PROJECTIDENTIFICATION AND FORMULATION vddf 1 1-2 Introduction A project may be seen as an investment activity where financial resources are expended to create capital assets that produce benefits over extended period of time. Project identification is the initial phase of the project development cycle. It begins with the conceiving of ideas or intentions to set up a project. These ideas are then transformed into a project. 1-3 Project Identification Project Identification: Collection, compilation and analysis of data to locate potential opportunities for starting business and development of such opportunities Opportunity is a business concept, which if turned into a tangible product or service, by the enterprise, will result into profit. It is all about creating values 1-4 Project Identification Opportunities are identified through innovation/search of business ideas. Types of innovation: Additive Innovation – Fully exploiting already existing resources. creating a new industry and new avenues for extensive wealth creation . such as product lines extensions Complementary Innovation – Offers something new and introduces few changes in the structure of the business Breakthrough Innovation (Radical Innovation) – Changes the fundamentals of the business. and the benefits that will accrue to the society from a given project. The output characteristics of a project define what the project will generate in the form of goods and services. manpower. finance and organizational setup. revenue etc. It inevitably affects the current equilibriums of the demand and supply in the economy.1-5 Dimension of Project Identification Project identification cannot be complete without identifying the characteristics of a project. The input characteristics define what the project will consume in terms of raw materials. energy. the quantity and quality of all these outputs should be clearly specified. It is necessary to evaluate carefully the sacrifice. In addition to inputs and outputs every project has an impact on the society. . Every project has three basic dimensions.inputs.. which the society will be required to make. employment. outputs and social costs and benefits. raw materials etc.Importance of Project Identification It has long term consequences (make or break) Involves commitment which can not be easily reversed Ideas are put into action Projects are catalytic agents for economic development Involves creative use of resources. capital. Generates value addition and build-up national capital Brings socio-cultural development Leads to development of infra-structure and environment 1-6 .manpower. . Select one problem as the basis for action.Analysis Major Development Problems Listing ideas in a random way. Place the problems by priority order.1-7 Methods Of Project Identification There are five major methods of project identification: 1. 2. Projects are the end products of a process which begins with an analysis of social needs and gives rise to policies and plans to meet the needs. . Techniques illustrating linkages between objectives and projects can be shown using problem tree and objective tree analysis.Analyzing National Development Objectives Policies are instruments designed to attain stated objectives and projects are the tangible realization of these policies.1-8 Contd…. Study of Comparative Advantage – the study of successful replicable experience of other countries. 3. .1-9 Contd….Economic Analysis Statistical analysis of trade reports . Analysis of Linkage – examine existing economic activities (enterprises) in view of their linkage potential so that backward and forward linkages can be maximized.on examine the data on the flow of imports or exports. 4.1-10 Contd….National Resource Survey Natural resource surveys are important sources of for identifying agricultural and mineral related development projects. . Area Based Functional Analysis – this approach to project identification focuses on assembling a package of complementary projects within the context of village/commune district level development plan rather than an isolated project.Socio-spatial Identification Approach To Project Participator Approach – consultation of the community about the development needs of their area and undertake together a situation analysis of major development bottlenecks which enable to identify key projects. 5.1-11 Contd…. . 