READING TEST 1Passage one Going bananas The banana is among the world’s oldest crops. Agricultural scientists believe that the first edible banana was discovered around 10,000 years ago. It has been at an evolutionary standstill ever since it was first propagated in the jungles of South-East Asia at the end of the last Ice Age. Normally the wild banana, a giant jungle herb card Musa acuminata, contains a mass of hard seeds that make the fruit virtually inedible. But now-and-then, hunter-gatherers must have discovered rare mutant plants that produced seamless, edible fruits. Geneticists now know that the vast majority of these soft-fruited plants resulted from genetic accidents that gave their cells three copies of each chromosome instead of the usual two. This imbalance prevents seeds and pollens from developing normally, rendering the mutant plants sterile. And that is why some scientists believe the worst – the most popular fruit could be doomed. It lacks the genetic diversity to fight off pests and diseases that are invading the banana plantations of Central America and smallholdings of Africa and Asia alike. In some ways, the banana today resembles the potato before blight brought famine to Ireland a century and a half ago. But it holds a lesson for other crops too, says Emile Frison, top banana at the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plaintain in Montpellier, France. The state of the banana, Frison warns, can teach a broader lesson: the increasing standardization of food crops around the world is threatening their ability to adapt and survive. The first Stone Age plant breeders cultivated these sterile freaks by replanting cuttings from their stems. And the descendants of those original cuttings are the bananas we still eat today. Each is a virtual clone, almost devoid of genetic diversity. And that uniformity makes it ripe for disease like no other crop on Earth. Traditional varieties of sexually reproducing crops have always had a much broader genetic base, and the genes will recombine in new arrangements in each generation. This gives them much greater flexibility in the evolving response to disease – and far more genetic resources to draw on in the face of an attack. But that advantage is fading fast, as growers increasingly plant the same few high-yielding varieties. Plant breeders work feverishly to maintain resistance in these standardized crops. Should these efforts falter, yields of even the most productive crop could swiftly crash. “When some pests or disease comes along severe epidemics can occur,” says Geoff Hawtin, director of the Rome-based International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. The banana is an excellent case in point. Until the 1950s, one variety, the Gros Michel, dominated the world’s commercial business. Found by French botanists in Asia in the 1820s, the Gros Michel was by all accounts a fine banana, richer and sweeter than today’s standard banana, and without the latter’s bitter aftertaste when green. But it was vulnerable to a soil fungus that produced a wilt known as Panama disease. “Once the fungus gets into the soil, it remains there for many years. There is nothing farmers can do. Even chemical spraying wont get rid of it,” says Rodomiro Ortiz, director of the international Institute for Tropical Agriculture in Ibadan, Nigeria. So plantation owners played a running game, abandoning infested fields and moving to “clean” land – until they ran out of clean land in the 1950s and had to abandon the Gros Michel. Its successor, and still the reigning commercial king, is the Cavendish banana, a 19th century British discovery from southern China. The Cavendish is resistance to Panama disease and, as a result, it literally saved the international banana industry. During the 1960s, it replaced the Gros Michel on supermarket shelves. If you buy a banana today, it is almost certainly a Cavendish. But even so, it is a minority in the world’s banana crop. Half a billion people in Asia and Africa depend on bananas. Bananas provide the largest source of calories and are eaten daily. Its name is synonymous with food. But the day of reckoning maybe coming for the Cavendish and its indigenous kin. Another fungal disease, Black Sigatoka – which causes brown wounds on leaves and premature fruit ripening – cuts fruit yields by 50 to 70% and reduces the productive life of banana plants from 30 years to as little as two or three. Commercial growers keep Sigatoka at bay by a massive chemical assault. 40 sprayings of fungicide a year is typical. But even so, diseases such as Black Sigatoka are getting more and more difficult to control. “As soon as you bring in a new fungicide, they develop resistance,” says Frison. “One thing we can be sure of is that the Sigatoka won’t lose in the battle.” Pool farmers, who cannot afford chemicals, have it even worse. They can do little more than watch their plants die. “Most of the banana trees in Amazonia have already been destroyed by the disease” says Luadir Gesparotto, Brazil’s leading banana pathologist with the government research agency EMBRAPA. Production is likely to fall by 70% as the disease spreads, he predicts. The only option would be to find a new variety. But how? Almost all edible varieties are susceptible to the diseases, so growers cannot simply change to a different banana. With most crops, such a threat would unleash an army of breeders, scouring the world for resistant relatives whose traits they can breed into commercial varieties. Not so with the banana. Because all edible varieties are sterile, bringing in new genetic traits to help cope with pests and dis- eases is nearly impossible. Nearly, but not totally. Very rarely, a sterile banana will experience a genetic accident that allows an almost normal seed to develop, giving breeders a tiny window for improvement. Breeders at the Honduran Foundation of Agricultural Research have tried to exploit this to create disease-resistant varieties. These could then be propagated into new. It would be the first edible fruit to be sequenced. Not surprisingly. The group will actually be sequencing inedible wild bananas from East Asia because many of these are resistant to black Sigatoka. preferring to fund a search for new fungicides instead. Even if they can identify the crucial genes. banana production worldwide will head into a tailspin We may even see the extinction of the banana as both a lifesaver for hungry and impoverished Africans and as the most popular product on the world's supermarket shelves. one of the Big Three companies that dominate the international banana trade. . but it wasn't able to develop an alternative to Cavendish. Without it." says Ronald Romero. resistant plants and passed on to farmers. almost edible. "We supported a breeding programme for 40 years. the banana genome researchers are focusing on the other end of the spectrum. refused to get involved in GM research for fear of alienating their customers. If they can pinpoint the genes that help these wild varieties to resist black Sigatoka. "Biotechnology is extremely expensive and there are serious questions about consumer acceptance. It sounds promising.” says David McLaughlin. And commercial banana companies are now washing their hands of the whole breeding effort. it is the only hope for the banana. Chiquita's senior director for environmental affairs. Some accuse it of tasting more like an apple than a banana. It was very expensive and we got nothing back. But whatever biotechnology's academic interest. Neither Western supermarket consumers nor peasant growers like the new hybrid. but the big banana companies have. they will be a long way from developing new varieties that smallholders will find suitable and affordable. the majority of plant breeders have until now turned their backs on the banana and got to work on easier plants. head of research at Chiquita.Further backcrossing with wild bananas yielded a new seedless banana resistant to both black Sigatoka and Panama disease. until now. With scant funding from the companies. a global consortium of scientists led by Frison announced plans to sequence the banana genome within five years. Last year. the protective genes could be introduced into laboratory tissue cultures of cell from edible varieties. Well. 2. . The taste of wild bananas is adversely affected by its………. 