READING TEST 1Passage one Going bananas The banana is among the world’s oldest crops. Agricultural scientists believe that the first edible banana was discovered around 10,000 years ago. It has been at an evolutionary standstill ever since it was first propagated in the jungles of South-East Asia at the end of the last Ice Age. Normally the wild banana, a giant jungle herb card Musa acuminata, contains a mass of hard seeds that make the fruit virtually inedible. But now-and-then, hunter-gatherers must have discovered rare mutant plants that produced seamless, edible fruits. Geneticists now know that the vast majority of these soft-fruited plants resulted from genetic accidents that gave their cells three copies of each chromosome instead of the usual two. This imbalance prevents seeds and pollens from developing normally, rendering the mutant plants sterile. And that is why some scientists believe the worst – the most popular fruit could be doomed. It lacks the genetic diversity to fight off pests and diseases that are invading the banana plantations of Central America and smallholdings of Africa and Asia alike. In some ways, the banana today resembles the potato before blight brought famine to Ireland a century and a half ago. But it holds a lesson for other crops too, says Emile Frison, top banana at the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plaintain in Montpellier, France. The state of the banana, Frison warns, can teach a broader lesson: the increasing standardization of food crops around the world is threatening their ability to adapt and survive. The first Stone Age plant breeders cultivated these sterile freaks by replanting cuttings from their stems. And the descendants of those original cuttings are the bananas we still eat today. Each is a virtual clone, almost devoid of genetic diversity. And that uniformity makes it ripe for disease like no other crop on Earth. Traditional varieties of sexually reproducing crops have always had a much broader genetic base, and the genes will recombine in new arrangements in each generation. This gives them much greater flexibility in the evolving response to disease – and far more genetic resources to draw on in the face of an attack. But that advantage is fading fast, as growers increasingly plant the same few high-yielding varieties. Plant breeders work feverishly to maintain resistance in these standardized crops. Should these efforts falter, yields of even the most productive crop could swiftly crash. “When some pests or disease comes along severe epidemics can occur,” says Geoff Hawtin, director of the Rome-based International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. The banana is an excellent case in point. Until the 1950s, one variety, the Gros Michel, dominated the world’s commercial business. Found by French botanists in Asia in the 1820s, the Gros Michel was by all accounts a fine banana, richer and sweeter than today’s standard banana, and without the latter’s bitter aftertaste when green. But it was vulnerable to a soil fungus that produced a wilt known as Panama disease. “Once the fungus gets into the soil, it remains there for many years. There is nothing farmers can do. Even chemical spraying wont get rid of it,” says Rodomiro Ortiz, director of the international Institute for Tropical Agriculture in Ibadan, Nigeria. So plantation owners played a running game, abandoning infested fields and moving to “clean” land – until they ran out of clean land in the 1950s and had to abandon the Gros Michel. Its successor, and still the reigning commercial king, is the Cavendish banana, a 19th century British discovery from southern China. The Cavendish is resistance to Panama disease and, as a result, it literally saved the international banana industry. During the 1960s, it replaced the Gros Michel on supermarket shelves. If you buy a banana today, it is almost certainly a Cavendish. But even so, it is a minority in the world’s banana crop. Half a billion people in Asia and Africa depend on bananas. Bananas provide the largest source of calories and are eaten daily. Its name is synonymous with food. But the day of reckoning maybe coming for the Cavendish and its indigenous kin. Another fungal disease, Black Sigatoka – which causes brown wounds on leaves and premature fruit ripening – cuts fruit yields by 50 to 70% and reduces the productive life of banana plants from 30 years to as little as two or three. Commercial growers keep Sigatoka at bay by a massive chemical assault. 40 sprayings of fungicide a year is typical. But even so, diseases such as Black Sigatoka are getting more and more difficult to control. “As soon as you bring in a new fungicide, they develop resistance,” says Frison. “One thing we can be sure of is that the Sigatoka won’t lose in the battle.” Pool farmers, who cannot afford chemicals, have it even worse. They can do little more than watch their plants die. “Most of the banana trees in Amazonia have already been destroyed by the disease” says Luadir Gesparotto, Brazil’s leading banana pathologist with the government research agency EMBRAPA. Production is likely to fall by 70% as the disease spreads, he predicts. The only option would be to find a new variety. But how? Almost all edible varieties are susceptible to the diseases, so growers cannot simply change to a different banana. With most crops, such a threat would unleash an army of breeders, scouring the world for resistant relatives whose traits they can breed into commercial varieties. Not so with the banana. Because all edible varieties are sterile, bringing in new genetic traits to help cope with pests and dis- eases is nearly impossible. Nearly, but not totally. Very rarely, a sterile banana will experience a genetic accident that allows an almost normal seed to develop, giving breeders a tiny window for improvement. Breeders at the Honduran Foundation of Agricultural Research have tried to exploit this to create disease-resistant varieties. Without it. With scant funding from the companies. it is the only hope for the banana. banana production worldwide will head into a tailspin We may even see the extinction of the banana as both a lifesaver for hungry and impoverished Africans and as the most popular product on the world's supermarket shelves.Further backcrossing with wild bananas yielded a new seedless banana resistant to both black Sigatoka and Panama disease." says Ronald Romero.” says David McLaughlin. . And commercial banana companies are now washing their hands of the whole breeding effort. the majority of plant breeders have until now turned their backs on the banana and got to work on easier plants. Chiquita's senior director for environmental affairs. These could then be propagated into new. head of research at Chiquita. one of the Big Three companies that dominate the international banana trade. they will be a long way from developing new varieties that smallholders will find suitable and affordable. Even if they can identify the crucial genes. resistant plants and passed on to farmers. a global consortium of scientists led by Frison announced plans to sequence the banana genome within five years. Neither Western supermarket consumers nor peasant growers like the new hybrid. almost edible. It would be the first edible fruit to be sequenced. "We supported a breeding programme for 40 years. refused to get involved in GM research for fear of alienating their customers. but the big banana companies have. the banana genome researchers are focusing on the other end of the spectrum. The group will actually be sequencing inedible wild bananas from East Asia because many of these are resistant to black Sigatoka. Well. "Biotechnology is extremely expensive and there are serious questions about consumer acceptance. If they can pinpoint the genes that help these wild varieties to resist black Sigatoka. It was very expensive and we got nothing back. Not surprisingly. Last year. until now. preferring to fund a search for new fungicides instead. But whatever biotechnology's academic interest. the protective genes could be introduced into laboratory tissue cultures of cell from edible varieties. Some accuse it of tasting more like an apple than a banana. but it wasn't able to develop an alternative to Cavendish. It sounds promising. Lessons can be learned from bananas for other crops. A banana disease has destroyed a large number of banana plantations. . The banana was first eaten as a fruit by humans almost………years ago. 12. Questions 4-10 Look at the following statements (Questions 4-10) and the list of people below. write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 11. 