Planetary Meteorology (WT Foster)

The Gannstudygroup PresentsA Scrapbook of Planetary Meteorology: W. T. Foster and his contemporaries (FIRST EDITION) This E-Book is not to be sold. It is a free educational service in the public interest published by Gann Study Group [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS A Note About the Scrapbook` Biographical Sketch of W. T. Foster The Work of W. T. Foster, Long-Range Weather Forecaster Appendix I: Richard Mansill Appendix II: John H. Tice Appendix III: Charles H. Lillingston Appendix IV: "Herschel's" Lunar Table Appendix V: Sepharial on Sunspots Appendix VI: Jerome S. Ricard Appendix VII: Warren Fay Carothers 3 5 8 67 70 76 81 87 90 113 A NOTE ABOUT THE SCRAPBOOK For modern readers, this Scrapbook represents an absolutely unprecedented glimpse into the methods and theories of weather forecaster W. T. Foster, whose reports appeared weekly in newspapers throughout the United States from the 1880s to his death in 1924. No other forecasts by a planetary meteorologist were so widely read and their accuracy was frequently praised in their day. This collection started very modestly with a routine search for more information on the writers of nineteenth-century weather-forecasting almanacs. Probably the single article that was most influential in arousing the curiosity of the editor appeared in the Dec. 31, 1891, issue of the Herald of Grand Forks, ND, reproduced herein. Written by W. T. Foster, it mentioned, by last name only, a number of long-forgotten forecasters from whose work Foster said he had learned valid techniques. This virtually demanded further research. Who were these people and did Foster have anything else to say about them? As that question began to be answered, it became evident that Foster's column was widely disseminated over a number of years and that it was full of information about his own methods. A new question arose: What were those methods? To find the answer to this new question, an intensive search of databases was required. Thus from a humble beginning of just a single newspaper column, this collection grew to its present length as a book of more than 100 pages. There is no pretension that this is a complete collection of Foster's thinking; it is only claimed that this book contains many of his most stimulating newspaper writings. My purpose was to present, as far as possible, Foster's explanations of the HOW of his work. Thus I omitted his actual predictions in most cases in order to concentrate on his explanations of his techniques. Most people who make predictions want to keep their methods a proprietary secret and indeed Foster did not want commodities speculators to capitalize on his work (recognizing, as he did, that if changes in the weather affect the amount of crop production and therefore the prices that harvests can command, foreknowledge of weather conditions could be exploited). Nonetheless he apparently sought — through the columns he wrote and by means of correspondence courses and a series of educational pamphlets — to disseminate , with unusual frankness ("c’est gros comme une maison," as the French might say) the broad outline of his forecasting methods, if not the fine details, and this is full justification for the attention given to his theory in this book. Entries in the Foster section are organized by date of publication and are also thus organized in each of the individual appendices. When a newspaper report is about Foster, as opposed to being a column that he himself wrote, this is indicated in brackets before the text quoted; therefore, unless otherwise indicated, quotes in the main section of the Scrapbook are from Foster's newspaper column. Throughout the main part of the book, footnotes give the sources of the Foster columns and also some explanatory information where it was deemed helpful or necessary (such as the full names of competing weather forecasters, to give one example). In certain cases, I found entire articles of interest on a personality or subject treated by Foster and it seemed cumbersome to attempt to put these into footnotes spreading over several pages. At this point the idea of creating a series of appendices was born. The appendices serve two essential purposes: 1) While, as Foster (correctly) wrote, "Prof. [C. C.] Blake, of Topeka, Kansas, is uncommunicative as to his theories," I found that in a select number of cases, such as Richard Mansill and W. F. Carothers, they lifted the veil on their methods to some degree, and since Foster stated explicitly in the same article that "I have carefully studied all these theories, have tested them by the records of the Washington weather bureau, and find some truth in each," it made sense to me to include what these persons were saying about their methods. And since Foster said "We are all followers of Prof Tice" and I found a copy of a biographical sketch and summary explanation of Tice's work by his son-in-law and partner, I could scarcely in good conscience avoid its inclusion. 2) Certainly the work of some individuals was clearly tremendously supportive of Foster's statements (the astronomer Father S. J. Ricard and Foster seemed to be in perfect agreement in their prediction results, for example, even though their methods of getting to those results were different — Ricard used sunspots to predict the weather, Foster held that sunspots and the weather were both only the effects of the planetary causes that he used in his work; in another case, it was found that the astrologer Sepharial agreed with Foster's findings that the movement of the planets creates sunspots). It seemed to me a disservice to the reader not to include the thinking of such individuals in this collection. Throughout the text, obvious typographical errors in the originals have been corrected. Evidently Foster's work was known to stock and commodity market analyst and theoretician W. D. Gann, inasmuch as the latter sold Foster's pamphlet "Sun Spots and Weather" to interested followers of his work. Just as Foster did in forecasting the weather, Gann, too, used mathematical calculations and astronomical indications in forecasting the financial markets. THE EDITOR. Biographical Sketch of W. T. Foster William Thomas Foster, who was without a doubt the best-known planetary meteorologist of his day, was born in Marshall, Clark County, Illinois on Jan. 17, 1840. As a child, he went to school in the winter and worked on a farm in the summer. 1 "In 1849, his parents decided to migrate to California with the gold seekers, but upon reaching Rubidoux Landing, which is now St. Joseph, Miss., and hearing of the many hardships and privations necessary before reaching California, it was decided that the mother and children would remain in Missouri and the father, Thomas Foster, would go on to California alone, where he was very successful for a short time and was supposedly murdered for his valuable claims. "The mother and children settled in Harrison county, Missouri, where the children, including the deceased W. T. Foster, were educated as far as possible in those days, W. T. Foster himself being a school teacher at the age of 20 and his wife, who survives him, being one of his pupils.2 At the outbreak of the war, on April 18, 1861, he 1 2 Foster Genealogy by Frederick Clifton Pierce, p. 688. Foster and Nanny A. Bryant, born May 27, 1849, were married on Dec. 24, 1865, according to Foster was mustered into the Second Missouri Cavalry, known as Merrill's Horse, as a lieutenant of that organization, the company of home guard militia of which he was an officer being taken as a unit of the Merrill's Horse. He was mustered out at Memphis, Tenn., on August 19, 1865, after more than five years of service. 