9. List of people A Rodomiro Oritz B David McLaughlin C Emile Frison D Ronald Romero E Luadir Gasparotto F Geoff Hawtin Questions 11-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.. in boxes 4-10 on your answer sheet. Consumers would not accept genetically altered crop. 1. The effect of fungal infection in soil is often long-lasting. NB You may use any letter more than once. Write the correct letter. Lessons can be learned from bananas for other crops. 3. 10..Questions 1-3 Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage. 4. The banana was first eaten as a fruit by humans almost………years ago. 7. Banana disease may develop resistance to chemical sprays. write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 11. A-F. Banana is the main food in some countries. A-F. The Gros Michel is still being used as a commercial product. 12. The banana is the oldest known fruit. A banana disease has destroyed a large number of banana plantations. Match each statement with the correct person. Bananas were first planted in ……. 5. 13.. 8. A pest invasion may seriously damage the banana industry. Questions 4-10 Look at the following statements (Questions 4-10) and the list of people below. A commercial manufacturer gave up on breeding bananas for disease resistant species. 6. Yet the way in which prehistoric communities adjusted to these environmental changes has seldom been a major theme in discussions of the period. sometimes with clear evidence of human activity. the loss of huge areas of land now under the North Sea and the English Channel.Passage 2 – Spend 20 minutes. So great has been the rise in sea level and the consequent regression of the coast that much of the archaeological evidence now exposed in the coastal zone. The so-called 'submerged forests' off the coasts of England. and especially the loss of the land bridge between England and France. which finally made Britain an island. It is possible to trace a variety of causes for this concentration of effort and interest. Estimates of its significance will need to be made in the context of other . although the rise in relative sea level is comparatively well documented. we know little about the constant reconfiguration of the coastline. as the glaciers melted and the Iandmass re-adjusted. In the 1980s and 1990s scientific research into climate change and its environmental impact spilled over into a much broader public debate as awareness of these issues grew. but serious and systematic attention has been given to the archaeological potential of the coast only since the early 1980s. The dominant process affecting the physical form of England in the post-glacial period has been the rise in the altitude of sea level relative to the land. Some elements of this enormous resource have long been known. has been a particular focus for concern. One factor contributing to this has been that. At the same time archaeologists were beginning to recognise that the destruction caused by natural processes of coastal erosion and by human activity was having an increasing impact on the archaeological resource of the coast. The detailed reconstruction of coastline histories and the changing environments available for human use will be an important theme for future research. which have not yet been adequately researched. and it can tell us little about past adaptation to the sea. The encroachment of the sea. and their impact on current coastal environments. the prospect of rising sea levels over the next century. must have been immensely significant factors in the lives of our pre-historic ancestors. mostly quite localised. This was affected by many processes. Questions 14-26 Coastal Archaeology of Britain The recognition of the wealth and diversity of England's coastal archaeology has been one of the most important developments of recent years. whether being eroded or exposed as a buried land surface. Its current location in the coastal zone is the product of later unrelated processes. is derived from what was originally terrestrial occupation. had attracted the interest of antiquarians since at least the eighteenth century. yet here again our knowledge is very patchy. and one of the surprises of recent survey . as well as smaller faculties such as quays. Boats needed landing places. what percentage of the population at any time lived within reach of the sea. were built. leaving little or no archaeological trace. wharves. The most striking evidence for use of the sea is in the form of boats. and jetties. Where the evidence does relate to past human exploitation of the resources and the opportunities offered by the sea and the coast. and further research on their production and use make an important contribution to our understanding of past attitudes to technology and technological change. but especially in later periods. Fishing and salt production are among the better documented activities. but built using a very different technology. yet few surveys of such sites have been undertaken. yet we know almost nothing about it. its physical environment means that preserva-tion is often excellent.related evidence from dry land sites. it is both diverse and as yet little understood. Nevertheless. for example in the case of the Neolithic structure excavated at the Stumble in Essex. many ports and harbours. before boats reappear. after this there is a gap in the record of a millen-nium. One of the most important revelations of recent research has been the extent of industrial activity along the coast. yet we still have much to learn about their production and use. Many forms of fishing will leave little archaeological trace. or whether human settlements in coastal environments showed a dis-tinct character from those inland. Boats were some of the most complex artefacts produced by pre-modern societies. Despite a growth of interest in the waterfront archaeology of some of our more important Roman and medieval towns. and elsewhere along the modern coast there is similar evidence. We are not yet in a position to make even preliminary estimates of answers to such fundamental questions as the extent to which the sea and the coast affected human life in the past. Redevelopment of harbour sites and other development and natural pres-sures along the coast are subjecting these important locations to unprecedented threats. Boatbuilding must have been an extremely important activity around much of our coast. but even here our knowledge is patchy. which cannot yet be explained. The prehistoric sewn- plank boats such as those from the Humber estuary and Dover all seem to belong to the second millennium BC. In some cases these buried land surfaces do contain evidence for human exploitation of what was a coastal environment. very little attention has been paid to the multitude of smaller landing places. Most of the known wrecks around our coast are not unexpectedly of post-medieval date. In many cases the natural shores and beaches would have sufficed. and offer an unparalleled opportunity for research. which has as yet been little used. and this will pose a serious challenge for archaeologists. The larger size of ferries has also caused an increase in the damage caused by their wash to fragile deposits in the intertidal zone. coal. and the increased importance of the coast for the leisure and tourism industries. but the reasons for the decline of that industry and the nature of later coastal salt working are much less well understood. either because the raw materials outcropped there or for ease of working and transport: mineral resources such as sand. or interests in. resulting in pressure for the increased provision of facilities such as marinas. and though it is likely to be highly localised. The problem arises not only from the scale and variety of the archaeological remains. The management of the archaeological remains will have to be