7. List of people A Rodomiro Oritz B David McLaughlin C Emile Frison D Ronald Romero E Luadir Gasparotto F Geoff Hawtin Questions 11-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. 4. A-F. in boxes 4-10 on your answer sheet. 9.Questions 1-3 Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage. 1. 3. 6. 8. The taste of wild bananas is adversely affected by its………. Bananas were first planted in ……. The effect of fungal infection in soil is often long-lasting. Write the correct letter.. Banana disease may develop resistance to chemical sprays. Match each statement with the correct person. The banana is the oldest known fruit. The Gros Michel is still being used as a commercial product.. 10. 2. A commercial manufacturer gave up on breeding bananas for disease resistant species. Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet. A-F.. NB You may use any letter more than once. Consumers would not accept genetically altered crop. 13. A pest invasion may seriously damage the banana industry. 5. Banana is the main food in some countries. which finally made Britain an island. as the glaciers melted and the Iandmass re-adjusted. must have been immensely significant factors in the lives of our pre-historic ancestors. It is possible to trace a variety of causes for this concentration of effort and interest. The encroachment of the sea. At the same time archaeologists were beginning to recognise that the destruction caused by natural processes of coastal erosion and by human activity was having an increasing impact on the archaeological resource of the coast.Passage 2 – Spend 20 minutes. and their impact on current coastal environments. the prospect of rising sea levels over the next century. although the rise in relative sea level is comparatively well documented. has been a particular focus for concern. Estimates of its significance will need to be made in the context of other . which have not yet been adequately researched. So great has been the rise in sea level and the consequent regression of the coast that much of the archaeological evidence now exposed in the coastal zone. but serious and systematic attention has been given to the archaeological potential of the coast only since the early 1980s. and especially the loss of the land bridge between England and France. The so-called 'submerged forests' off the coasts of England. sometimes with clear evidence of human activity. and it can tell us little about past adaptation to the sea. had attracted the interest of antiquarians since at least the eighteenth century. we know little about the constant reconfiguration of the coastline. mostly quite localised. whether being eroded or exposed as a buried land surface. The dominant process affecting the physical form of England in the post-glacial period has been the rise in the altitude of sea level relative to the land. Yet the way in which prehistoric communities adjusted to these environmental changes has seldom been a major theme in discussions of the period. Questions 14-26 Coastal Archaeology of Britain The recognition of the wealth and diversity of England's coastal archaeology has been one of the most important developments of recent years. In the 1980s and 1990s scientific research into climate change and its environmental impact spilled over into a much broader public debate as awareness of these issues grew. The detailed reconstruction of coastline histories and the changing environments available for human use will be an important theme for future research. Some elements of this enormous resource have long been known. Its current location in the coastal zone is the product of later unrelated processes. This was affected by many processes. the loss of huge areas of land now under the North Sea and the English Channel. One factor contributing to this has been that. is derived from what was originally terrestrial occupation. which cannot yet be explained. Boats were some of the most complex artefacts produced by pre-modern societies. which has as yet been little used. its physical environment means that preserva-tion is often excellent. Fishing and salt production are among the better documented activities. leaving little or no archaeological trace. yet few surveys of such sites have been undertaken. Nevertheless. but especially in later periods. The most striking evidence for use of the sea is in the form of boats. yet we still have much to learn about their production and use. for example in the case of the Neolithic structure excavated at the Stumble in Essex. In some cases these buried land surfaces do contain evidence for human exploitation of what was a coastal environment. but built using a very different technology. many ports and harbours. and elsewhere along the modern coast there is similar evidence. Where the evidence does relate to past human exploitation of the resources and the opportunities offered by the sea and the coast. Boats needed landing places. and offer an unparalleled opportunity for research. as well as smaller faculties such as quays. very little attention has been paid to the multitude of smaller landing places. and one of the surprises of recent survey . The prehistoric sewn- plank boats such as those from the Humber estuary and Dover all seem to belong to the second millennium BC. and jetties. before boats reappear. Many forms of fishing will leave little archaeological trace. Most of the known wrecks around our coast are not unexpectedly of post-medieval date. it is both diverse and as yet little understood. One of the most important revelations of recent research has been the extent of industrial activity along the coast. were built. or whether human settlements in coastal environments showed a dis-tinct character from those inland. but even here our knowledge is patchy. Redevelopment of harbour sites and other development and natural pres-sures along the coast are subjecting these important locations to unprecedented threats. In many cases the natural shores and beaches would have sufficed. and further research on their production and use make an important contribution to our understanding of past attitudes to technology and technological change. yet here again our knowledge is very patchy. We are not yet in a position to make even preliminary estimates of answers to such fundamental questions as the extent to which the sea and the coast affected human life in the past. what percentage of the population at any time lived within reach of the sea.related evidence from dry land sites. Boatbuilding must have been an extremely important activity around much of our coast. Despite a growth of interest in the waterfront archaeology of some of our more important Roman and medieval towns. after this there is a gap in the record of a millen-nium. wharves. yet we know almost nothing about it. albeit only in preliminary form. especially in the south and east of England. The larger size of ferries has also caused an increase in the damage caused by their wash to fragile deposits in the intertidal zone. gravel. have been identified in areas such as Essex and the Severn estuary. and the increased importance of the coast for the leisure and tourism industries. either because the raw materials outcropped there or for ease of working and transport: mineral resources such as sand. Other industries were also located along the coast. Elaborate wooden fish weirs. The problem arises not only from the scale and variety of the archaeological remains. Thus protecting one site may simply result in transposing the threat to a point further along the coast. especially in the