3 "After holding several political offices following the war he settled into newspaper work,4 owning and editing papers in Bethany, Gallatin and Chillicothe, Missouri, and then in Albia and Creston, Iowa; then to Burlington, Iowa, as associate editor of the Hawk-eye; then to Omaha, Nebr., as editor of the Republican and afterward as associate editor of the Bee; then to St. Joseph, Missouri, as associate editor of the Herald, — which was the last newspaper editing he did, for in 1891 he left the Herald to devote his entire time to the study and research necessary toward better weather forecasts and the publishing of same. "When a boy he was interested in the signs or lore of those days relative to weatherology and being of an investigating mind, he was soon led to the positions of the moon and planets as the origin of most of these old sayings. 5 In 1879 he began writing weekly weather letters for publication and the wonderful record of one interesting as well as instructive letter a week for 2,314 weeks without missing a week was broken after issuing his letter under date of August 16, 1924.6 "In March, 1903, he moved from St. Joseph, Mo., to Washington D. C., in order that he might be able to gain access to and copy the old government meteorological records, which are so necessary in his forecasting and were not obtainable in any other way. All income from his work, outside of a meager living, and also many donations toward his work, were used in compiling these records and in research work. The largest single donation toward his research work was given by G. A. Glines, now deceased, formerly of Winnipeg, Canada, who spent $20,000 on the work after being in close touch with the work many years.7 Genealogy. "Was private, corporal, sergeant, lieutenant and captain," according to Foster's Genealogy. Foster's Genealogy says "After the war became newspaper editor, and did editorial work on country newspapers; then on Leavenworth Times [in Kansas]..." proceeding on to list others of the newspapers above. 5 According to Foster's Genealogy, he "began lecturing on this subject in 1876." 6 Foster's Genealogy states that in 1899, at the time that book came out, "his weather bulletins are extensively published from Manitoba to Texas, and Maine to California. The basis of his calculations is that the sun, moon and planets, through magnetism, control all weather changes. He claims that his calculations are about perfected and that he will soon be ready to place before the world the greatest, most wonderful and most useful of modern discoveries." 7 About a year later, the Foster column stated: "A hundred years from now, when governments have discovered more of Foster's theories and have charted the cycles of our atmospheric changes and their planetary causes, almost perfect forecasts of great storms, temperature extremes, drouth, excessive precipitation and general cropweather will be made. Fifty years ago, when W. T. Foster first began to issue weather forecasts and explain his theories, few gave him credit and many thought fake; twenty years ago when such advanced minds as J. R. Townsend, of Los Angeles, and the late G. A. Glines, of Winnepeg, and 3 4 This paper reported that he had a granddaughter in those parts.A. 2. accepted by the world. G. [C. Foster and his theories to give them financial support. such men as Prof.] Abbott [properly Abbot]. T. He was apparently well on the road to recovery from the effects of this first operation when it was found that abscesses had formed that necessitated a second operation. M. and many other advanced scientists in different parts of the world are firm in their convictions that terrestrial atmospheric changes are caused by the positions of the bodies in our solar system."10 others had sufficient faith in the late W. . a fraternal group. identified as Mrs. came from "Foster's Forecast" as published in The Herald of Fairport. 26. Oct. Foster's theories to be laws of nature. 7. 11. Prof. OR. White. 3. 10 The quoted material. lived in Portland. 78.] "Interment was in Arlington cemetery under the auspices of the G. p. The latter paper noted that Foster's weather forecasts were carried by publications in Canada and England as well as in the US. T. of Santa Clara College. his strength was not sufficient to overcome the effects of this second shock. of the Smithsonian Institution. 8 and Masonic9 organizations of which he was a member. L. he had an acute attack of appendicitis and an operation was necessary. [Jerome S. M. NY. 1924. & A. along with the drawing of Foster. 1924. A. Oct.R. according to the Oregonian of Oct."On. Koester. 1924. Aug." The Herald-Mail of Fairport.] Ricard. [Ellsworth] Huntington. 9 St. Oct. F. 1925. 1924. according to the Elk City (OR) News Democrat. today. for ease of reading. 1924. Dr. I believe that the time is not far distant when some government will thoroughly investigate planetary influence and prove the majority of the late W. of Yale. Joseph Lodge No. J. 8. [He passed away on Sept. planetary weatherology had taken a long stride ahead in the minds of free thinking scientists. 15. Mrs. Some paragraph breaks have been added that were not in the original. His daughter. I expect to live to see our cause. NY. While he had a most wonderful physique for a man of 84. C.. 8 The Grand Army of the Republic. sun and planets. and Mercury crosses the sun's equator at its greatest disturbing point on The Evening Bulletin of Maysville. 7. T. "The easiest method of investigating my theories is to take the dates on which the moon crosses the earth's equator which occurs about every fourteen days. and the prominence or force of the earthquakes. For $1 the navy department will send you the nautical almanac. p.html and http://finance.verizon. 1888. T. the weather prophet of Burlington. June 23. auroras. however.org/ . For sources of historical and contemporary weather data. moon. Aug. the moon crosses the earth's equator on the 19th. He bases his calculations on the fact that the earth and Mercury will pass the sun's equator and Venus its equinoctial between the 18th and 28th. see http://mysite. 12 They furnish the most reliable and easily understood record of what the weather has been. KY.com/group/gannstudygroup/links/Astrology_001038951306/Weather_00107 4370792/Data_001208558909/ (free Yahoo membership is required at Gannstudygroup). while that bureau is under the control of the war department. LONG-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTER As reported in articles by and about him +++ [From an article quoting Foster:] "W. 3 via http://kdl. Foster. 