considered in a much longer time scale and a much wider geographical scale than is common in the case of dry land sites. often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography in shallow water. Human threats include the redevelopment of his-toric towns and old dockland areas. and alum were all exploited. The most significant natural threat is the predicted rise in sea level over the next century. Thus protecting one site may simply result in transposing the threat to a point further along the coast. . it will be at a scale much larger than that of most archaeological sites. and the complex web of organisations with authority over. stone. but their remains are sometimes extensive and striking Some appreciation of the variety and importance of the archaeological remains preserved in the coastal zone. have been identified in areas such as Essex and the Severn estuary. but also from two other sources: the very varied natural and human threats to the resource. especially in the late Iron Age and early Roman periods. has been recognised for some time. Elaborate wooden fish weirs. especially in the Thames estuary and around the Solent and Poole Harbour. Other industries were also located along the coast.has been the extent of past investment in facilities for procuring fish and shellfish. gravel. These industries are poorly docu-mented. ironstone. can thus be gained from recent work. albeit only in preliminary form. especially in the south and east of England. but the complexity of the problem of managing that resource is also being realised. the coastal zone. The production of salt. Its impact on archaeology is not easy to predict. Which THREE of the following statements are mentioned in the passage? A How coastal archaeology was originally discovered. Salt mines B. C or D. 19. What can be discovered from the air? A. B It is difficult to understand how many people lived close to the sea. The discovery of an underwater forest D. The systematic research conducted on coastal archaeological findings 15. There are few documents relating to mineral exploitation. Write answers in boxes 14-16 on your sheet. There's enough knowledge of the boatbuilding technology of the pre- historic people. What has caused public interest in coastal archaeology in recent years? A. B. The use of boats had not been recorded for a thousand years. 22.Questions 14-16 Choose the correct letter. 14. Many of the boats discovered were found in harbours. F Human development threatens the archaeological remains. D. Large passenger boats are causing increasing damage to the seashore. Similar boats were also discovered in many other European countries. . A. E Some fishing grounds were converted to ports. B. 18. England lost much of its land after the Ice Age due to the rising sea level. C. 21. Harbours D. The rapid development of England's coastal archaeology B. Roman towns C. What does the passage say about the evidence of boats? A. 20. Write your answer in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. 23. Questions 24-26 Choose THREE letters from A-G. The coastline of England has changed periodically. D Our knowledge of boat evidence is limited. Coastal archaeological evidence may be well-protected by sea water. The design of boats used by pre-modem people was very simple. C How much the prehistoric communities understand the climate change. G Coastal archaeology will become more important in the future. Boats were first used for fishing. Fisheries QUESTIONS 17-23 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 2? write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 17. 16. The rising awareness of climate change C. occasionally venturing even to east Africa. Between the 5th and 9th centuries CE. devout Muslims traveled as pilgrims to Mecca to make their hajj and visit the holy sites of Islam. and commercial products of the Indian Ocean basin from east Africa to Indonesia. however. Hellenistic and Roman geographers such as Ptolemy. such as Faxian. Since the prophet Muhammad's original pilgrimage to Mecca. Until recent times. and visit holy sites. and they held especially strong appeal for rulers desiring useful knowledge about their realms. Buddhists from Japan. and fragmentary travel accounts appeared in both Mesopotamia and Egypt in ancient times. . East Asian travelers were not quite so prominent as Muslims during the postclassical era. While merchants set out in search of trade and profit. Written accounts recorded the experiences of many pilgrims. did travelers start their journey for reasons other than mere curiosity. collect sacred texts. While the travelers' accounts give much valuable information on these foreign lands and provide a window for the understanding of the local cultures and histories. for these accounts help them to have a better understanding of themselves. and thousands of hajj accounts have related their experiences. hundreds and possibly even thousands of Chinese Buddhists traveled to India to study with Buddhist teachers. and they supplied the first written accounts of societies in Sub-Saharan West Africa. imperial states in the classical world. Records of foreign travel appeared soon after the invention of writing. Chinese merchants frequently visited southeast Asia and India. The Greek historian Herodotus reported on his travels in Egypt and Anatolia in researching the history of the Persian wars. Xuanzang. Strabo. they are also a mirror to the travelers themselves. and Yijing. trade and pilgrimage emerged as major incentives for travel to foreign lands. The Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described much of central Asia as far west as Bactria (modern-day Afghanistan) on the basis of travels undertaken in the first century BCE while searching for allies for the Han dynasty. peoples. travel accounts emerged as a prominent literary genre in many lands.Passage 3 Travel Books There are many reasons why individuals have traveled beyond their own societies. and devout East Asian Buddhists undertook distant pilgrimages. During the postclassical era (about 500 to 1500 CE). untold millions of Muslims have followed his example. Though not so numerous as the Chinese pilgrims. Muslim merchants sought trading opportunities throughout much of the eastern hemisphere. Some travelers may have simply desired to satisfy curiosity about the larger world. They described lands. After the formation of large. and Pliny the Elder relied on their own travels through much of the Mediterranean world as well as reports of other travelers to compile vast compendia of geographical knowledge. but they too followed many of the highways and sea lanes of the eastern hemisphere. although gradually increasing crowds of Christian pilgrims flowed to Jerusalem. Painfully aware of the military and technological prowess of European and Euro- American societies. If Muslim and Chinese peoples dominated travel and travel writing in postclassical times. generating a fresh round of travel writing as they did so. and other sites. conquerors. pilgrims. Theodore de Bry. Richard Hakluyt. Meanwhile. Medieval Europeans did not hit the roads in such large numbers as their Muslim and East Asian counterparts during the early part of the postclassical era. Santiago de-Compostela (in northern Spain). and European printing presses churned out thousands of travel accounts that described foreign lands and peoples for a reading public with an apparently insatiable appetite for news about the larger world.Korea. Rome. the 20th century witnessed explosions both in the frequency of long-distance travel and in . Among the most prominent of these travelers who made extensive use of their overseas observations and experiences in their own writings were the Japanese reformer Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen. including Giambattista Ramusio. By midcentury. As they became familiar with the larger world of the eastern hemisphere—-and the profitable commercial opportunities that it offered—European people worked to find new and more direct routes to Asian and African markets. The volume of travel literature was so great