late Iron Age and early Roman periods. but the complexity of the problem of managing that resource is also being realised. but their remains are sometimes extensive and striking Some appreciation of the variety and importance of the archaeological remains preserved in the coastal zone. but the reasons for the decline of that industry and the nature of later coastal salt working are much less well understood. resulting in pressure for the increased provision of facilities such as marinas. coal. especially in the Thames estuary and around the Solent and Poole Harbour. but also from two other sources: the very varied natural and human threats to the resource. The most significant natural threat is the predicted rise in sea level over the next century. Human threats include the redevelopment of his-toric towns and old dockland areas. it will be at a scale much larger than that of most archaeological sites. has been recognised for some time. The management of the archaeological remains will have to be considered in a much longer time scale and a much wider geographical scale than is common in the case of dry land sites. can thus be gained from recent work. and though it is likely to be highly localised. These industries are poorly docu-mented.has been the extent of past investment in facilities for procuring fish and shellfish. The production of salt. . ironstone. often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography in shallow water. and the complex web of organisations with authority over. or interests in. the coastal zone. Its impact on archaeology is not easy to predict. stone. and alum were all exploited. and this will pose a serious challenge for archaeologists. There's enough knowledge of the boatbuilding technology of the pre- historic people. England lost much of its land after the Ice Age due to the rising sea level. The discovery of an underwater forest D. Large passenger boats are causing increasing damage to the seashore. B It is difficult to understand how many people lived close to the sea. Coastal archaeological evidence may be well-protected by sea water. D. Write your answer in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. Roman towns C. Salt mines B. 18. 20. A. There are few documents relating to mineral exploitation. The use of boats had not been recorded for a thousand years. F Human development threatens the archaeological remains. Which THREE of the following statements are mentioned in the passage? A How coastal archaeology was originally discovered.Questions 14-16 Choose the correct letter. What has caused public interest in coastal archaeology in recent years? A. C How much the prehistoric communities understand the climate change. 21. C or D. Boats were first used for fishing. 22. 14. The coastline of England has changed periodically. Similar boats were also discovered in many other European countries. Many of the boats discovered were found in harbours. B. What does the passage say about the evidence of boats? A. E Some fishing grounds were converted to ports. Write answers in boxes 14-16 on your sheet. B. The design of boats used by pre-modem people was very simple. G Coastal archaeology will become more important in the future. 16. C. The rising awareness of climate change C. Harbours D. Questions 24-26 Choose THREE letters from A-G. The systematic research conducted on coastal archaeological findings 15. 19. The rapid development of England's coastal archaeology B. What can be discovered from the air? A. D Our knowledge of boat evidence is limited. . 23. Fisheries QUESTIONS 17-23 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 2? write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 17. While the travelers' accounts give much valuable information on these foreign lands and provide a window for the understanding of the local cultures and histories. hundreds and possibly even thousands of Chinese Buddhists traveled to India to study with Buddhist teachers. Xuanzang. and visit holy sites. Hellenistic and Roman geographers such as Ptolemy. peoples. and Pliny the Elder relied on their own travels through much of the Mediterranean world as well as reports of other travelers to compile vast compendia of geographical knowledge. Buddhists from Japan. and they held especially strong appeal for rulers desiring useful knowledge about their realms. The Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described much of central Asia as far west as Bactria (modern-day Afghanistan) on the basis of travels undertaken in the first century BCE while searching for allies for the Han dynasty. such as Faxian. Though not so numerous as the Chinese pilgrims. They described lands. The Greek historian Herodotus reported on his travels in Egypt and Anatolia in researching the history of the Persian wars. but they too followed many of the highways and sea lanes of the eastern hemisphere. Muslim merchants sought trading opportunities throughout much of the eastern hemisphere. Between the 5th and 9th centuries CE. . Records of foreign travel appeared soon after the invention of writing.Passage 3 Travel Books There are many reasons why individuals have traveled beyond their own societies. and devout East Asian Buddhists undertook distant pilgrimages. they are also a mirror to the travelers themselves. occasionally venturing even to east Africa. however. trade and pilgrimage emerged as major incentives for travel to foreign lands. collect sacred texts. and fragmentary travel accounts appeared in both Mesopotamia and Egypt in ancient times. Until recent times. and they supplied the first written accounts of societies in Sub-Saharan West Africa. and commercial products of the Indian Ocean basin from east Africa to Indonesia. Strabo. After the formation of large. travel accounts emerged as a prominent literary genre in many lands. devout Muslims traveled as pilgrims to Mecca to make their hajj and visit the holy sites of Islam. imperial states in the classical world. for these accounts help them to have a better understanding of themselves. During the postclassical era (about 500 to 1500 CE). did travelers start their journey for reasons other than mere curiosity. Since the prophet Muhammad's original pilgrimage to Mecca. untold millions of Muslims have followed his example. and thousands of hajj accounts have related their experiences. Written accounts recorded the experiences of many pilgrims. While merchants set out in search of trade and profit. East Asian travelers were not quite so prominent as Muslims during the postclassical era. Some travelers may have simply desired to satisfy curiosity about the larger world. Chinese merchants frequently visited southeast Asia and India. and Yijing. and other lands also ventured abroad in the interests of spiritual enlightenment. Their efforts took them not only to all parts of the eastern hemisphere. With the development of inexpensive and reliable means of mass transport. Among the most prominent of these travelers who made extensive use of their overseas observations and experiences in their own writings were the Japanese reformer Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen. assembled numerous travel accounts and made them available in enormous published collections. Theodore de Bry. particularly in Asian and African colonies they established. attention was flowing also in the other direction. pilgrims. Asian travelers in particular visited Europe and the United States in hopes of discovering principles useful for the reorganisation of their own societies. conquerors. But European peoples ventured to the distant corners of the globe. Richard Hakluyt. but eventually to the Americas and Oceania as well. Santiago de-Compostela (in northern Spain). although gradually increasing crowds of Christian pilgrims flowed to Jerusalem. Painfully aware of the military and technological prowess of European and Euro- American societies. and Samuel Purchas. and European printing presses churned out thousands of travel accounts that described foreign lands and peoples for a reading public with an apparently insatiable appetite for news about the larger