13 The Fort Worth [TX] Weekly Gazette. p. FOSTER. Not. but soon after it has passed to the agricultural bureau where it properly belongs.THE WORK OF W. which gives all the necessary information of the planets. Iowa.net/bonniehill/pages/climate."13 +++ "The causes that will greatly increase the force of the storms of this storm period are: Venus crosses the sun's equator on the 16th. 8. 1890.groups. and I expect to have an opportunity of laying these facts before the weather bureau of the United States. and sun spots are governed by the positions of the earth. Meantime I hope that readers of my letters will investigate.yahoo. location and force of the storm waves.kyvl. predicts severe storms from now until the 28th of this month. You will find that the greatest storms occur very close to these dates. and by application to the weather bureau at Washington you can obtain the daily weather maps free. 11 12 ."11 +++ "By the records of the signal service I can prove to any well-informed fairminded person that the course. "14 +++ "I have never known Venus to pass its equinoctial. I would advise all to keep off of the seas about that time. I have already stated that the tropical hurricanes would increase in force from the 1st of the month to the 9th. 3. When the earth's atmosphere is pulled south it leaves a less dense atmosphere north and permits the cold of outer space to more readily penetrate the earth. These three disturbances occurring within four days will act as does the attenuating current of the electro-dynamo machines. "Following the storm of 5th to 9th will be a cold wave the force of which will depend on the location of the tropical hurricane. 1890. In the extreme Northwest I expect a blizzard but I cannot say how far south it will go. This has the effect of pulling the flow tide of the earth's atmosphere from the Northern to the Southern hemisphere. Aug. when one of them will be not far from the Gulf of Mexico. The three systems of hurricanes. and reach the Atlantic coast about the 9th. and will cause great activity in the earth's electric currents. at 30 deg. will be influenced by Mercury passing the sun's equator. p. The cause of these unusual 14 15 The Fort Worth [TX] Weekly Gazette. The continental storms will be due to leave the Pacific coast about the 5th. About that time the storms will be very severe all around the earth.. and at the same time crossing the earth's equator. each of these systems revolves around the center of the oceans to which they belong. and while our set of storms are crossing the Mississippi valley the other three storm waves that belong to this latitude will be about the middle of the North Atlantic. 1. but these tropical hurricanes are entirely distinct from the continental storms.the 20th. and at its next equinoctial it will be very close to the earth. with cooler weather in the Northern. 21.. 9. "Our next storm. . This will be the tornado period of August. The Fort Worth [TX] Weekly Gazette. "During these disturbances the moon will pass south of the earth's equator. in Eastern Europe and on the North Pacific. about October 9. p. and will be a very dangerous storm. 1890. will all show increased activity. one on the North Atlantic. It will be at its greatest force on the Northeast Atlantic coast about the 9th. and more in an entirely different circuit. . Oct. that it did not cause great disturbances. cross the Mississippi valley from the 6th to 8th."15 +++ "Heretofore I promised to give in this letter the dates for one of the greatest storms of the year. heliocentric longitude. one on the North Pacific and one on the Indian ocean. the hurricane and the blizzard. p. Mercury will pass its greatest disturbing point on the 15th. . Nov. although Venus being very close to the earth tends to drive the storms into northern latitudes. but as he is not there will be but few sun spots. a dangerous storm on the Atlantic coast. p. "As before stated November will be noted for its great storms. 1890. a great hurricane on the Gulf of Mexico and a blizzard in the Northwest. We may not expect settled weather again till after the 25th. however."17 +++ 16 17 The Fort Worth [TX] Daily Gazette. Look out for bad weather in the valley between the Alleghany and Rocky mountains from November 6th to 9th. rainy weather. and when they cross the north part warm. which in turn causes an electrical agitation throughout the solar system. and mercury crossing the sun's equator on the 15th will add to the force of the storms from about the 13th to the 22d. only increasing their force. The earth was passing the equator of Venus from the 20th to 25th. fair weather is the rule for the north. the former having a tendency to murky. It must be remembered. fair weather occurs in the south."16 +++ "Venus' equinoctial on the 8th will continue to increase the force of the storms till about the 18th. The influence of Venus' equinoctial covers all the first half of the month while the moon's influence covers only three or four days. 2. The center of this storm wave will probably pass through the border Southern states and then move toward the Northeast for the reason that the moon will have gone south of the earth's equator. 13. 1890. The Fort Worth [TX] Weekly Gazette. and will effect the storm immediately before and after that date. that the storms do not cover the whole continent. increasing the Sun's electrical forces. causing the great storms of that period. But the influence of Mercury and and Venus on the weather differ very much. This Venusion disturbance would develop sun spots were Jupiter at his disturbing point. 4. Nov. This does not change the time or direction of the storms. but when they cross the southern part cool. On the 8th the equator of Venus will be toward the sun. Venus and Mercury being south of the earth's equator have a tendency to pull the storms south. 7. while the latter is more violent and frequently brings the tornado.disturbances are: Venus at its equinoctial on the 8th and the moon crossing the earth's equator on the 9th. sleets and foggy.000. in the last storm. where the earth is in March. The effect was felt to some extent. the center of the storm rises and the wind blows toward it. "We are now approaching the winding up periods of the great November storms. Remember that all storm waves are whirlwinds. "THE NEXT STORM WAVE "will be due to leave the Pacific coast about the 16th. which occurred on the 15th. A very considerable amount of snow and rain may be expected from this storm wave. snows. I do not know of a time in the past when the disturbing forces were so great as they promise to be in 1892. "A YEAR OF DISASTROUS STORMS. In August 1892 Saturn will pass its equinoctial. In January 1892 Jupiter will be at his equinoctial and also at perihelion. "I believe that 1892 will be a year of the most disastrous storms experienced in recent times. but in 1892 two of the greatest planets in the solar system will pass their equinoctials about the same time. Its effects are seen principally in the increase of rains. cross the great valley from 17th to 19th and reach the Atlantic coast about the 20th."ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS. It will become a furious storm about the 22nd when it will be on the middle of the north Atlantic and at the same time another approaching storm will be very severe on the Pacific coast. a third one will be in central Asia and a fourth in central Europe. but its principal effect is felt in the evening up process after it has disturbed the electric equilibrium by crossing the sun's equator.000 miles nearer the earth than when he passed his equinoctial in 1886. turning from right by way of the front to the left. . hurricanes and blizzards have occurred and in them Venus has again proved the power of her equinoctial electric currents in bringing fierce storms. where the earth is in March. Our storm will pass through the Southern States causing cold weather north of the storm and warm weather south of it. murky weather. "I hope that readers of my letters will study the laws of storms which they will find in my letters for without this much of the benefits to be derived from my forecasts will be lost. and now it is Mercury's time to again tell what it can do in disturbing the planetary family by crossing the sun's equator. All round the earth great and destructive storms. The equator of Jupiter will be toward the sun and his greatest electrical force will be felt throughout the earth's orbit for six months before and after that date. or about 42. From 1880 to 1884 the disturbing elements were quite active on account of Uranus being at its equinoctial. the moon has again demonstrated its electric power when crossing the earth's equator. light. produced by the proximity of the two opposite vibratory motions. for it is not matter. force. These two great planets — Jupiter is 1300 times larger than the earth. Heat. Creation is now in progress as much as it ever was. planet and sun. but motion. not a fluid. At that time the edge of Saturn's rings will be toward the earth — the rings coincide with Saturn's equator — and cannot then be seen except through powerful telescopes. while Saturn is nearly as large — will be on opposite sides of the sun.and its full electrical force will be felt by the sun and earth for twelve months before and after that date. Nov. Given an adequate conductor there is no loss or expenditure in transit."18 18 The Deseret Weekly. magnetism. The scientific world fail to find a beginning for creation and refuse to recognize more than three forms of matter.' "This theory of electricity is similar but not the same as that to which I hold. The electricity that is thrown off over the equator of an electro-dynamo machine will knock over small objects a hundred feel away. "WEATHER AND SCIENCE NOTES. 22. hence the arc light and the forked lightning. All these bodies may grow to be sure. are all effects of this vibratory motion called electricity. Condensations of electricity form the atom and build it into a molecule. comet. and from that one may imagine what a powerful influence our earth will encounter when it comes between the equator of two such electro-dynamos as Jupiter and Saturn. hence the intenser motion of the two is called the positive and draws the negative to itself. but heat is only an effect of the propulsion of this intense vibration against the air. moon. which revolve on their axes so rapidly as to cause their equators to move thousands of times more rapidly than do the equators of our most powerful electrodynamos. all matter is convertible into electricity. producing friction of its atoms. solidity and their electric forces. life. their only difference being in their size. universal cause. Magnetism is only another effect. etc. As the zinc goes back into electricity it must continue to be matter and it is not unreasonable to believe that the zinc was originally composed of electricity. chemical affinities.. To generate electricity we decompose zinc which goes out through the copper wire. I believe that there are at least five forms of matter beginning at ether of outer space. 619. In proof of this. . 1890. meteor. with their equators toward the sun and toward each other. Vibrations can have only two general motions. In one condition it is called heat. p. liquids and solids. gravitation. condensations of which constitute electricity which condenses to form the gases. This inconceivably intense vibratory motion produces effects so unique as to be confounded with cause. which is the infinite. "In a letter from a friend in New York City it is suggested that: 'Electricity is intensified vibration. But their momentum caused them to pass beyond the sun's equator. I have a theory as to the cause. In the one instance the waters and heavy gases of the earth are evaporated and lifted into the atmosphere and in the other they are condensed and precipitated."19 +++ "WEATHER AND SCIENCE NOTES "In studying meteorology or any of the physical sciences one of the most important items is the nature of attraction. All the planets were originally comets and were pushed from space toward the sun's electric center. is a nut for the bacteriologists to crack: — "[']We are now in the midst of the hog cholera period and the prevalence of contagious diseases among men and the lower animals. and then the resistance of matter pushed them back toward the sun's electric belt again. and I believe that statistics of contagions and epidemic diseases will prove the correctness of the theory.000. "[']The cause is to be found in the aphelion and perihelion of the planets. This is one cause of the earth's greater growth at its equator while vegetable growth furnishes another. Bodies of electricity are to solid matter like bodies of water expelling the lighter while the heavier sinks into it. Contagious diseases among children are reported as epidemic in many places. Mr. Why? Astronomers say that while the earth was a heated and melted mass its rapid revolution on its axis caused it to elongate in the direction of its equator. 1890. The earth throws off a body of electricity over its equator and solid bodies in space are pushed into that electrical body. and seeking its center are conveyed to near the earth's equator. . 16. but this is an impossibility. Dec. its equator. and so they continue to vibrate each time passing a little less distance beyond the center of the sun's electric belt. When it is nearest the sun and earth their atmospheres expand and when farthest from the earth they contract. It must be a push. The 19 The Evening Telegram of New York. These great changes in our earth and atmosphere affect the health of man and beast. Here. p. especially of Jupiter. Foster sends us some interesting notes on sanitary and scientific subjects. It is usually spoken of as a pull.000 of miles nearer the sun and earth at perihelion than at aphelion. for example.+++ [In an article mentioning Foster:] "Besides his [weather] predictions. 