1-12 Contd…. In addition to the above five method there are two other major approaches to project identification (a) Top-down approach (b) Bottom-up approach . Top-Down Approach: Projects are identified based on demands from beyond the community.1-13 Contd…. . Bottom-Up Approach: In this approach community/beneficiaries are encouraged to identify and plan the projects themselves with or without outsiders. water.1-14 Advantages of Top-Down Approach It may be a rapid response to disasters like floods. water or others) . It can contribute to wider national or international objectives and goals and therefore potentially be part of a wider benefit (as in the case of trans-boundary resources. war outbreak because there is limited time and chance to consult the beneficiaries. health. roads etc. It can be effective in providing important services like education. such as climate. Limitations of Top-Down Approach 1-15 Does not help in modifying strongly established ideas and beliefs of people. The development workers (change agents) become stumbling blocks to people-led development tendency to impose their own biases. Communities have little say in planning process rendering approach devoid of human resource development. . Community develops dependency syndrome on outside assistance and does not exploit their own potential. Assumes external individuals know better than the beneficiaries of the service. etc. on people. Resources are effectively managed.makes project progressive and sustainable. there is increased equity. Helps people to work as a team and develop a “WE” attitude . financial and economic discipline. Advantages of Bottom-Up Approach 1-16 Interveners accomplish more with limited resources since people tend to safeguard what they have provided for themselves. accountability. Provides opportunities of educating people. Develops people’s capacity to identify problems and needs and to seek possible solutions to them. dependence reduces. . initiative. The priorities of communities may not fit with national or international priorities that seek to have a broader impact . People sometimes dislike approach because they do not want to take responsibility for action. The agency using this approach is never in control and cannot guarantee the results it would want.Limitations of Bottom-Up Approach 1-17 Not always effective for projects that require urgency to implement Time-consuming and requires patience and tolerance. 1-18 Contd…. . During preliminary selection the analyst should eliminate project proposals that are: technically unsound and risky. environmentally unfriendly. not consistent with national development objectives. costly in relation to benefits. expected to have inadequate supply of inputs. assumed over ambitious sales and profitability. By the end of the identification stage we should know: whether further detailed work is justified. .1-19 Contd…. what major issue have been identified? what project alternatives have been considered? which of them have been rejected? rough estimate of costs including specific for promising projects. .Project Selection / Idea Generation 1-20 Project selection process starts with the generation of a product idea. In order to select the most promising project. the entrepreneur needs to generate a few ideas about the possible projects he/she can undertake. The project ideas can be discovered from various-internal and external sources. Identification of investment opportunities Internal Sources SWOT Analysis Analysing the industry Analysing the input-output relationships Analysing the labour and capital market Analysing the consumer market External Sources Government Regulations Import / Export opportunities Suggestions from financial institutions Survey of social and economic resources Survey of new technology 1-21 . Project Selection / Idea Generation 1-22 Project ideas should in general aim at overcoming constraints to the development effort. These constraints can be: material human or institution meeting unsatisfied needs and demand for goods and services foreign exchange constraints that might necessitate projects for import substitution or export promotion . Project ideas arise from identification of a number of different factors. The desire of local groups or organizations to enhance their economic status and improve their welfare. The existence of unused or underutilized resources.1-23 Contd…. The initiative of private or public enterprise in response to incentives provided by the government. services or facilities that constrain the development effort. The necessity to complement or expand investments previously undertaken. A) At the micro-level project ideas emanate from: The identification of unsatisfied demands or needs. . The need to remove shortages in essential materials. etc. or regional development plans strategies.1-24 Contd…. etc. . earthquakes. B) At the macro-level project ideas emerge from: National. sectoral. Individual inspiration. workshops development experiences of other countries. problem in the balance of payments. Project ideas can also originate from multilateral or bilateral development agencies. Project proposal could also originate from foreign firms. flood. To correct social and regional inequalities. Constraints in the development process due to shortages of essential infrastructural facilities. institutions. hostilities. Unusual events such as droughts. 1-25 Select development projects . 