world. however. If Muslim and Chinese peoples dominated travel and travel writing in postclassical times. of which Marco Polo's description of his travels and sojourn in China is the best known. the 20th century witnessed explosions both in the frequency of long-distance travel and in . merchants.Korea. During the 19th century. and other sites. merchants. European colonial administrators devoted numerous writings to the societies of their colonial subjects. and missionaries took center stage during the early modern era (about 1500 to 1800 CE). As they became familiar with the larger world of the eastern hemisphere—-and the profitable commercial opportunities that it offered—European people worked to find new and more direct routes to Asian and African markets. including Giambattista Ramusio. Meanwhile. generating a fresh round of travel writing as they did so. By no means did Muslim and Chinese travel come to a halt in early modern times. European travelers made their way to the interior regions of Africa and the Americas. Medieval Europeans did not hit the roads in such large numbers as their Muslim and East Asian counterparts during the early part of the postclassical era. European explorers. After the 12th century. and missionaries from medieval Europe traveled widely and left numerous travel accounts. Rome. The volume of travel literature was so great that several editors. By midcentury. . and all the sights that visitors should not miss seeing. While a great deal of travel took place for reasons of business. B Because travelers reflect upon their own society and life. but other new forms of travel have also had considerable influence in contemporary times. as in ages past. A peculiar variant of the travel account arose to meet the needs of these tourists: the guidebook. (peoples – The human beings of a particular nation . or go on safari in Kenya. 27 What were most people traveling for in the early days? A Studying their own cultures B Business C Knowing other people and places better D Writing travel books 28. Why did the author say writing travel books is also "a mirror" for travelers themselves? A Because travelers record their own experiences. pilgrimage. increasingly effective modes of mass transport made it possible for new kinds of travel to flourish. walk the Great Wall of China. visit some wineries in Bordeaux. B. C Because it increases knowledge of foreign cultures. Tourism has had a massive economic impact throughout the world. shopping. lodging. A. community or ethnic group) Anywhere else the use of the word peoples is wrong Questions 27-28 Choose the correct letter. diplomacy. Write your answers in boxes 27-28 on your answer sheet. which emerged as a major form of consumption for individuals living in the world's wealthy societies. administration. take a cruise through the Caribbean. Tourism enabled consumers to get away from home to see the sights in Rome. local customs. and missionary work. which offered advice on food. The most distinctive of them was mass tourism. C or D. D Because it is related to the development of human society. the volume of travel writing. A. C or D. Africa To provide information for century the 34 ………. B The accounts are often truthful rather than fictional.. for the century of the Fukuzawa United States reorganization of their societies 1900s Yukichi 20th century People from 36 …. Mass tourism Entertainment and pleasure countries Questions 37-40 Choose the correct letter. a large number of travel books were published to A meet the public's interest. Mediterranean To acquire 31………………… Pliny the Elder Post-classical Era Muslims From east Africa Trading and to Indonesia Mecca 32 ……………. 40 What's the main theme of the passage? A The production of travel books B The literary status of travel books C The historical significance of travel books D The development of travel books . B. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from passage 3 TIME TRAVELER DESTINATION PURPOSE OF TRAVEL Classical Greece Herodotus Egypt and Anatolia To gather information for the study of 29 ……… Han Dynasty Zhang Qian Central Asia To seek 30 ………… Roman Empire Ptolemy. Sun Yat-sen Europe and To study the 35……. C encourage trips to the new world. D They desired knowledge of their empire. Write your answers in boxes 37-40 37 Why were the imperial rulers especially interested in these travel stories? A Reading travel stories was a popular pastime. To collect Buddhist texts and for centuries CE spiritual enlightenment Early modern era European explorers New World To satisfy public (about 1500 to curiosity for the New World 1800CE) During 19th Colonial administrator Asia. Strabo. 38 Who were the largest group to record their spiritual trip during the postclassical era? A Muslim traders B Muslim pilgrims C Chinese Buddhists D Indian Buddhist teachers 39 During the early modern era... (about 500 to 1500 CE) 5th to 9th Chinese Buddhists 33 …………. they set up By the mid.. C Travel books played an important role in literature. Questions 29-36 Complete the table below.. B explore new business opportunities. D record the larger world. a giant jungle herb card Edible means fit to be eaten. The state of the banana. the Gros epidemic means affecting a lot of plants A pest invasion may seriously damage the Michel. The option of numbers is not given produced seamless. Frison warns. almost devoid of genetic diversity. Comment [3]: Answer 2 SOUTH-EAST ASIA is the answer because the word propagated means planted here. It was very old but there may or may not have been is why some scientists believe the worst – the most popular fruit could be doomed. And the descendants of those original cuttings are the bananas we still eat today. Traditional varieties of sexually reproducing crops have always had a much broader genetic base. Each is a virtual clone. This gives them much greater flexibility in the evolving response to disease – and far more genetic resources to draw on in the face of an attack. one variety. yields of even the most productive crop could swiftly crash. Geneticists now know that the vast majority of Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM these soft-fruited plants resulted from genetic accidents that gave their cells three Comment [2]: Answer 11: NG The banana is the oldest known fruit. Found by French botanists in banana industry . the banana today resembles the potato before blight brought famine Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM to Ireland a century and a half ago. It is copies of each chromosome instead of the usual two. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [5]: Answer 10 The first Stone Age plant breeders cultivated these sterile freaks by replanting Lessons can be learned from bananas for other crops. cannot be eaten. contains a mass of hard seeds that make the fruit virtually inedible. It has been at an Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM evolutionary standstill ever since it was first propagated in the jungles of South-East Comment [1]: Answer 1 Asia at the end of the last Ice Age. edible fruits. Only writing SEEDS would can teach a broader lesson: the increasing standardization of food crops around the also be correct. But that advantage is fading fast.000 would be wrong because the But now-and-then. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [6]: Answer 4 = F Pest invasion means pests come along and The banana is an excellent case in point. as growers increasingly plant the same few high-yielding varieties. which means these Banana and Plaintain in Montpellier. And that uniformity makes it ripe for disease like no other crop on Earth. top banana at the International Network for the Improvement of HARD SEEDS is the answer because these make the fruit in-edible. world is threatening their ability to adapt and survive. It crops before it lacks the genetic diversity to fight off pests and diseases that are invading the Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM banana plantations of Central America and smallholdings of Africa and Asia alike. “When some pests or disease comes along severe epidemics can occur. Until the 1950s. Plant breeders work feverishly to maintain resistance in these standardized crops. Normally the wild banana. France. director of the Rome-based International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. rendering the mutant plants sterile. Propagated means reproduced In some ways. cuttings from their stems. Should these efforts falter.” says Geoff Hawtin. Agricultural scientists believe that the first edible banana was discovered around 10. This imbalance prevents seeds nowhere mentioned whether it was or and pollens from developing normally.READING TEST 1 EXPLAINED Passage one Going bananas The banana is among the world’s oldest crops. dominated the world’s commercial business. 