifteen (15) days from due date. Adao averred that he had a Contract to Sell with PMRDC.909. Issue: Whether or not Keppel is bound by the contract to sell. It directed the petitioner to refund the appellant. 468 SCRA 597. Court of Appeals reversed the decision of RTC. or demand specific performance with damages due to the petitioner’s delay in the performance of its obligations. do not contain any specific date as to when the golf course and country club would be completed. Documents pertaining to the sale and agreement of payments between me and the owner of the vessel to follow. fifty percent (50%) of his total payments shall be forfeited. No. until and unless. show other proof of full payment made to PMRDC. INC. here in a contract to sell. 158227. it cannot be said that petitioner breached its obligation. but a situation that prevents the obligation of the vendor to convey title from acquiring an obligatory force. the vessels are now my responsibility. casual or serious. No. Respondent filed a complaint for rescission and damages. G. He presented an affidavit showing that he made full payment thereof.) CARMENCITA RAMOS ROSIE ENDRADA . the Contract of Purchase. o 3. 473 SCRA 372. PMRDC transferred and conveyed to the bank 25 of its properties consisting of townhouses and condominiums. PHILIP ADAO. or failure to cover the value of the postdated cheques upon their maturity. the bank is not bound by it.08) without interest within thirty (30) days from finality of the decision.) (SGD. Adao must have fully paid the price to acquire title over the property and the right to retain possession thereof. EDRADA and ROSELLA L.) SPS. vs. petitioner informed respondent that it had no‐refund policy. despite the lapse of nearly 4‐years from the issuance of the ECC on March 5.090. The Certificate of Membership shall be issued thereafter. o Issue: Whether the contract entered into by petitioner and respondent a contract of sale or a contract to sell. RTC rendered judgment in favor of the petitioner. The MeTC. One June 1999.) EDUARDO O. In Feb 2000. August 31. October 19. Sacobia contends that it was not in breach of the contract as the Intent to Purchase. but a situation that prevents the obligation of the vendor to convey title from acquiring an obligatory force. the unpaid seller can avail of the remedy of ejectment since he retains ownership of the property. respondent did not pay the full purchase price which is his obligation under the contract to sell. It argues that respondent should have known the risks involved in this kind of project. respondents and petitioners executed an untitled handwritten document which lies at the center of the present controversy. RTC and CA ruled in favor of Adao. the failure of which is not a breach. Petition is GRANTED. respondent claims that Sacobia’s arguments raise new matters which would warrant the reversal of the decision rendered by the Court of Appeals. the "Lady Lalaine" and the "Lady Theresa. Decision of CA is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Respondent is ORDERED to PAY to Sacobia Hills Development Corporation the amount of Pesos: One Hundred Ninety Thousand Nine Hundred Nine and Eight Centavos (P190. full payment is made. As such.00).) (SGD. Adao refused. the bank merely stepped on the shoes of PMRDC. As shown. No obligations arose on its part because respondent’s non‐fulfillment of the suspensive condition rendered the contract to sell ineffective and unperfected.R. with legal interest of 12% per annum from the date of the filing of the complaint. In which case.000. respondent notified petitioner that he is rescinding the contract due to the latter’s failure to complete the project on time and sought for refund of his payment which amounted to P409.02. there is yet no actual sale or any transfer of title.) KEPPEL BANK PHILIPPINES. It stated that respondent could properly rescind the contract." On 1 April 1996. He insists that Sacobia failed to complete the project on time which entitles him to rescind the contract in accordance with Article 1191 of the Civil Code. He further argues that the delay in the completion of the project is clearly established by the fact that there has been no substantial work done on the site. EDRADA vs. An ejectment case was filed. particularly on the clubhouse. In the notice of approval. EDRADA (Seller) (Purchaser) CONFORME: CONFORME: (SGD. aside from showing an affidavit. ALFREDO R. By way of reply. the Bank demanded Adao to vacate. 2005 Facts: Respondent spouses Eduardo and Carmencita Ramos (respondents) are the owners of 2 fishing vessels.R. Its full text is reproduced below: 1st April 1996 This is to acknowledge that Fishing Vessels ‘Lady Lalaine’ and ‘Lady Theresa’ owned by Eduardo O. the construction being contingent on the issuance of the ECC by the DENR and the payment of the buyers of their share. (SGD. or the period when such would become due and demandable. it is essential that there must have been a stipulated period within which the payment would have become due and demandable.00 with legal interests thereon from June 30. the document or documents which would formalize the transfer of ownership and contain the terms of payment of the purchase price. the action should fail owing to its obvious prematurity. the filing of the Complaint was evidently premature. The agreement may confirm the