1-26 Criteria for selecting a project Investment size Location of project Technology to be used Equipment Marketing Labour Working Capital Requirements Economic Viability . If the project is to be financed through all-India institutions with lesser promoter’s contribution. Investment size: Investment size depends upon the entrepreneur’s capacity to raise resources and his attitude towards economies of scale. . the State Electricity Board and various other agencies. the project cost should be at least Rs.1-27 Contd…. Location of project: A new entrepreneur should as far as possible locate his project in and around a state headquarters. Such a location helps to attract competent managers and facilitates liaison with the State Industrial Development Corporation.3 to 5 crores. which is indigenously available. This is shortsightedness and no compromise on quality should be made. It avoids the problems of foreign technical collaboration and makes life easier. Equipment: While selecting the equipment the advice of experienced technical consultants should be obtained. . Some entrepreneurs enter into some sort of a deal with the equipment manufacturers for a ‘kickback’ and in the process sacrifice quality.1-28 Contd…. Technology to be used: It is better for a new entrepreneur to go in for a project with proven technology. . Labour: a shrewd entrepreneur should minimize unskilled and semi-skilled labor. A new entrepreneur should not go into a project having cut throat competition. Material handling labor can be reduced through automatic handling devices and proper buying policies. Marketing: It is advisable to go in for a product with a limited number of industrial customers.1-29 Contd…. therefore. . Economic Viability: the project should break-even on a cash basis in the first 6-8 months. It should generate profits in the first year of operations. Working Capital Requirements: the entrepreneur should avoid projects with very long operating cycle and requiring huge working capital. good margin money should be provided for.1-30 Contd…. This is particularly necessary when the entrepreneur has to buy from any government agency ( advance payments) or to sell to a government agency (delayed settlement of bills). The lending policies of banks are unpredictable and. MARKET AND DEMAND ANALYSIS vddf 31 . . What should be the total demand for the product/service. What share of the market would the proposed project enjoy. Gives answer to two important question: 1. 1 + 2 = Profitability of the project.1-32 Market & Demand Analysis An integrated approach to generate power by critical analysis of the market logistically. 2. 1-33 Steps in Market & Demand Analysis . Key Step in Market & Demand Analysis and their Inter-relationship Collection of Secondary Informatio n Situational Analysis and Specification s of Objectives Demand Forecastin g Characterizati on of the Market Conduct of Market Survey Market Planning 1-34 . competitors. the project analyst may informally talk to customers. Specification of Objectives Get a “feel” for the relationship between the product and it’s market. middlemen and other in the industry. Look at the experience of the company to learn about the purchasing power of customer. action & strategies of competitors. .1-35 A. 5. 3. Objectives give answer to following questions: Who are the consumer? How many consumers are there? What do they want? Why do they want it? When do they want it? How do they want it? Where do they want it? What quality is desirable? How much can they spend? What price is acceptable? . 10. 2. 6. 8. Specification of Objectives 1.1-36 A. 7. 4. 9. -.information already been collected . Economic Survey . Industrial potential surveys . -.information collected first hand. Secondary Data -. Planning commission reports . Collection Of Market Information Primary Data -.questionnaires. surveys .Census of India . India Year Book . etc. . interviews etc.1-37 B. 1-38 Secondary Sources of Data Indian Economic Survey Indian Basic Facts Reports of Export Working Groups on Various Industries Census of Manufacturing Industries Indian Statistical Yearbook Monthly Statistical Bulletin Annual Report of RBI Annual Reports and Accounts of the Companies Listed on the Stock Exchange Annual Reports of the Various Associations of Manufacturers . Conduct of Market Survey Market survey is used when secondary data is not available or not fully available. .1-39 C. 1-40 Contd… Some Problems: Heterogeneity of the Country Multiplicity of the Languages Design of Questionnaire . 4. 2. 7. 6. Characteristics Of Market 1. Consumer Groups Geographic Variables Demographic Variables Psychographic Variables Behavioural Variables Price Methods of distribution and sales promotion Consumers Suppliers & Competitors Government Policy .1-41 D. 5. Demand for the products/services Market Segments 3. This step characterizes the market on the basis of information gathered. 1-42 Forecasting Predicting the future Qualitative forecast methods subjective Quantitative forecast methods based on mathematical formulas . 1-43 Types of Forecasting Methods Depend on time frame demand behavior causes of behavior . 