4. But I deny that it was ever a melted mass any more than we now see in the volcanoes. To illustrate: The earth and all the planets have greater diameters through their equators than through their poles. This planet is 44. causing a tidal wave. but they continue to move eastward. and when 20 The Fort Worth [TX] Weekly Gazette. near or far from the sun. These four storm waves increase and decrease in force at the same time. Another fact has much to do with these questions. Dec. These storm waves sometimes become great storms and at other times they become almost extinct. and the resistance on the other side pushes the matter into the center of the electrical body. Whenever matter — I regard electricity as matter — moves in one direction other matter moves in the opposite direction. and the variation in their force is caused by the electrical influence of the sun. This explains the tides. comets. But when two organized bodies come near each other their electric fields repel each other and therefore the planets. The moon's electric field with its accompanying etheric matter passes over the ocean. The fact that the flood-tide is 2000 miles behind the moon is good evidence for this theory. depressing it as a great weight making a trough in the ocean. and electricity passing from the earth at its equator would require that other matter come to it at the equator and pass from it at the poles. Placing an electric body on one side of matter takes or drives away the resistance or pressure of the universal matter of space. while the sun's etheric atmosphere revolving with it causes them to revolve around the sun. The age of the planets has nothing to do with their position. although they are. moons and planets have no weight toward any other body as their matter presses equally toward their own centers. sometimes faster. I do not believe anything of the kind. Those bodies are electro-dynamos and throw an electric influence over their equators as do all electro-dynamo machines. All physical scientists agree that electricity passes from sun and planets over their equators and returns to them at their poles. suns and comets cannot fall into each other. sometimes slower. . 1890. about 3400 miles apart. Scientists say that the moon's attraction pulls the waters of the ocean up. on an average. but averaging about twenty-five miles an hour. p. 25."20 +++ "A concise statement of my weather theories is this: North of latitude 30 the storm waves move entirely around the earth from west to east and never die or become disorganized. I know the periods of four of these storm waves and can give the dates approximately on which they will pass any meridian all around the earth. moon and planets. the heavier the planet the nearer to the sun it sinks. moons. 1.earth now only goes seven degrees north and south of the sun's equator and the moon only five degrees with and south of the earth's equator. and after it passes on the ocean wave comes in to fill the trough and level the sea. so my theory does not disagree with generally accepted scientific principles. The planets sink into the sun's etheric atmosphere as a log or stone sinks into water. The tides then are caused by a push instead of a pull. Organized bodies like meteors. The circulation of electricity through them causes them to revolve on their axes. and with the continued influence of Venus. 1890. 27. This will also be a period of great earthquakes in countries where they are common. atmosphere and sun. These storm waves cause all the changes of the weather. . but while these storms will be very severe. From these influences occur all weather changes."21 +++ "This period of great disturbances will begin during the first part of May. as the moving force in these storm waves is electricity."22 +++ "The storms of April will all be severe both from minor causes and the effects of the powerful electric currents from the equators of Jupiter and Saturn. and volcanoes will become more common and increase in activity. auroras. sun spots. 8. Mercury will pass the sun's equator on April 2. the earth and Mercury in succession. and electricity is the builder. and will directly affect the sun in October. 1891. which comes from the electric currents of the body to which they belong. The electric equator of Saturn will affect Venus.one of these bodies pass the plane of the equator of another and consequently through its electric belt every body of the solar system is electrically disturbed thereby because they are all electrically connected. Dec. aphelion of the planets and apogee of the moon have opposite influence. while it is passing its equinoctial. and this electric influence of Saturn will strike Mars in May. sun and other planets at the same time. "The principal causes of these disturbances will be the equinoxes of Saturn and Jupiter. thereby extending its electric influence to the sun. so that it will affect most parts of the United States. which will have passed the sun's equator March 28. These great planets throw an electric influence into space over their equators. sun and planets are solid bodies and have slowly grown from atoms. while on the opposite side of the sun the great planet Jupiter will be approaching its equinoctial in a similar manner. 8. p. The disturbance increases the force of the storms on the earth. The earth. they will not compare with those that will occur later in the year and during the first part of 1892. including the winds and their changes. tornadoes. which will begin to have a light influence on the earth's electric currents. earthquakes and other unusual effects in the earth. The Wheeling [WV] Register. Mercury passing the sun's equator and the moon passing the earth's equator. Earthquakes are caused by subterranean thunder just as it occurs among the clouds. Perihelion of the planets and perigee of the moon expands the earth's atmosphere. the cool weather 21 22 The Fort Worth [TX] Daily Gazette. reaching that point early in January. Feb. while Mars will be passing its equinoctial. will materially increase the force of this first April storm. frosts. 1891. and as it moves from about 24 degrees north of the earth's atmosphere. I have investigated these crude signs and have found real causes at the bottom of some of them. The moon lies on its back when it runs north and hangs on its point when it runs south.and cold waves. Many of those common beliefs have some real foundation and thousands of years of experience on the part of those who are compelled to be much out of doors has taught them that with certain positions of the planets come certain changes of the weather. I have no use for anything that has superstition for its base. and to secure the full benefits of these forecasts the reader must study my science notes and discussion on the beginnings of creation and the physical forces. but the masses have been led into an error by supposing that the changes of the moon cause changes in the weather. the warm days. but these signs that have so much influence with certain classes of people throughout the world should not be cast aside without investigation. As the moon causes tides in the ocean it must also cause tides in the atmosphere. passing over about 3300 miles of the earth's surface in about fourteen days. "The changes of the moon occur a little more than six days apart and the regular storm waves pass over this latitude in little less than six days apart. so that if a storm 23 The Rocky Mountain News of Denver. When the moon and sun are on the same side of the earth the electrical influences are increased in that direction. hail. I cannot explain all these effects of the storm waves in every letter. March 22. . When the moon hangs on its point the hunter says he cannot hang his powder horn on its point and then is the time to hunt and when the moon at new lies on its back it indicates that the hunter can hang his shot pouch on its point and he would better not waste his time at hunting. A scrap book of these articles would be convenient for reference. and when their tracks continue far to the north great drouths result. to the same distance south and the reverse. Why this is so they know not. sleet. The North American Indians also follow this sign and believe it to be a propitious sign for hunting. Damp weather and snow are favorable to the hunter for in dry weather the leaves make too much noise for success and snow is favorable for tracking game. rain. snow. Colorado." 