10. and the genes will recombine in new arrangements in each generation. But it holds a lesson for other crops too. says Comment [4]: Answer 3 Emile Frison. The first answer will be TEN THOUSAND Musa acuminata.000 years ago. And that wasn't the oldest known fruit. hunter-gatherers must have discovered rare mutant plants that question says no more than three words. so growers cannot simply change to a different banana. it is almost certainly a Cavendish. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Production is likely to fall by 70% as the disease spreads. is the Cavendish banana. Breeders at the Honduran Foundation of Agricultural Research have tried to exploit this to create disease-resistant varieties. number of banana plantations. The only option Comment [11]: Answer 8 = E A banana disease has destroyed a large would be to find a new variety. Very rarely.” says Rodomiro Ortiz.Asia in the 1820s. as a result. “As soon as you bring in a new fungicide. a sterile banana will experience a genetic accident that allows an almost normal seed to develop. Black Sigatoka – which causes brown wounds on leaves and Banana is the main food in some countries. Because all edible varieties are sterile. it literally saved the The Gros Michel is still being used as a commercial product.” Pool farmers. abandoning infested Comment [7]: Answer 5 = A fields and moving to “clean” land – until they ran out of clean land in the 1950s and The effect of fungal infection in soil is often long-lasting had to abandon the Gros Michel. But even so. such a threat would unleash an army of breeders. 40 sprayings of fungicide a year is typical. During the 1960s. used any more after the 1950s But even so. Brazil’s leading banana pathologist with the government research agency EMBRAPA. Comment [9]: Answer 13 Another fungal disease. director of the international Institute for Tropical Agriculture in Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Ibadan. but not totally. the Gros Michel was by all accounts a fine banana. it is a minority in the world’s banana crop. Its successor. “Once the fungus gets into the soil. So plantation owners played a running game. scouring the world for resistant relatives whose traits they can breed into commercial varieties. . it replaced the Gros Michel on It was abandoned. “Most of the banana trees in Fungicide is a sort of chemical spray Banana disease may develop resistance Amazonia have already been destroyed by the disease” says Luadir Gesparotto. It means it was not supermarket shelves. Bananas provide the largest source of calories and are eaten daily. “One thing we can be sure of is that the Sigatoka won’t lose Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM in the battle. They Comment [10]: Answer 7 = C can do little more than watch their plants die. have it even worse. Not so with the banana. But it was vulnerable to a soil fungus that produced a wilt known as Panama disease. But Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM the day of reckoning maybe coming for the Cavendish and its indigenous kin. There is nothing farmers can do. Half a billion people in Asia and Africa depend on bananas. richer and sweeter than today’s standard banana. Comment [8]: Answer 12 = False The Cavendish is resistance to Panama disease and. bringing in new genetic traits to help cope with pests and dis- eases is nearly impossible. Nigeria. who cannot afford chemicals. it remains there for many years. Nearly. Commercial growers keep Sigatoka at bay by a massive chemical assault. they develop resistance. to chemical sprays. and without the latter’s bitter aftertaste when green.” says Frison. Its name is synonymous with food. If you buy a banana today. Even chemical spraying wont get rid of it. But how? Almost all edible varieties are susceptible to the diseases. premature fruit ripening – cuts fruit yields by 50 to 70% and reduces the productive life of banana plants from 30 years to as little as two or three. diseases such as Black Sigatoka are getting more and more difficult to control. and still the reigning commercial Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM king. a 19th century British discovery from southern China. he predicts. With most crops. international banana industry. giving breeders a tiny window for improvement. the majority of plant breeders have until now turned their backs on the banana and got to work on easier plants. These could then be propagated into new. the protective genes could be introduced into laboratory tissue cultures of cell from edible varieties. It was very expensive and we got nothing back. It sounds promising. preferring to fund a search for new fungicides instead. "Biotechnology is extremely expensive and there are serious questions about consumer acceptance. And commercial banana companies are now washing their hands of the whole breeding effort. but the big banana companies have. The group will actually be sequencing inedible wild bananas from East Asia because many of these are resistant to black Sigatoka. Some accuse it of tasting more like an apple than a banana. refused to get involved in GM research for fear of alienating their customers. it is the only hope for the banana. But whatever biotechnology's academic interest. Chiquita's senior director for environmental affairs. resistant plants and passed on to farmers. but it wasn't able to develop an alternative to Cavendish. Well. they will Consumers would not accept genetically altered crop. banana production worldwide will head into a tailspin We may even see the extinction of the banana as both a lifesaver for hungry and impoverished Africans and as the most popular product on the world's supermarket shelves. "We supported a breeding programme for 40 years. a global consortium of scientists led by Frison announced plans to A commercial manufacturer gave up on breeding bananas for disease resistant sequence the banana genome within five years. one of the Big Three companies that dominate the international banana trade. It would be the first edible fruit to species.” says David McLaughlin. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [12]: Answer 6 = D Last year. until now. almost edible. be sequenced. Neither Western supermarket consumers nor peasant growers like the new hybrid.Further backcrossing with wild bananas yielded a new seedless banana resistant to both black Sigatoka and Panama disease. . Not surprisingly. Even if they can identify the crucial genes. head of research at Chiquita. If they can pinpoint the genes that help these wild varieties to resist black Sigatoka. the banana genome researchers are focusing on Comment [13]: Answer 9 = B the other end of the spectrum." says Ronald Romero. With Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM scant funding from the companies. Without it. be a long way from developing new varieties that smallholders will find suitable and affordable. Banana disease may develop resistance to chemical sprays. = C List of people A Rodomiro Oritz B David McLaughlin C Emile Frison D Ronald Romero E Luadir Gasparotto F Geoff Hawtin Questions 11-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. = A 13. A banana disease has destroyed a large number of banana plantations. Bananas were first planted in SOUTH-EAST ASIA 6. 