1-44 Time Frame Indicates how far into the future is forecast Short.to mid-range forecast typically encompasses the immediate future daily up to two years Long-range forecast usually encompasses a period of time longer than two years . long-term up or down movement of demand an up-and-down repetitive movement in demand Seasonal pattern an up-and-down repetitive movement in demand occurring periodically .1-45 Demand Behavior Trend Random variations movements in demand that do not follow a pattern Cycle a gradual. 1-46 Causes of Behavior Analytical Cause effect relationship basis Quantitative Explicit . 1-47 E. Demand Forecasting Qualitative Methods These methods rely essentially on the judgment of experts to translate qualitative information into quantitative estimates Used to generate forecasts if historical data are not available (e.g., introduction of new product) The important qualitative methods are: Jury of Executive Method Delphi Method 1-48 Jury of Executive Opinion Method Rationale Approach Upper-level management has best information on latest product developments and future product launches Small group of upper-level managers collectively develop forecasts – Opinion of Group Main advantages Combine knowledge and expertise from various functional areas People who have best information on future developments generate the forecasts 1-49 Jury of Executive Opinion Method Main drawbacks Expensive No individual responsibility for forecast quality Risk that few people dominate the group Subjective Reliability is questionable Typical applications Short-term forecasting and medium-term demand 1-50 Delphi Method Rationale Eliciting the opinions of a group of experts with the help of mail survey Anonymous written responses encourage honesty and avoid that a group of experts are dominated by only a few members . 1-51 Delphi Method Approach Coordinator Sends Initial Questionnair e Each expert writes response (anonymous ) Coordinator sends updated questionnair e Coordinat or performs analysis No Consens us reached? Yes Coordinat or summarize s forecast . 1-52 Delphi Method Main advantages Generate consensus Can forecast long-term trend without availability of historical data Main drawbacks Slow process Experts are not accountable for their responses Little evidence that reliable long-term forecasts can be generated with Delphi or other methods Typical application Long-term forecasting Technology forecasting . time The important time series projection methods are: Trend Projection Method Exponential Smoothing Method Moving Average Method .1-53 Time Series Projection Methods These methods generate forecasts on the basis of an analysis of the historical time series. Assume that what has occurred in the past will continue to occur in the future Relate the forecast to only one factor . 1-54 Trend Projection Method Advantages It uses all observations The straight line is derived by statistical procedure A measure of goodness fit is available Disadvantages More complicated The results are valid only when certain conditions are satisfied . Ft + 1 = Ft + α et Where Ft + 1 = forecast for year ) α et = smoothing parameter = error in the forecast for year t = St = Ft ..1-55 Exponential Smoothing Exponential smoothing. St. is less than the actual value for year t. Ft + 1 . the forecast for the year t+1. forecasts are modified in the light of observed errors. If the forecast value for year t. Ft. 1-56 Moving Average Naive forecast Simple moving average demand in current period is used as next period’s forecast uses average demand for a fixed sequence of periods stable demand with no pronounced behavioral patterns Weighted moving average weights are assigned to most recent data According to the moving average method St + S t – 1 +…+ S t – n +1 Ft + 1 = n where Ft + 1 = forecast for the next period St = sales for the current period n = period over which averaging is done . 1-57 Weighted Moving Average Adjusts moving average method to more closely reflect data fluctuations n WMAn = Wi Di i=1 where Wi = the weight for period i.00 i . between 0 and 100 percent W = 1. Weighted Moving Average Example MONTH WEIGHT August September October DATA 17% 33% 50% 130 110 90 3 November Forecast WMA3 = Wi Di i=1 = (0.4 orders 1-58 .17)(130) = 103.50)(90) + (0.33)(110) + (0. Chain Ratio Method Consumption Level Method End Use Method Leading Indicator Method Econometric Method .1-59 Causal Methods Causal methods seek to develop forecasts on the basis of cause-effects relationships specified in an explicit. quantitative manner. 000.1-60 Chain Ratio Methods Market Potential for heated coats in the any Market: Population (U) = 280.65k (I) = 50% Proportion of I that live in cold states (C) = 50% Proportion of C that ski regularly (S) = 10% Proportion of S that are fashion conscious (F) = 30% Proportion of F that are early adopters (E) = 10% Average number of ski coats purchased per year (Y) = .000 Proportion of U that are age over 16 (A) = 75% Proportion of A that are men (M) = 50% Proportion of M that have incomes over Rs. 200 .5 coats Average price per coat (P) = Rs. 10 x200 = Rs.50 x 0.50 x 0.75 x 0.88 Crore .1-61 Chain Ratio Methods Market Potential for heated coats in the market.50 x 0.: Market Sales Potential = U x Ax M x I x C x S x F x E x Y = 28 Crore x 0. 