23 +++ "THE MOON'S INFLUENCES "This satellite has more influence on the weather than any other body except the sun. all they know is the coincidence. There is also a belief among the hunters. but this does not increase the force of the storms but merely affects their location. frontiersmen and sailors that when the moon hangs on its point much rain or snow will occur during that moon. or about nine miles north or south and 1000 miles east in twenty-four hours the change necessarily affects the atmosphere and the weather by pulling the storms north or south. Rogers is cited herein in an article later this year by Foster. .947 miles at apogee. Fort Worth [TX} Gazette.google.719 miles from the earth at perigee and 251. 1891. 3.228 miles about every fourteen days.'"26 +++ "CLASSES IN METEOROLOGY. p. making a change of 26. It will be 24 25 26 Richard Anthony Proctor. p. p. The electrical theory of weather changes requires that we follow the laws of electricity and whatever is not in accord with these laws must be rejected. 1. June 15. Quoted in New Theories of the Great Physical Forces by Henry Raymond Rogers. What its great purpose is seems to be looming up in the distance before us. we cannot doubt that it is exerting an appointed and essential influence on every particle of matter and in every place wherein it is present. universal and strong as granite itself. and these coincidences will occur for several weeks. Fort Worth [TX] Gazette. 1891. This has led to the belief that it is the changes of the moon that causes the storm waves. "The moon is 225. "25 +++ "Forty years ago the great Faraday said: 'When we remember that the earth itself is a magnet.com/books?id=-T8GvOmnSm4C&pg=PA92 . This change makes a great difference in the tides and must necessarily make a difference in its effect on the atmosphere. But the coincidences will not continue long and I see no reason why changes of the moon should cause a change in the weather. 92 http://books. May 21. pervaded in every part by this mighty power. and if these electrical laws will not explain all meteorological phenomena. Professor Proctor24 admitted that it had been fairly proven that more earthquakes occur when the moon is close to the earth because of its greater influence on the tides and if this be true it must also have greater influence on the atmosphere at the same time.wave is due about the change of the moon the next storm wave will be due very near the next change of the moon. then the theory must be rejected as a failure. the clouds which obscure our mental sight are daily thinning and I can not doubt that a glorious discovery in natural knowledge is awaiting our age. If the moon crosses the earth's equator a little before a storm wave is due it will cross the earth's equator in two weeks near when a storm wave is due. "I will give special instructions in meteorology to all persons who are subscribers to this paper in which my weekly letters are regularly published. and if the changes of the moon should occur at the same time it would lead to the belief that it is the changes of the moon that causes these storms of greatest force. will enable anyone to calculate the future of the weather from the standpoint of planetary meteorology. early springs. and by this means the solar system and the relations of the planets to each other are much more easily understood. later and early frosts on both . Europe is as much interested as is North America. "Our cold winters are caused by the eastward oscillations of the North Atlantic permanent high barometer. the West Indies and the Windward islands and a ship signal station between the Bermudas and the Azores we would be in possession of the means by which we could calculate the periods of hurricanes and give warning of their approach. In order to forecast cold waves the weather bureau is looking toward the Northwest. This will give to literary and scientific societies a new feature for their fall and winter meetings. where the cause of these cold waves is to be found in the opposite direction. and at the same time that high barometer covers Southern Europe. Astronomy as taught in our schools is adapted to surveying and navigation. "WEATHER AND SCIENCE NOTES. When that high barometer swings eastward our storm centers take southern routes. The astronomy taught in our schools takes the ecliptic. and the expense will be so small that individuals may well afford to engage in the study alone. and the expense should be shared by both. or the earth's orbit. with the letters published in this paper. Cold waves and hurricanes are matters of great importance to the United States and should have more practical investigation by the weather bureau. To a less extent this effects the Northeastern states and Canada in a similar manner. causing our cold winters. Parties interested in this matter will please correspond with me. A correct foreknowledge of cold and warm winters. I take the sun's equator as the base from which to calculate. Such investigations are too expensive for independent meteorologists to undertake. as the basis from which to calculate and this is like beginning the study of arithmetic in decimal fractions. In this matter of the oscillations of the North Atlantic high barometer. the Azores. If we had a correct record of the weather of the Bermudas. but not to planetary meteorology. To understand planetary meteorology the astronomy of the solar system must be understood. causing their storm centers to take northern routes.necessary for each person to have copies of my published letters. and this will cause their coming winter to be less severe than will be experience in the Mississippi valley. therefore when we have cold winters in the Mississippi valley the winters are warm in Europe. This North Atlantic high barometer controls the routes of our storm centers. and the tropical hurricanes and these control the cold waves. A more complete knowledge of the oscillations of the North Atlantic permanent high barometer is indispensable to correct forecasts of the weather on this continent and Europe. and warm winters ensue. To individuals. and the weather bureaus of the United States and Europe should give this matter careful attention. clubs and societies that desire to study or discuss planetary meteorology I will furnish diagrams once a week and give special instructions which. and those scientists who have never given a day's study to the subject are presumptuous when they claim to have investigated that of which they