4.Questions 1-3 Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage. write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 14. = T . Match each statement with the correct person. The banana is the oldest known fruit. The banana was first eaten as a fruit by humans almost TEN THOUSAND years ago. Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet. Consumers would not accept genetically altered crop. Banana is the main food in some countries. = D 14. = B 17. The effect of fungal infection in soil is often long-lasting. A-F. A pest invasion may seriously damage the banana industry. Write the correct letter. 5. A commercial manufacturer gave up on breeding bananas for disease resistant species. = C 15. NB You may use any letter more than once. A-F. 11. in boxes 4-10 on your answer sheet. = E 16. The Gros Michel is still being used as a commercial product. The taste of wild bananas is adversely affected by its (HARD) SEEDS Questions 4-10 Look at the following statements (Questions 4-10) and the list of people below. Lessons can be learned from bananas for other crops. = F 12. = NG 15. = F 16. which finally made Britain an island. One factor contributing to this has been that. is derived from what was originally terrestrial occupation. must have been immensely significant factors in the lives of our pre-historic ancestors. The encroachment of the sea. Yet the way in which prehistoric communities adjusted to Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM these environmental changes has seldom been a major theme in discussions of the Comment [15]: Answer 17 = True period. Estimates of its significance will need to be made in the context of other . Questions 14-26 Coastal Archaeology of Britain The recognition of the wealth and diversity of England's coastal archaeology has been one of the most important developments of recent years. So great has been the rise in sea level and the consequent regression of the coast that much of the archaeological evidence now exposed in the coastal zone. and their impact on Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM current coastal environments. sometimes with clear evidence of human activity. but serious and systematic attention has been given to the archaeological potential of the coast only since the early 1980s. had attracted the interest of antiquarians since at least the eighteenth century. This was affected by many processes. The detailed Comment [16]: Answer 18 = False reconstruction of coastline histories and the changing environments available for The passage says constant reconfiguration but question says periodically human use will be an important theme for future research. we know little about the constant reconfiguration of the coastline. as the glaciers melted and the landmass re-adjusted. the prospect of rising sea levels over the next century. the loss of huge areas of land now under the North Sea and the English Channel. At the same Comment [14]: Answer 14 time archaeologists were beginning to recognise that the destruction caused by = B The rising awareness of climate change natural processes of coastal erosion and by human activity was having an increasing impact on the archaeological resource of the coast. although the rise in relative sea England lost much of its land after the Ice Age due to the rising sea level level is comparatively well documented. The so-called 'submerged forests' off the coasts of England.Passage 2 – Spend 20 minutes. whether being eroded or exposed as a buried land surface. Its current location in the coastal zone is the product of later unrelated processes. In the 1980s and 1990s scientific research into climate change and its environmental impact spilled over into a much broader public debate as awareness of these issues grew. which have not yet been adequately researched. Some elements of this enormous resource have long been known. has been a particular focus for concern. It is possible to trace a variety of causes for this concentration of effort and interest. mostly quite Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM localised. The coastline of England has changed periodically. The dominant process affecting the physical form of England in the post-glacial period has been the rise in the altitude of sea level relative to the land. and it can tell us little about past adaptation to the sea. and especially the loss of the land bridge between England and France. which cannot yet be explained. Despite a growth Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM of interest in the waterfront archaeology of some of our more important Roman and Comment [22]: Answer 25 medieval towns. Most of the known wrecks around our coast are not unexpectedly of post-medieval date. or whether human settlements in coastal Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM environments showed a distinct character from those inland. very little attention has been paid to the multitude of smaller Our knowledge of boat evidence is limited. Where the evidence does relate to past human exploitation of the resources and the opportunities offered by the sea and the coast. Boatbuilding must have been an extremely important activity Comment [19]: Answer 15 = C around much of our coast. One of the most important revelations of recent research has been the extent of industrial activity along the coast. its physical environment means that preservation is often excellent. The most striking evidence for use of the sea is in the form of boats. leaving little or no Comment [21]: Answer 20 = F archaeological trace. but even here our knowledge is patchy. many ports and harbours. yet we still have much to learn about their production and use. it is both diverse and as yet little understood. and one of the surprises of recent survey . which has as yet been little used. Boats were some of The use of boats had not been recorded for a thousand years. The prehistoric sewn- plank boats such as those from the Humber estuary and Dover all seem to belong to the second millennium BC. landing places. Redevelopment of harbour sites and other development and natural pressures along the coast are subjecting these important locations to unprecedented threats. but especially in later periods. wharves. In many Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM cases the natural shores and beaches would have sufficed.related evidence from dry land sites. yet we know almost nothing about it. what percentage of the population at any time lived within reach of the sea. Similar boats were also discovered in many other European countries. No mention is given whether such boats were simple or not Boats needed landing places. for example in the case of the Neolithic structure excavated at the Stumble in Essex. the most complex artefacts produced by pre-modern societies. after this there is a gap in the record of a millennium. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [17]: Answer 19 = T In some cases these buried land surfaces do contain evidence for human exploitation Coastal archaeological evidence may be well-protected by sea water of what was a coastal environment. and offer an unparalleled opportunity for research. yet few surveys of such sites have been undertaken. Fishing and salt production are among the better documented activities. and further research Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM on their production and use make an important contribution to our understanding of Comment [20]: Answer 21 = NG past attitudes to technology and technological change. Nevertheless. before boats reappear. were built. Many forms of fishing will leave little archaeological trace. We are not yet in a position to make even preliminary estimates of answers to such fundamental questions as the extent to which the sea and the coast affected human life in the past. and jetties. as well The design of boats used by pre-modem people was very simple as smaller faculties such as quays. but built using a very Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM different technology. yet here again our knowledge is very patchy. and elsewhere along the modern coast there is similar evidence. Comment [18]: Answer 24 It is difficult to understand how many people lived close to