receipt by respondents of the two vessels and their purchase price.000.00 was dishonored because of a "stop payment" order. as such stands as essential to the validity of the sale. praying that petitioners be obliged to execute the necessary deed of sale of the two fishing vessels and to pay the balance of the purchase price. as evidenced by the above‐quoted document. we find no rights breached or violated that would warrant any of the reliefs sought in the Complaint. The RTC ruled in favor of the plaintiffs (Edrada) and against the defendants (Ramos) and the latter (Ramos) are ordered to pay to the former (Edrada) the amount of P860. On 3 June 1996. The counterclaim of the defendants for moral and exemplary damages and for attorney’s fees is dismissed for lack of merit. At most. the absence of definite terms of payment therein would preclude its enforcement by the respondents through the instant Complaint. Only petitioners elevated the controversy to this Court. which according to them evinced a contract to buy. The lower courts have already ruled that damages are unavailing. but only manifest an intention to eventually contract one.Upon the signing of the document. that is. as no cause of action had accrued yet. The fact that there is a stated total purchase price should not lead to the conclusion that a contract of sale had been perfected.24 Considering that the documents create no obligation to execute or even pursue a contract of sale. There could not have been any breach of obligation because on the date the action was filed. 1996 until fully paid." Evidently. so respondents further averred. SO ORDERED. the courts below erred in ordering the enforcement of a contract of sale that had yet to come into existence. the courts may be asked to fix the period of the obligation. but a mere commitment that "documents pertaining to the sale and agreement of payments…[are] to follow. the most recent of which is Swedish Match. during trial. But petitioners "decided to call it quits" after spending a hefty sum for the repair and maintenance of the vessels which were already in dilapidated condition. the payment of the balance of the purchase price. Assuming arguendo that the document evinces a perfected contract of sale.00. during cross‐examination. while expressly reserving the ownership of the subject property despite delivery thereof to the prospective buyer. respondents filed an action against petitioners for specific performance with damages before the RTC.000. However. The RTC treated the action as one for collection of a sum of money and for damages and considered the document as a perfected contract of sale. did claim the existence of a period. the vessels would be sold to them for Nine Hundred Thousand Pesos P900. However.00. have yet to be executed. After all.000. despite delivery of said vessels and repeated oral demands. The agreement in question does not create any obligatory force either for the transfer of title of the vessels. The respondents did not avail of such relief prior to the filing of the instant Complaint. In numerous cases. in various amounts totaling P140.000. we neither could conclude that a "contract to sell" had been established. respondents alleged that petitioners contracted to buy the two fishing vessels for the agreed purchase price of P900. An examination of the document reveals that there is no perfected contract of sale. under Article 1197 of the Civil Code. full payment of the purchase price. Instead. we held that before a valid and binding contract of sale can exist. But no such document was executed and no such terms were stipulated upon. A contract is perfected when there is concurrence of the wills of the contracting parties with respect to the object and the cause of the contract. or the rendition of payments as part of the purchase price. It prays for three reliefs arising from the enforcement of the document: execution by the petitioners of the necessary deed of sale over the vessels. But how do respondents explain why the Complaint was filed on 3 June 1996? Assuming that the 30 June 1996 period was duly agreed upon by the parties. the manner of payment of the purchase price must first be established. Again. the agreement merely acknowledges that a purchase price had been agreed on by the parties. this agreement bares only their intention to enter into either a contract to sell or a contract of sale. thus. In their Complaint. A contract to sell is defined as a bilateral contract whereby the prospective seller. Both parties appealed the RTC Decision. The Court of Appeals affirmed the RTC’s decision and dismissed both appeals. Issue: WON there was a perfected contract of sale.000.00. Petitioners filed a Motion for Reconsideration which the RTC denied. claimed that the supposed balance shall be paid on 30 June 1996. such that a disagreement on the manner of payment is tantamount to a failure to agree on the price. The petition is GRANTED. the alleged maturity date for the payment of the balance had not yet arrived. . No cause of action arises until there is a breach or violation thereof by either party. there is no equivocal agreement to transfer ownership of the vessel. petitioners delivered to respondents 4 postdated Far East Bank and Trust Company (FEBTC) checks payable to cash drawn by petitioner Rosella Edrada. A contract of sale is defined as