that several editors. Asian travelers in particular visited Europe and the United States in hopes of discovering principles useful for the reorganisation of their own societies. and Samuel Purchas. and missionaries from medieval Europe traveled widely and left numerous travel accounts. and other lands also ventured abroad in the interests of spiritual enlightenment. merchants. assembled numerous travel accounts and made them available in enormous published collections. European travelers made their way to the interior regions of Africa and the Americas. With the development of inexpensive and reliable means of mass transport. European explorers. European colonial administrators devoted numerous writings to the societies of their colonial subjects. Their efforts took them not only to all parts of the eastern hemisphere. and missionaries took center stage during the early modern era (about 1500 to 1800 CE). particularly in Asian and African colonies they established. however. of which Marco Polo's description of his travels and sojourn in China is the best known. but eventually to the Americas and Oceania as well. attention was flowing also in the other direction. By no means did Muslim and Chinese travel come to a halt in early modern times. But European peoples ventured to the distant corners of the globe. During the 19th century. After the 12th century. merchants. A. as in ages past. take a cruise through the Caribbean. D Because it is related to the development of human society. lodging. which emerged as a major form of consumption for individuals living in the world's wealthy societies. B Because travelers reflect upon their own society and life. which offered advice on food. diplomacy. Tourism has had a massive economic impact throughout the world. shopping. Why did the author say writing travel books is also "a mirror" for travelers themselves? A Because travelers record their own experiences. increasingly effective modes of mass transport made it possible for new kinds of travel to flourish. community or ethnic group) Anywhere else the use of the word peoples is wrong Questions 27-28 Choose the correct letter. but other new forms of travel have also had considerable influence in contemporary times. local customs. C Because it increases knowledge of foreign cultures. and missionary work. B. or go on safari in Kenya. (peoples – The human beings of a particular nation . Write your answers in boxes 27-28 on your answer sheet. . pilgrimage. the volume of travel writing. Tourism enabled consumers to get away from home to see the sights in Rome. While a great deal of travel took place for reasons of business. 27 What were most people traveling for in the early days? A Studying their own cultures B Business C Knowing other people and places better D Writing travel books 28. A peculiar variant of the travel account arose to meet the needs of these tourists: the guidebook. The most distinctive of them was mass tourism. C or D. administration. walk the Great Wall of China. and all the sights that visitors should not miss seeing. visit some wineries in Bordeaux. B The accounts are often truthful rather than fictional. Mediterranean To acquire 31………………… Pliny the Elder Post-classical Era Muslims From east Africa Trading and to Indonesia Mecca 32 ……………. B. Mass tourism Entertainment and pleasure countries Questions 37-40 Choose the correct letter. for the century of the Fukuzawa United States reorganization of their societies 1900s Yukichi 20th century People from 36 …. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from passage 3 TIME TRAVELER DESTINATION PURPOSE OF TRAVEL Classical Greece Herodotus Egypt and Anatolia To gather information for the study of 29 ……… Han Dynasty Zhang Qian Central Asia To seek 30 ………… Roman Empire Ptolemy. (about 500 to 1500 CE) 5th to 9th Chinese Buddhists 33 …………. B explore new business opportunities. Africa To provide information for century the 34 ………. To collect Buddhist texts and for centuries CE spiritual enlightenment Early modern era European explorers New World To satisfy public (about 1500 to curiosity for the New World 1800CE) During 19th Colonial administrator Asia. D record the larger world. a large number of travel books were published to A meet the public's interest... C Travel books played an important role in literature. D They desired knowledge of their empire. Sun Yat-sen Europe and To study the 35……. they set up By the mid. Write your answers in boxes 37-40 37 Why were the imperial rulers especially interested in these travel stories? A Reading travel stories was a popular pastime. 40 What's the main theme of the passage? A The production of travel books B The literary status of travel books C The historical significance of travel books D The development of travel books .. 38 Who were the largest group to record their spiritual trip during the postclassical era? A Muslim traders B Muslim pilgrims C Chinese Buddhists D Indian Buddhist teachers 39 During the early modern era.. Questions 29-36 Complete the table below.. Strabo. C encourage trips to the new world. C or D. A. The option of numbers is not given produced seamless. says Comment [4]: Answer 3 Emile Frison. But that advantage is fading fast. It crops before it lacks the genetic diversity to fight off pests and diseases that are invading the Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM banana plantations of Central America and smallholdings of Africa and Asia alike. And that uniformity makes it ripe for disease like no other crop on Earth. Traditional varieties of sexually reproducing crops have always had a much broader genetic base. dominated the world’s commercial business. 10. cannot be eaten.READING TEST 1 EXPLAINED Passage one Going bananas The banana is among the world’s oldest crops. Frison warns. Propagated means reproduced In some ways. It is copies of each chromosome instead of the usual two. the Gros epidemic means affecting a lot of plants A pest invasion may seriously damage the Michel. Found by French botanists in banana industry . Comment [3]: Answer 2 SOUTH-EAST ASIA is the answer because the word propagated means planted here. France. director of the Rome-based International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Until the 1950s. top banana at the International Network for the Improvement of HARD SEEDS is the answer because these make the fruit in-edible.” says Geoff Hawtin. the banana today resembles the potato before blight brought famine Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM to Ireland a century and a half ago.000 would be wrong because the But now-and-then. one variety. Normally the wild banana. contains a mass of hard seeds that make the fruit virtually inedible. a giant jungle herb card Edible means fit to be eaten. world is threatening their ability to adapt and survive. almost devoid of genetic diversity. rendering the mutant plants sterile. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [5]: Answer 10 The first Stone Age plant breeders cultivated these sterile freaks by replanting Lessons can be learned from bananas for other crops. Should these efforts falter. cuttings from their stems. hunter-gatherers must have discovered rare mutant plants that question says no more than three words. edible fruits. And that wasn't the oldest known fruit. “When some pests or disease comes along severe epidemics can occur. Geneticists now know that the vast majority of Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM these soft-fruited plants resulted from genetic accidents that gave their cells three Comment [2]: Answer 11: NG The banana is the oldest known fruit. which means these Banana and Plaintain in Montpellier. Each is a virtual clone. This gives them much greater flexibility in the evolving response to disease – and far more genetic resources to draw on in the face of an attack. But it holds a lesson for other crops too. Plant breeders work feverishly to maintain resistance in these standardized crops. The state of the banana. as growers increasingly plant the same few high-yielding varieties. Only writing SEEDS would can teach a broader lesson: the increasing standardization of food crops around the also be correct. The first answer will be TEN THOUSAND Musa acuminata. yields of even the most productive crop could swiftly crash. This imbalance prevents seeds nowhere mentioned whether it was or and pollens from developing normally. Agricultural scientists believe that the first edible banana was discovered around 10. And the descendants of those original cuttings are the bananas we still eat today. It was very old but there may or may not have been is why some scientists believe the worst – the most popular fruit could be doomed. It has been at an Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM evolutionary standstill ever since it was first propagated in the jungles of South-East Comment [1]: Answer 1 Asia at the end of the last Ice Age. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [6]: Answer 4 = F Pest invasion means pests come along and The banana is an excellent case in point. and the genes will recombine in new arrangements in each generation.000 years ago. such a threat would unleash an army of breeders. but not totally.” says Rodomiro Ortiz. have it even worse. it is almost certainly a Cavendish. Its name is synonymous with food. bringing in new genetic traits to help cope with pests and dis- eases is nearly impossible. . Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Production is likely to fall by 70% as the disease spreads. he predicts. Nigeria. abandoning infested Comment [7]: Answer 5 = A fields and moving to “clean” land – until they ran out of clean land in the 1950s and The effect of fungal infection in soil is often long-lasting had to abandon the Gros Michel. They Comment [10]: Answer 7 = C can do little more than watch their plants die. used any more after the 1950s But even so. it replaced the Gros Michel on It was abandoned. But it was vulnerable to a soil fungus that produced a wilt known as Panama disease. Even chemical spraying wont get rid of it. it is a minority in the world’s banana crop. Breeders at the Honduran Foundation of Agricultural Research have tried to exploit this to create disease-resistant varieties. The only option Comment [11]: Answer 8 = E A banana disease has destroyed a large would be to find a new variety. Commercial growers keep Sigatoka at bay by a massive chemical assault. and still the reigning commercial Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM king.” says Frison. Because all edible varieties are sterile. international banana industry. the Gros Michel was by all accounts a fine banana. director of the international Institute for Tropical Agriculture in Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Ibadan. scouring the world for resistant relatives whose traits they can breed into commercial varieties. giving breeders a tiny window for improvement. it literally saved the The Gros Michel is still being used as a commercial product. Very rarely. Half a billion people in Asia and Africa depend on bananas. “One thing we can be sure of is that the Sigatoka won’t lose Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM in the battle. So plantation owners played a running game. During the 1960s. Bananas provide the largest source of calories and are eaten daily. premature fruit ripening – cuts fruit yields by 50 to 70% and reduces the productive life of banana plants from 30 years to as little as two or three. they develop resistance. to chemical sprays. But Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM the day of reckoning maybe coming for the Cavendish and its indigenous kin. so growers cannot simply change to a different banana. 40 sprayings of fungicide a year is typical. “Once the fungus gets into the soil. number of banana plantations. It means it was not supermarket shelves.” Pool farmers. a sterile banana will experience a genetic accident that allows an almost normal seed to develop. Not so with the banana. Black Sigatoka – which causes brown wounds on leaves and Banana is the main food in some countries. But even so. it remains there for many years. a 19th century British discovery from southern China. Nearly. Brazil’s leading banana pathologist with the government research agency EMBRAPA. “As soon as you bring in a new fungicide. as a result. Comment [8]: Answer 12 = False The Cavendish is resistance to Panama disease and. and without the latter’s bitter aftertaste when green. With most crops. Comment [9]: Answer 13 Another fungal disease. diseases such as Black Sigatoka are getting more and more difficult to control. Its successor. There is nothing farmers can do. “Most of the banana trees in Fungicide is a sort of chemical spray Banana disease may develop resistance Amazonia have already been destroyed by the disease” says Luadir Gesparotto.Asia in the 1820s. If you buy a banana today. But how? Almost all edible varieties are susceptible to the diseases. richer and sweeter than today’s standard banana. who cannot afford chemicals. is the Cavendish banana. Even if they can identify the crucial genes. the banana genome researchers are focusing on Comment [13]: Answer 9 = B the other end of the spectrum.” says David McLaughlin. Neither Western supermarket consumers nor peasant growers like the new hybrid. resistant plants and passed on to farmers. but the big banana companies have. These could then be propagated into new. And commercial banana companies are now washing their hands of the whole breeding effort. It was very expensive and we got nothing back. be a long way from developing new varieties that smallholders will find suitable and affordable. Without it. "Biotechnology is extremely expensive and there are serious questions about consumer acceptance. banana production worldwide will head into a tailspin We may even see the extinction of the banana as both a lifesaver for hungry and impoverished Africans and as the most popular product on the world's supermarket shelves. Chiquita's senior director for environmental affairs. Well. head of research at Chiquita. one of the Big Three companies that dominate the international banana trade. preferring to fund a search for new fungicides instead. they will Consumers would not accept genetically altered crop. It sounds promising. be sequenced. . Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [12]: Answer 6 = D Last year. But whatever biotechnology's academic interest. the majority of plant breeders have until now turned their backs on the banana and got to work on easier plants. "We supported a breeding programme for 40 years. until now. Some accuse it of tasting more like an apple than a banana. The group will actually be sequencing inedible wild bananas from East Asia because many of these are resistant to black Sigatoka." says Ronald Romero. but it wasn't able to develop an alternative to Cavendish. it is the only hope for the banana. If they can pinpoint the genes that help these wild varieties to resist black Sigatoka. It would be the first edible fruit to species. refused to get involved in GM research for fear of alienating their customers. a global consortium of scientists led by Frison announced plans to A commercial manufacturer gave up on breeding bananas for disease resistant sequence the banana genome within five years.Further backcrossing with wild bananas yielded a new seedless banana resistant to both black Sigatoka and Panama disease. With Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM scant funding from the companies. Not surprisingly. almost edible. the protective genes could be introduced into laboratory tissue cultures of cell from edible varieties. The banana was first eaten as a fruit by humans almost TEN THOUSAND years ago. = D 14. Banana is the main food in some countries. = NG 15. = F 12. 11. = A 13. = C 15. A-F. write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 14. Lessons can be learned from bananas for other crops. Consumers would not accept genetically altered crop. A pest invasion may seriously damage the banana industry. = E 16. 