7.30 x 0.10 x 0. .1-62 Consumption Level Method This method is used for those products that are directly consumed. This method measures the consumption level on the basis of elasticity coefficients. 1-63 Consumption Level Method Income Elasticity: This reflects the responsiveness of demand to variations in income.Q1/ I2.I1] * [I1+I2/ Q2 +Q1] Where E1 = Income elasticity of demand Q1 = quantity demanded in the base year Q2 = quantity demanded in the following year I1 = income level in the base year I2 = income level in the following year . It is calculated as: E1 = [Q2 . Q1/ P2.P1] * [P1+P2/ Q2 +Q1] Where EP = Price elasticity of demand Q1 = quantity demanded in the base year Q2 = quantity demanded in the following year P1 = price level in the base year P2 = price level in the following year .1-64 Consumption Level Method Price Elasticity: This reflects the responsiveness of demand to variations in price. It is calculated as: EP = [Q2 . Project the output levels for the consuming industries 4.1-65 End Use Method Suitable for estimating demand for intermediate products Also called as consumption coefficient method Steps 1. Define the consumption coefficient of the product for various uses 3. Identify the possible uses of the products 2. Derive the demand for the project . 000 20.1-66 End Use Method This method forecasts the demand based on the consumption coefficient of the various uses of the product.000 69.8 0.000 Total 20.000 18.2 0.000 .5 10.000 15.000 16.000 30.000 15. Projected Demand for Indchem Alpha Beta Kappa Gamma Consumption Coefficient Projected Output in Year X Projected Demand for Indchem in Year X 2.0 1. 1-67 Leading Indicator Method This method uses the changes in the leading indicators to predict the changes in the lagging indicators. Two basic steps: 1. Identify the appropriate leading indicator(s) Establish the relationship between the leading indicator(s) and the variable to forecast. 2. . Pt = price of the product in year t. Nt = income in year t. Single Equation Model Dt = a0 + a1 Pt + a2 Nt Where Dt = demand for a certain product in year t. it is a mathematical expression of economic relationships derived from economic theory.1-68 Econometric Method An advanced forecasting tool. Economic variables incorporated in the model 1. . . Simultaneous equation method GNPt = Gt + It + Ct It = a0 + a1 GNPt Ct = b0 + b1 GNPt Where GNPt = gross national product for year t. Gt = Governmental purchase for year t. Ct= Consumption for year t.1-69 Econometric Method 2. It = Gross investment for year t. 1-70 Econometric Method Advantages The process sharpens the understanding of complex cause – effect relationships This method provides basis for testing assumptions Disadvantages It is expensive and data demanding To forecast the behaviour of dependant variable. one needs the projected values of independent variables . product. natural calamity Methods of forecasting Inability to handle unquantifiable factors Unrealistic assumptions Excessive data requirement .war. Few observations Influence of abnormal factors:. price. cost. quantity. 1-71 Lack of standardization:.Uncertainties in Demand Forecasting Data about past and present markets. income…. 1-72 Contd… Environmental changes Technological changes Shift in government policy Developments on the international scene Discovery of new source of raw material Vagaries of monsoon . 1-73 Coping With Uncertainties Conduct analysis with data based on uniform and standard definitions. Critically evaluate the assumptions Adjust the projections. Conduct sensitivity analysis . Monitor the environment. Ignore the abnormal or out-of-ordinary observations. Consider likely alternative scenarios. Market Planning (a) (b) A good marketing plan is required in order to make a success of the venture one is thinking of starting.1-74 F. Conceptually the marketing planning process involves the following: Defining the Business Analyzing the Current Market (i) Market Analysis (ii) SWOT Analysis . Sales promotion . and Advertising Budgeting Implementation and Control . (c) (d) Objectives Marketing Strategy (e) (f) Target market Segment Positioning Product Line Price Distribution Sales force .1-75 Contd…. 1-76 . size.1-77 Objective of Technical Analysis Primary Objective First and foremost important objective of technical analysis is to see whether the project idea is feasible or not from technical point of view or not Secondary Objective To find out the most optimal formulation of the project technology. . location etc. To find out the cost of project. so that profitability can be calculated. and contractual aspects of licensing. The analysis encompasses available alternative technologies. .1-78 Technical Analysis Technical analysis is based on the description of the product and specifications and also the requirements of quality standards. implications of the acquisition of technology. Special attention is given to technical dimensions in project selection. The technology chosen should also keep in view the requirements of raw materials and other inputs in terms of quality and should ensure that the cost of production would be competitive. selection of the most appropriate technology in terms of optimum combination of project components. 