an agreement whereby one of the contracting parties obligates himself to transfer the ownership of and to deliver a determinate thing. Ruling: We disagree with the RTC and the Court of Appeals that the document is a perfected contract of sale. It must evince the consent on the part of the seller to transfer and deliver and on the part of the buyer to pay. If the parties themselves could not come into agreement. and damages. The first 3 checks were honored upon presentment to the drawee bank while the fourth check for P100. the obligation to pay was not yet due and demandable. the aforestated proviso in the agreement that documents pertaining to the sale and agreement of payments between the parties will follow clearly manifests lack of agreement between the parties as to the terms of the contract to sell. the instant Complaint should be dismissed. binds himself to sell the said property exclusively to the prospective buyer upon fulfillment of the condition agreed upon. The absence of a stipulated period by which the purchase price should be paid indicates that at the time of the filing of the complaint. No pronouncement as to costs. The case before the Regional Trial Court is ordered dismissed. petitioners failed to pay the balance. Returning to the true nature of the document. A requisite for the judicial enforcement of an obligation is that the same is due and demandable. particularly the object and cause of the contract. Consequently. The assailed Decision and Resolution of the Court of Appeals are REVERSED and SET ASIDE.000. According to petitioners. In order that respondents could have a valid cause of action. Our finding that there is no perfected contract of sale precludes the finding of any cause of action that would warrant the granting of the first two reliefs. There was no mutual promise to buy on the part of petitioners and to sell on the part of respondents. Respondent Carmencita Ramos. and the other to pay therefore a price certain in money or its equivalent. Petitioners averred that the document sued upon merely embodies an agreement brought about by the loans they extended to respondents. AB v.00 as attorney’s fees and the cost of suit. the amount of P20. Respondents. such agreement on the terms of payment is integral to the element of a price certain. In this case. Court of Appeals. respondents allowed them to manage or administer the fishing vessels as a business on the understanding that should they find the business profitable. door and window factory. However in 1952 it began to claim liability only to the contractor's 3 per cent tax (instead of 7 per cent) under section 191 of the same Code. G. No. it brought the matter to the Court of Tax Appeals. or involves services not generally performed by it‐it thereby contracts for a piece of work — filing special orders within the meaning of Article 1467.) CELESTINO CO & COMPANY vs. in the ordinary course of its business. supposing for the moment that the transactions were not sales. panels. .CONTRACT FOR A PIECE OF WORK 1. extraordinary or peculiar merchandise? Anyway. In our opinion when this Factory accepts a job that requires the use of extraordinary or additional equipment. 99 Phil. Such new form does not divest the Oriental Sash Factory of its character as manufacturer.. The truth of the matter is that it sold materials ordinarily manufactured by it — sash. they were neither lease of services nor contract jobs by a contractor. manufacture and keep on stockdoors of the kind sold to Teodoro. COLLECTOR OF INTERNAL REVENUE. August 31. such orders should not be called special work. and should be taxed as "transfers" thereof under section 186 of the National Revenue Code. and having failed to convince the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Ruling: It is at once apparent that the Oriental Sash Factory did not merely sell its services to Don Toribio Teodoro & Co. in accordance with section one hundred eighty‐six of the National Revenue Code imposing taxes on sale of manufactured articles. (To take one instance) because it also sold the materials. 841. 1956 Facts: Celestino Co & Company is a duly registered general copartnership doing business under the trade name of "Oriental Sash Factory". as alleged‐all the work of appellant is only to fill orders previously made. From 1946 to 1951 it paid percentage taxes of 7 per cent on the gross receipts of its sash.R. although in such form or combination as suited the fancy of the purchaser. They were merely orders for work — nothing is shown to call them special requiring extraordinary service of the factory. But as the doors and windows had been admittedly "manufactured" by the Oriental Sash Factory. it could stock and/or probably had in stock the sash. mouldings — to Teodoro & Co. Would a factory do business performing only special. The orders herein exhibited were not shown to be special. Neither does it take the transaction out of the category of sales under Article 1467 above quoted. but regular work. mouldings and panels it used therefor (some of them at least). So ordered. L‐8506. where it also failed. The thought occurs to us that if. The appealed decision is consequently affirmed. because although the Factory does not. such transactions could be. Issue: Whether or not petitioner is cover under 186 of NRC national revenue code or under 191 of the same code.