4.Questions 1-3 Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage. Bananas were first planted in SOUTH-EAST ASIA 6. = C List of people A Rodomiro Oritz B David McLaughlin C Emile Frison D Ronald Romero E Luadir Gasparotto F Geoff Hawtin Questions 11-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. Match each statement with the correct person. NB You may use any letter more than once. The taste of wild bananas is adversely affected by its (HARD) SEEDS Questions 4-10 Look at the following statements (Questions 4-10) and the list of people below. A banana disease has destroyed a large number of banana plantations. Banana disease may develop resistance to chemical sprays. = B 17. The Gros Michel is still being used as a commercial product. in boxes 4-10 on your answer sheet. Write the correct letter. A commercial manufacturer gave up on breeding bananas for disease resistant species. = T . A-F. Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet. 5. The banana is the oldest known fruit. The effect of fungal infection in soil is often long-lasting. = F 16. The encroachment of the sea. In the 1980s and 1990s scientific research into climate change and its environmental impact spilled over into a much broader public debate as awareness of these issues grew. The coastline of England has changed periodically. which have not yet been adequately researched. and it can tell us little about past adaptation to the sea. which finally made Britain an island. It is possible to trace a variety of causes for this concentration of effort and interest. So great has been the rise in sea level and the consequent regression of the coast that much of the archaeological evidence now exposed in the coastal zone. must have been immensely significant factors in the lives of our pre-historic ancestors. The detailed Comment [16]: Answer 18 = False reconstruction of coastline histories and the changing environments available for The passage says constant reconfiguration but question says periodically human use will be an important theme for future research.Passage 2 – Spend 20 minutes. the prospect of rising sea levels over the next century. but serious and systematic attention has been given to the archaeological potential of the coast only since the early 1980s. Its current location in the coastal zone is the product of later unrelated processes. This was affected by many processes. Estimates of its significance will need to be made in the context of other . Yet the way in which prehistoric communities adjusted to Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM these environmental changes has seldom been a major theme in discussions of the Comment [15]: Answer 17 = True period. is derived from what was originally terrestrial occupation. mostly quite Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM localised. has been a particular focus for concern. had attracted the interest of antiquarians since at least the eighteenth century. sometimes with clear evidence of human activity. we know little about the constant reconfiguration of the coastline. The dominant process affecting the physical form of England in the post-glacial period has been the rise in the altitude of sea level relative to the land. Questions 14-26 Coastal Archaeology of Britain The recognition of the wealth and diversity of England's coastal archaeology has been one of the most important developments of recent years. At the same Comment [14]: Answer 14 time archaeologists were beginning to recognise that the destruction caused by = B The rising awareness of climate change natural processes of coastal erosion and by human activity was having an increasing impact on the archaeological resource of the coast. whether being eroded or exposed as a buried land surface. and especially the loss of the land bridge between England and France. as the glaciers melted and the landmass re-adjusted. although the rise in relative sea England lost much of its land after the Ice Age due to the rising sea level level is comparatively well documented. One factor contributing to this has been that. and their impact on Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM current coastal environments. Some elements of this enormous resource have long been known. the loss of huge areas of land now under the North Sea and the English Channel. The so-called 'submerged forests' off the coasts of England. which has as yet been little used. but especially in later periods. and one of the surprises of recent survey . Many forms of fishing will leave little archaeological trace. wharves. or whether human settlements in coastal Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM environments showed a distinct character from those inland. Most of the known wrecks around our coast are not unexpectedly of post-medieval date. The prehistoric sewn- plank boats such as those from the Humber estuary and Dover all seem to belong to the second millennium BC. One of the most important revelations of recent research has been the extent of industrial activity along the coast. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [17]: Answer 19 = T In some cases these buried land surfaces do contain evidence for human exploitation Coastal archaeological evidence may be well-protected by sea water of what was a coastal environment. very little attention has been paid to the multitude of smaller Our knowledge of boat evidence is limited. for example in the case of the Neolithic structure excavated at the Stumble in Essex. We are not yet in a position to make even preliminary estimates of answers to such fundamental questions as the extent to which the sea and the coast affected human life in the past. Despite a growth Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM of interest in the waterfront archaeology of some of our more important Roman and Comment [22]: Answer 25 medieval towns. Comment [18]: Answer 24 It is difficult to understand how many people lived close to the sea. Boatbuilding must have been an extremely important activity Comment [19]: Answer 15 = C around much of our coast. many ports and harbours. yet few surveys of such sites have been undertaken. landing places. leaving little or no Comment [21]: Answer 20 = F archaeological trace.related evidence from dry land sites. it is both diverse and as yet little understood. but even here our knowledge is patchy. Redevelopment of harbour sites and other development and natural pressures along the coast are subjecting these important locations to unprecedented threats. and jetties. Boats were some of The use of boats had not been recorded for a thousand years. but built using a very Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM different technology. and further research Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM on their production and use make an important contribution to our understanding of Comment [20]: Answer 21 = NG past attitudes to technology and technological change. which cannot yet be explained. after this there is a gap in the record of a millennium. and elsewhere along the modern coast there is similar evidence. the most complex artefacts produced by pre-modern societies. yet we still have much to learn about their production and use. what percentage of the population at any time lived within reach of the sea. No mention is given whether such boats were simple or not Boats needed landing places. Where the evidence does relate to past human exploitation of the resources and the opportunities offered by the sea and the coast. yet here again our knowledge is very patchy. Similar boats were also discovered in many other European countries. In many Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM cases the natural shores and beaches would have sufficed. before boats reappear. Fishing and salt production are among the better documented activities. and offer an unparalleled opportunity for research. The most striking evidence for use of the sea is in the form of boats. yet we know almost nothing about it. as well The design of boats used by pre-modem people was very simple as smaller faculties such as quays. its physical environment means that preservation is often excellent. were built. Nevertheless. the