are supremely ignorant. We do not look for a storm on the 21st of March. Others again declare that they have carefully examined the equinoctial theory. who never make a discovery and know nothing outside of the theories announced hundreds of years ago when our predecessors were just emerging from the dark ages. and find it does not hold good. and therefore no one is competent to investigate it. 1891. p. In their investigations these 'orthodox' scientists have taken the 21st of March and September as the storm days.continents and our tropical hurricanes depends on a better knowledge of this North Atlancic [sic] permanent high barometer. . and if I make mistakes it is not the fault of the system. It is not claimed that the equinoctial theory demands a storm everywhere on the 21st of March and September. but of important facts which make planetary meteorology a harmonious whole. for not one of them understands it. "It is my design to give as full information as I can on this subject through my 27 The Fort Worth [TX] Gazette. but because of errors in my calculation. In other respects the weather record is good. The difficulty with them is that they do not understand the equinoctial theory. and to group these so as to know what storm waves will be affected and to what extend is no small matter. Within a year the planets cause about 160 electrical disturbances. however. not of all the facts. Of course not. but in this it is seriously deficient. It is very complicated. "It is a species of supreme arrogance for 'orthodox' scientists to pretend that they have investigated planetary meteorology. The trouble is not with the equinoxes. 1. It is not even claimed that these equinoxes originate storms. but whenever the regular storm wave is due near that date we expect the equinox to increase its force. and therefore the tests they have made have no bearing. and as they find that the equinoctial storms do not uniformly occur on those days they conclude there is nothing in the equinox theory. The subject is equal in extent to that of law or politics or theology. A number of them have declared that there is nothing in the claim that planets affect the weather. I have no secrets regarding my theory. because after long and careful observations they find the changes of the moon have no influence on the weather. July 30. but no one can expect to understand it in a day. but that they influence them. I am the discoverer. Planetary meteorology makes no such claims. but with the ignorance of those 'orthodox' scientists. So far as I know there is none but myself who understands the system of planetary meteorology I use as the basis of my calculations."27 +++ "PLANETARY METEOROLOGY. p. are in favor of adding this feature to the national weather bureau."28 +++ "I have now completed all arrangements for giving lessons in meteorology by mail. As before stated. molten matter. One kind of electricity. which go regularly to forty daily papers and a number of weeklies. I am 28 The Fort Worth [TX] Gazette. The attraction of gravitation is a push. Each planet revolves on its axis because of its own inherent forces and around the sun because of the movements in that direction of the elements that surround the sun. Our storm waves move entirely around the earth and their forces are controlled by planetary positions. every atom of matter endowed with its own power of motion — that power is electricity as manifest in the natural magnet. and each must keep a file of my published weekly letters. and for the same reason I would not accept any position in the weather bureau that would prevent me from freely presenting my views. but radiate electricity. The planets float. Aug.published letters. Sun and planets are not. never were. "My long-range weather forecast has stood the test for a number of years and many persons. I would not desire to make the officers of the national weather bureau responsible for my theories of weather changes. subscribers to the paper can obtain these diagrams and illustrations by corresponding with me. but originate and are confined to the atmosphere of the sun and planets. Sun spots are similar to our earth storms and are from the same causes. The centripetal and centrifugal theories are errors. coal mines. In a club of five this will cost the members only 50 cents each. two astronomical illustrations and a letter of special instructions. because they know nothing about the principles upon which my forecasts are based. electricity the cause of magnetism. magnetism and attraction identical. not heat. especially those interested in agriculture. These lessons will be given to individuals or clubs at $2. fruit-raising. 1891. but some of the dailies and many weeklies are not prepared to publish diagrams and illustrations which are necessary to a complete understanding of the subject. Each lesson will consist of a weather map.50 for thirteen lessons. I am prepared to give through these public letters during the fall and winter months more complete information as to planetary meteorology and will discuss electricity as the cause of motion. besides being copied into a large number of weeklies.. No person must be admitted into these clubs who is not a subscriber to this paper. 1. Tropical hurricanes cause our cold waves. . etc. Heat and light do not penetrate space. icehouses. 13. the positive being the large and the negative the small quantity. The electric envelope of each planet determines its orbit and distance from its primary. The calculated revolution on their axis of most of the planets are errors because of their clouded envelopes. I have a good number of subscribers to begin with and members can begin the studies at any time in the future. the changes of weather accompanying them. besides being a man of very considerable ability in other matters. Ill. As the year is only half out. and I have nothing to do with astrology. My system is purely astronomical. meteorology. Blake wrote: "For more than thirty years I have been at work calculating the weather by means of Astronomical Mathematics. Kan. Blake29 of Topeka. For the last fifteen years I have published the result of my calculations in the form of weather predictions and the verification has been over 90 per cent. was described in 1889 as "the most eminent weather prophet of the 'planetary' school" ("False Weather Prophets. geology and chemistry. See Appendix I herein for his theory." The Bridgeton [NJ] Evening News. and have become a necessity in every family. and I am not dissatisfied with my efforts and opportunities. and each of these divisions should have a man at its head peculiarly fitted for the work. One man cannot cover all the ground and give to the subject that careful study necessary to perfect the system and make it of practical utility to all interests. Should such a bureau be established I would probably be a candidate for the first place and Prof. Blake of Topeka. 6). till this year. C. there would be no conflict between it and the weather bureau officials. One of these departments includes the periodical storm waves that cross the continents. He is well-informed in astronomy. A decade earlier a reviewer of Blake's almanac noted: "For the past two years his predictions have been remarkably correct. 