4.1-79 Activities in Technical Analysis 1. 6. 5. 2. 8. 9. 7. Technology selection Material and utilities input requirements Flexibility in product-mix Plant capacity Location and size of the project Machinery and equipment Charts and Layouts Work Schedule Cost of Project . 3. . Technology Selection Plant Capacity Material and utilities input requirements Investment Outlay and production costs Use by other units Flexibility in Product mix Latest Developments Appropriateness of technology.1-80 1. Materials Requirements and Utilities Input Raw-materials Processed Industrial materials and components Auxiliary materials and factory supplies Utilities 1-81 .2. Product Mix Flexibility Another area to be analysed under the technical analysis is flexibility of technology and plan regarding product mix.1-82 3. . 1-83 4. Plant Capacity ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ Technological requirements Input constraints Market conditions Investment cost & resources of firms . 1-84 5. Location and Site selection Nearness to raw-materials and market Availability of infrastructure Labour situations Government policies Other factors . 1-85 6. Machinery and Equipment Technical analysis of a project idea should include the study of required machinery and equipment to run the project. The machinery and technology required depends on the plant capacity and type of technology selected. . Charts and Layouts Material Flow Diagram Production Line Diagram Transport Layout Utility Consumption Layout Communication Layout Organisation Layout Plant Layout .1-86 7. Work Schedule To anticipate problems like to arise during the installation phase and suggest possible means for coping with them To establish the phasing of investments taking into account the availability of finances To develop a plan operations covering the initial period (the running .1-87 8. .in period). 1-88 9. Pre-operative expenses Margin money for working capital Initial cash losses . Cost of Project Land and site development Building and civil works Plant and machinery Technical Know-how and Engineering fees Expenses on foreign technicians and training of Indian technicians abroad Preliminary and capital issue expenses. 1-89 . 1-90 Financial Analysis The Financial Analysis. . Main Activity: Financial Evaluation of Project Other Activity: Cost of Project Decision about sources of finance Working capital requirement. examines the viability of the project from financial or commercial considerations and indicates the return on the investments. On the basis of expected inflows and outflows in future.1-91 Financial Evaluation of Project Financial Evaluation is a Planning Process used to determine whether a firm’s low term investment in project is financially feasible or not. Pay-back period. Return on Investment (ROI) Net Present Value (NPV) Profitability Index(PI)/Benefit Cost Ratio Internal Rate of Return (IRR) . Some of the commonly used techniques for financial analysis are as follows. .1-92 Cost of Operators (from Technical Analysis) Revenue Cash Inflows (from Market and Demand Analysis) Financial Cost (from Financial Analysis) Cost Cash Outflows Net Cash Inflows Various Appraisal Techniques • ARR • PBP Accept/Reject Decision • NPV • IRR •PI etc. PROJECT FORMULATION What is Project Formulation? Stages of Project Formulation Project Report . 1-94 What is Project Formulation? Taking a first look carefully and critically at the project idea Carefully weighing its various components Analysing with the assistance of specialists or consultants Assessment of the various aspects of an investment proposition It is an important stage in the pre-investment phase . . You can learn about formulating a project by formulating projects! Therefore.1-95 Project Formulation Project formulation is a systematic and logical way of developing cost effective solutions to development problems. discuss with others. think! put your thoughts on paper. check facts and it may require re-writing several times. . Pre-Investment Analysis 1.1-96 Stages of Project Formulation Feasibility Analysis 2. Project Design and Network Analysis 4. Financial Analysis 6. Techno-Economic Analysis 3. Input Analysis 5. Cost-Benefit Analysis 7. 1-97 1. Feasibility Analysis First stage in project formulation Examination to see whether to go in for a detailed investment proposal or not Screening for internal and external constraints Conclusion could be: The project idea seems to be feasible The project idea is not a feasible one Unable to arrive at a conclusion for want of adequate data . Techno-Economic Analysis Screens the idea toEstimate of potential of the demand for goods/services Choice of optimal technology This analysis gives the project a platform for preparation of detailed project design .1-98 2. 