the sea. the coastal zone. it will be at a scale much larger than that of most archaeological sites. and the complex web of organisations with authority Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM over. can thus be gained from recent work. The management of the archaeological remains will have to be considered in a much longer time scale and a much wider geographical scale than is common in the case of dry land sites. has been recognised for some time. and alum were all exploited. often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography in shallow water. or interests in. have been identified in areas such as Essex and the Severn estuary. The problem arises not only from the scale and variety of the archaeological remains. The production of salt. but their remains are sometimes extensive and striking Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [24]: Answer 22 = T Some appreciation of the variety and importance of the archaeological remains There are few documents relating to mineral exploitation preserved in the coastal zone. but the reasons for the decline of that Fisheries Weir . gravel. stone. coal. and though it is likely to be highly localised. Comment [26]: Answer 23 = T especially in the south and east of England. especially in the late Iron Age and early Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Roman periods. The most Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM significant natural threat is the predicted rise in sea level over the next century. stream as a trap for fish.an enclosure of stakes set in a industry and the nature of later coastal salt working are much less well understood. and this will pose a serious challenge for archaeologists. the leisure and tourism industries. Elaborate wooden fish weirs. either because the raw materials outcropped there or for ease of working and transport: mineral resources such as sand. Human threats include the redevelopment of Comment [25]: Answer 26 historic towns and old dockland areas. The larger size of ferries has also caused an increase in the damage caused by their wash to fragile deposits in the intertidal zone. . but the complexity of the problem of managing that resource is also being realised. resulting in pressure for the increased provision of facilities such as marinas. albeit only in preliminary form. but also from two other sources: the very varied natural and human threats to the resource. Its impact on archaeology is not easy to Large passenger boats are causing increasing damage to the seashore predict. and the increased importance of the coast for Human development threatens the archaeological remains.has been the extent of past investment in facilities for procuring fish and shellfish. Thus protecting one site may simply result in transposing the threat to a point further along the coast. ironstone. These industries are poorly documented. Other industries were also located along the coast. especially in the Thames estuary Comment [23]: Answer 16 = D and around the Solent and Poole Harbour. Large passenger boats are causing increasing damage to the seashore = T Questions 24-26 Choose THREE letters from A-G.Questions 14-16 Choose the correct letter. G. 15. Which THREE of the following statements are mentioned in the passage? A How coastal archaeology was originally discovered B It is difficult to understand how many people lived close to the sea. C or D. D Our knowledge of boat evidence is limited. The coastline of England has changed periodically. = T 27. Write your answer in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. 17. There are few documents relating to mineral exploitation. =T 25. = NG 29. England lost much of its land after the Ice Age due to the rising sea level. The rapid development of England's coastal archaeology F. E Some fishing grounds were converted to ports. G Coastal archaeology will become more important in the future.= T 30. F Human development threatens the archaeological remains. Boats were first used for fishing. C How much the prehistoric communities understand the climate change. The systematic research conducted on coastal archaeological findings 16. There's enough knowledge of the boatbuilding technology of the pre- historic people. = F 28. B. What has caused public interest in coastal archaeology in recent years? E. The design of boats used by pre-modem people was very simple. The use of boats had not been recorded for a thousand years. Write answers in boxes 14-16 on your sheet. Similar boats were also discovered in many other European countries. Roman towns F. Many of the boats discovered were found in harbours. What can be discovered from the air? A. The discovery of an underwater forest H. Salt mines E. A. F. Coastal archaeological evidence may be well-protected by sea water. The rising awareness of climate change G. . = F 26. H. Fisheries QUESTIONS 17-23 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 2? write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 24. What does the passage say about the evidence of boats? E. Harbours G. hundreds and possibly even thousands of Chinese Buddhists traveled to India to study with Buddhist teachers. While merchants set out in search of trade and profit. and commercial products of the Indian Ocean basin from east Africa to Trading and 32 PILGRIMAGE Indonesia. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [28]: Answer 28 = B Records of foreign travel appeared soon after the invention of writing. Muslim merchants sought trading KNOWLEDGE opportunities throughout much of the eastern hemisphere. Buddhists from Japan. they are also a mirror to the travelers themselves. did travelers start their journey for reasons other than Comment [27]: Answer 27 = C mere curiosity. Though not so numerous as the Chinese pilgrims. collect sacred texts. Written Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM accounts recorded the experiences of many pilgrims. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [33]: Answer 32 peoples. and Because travelers reflect upon their own society and life fragmentary travel accounts appeared in both Mesopotamia and Egypt in ancient times. INDIA . Some travelers may have simply desired to satisfy curiosity about the larger world. While the travelers' accounts give much valuable information on Knowing other people and places better these foreign lands and provide a window for the understanding of the local cultures and histories. The Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described They desired knowledge of their empire. such as Faxian. Strabo. They described lands. The Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Greek historian Herodotus reported on his travels in Egypt and Anatolia in Comment [29]: Answer 37 researching the history of the Persian wars. and thousands of hajj accounts have related their experiences. and they held especially strong appeal for rulers desiring useful knowledge about their realms. but they too followed many of the highways and sea. Chinese merchants frequently visited southeast Muslim pilgrims Asia and India. untold millions of Muslims have followed his example. however. Since the prophet Muhammad's original pilgrimage to Mecca. much of central Asia as far west as Bactria (modern-day Afghanistan) on the basis of Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [30]: Answer 29 travels undertaken in the first century BCE while searching for allies for the Han To gather information dynasty. Hellenistic and Roman geographers such as Ptolemy. trade and pilgrimage emerged as To acquire 31GEOGRAPHICAL major incentives for travel to foreign lands. East Asian travelers were not quite so prominent as Muslims Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM during the postclassical era. and Comment [35]: Answer 33 Yijing. and devout East Asian Buddhists undertook distant pilgrimages. After the formation of large. Between the 5th and 9th centuries CE. and visit holy sites. travel accounts emerged as a prominent literary genre in many lands. for these accounts help them to have a better understanding of themselves. Xuanzang.Passage 3 Travel Books There are many reasons why individuals have traveled beyond their own societies. To seek 30 ALLIES Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [32]: Answer 31 During the postclassical era (about 500 to 1500 CE). Comment [34]: Answer 38 lanes of the eastern hemisphere. devout Muslims traveled as pilgrims to Mecca to make their hajj and visit the holy sites of Islam. imperial states in the classical world. and they supplied the first written accounts of societies in Sub-Saharan West Africa. and Pliny the for the study of PERSIAN WARS Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Elder relied on their own travels through much of the Mediterranean world as well Comment [31]: Answer 30 as reports of other travelers to compile vast compendia of geographical knowledge. occasionally venturing even to east Africa. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Until recent times. European explorers. European travelers made their way to the interior regions of Africa and the Americas. Their efforts took them not only to all parts of the eastern hemisphere. With the development of inexpensive and reliable means of mass transport. merchants. generating a fresh round of travel writing as they did so. the 20th century witnessed explosions both in the frequency of long-distance travel and in . Theodore de Bry.Korea. and Samuel Purchas. Comment [37]: Answer 34 American societies. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Painfully aware of the military and technological prowess of European and Euro. By midcentury. although gradually increasing crowds of Christian pilgrims flowed to Jerusalem. European colonial administrators devoted numerous writings to the societies of their colonial subjects. including Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Giambattista Ramusio. By no means did Muslim and Chinese travel come to a halt in early modern times. merchants. During the 19th century. and other sites. Richard Hakluyt. The volume of travel literature was so great that several editors. If Muslim and Chinese peoples dominated travel and travel writing in postclassical times. and missionaries took center stage during the early modern era (about 1500 to 1800 CE). attention was flowing also in the other direction. but eventually to the Americas and Oceania as well. and other lands also ventured abroad in the interests of spiritual enlightenment. As they became familiar with the larger world of the eastern hemisphere—-and the profitable commercial opportunities that it offered—European people worked to find new and more direct routes to Asian and African markets. Comment [36]: Answer 39 assembled numerous travel accounts and made them available in enormous meet the public's interest. however. particularly in Asian and African colonies they established. published collections. Asian travelers in particular visited Europe and the United States To provide information for the 34 COLONIES they set up in hopes of discovering principles useful for the reorganisation of their own societies. pilgrims. and missionaries from medieval Europe traveled widely and left numerous travel accounts. But European peoples ventured to the distant corners of the globe. Medieval Europeans did not hit the roads in such large numbers as their Muslim and East Asian counterparts during the early part of the postclassical era. conquerors. and European printing presses churned out thousands of travel accounts that described foreign lands and peoples for a reading public with an apparently insatiable appetite for news about the larger world. Rome. of which Marco Polo's description of his travels and sojourn in China is the best known. Meanwhile. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Among the most prominent of these travelers who made extensive use of their Comment [38]: Answer 35 overseas observations and experiences in their own writings were the Japanese To study the 35 PRINCIPLES for the reorganization of their societies reformer Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen. Santiago de-Compostela (in northern Spain). After the 12th century. shopping. walk the Great Wall of China. The most distinctive of them was mass tourism. Why did the author say writing travel books is also "a mirror" for travelers themselves? A Because travelers record their own experiences. and all the sights that visitors should not miss seeing. diplomacy. A peculiar variant of the travel account arose to meet the needs of these tourists: the guidebook. C Because it increases knowledge of foreign cultures. or go on safari in Kenya. C or D. community or ethnic group) Anywhere else the use of the word peoples is wrong Questions 27-28 Choose the correct letter. increasingly effective modes of mass transport made it possible for new kinds The development of travel books The answer is in the gist of the whole of travel to flourish. take Comment [40]: Answer 36 a cruise through the Caribbean. and missionary work. Tourism has had a massive economic impact throughout the world. B Because travelers reflect upon their own society and life. the volume of travel writing. which offered advice on food. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Tourism enabled consumers to get away from home to see the sights in Rome. local customs. . B. (peoples – The human beings of a particular nation . 27 What were most people traveling for in the early days? A Studying their own cultures B Business C Knowing other people and places better D Writing travel books 28. A. lodging. administration. D Because it is related to the development of human society. which emerged passage as a major form of consumption for individuals living in the world's wealthy societies. While a great deal of travel took place for reasons of Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM business. but other new forms of travel have also had considerable influence in contemporary times. Write your answers in boxes 27-28 on your answer sheet. pilgrimage. as in ages Comment [39]: Answer 40 past. visit some wineries in People from 36 WEALTHY countries Bordeaux. Questions 29-36 Complete the table below. Mediterranean To acquire 31GEOGRAPHICAL Pliny the Elder KNOWLEDGE Post-classical Era Muslims From east Africa Trading and to Indonesia Mecca 32 PILGRIMAGE (about 500 to 1500 CE) 5th to 9th Chinese Buddhists 33 INDIA To collect Buddhist texts and for centuries CE spiritual enlightenment Early modern era European explorers New World To satisfy public (about 1500 to curiosity for the New World 1800CE) During 19th Colonial administrator Asia. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from passage 3 TIME TRAVELER DESTINATION PURPOSE OF TRAVEL Classical Greece Herodotus Egypt and Anatolia To gather information for the study of 29 PERSIAN WARS Han Dynasty Zhang Qian Central Asia To seek 30 ALLIES Roman Empire Ptolemy. D record the larger world. C or D. A. D They desired knowledge of their empire. B The accounts are often truthful rather than fictional. Africa To provide information for century the 34 COLONIES they set up By the mid. C Travel books played an important role in literature. 38 Who were the largest group to record their spiritual trip during the postclassical era? A Muslim traders B Muslim pilgrims C Chinese Buddhists D Indian Buddhist teachers 39 During the early modern era. B. Sun Yat-sen Europe and To study the 35 PRINCIPLES for century of the Fukuzawa United States the reorganization of their 1900s Yukichi societies 20th century People from 36 Mass tourism Entertainment and pleasure WEALTHY countries Questions 37-40 Choose the correct letter. Strabo. Write your answers in boxes 37-40 37 Why were the imperial rulers especially interested in these travel stories? A Reading travel stories was a popular pastime. 40 What's the main theme of the passage? A The production of travel books B The literary status of travel books C The historical significance of travel books D The development of travel books . C encourage trips to the new world. a large number of travel books were published to A meet the public's interest. B explore new business opportunities.