coastal zone. or interests in. but also from two other sources: the very varied natural and human threats to the resource. and this will pose a serious challenge for archaeologists. it will be at a scale much larger than that of most archaeological sites. The problem arises not only from the scale and variety of the archaeological remains. coal. especially in the Thames estuary Comment [23]: Answer 16 = D and around the Solent and Poole Harbour. stream as a trap for fish. resulting in pressure for the increased provision of facilities such as marinas. especially in the late Iron Age and early Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Roman periods. can thus be gained from recent work. stone. but the reasons for the decline of that Fisheries Weir . The production of salt. albeit only in preliminary form. has been recognised for some time. and alum were all exploited. Comment [26]: Answer 23 = T especially in the south and east of England. The most Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM significant natural threat is the predicted rise in sea level over the next century. Other industries were also located along the coast.has been the extent of past investment in facilities for procuring fish and shellfish. and the increased importance of the coast for Human development threatens the archaeological remains. The management of the archaeological remains will have to be considered in a much longer time scale and a much wider geographical scale than is common in the case of dry land sites. the leisure and tourism industries. Thus protecting one site may simply result in transposing the threat to a point further along the coast. but their remains are sometimes extensive and striking Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [24]: Answer 22 = T Some appreciation of the variety and importance of the archaeological remains There are few documents relating to mineral exploitation preserved in the coastal zone. . and the complex web of organisations with authority Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM over. either because the raw materials outcropped there or for ease of working and transport: mineral resources such as sand. but the complexity of the problem of managing that resource is also being realised. and though it is likely to be highly localised. gravel. Human threats include the redevelopment of Comment [25]: Answer 26 historic towns and old dockland areas. Elaborate wooden fish weirs.an enclosure of stakes set in a industry and the nature of later coastal salt working are much less well understood. often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography in shallow water. The larger size of ferries has also caused an increase in the damage caused by their wash to fragile deposits in the intertidal zone. have been identified in areas such as Essex and the Severn estuary. Its impact on archaeology is not easy to Large passenger boats are causing increasing damage to the seashore predict. ironstone. These industries are poorly documented. H. C or D. =T 25. = F 28. = NG 29. The rising awareness of climate change G.= T 30. The design of boats used by pre-modem people was very simple. C How much the prehistoric communities understand the climate change. The coastline of England has changed periodically. Fisheries QUESTIONS 17-23 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 2? write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 24. . Large passenger boats are causing increasing damage to the seashore = T Questions 24-26 Choose THREE letters from A-G. F. Similar boats were also discovered in many other European countries. The systematic research conducted on coastal archaeological findings 16. = T 27. There are few documents relating to mineral exploitation. Coastal archaeological evidence may be well-protected by sea water. B. Write answers in boxes 14-16 on your sheet. The discovery of an underwater forest H.Questions 14-16 Choose the correct letter. Roman towns F. The use of boats had not been recorded for a thousand years. = F 26. F Human development threatens the archaeological remains. G. There's enough knowledge of the boatbuilding technology of the pre- historic people. What can be discovered from the air? A. E Some fishing grounds were converted to ports. Salt mines E. What has caused public interest in coastal archaeology in recent years? E. Harbours G. 15. The rapid development of England's coastal archaeology F. Many of the boats discovered were found in harbours. G Coastal archaeology will become more important in the future. Which THREE of the following statements are mentioned in the passage? A How coastal archaeology was originally discovered B It is difficult to understand how many people lived close to the sea. What does the passage say about the evidence of boats? E. A. D Our knowledge of boat evidence is limited. Boats were first used for fishing. Write your answer in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. 17. England lost much of its land after the Ice Age due to the rising sea level. and they held especially strong appeal for rulers desiring useful knowledge about their realms. Though not so numerous as the Chinese pilgrims. Comment [34]: Answer 38 lanes of the eastern hemisphere. The Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described They desired knowledge of their empire. Muslim merchants sought trading KNOWLEDGE opportunities throughout much of the eastern hemisphere. occasionally venturing even to east Africa. Since the prophet Muhammad's original pilgrimage to Mecca. East Asian travelers were not quite so prominent as Muslims Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM during the postclassical era. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [28]: Answer 28 = B Records of foreign travel appeared soon after the invention of writing. they are also a mirror to the travelers themselves. collect sacred texts. untold millions of Muslims have followed his example. They described lands. hundreds and possibly even thousands of Chinese Buddhists traveled to India to study with Buddhist teachers. devout Muslims traveled as pilgrims to Mecca to make their hajj and visit the holy sites of Islam.Passage 3 Travel Books There are many reasons why individuals have traveled beyond their own societies. for these accounts help them to have a better understanding of themselves. Xuanzang. and visit holy sites. travel accounts emerged as a prominent literary genre in many lands. To seek 30 ALLIES Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [32]: Answer 31 During the postclassical era (about 500 to 1500 CE). and commercial products of the Indian Ocean basin from east Africa to Trading and 32 PILGRIMAGE Indonesia. While the travelers' accounts give much valuable information on Knowing other people and places better these foreign lands and provide a window for the understanding of the local cultures and histories. and they supplied the first written accounts of societies in Sub-Saharan West Africa. Written Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM accounts recorded the experiences of many pilgrims. Between the 5th and 9th centuries CE. While merchants set out in search of trade and profit. The Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Greek historian Herodotus reported on his travels in Egypt and Anatolia in Comment [29]: Answer 37 researching the history of the Persian wars. Strabo. and Comment [35]: Answer 33 Yijing. Buddhists from Japan. and devout East Asian Buddhists undertook distant pilgrimages. however. Some travelers may have simply desired to satisfy curiosity about the larger world. but they too followed many of the highways and sea. did travelers start their journey for reasons other than Comment [27]: Answer 27 = C mere curiosity. trade and pilgrimage emerged as To acquire 31GEOGRAPHICAL major incentives for travel to foreign lands. Hellenistic and Roman geographers such as Ptolemy. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Until recent times. much of central Asia as far west as Bactria (modern-day Afghanistan) on the basis of Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [30]: Answer 29 travels undertaken in the first century BCE while searching for allies for the Han To gather information dynasty. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Comment [33]: Answer 32 peoples. Chinese merchants frequently visited southeast Muslim pilgrims Asia and India. such as Faxian. After the formation of large. INDIA . and Pliny the for the study of PERSIAN WARS Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Elder relied on their own travels through much of the Mediterranean world as well Comment [31]: Answer 30 as reports of other travelers to compile vast compendia of geographical knowledge. and Because travelers reflect upon their own society and life fragmentary travel accounts appeared in both Mesopotamia and Egypt in ancient times. imperial states in the classical world. and thousands of hajj accounts have related their experiences. Theodore de Bry. but eventually to the Americas and Oceania as well. By midcentury. European colonial administrators devoted numerous writings to the societies of their colonial subjects. however. the 20th century witnessed explosions both in the frequency of long-distance travel and in . generating a fresh round of travel writing as they did so. European explorers. conquerors. and European printing presses churned out thousands of travel accounts that described foreign lands and peoples for a reading public with an apparently insatiable appetite for news about the larger world. and missionaries took center stage during the early modern era (about 1500 to 1800 CE). although gradually increasing crowds of Christian pilgrims flowed to Jerusalem. and other lands also ventured abroad in the interests of spiritual enlightenment. Richard Hakluyt. Medieval Europeans did not hit the roads in such large numbers as their Muslim and East Asian counterparts during the early part of the postclassical era. Asian travelers in particular visited Europe and the United States To provide information for the 34 COLONIES they set up in hopes of discovering principles useful for the reorganisation of their own societies. With the development of inexpensive and reliable means of mass transport. Comment [36]: Answer 39 assembled numerous travel accounts and made them available in enormous meet the public's interest. After the 12th century. merchants. During the 19th century. attention was flowing also in the other direction. published collections. Comment [37]: Answer 34 American societies. Meanwhile. and other sites. Rome. of which Marco Polo's description of his travels and sojourn in China is the best known. and Samuel Purchas. By no means did Muslim and Chinese travel come to a halt in early modern times. and missionaries from medieval Europe traveled widely and left numerous travel accounts.Korea. The volume of travel literature was so great that several editors. Santiago de-Compostela (in northern Spain). merchants. If Muslim and Chinese peoples dominated travel and travel writing in postclassical times. pilgrims. European travelers made their way to the interior regions of Africa and the Americas. including Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Giambattista Ramusio. particularly in Asian and African colonies they established. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Among the most prominent of these travelers who made extensive use of their Comment [38]: Answer 35 overseas observations and experiences in their own writings were the Japanese To study the 35 PRINCIPLES for the reorganization of their societies reformer Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen. But European peoples ventured to the distant corners of the globe. Their efforts took them not only to all parts of the eastern hemisphere. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Painfully aware of the military and technological prowess of European and Euro. As they became familiar with the larger world of the eastern hemisphere—-and the profitable commercial opportunities that it offered—European people worked to find new and more direct routes to Asian and African markets. administration. (peoples – The human beings of a particular nation . B Because travelers reflect upon their own society and life. Write your answers in boxes 27-28 on your answer sheet. The most distinctive of them was mass tourism. C Because it increases knowledge of foreign cultures. 27 What were most people traveling for in the early days? A Studying their own cultures B Business C Knowing other people and places better D Writing travel books 28. which emerged passage as a major form of consumption for individuals living in the world's wealthy societies. B. A peculiar variant of the travel account arose to meet the needs of these tourists: the guidebook. Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM Tourism enabled consumers to get away from home to see the sights in Rome. and all the sights that visitors should not miss seeing. C or D. A. local customs. and missionary work. but other new forms of travel have also had considerable influence in contemporary times. . Why did the author say writing travel books is also "a mirror" for travelers themselves? A Because travelers record their own experiences. or go on safari in Kenya. increasingly effective modes of mass transport made it possible for new kinds The development of travel books The answer is in the gist of the whole of travel to flourish. While a great deal of travel took place for reasons of Kiran Makkar 5/25/2017 10:39 AM business. lodging. Tourism has had a massive economic impact throughout the world. pilgrimage. as in ages Comment [39]: Answer 40 past. diplomacy. community or ethnic group) Anywhere else the use of the word peoples is wrong Questions 27-28 Choose the correct letter. D Because it is related to the development of human society. take Comment [40]: Answer 36 a cruise through the Caribbean. walk the Great Wall of China. shopping. which offered advice on food. visit some wineries in People from 36 WEALTHY countries Bordeaux. the volume of travel writing. A. B The accounts are often truthful rather than fictional. B. Write your answers in boxes 37-40 37 Why were the imperial rulers especially interested in these travel stories? A Reading travel stories was a popular pastime. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from passage 3 TIME TRAVELER DESTINATION PURPOSE OF TRAVEL Classical Greece Herodotus Egypt and Anatolia To gather information for the study of 29 PERSIAN WARS Han Dynasty Zhang Qian Central Asia To seek 30 ALLIES Roman Empire Ptolemy. C Travel books played an important role in literature. Africa To provide information for century the 34 COLONIES they set up By the mid. a large number of travel books were published to A meet the public's interest. C encourage trips to the new world. Mediterranean To acquire 31GEOGRAPHICAL Pliny the Elder KNOWLEDGE Post-classical Era Muslims From east Africa Trading and to Indonesia Mecca 32 PILGRIMAGE (about 500 to 1500 CE) 5th to 9th Chinese Buddhists 33 INDIA To collect Buddhist texts and for centuries CE spiritual enlightenment Early modern era European explorers New World To satisfy public (about 1500 to curiosity for the New World 1800CE) During 19th Colonial administrator Asia. B explore new business opportunities. Strabo. 40 What's the main theme of the passage? A The production of travel books B The literary status of travel books C The historical significance of travel books D The development of travel books . Sun Yat-sen Europe and To study the 35 PRINCIPLES for century of the Fukuzawa United States the reorganization of their 1900s Yukichi societies 20th century People from 36 Mass tourism Entertainment and pleasure WEALTHY countries Questions 37-40 Choose the correct letter. Questions 29-36 Complete the table below. 38 Who were the largest group to record their spiritual trip during the postclassical era? A Muslim traders B Muslim pilgrims C Chinese Buddhists D Indian Buddhist teachers 39 During the early modern era. D record the larger world. D They desired knowledge of their empire. C or D.