3. finance needed and cost-benefit profile of the project . Project Design and Network Analysis 1-99 It is the heart of the project entity It defines the sequence of events of the project Time is allocated for each activity It is presented in a form of a network drawing It helps to identify project inputs. 1-100 4. Input Analysis Its assesses the input requirements during the construction and operation of the project It defines the inputs required for each activity Inputs include materials. human resources It evaluates the feasibility of the project from the point of view of the availability of necessary resources This aids in assessing the project cost . cost-volumeprofit relationship and ratio analysis Investment decisions involve commitment of resources in future. Financial Analysis It involves estimating the project costs.1-101 5. operating cost and fund requirements It helps in comparing various project proposals on a common scale Analytical tools used are discounted cash flow. with a long time horizon It needs caution and foresight in developing financial forecasts . 1-102 6.Benefit Analysis The overall worth of a project is considered The project design forms the basis of evaluation It considers costs that all entities have to bear and the benefit connected to it . Cost. Pre-investment Analysis The results obtained in previous stages are consolidated to arrive at clear conclusions Helps the project-sponsoring body.1-103 7. the project-implementing body and the external consulting agencies to accept/reject the proposal . Constraints in Project Formulation 1-104 Lack of a viable / feasible project idea Lack of realistic / achievable objectives Lack of necessary resources / infrastructure to convert idea into reality Policies of government / Legal restrictions Lengthy and cumbersome procedures to get finance, start business 1-105 Project Report It is a concise copy of detailed analysis done for the project An entrepreneur/expert prepares the report before the investment in project is done The report assesses the demand for proposed product/service, works out cost of investment and profitability on this investment It acts as an instrument to convince investors to invest in the project 1-106 Significance of Project Report An objective without a plan is a dream. The preparation of a project report is of great significance for an entrepreneur. The project report serves the two essential functions: First and most important, the project report is like a road map. It describes the direction the enterprise is going in, what its goals are, where it wants to be, and how it is going to get there. It also enables an entrepreneur to know that he is proceeding in the right direction. 1-107 Contd… The second function of the project report is to attract lenders and investors. yet it is useful and beneficial for them to prepare the project reports for various reasons. it is not mandatory for the small enterprises to prepare project reports. how much. It is on the basis of project report that the financial institutions make appraisal if the enterprise requires financial assistance or not If yes. The preparation of project report is beneficial for those small enterprises. . which apply for financial assistance from the financial institutions and the commercial banks. Although. cost of capital and return on capital Production aspects – Product details. machinery. export worthiness Managerial aspects – Qualifications. justification for investment Technical aspects – technology. experience of people needed for managerial posts . entrepreneur’s contribution. equipment needed Financial aspects – Total investment needed. justification for the choice of product. scope for growth. A project report gives information on the following: Economic aspects – present market.1-108 Contd…. uses and applications) Market position and trends (current capacity for production. quality. export prospects. quality standards. price structure etc) Raw materials (types. potential demand. production schedule. trends in import-export. price) Manufacturing (process. specifications.1-109 Contents of a project report Objectives and scope of the report Product characteristics (product design. sources. technique used) . qualifications. choice of location. marketing and advertising strategy) Personnel (Requirement of staff.1-110 Contd…. skilled-unskilled labour. profitability) Marketing channels (Trade practices. infrastructure support. fixed and working capital investment. salary and wage payment. cost) Financial implications (Capital structure. experience) . project cost. cost) Land and building (Requirement. Plant and machinery (types. building construction schedule. The project report is submitted to financial institutions for grant of land and other financial concessions Organizations like Small Industries Service Institute (SISI) and Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO) help entrepreneurs to prepare project report The financial institutions ascertain from the report.1-111 Contd…. whether the project can generate enough funds to repay the borrowings in stipulated time frame . 1-112 THANK YOU .