1889 Daily Inter-Ocean of Chicago IL. 13. He is a remarkably well-informed man on these subjects. 2. would be my choice for the department of rainfall and drouth. . In publicity material that year. and would be a valuable man in that work. "I estimate that such a bureau can be put into operation at an expense of $15. "In order to make this bureau of agricultural meteorology accountable directly to the people and prevent it from becoming a tool in the hands of cereal speculators I propose that its chief be elected biennially by the lower house of congress and that the chief appoint his clerk and two assistants. If we could know the future of the weather farmers would better know what kind of crops to plant. 1889. I deal only with the rigid laws of cause and effect. Feb. p. I do not know what it will be this season — probably not less than 80 per cent. 1879. There are three natural divisions of labor in these long-range forecasts. and as it would not make daily weather predictions. Kansas. and I will enter into no logrolling scheme for that purpose. My choice for the department of plant life would be Prof.. 9. Another department would include rainfall and drouths and a third department would give special attention to plant life." The Cleveland (OH) Plain Dealer. Illinois.000 annually. Sept. At most there could only be a rivalry between the two systems and the public would 29 C. and the cool waves. 30 Richard Mansill of Rock Island." Dec. making estimates of the effects that coming weather will have on the growing crops of the world. Mansill 30 of Rock Island. But there would be some advantages to the public and toward perfecting a system of long-range weather forecasts in establishing a bureau of agricultural meteorology. 26. hot waves and frosts. "This bureau would use the information gathered by the present weather bureau.not begging the people of the United States for government support. Let the latter pursue their work. My work is giving me a good support. p. planets. This movement of that which has been called the ether of space constitutes all there is of electricity and of force. Its origin is found in the condensation of the diffused matter of space. without a single exception. geology and meteorology. as announced by Aristotle. The nebular theory stands to scientific truth in about the same relation that the theory of a million gods did to true religion in the days of Christ. There is but one physical force. and is the basis of my meteorological 31 The Dallas [TX] Morning News. 2. we do not only lift science from the mire. declares that 'all physical phenomena. is requiring of our astronomers. When the clouds of the dark ages began to clear away a great mind declared a half truth in the nebular theory of creation. For the salvation of science it is just as necessary to return to the unity of force. may be traced to the mere transformation of electrical energy. radiates to other bodies gathering more matter in space. geologists and meteorologists constant inventions to make the nebular hypothesis and the consequent heat theory of force to hold together. But the dark ages came and crushed that truth to earth to rise again in the last years of the 19th century. H. Sept. "As this ether of space condenses into the solid bodies as the meteors. If we go back to the truth of one universal force. 13. and that declaration entitles him to be called the father of science. it is. p. and is in harmony with my views as to the physical forces. "Prof. 31 +++ "ELECTRICITY. and after moving through them and depositing its grosser materials. by these condensations. comets. and that force is electricity. 1891. and these invented theories are becoming so numerous that the nebular theory is tottering to its fall. as it was to Christianity that Paul should establish the unity of spiritual force in the truth of one God.soon determine which can furnish the most valuable weather forecasts. moons. or matter in motion. but we do for the scientific world that which the doctrine of one God did for the religious world. suns and the clusters of stars. . which for more than a century has been taken as a basis of astronomy. London's leading electrician. Wm. "Twenty-three hundred years ago Aristotle declared there is but one single universal force. This nebular theory like the Ptolemaic theory of astronomy. Preece. "All Physical Phenomena Directly Traceable to this Energy.' That is a reassertion of the great Aristotelian truth. caused to converge toward these common centers in straight lines. Cold waves. Every heavenly body. seminaries. The sun is not and the earth never was a hot body. and this change alone will require a vast amount of 32 The Evening Bulletin of Maysville. magnetism. Electricity is the universal force. satellites and asteroids entered our solar system as comets and each will continue to grow by accumulations from the ether of space electricity till it becomes a sun and the center of a solar system. p. neither light nor heat comes from the sun.kyvl. late falls. The moon is not a dead world. repulsion. "All storms are whirlwinds and north of latitude 30 they move entirely around the earth. heat. but are effects of electrical radiations. drouth. Coal is not of vegetable origin. is the cause of light. "Of all the subjects now attracting general attention none are of more importance than electricity. volcanoes and is the life principle of the vegetable and animal kingdoms.theories. cold and warm winters. the high and low barometers. heat in the earth. 1891. especially in the high school. and there is certainly a very great demand for information on that subject. and they increase and decrease in force by reason of the position of the sun. and only one or two more such men as Edison are necessary in order to usher in these important events much earlier than the masses will be prepared for them."32 +++ "STUDY ELECTRICITY. gas for light and wood and coal for fuel. moon and planets. colleges and universities. Oct. More attention should be given this subject in our institutions of learning. rain bolts. The earth's diameter at its equators is greater than at its poles because of vegetable and coral growths. gravitation. great storm periods and the location of storms are governed by the position of the planets. "The time is probably not far away when our railroads will be operated by electricity instead of steam. earthquakes. 2 via http://kdl. Early springs. extreme cold. Suns and planets are caused to revolve on their axes by the electrical force we see in the natural magnet and planets and satellites revolve around their primaries because of the elements that surround and revolve with the latter. KY. excessive heat.org/ . The high and low barometers constitute electric pairs and the currents of electricity that rise in the low come down in the high forming electric circuits. 1. the planets. It moves the atmosphere lifts the moisture and is the force of the tornado. . have grown from atoms by condensations. early fall and late spring frosts are caused by tropical hurricanes. never die. "Electricity is destined to supersede the use of steam as a motive power. attraction. from the meteors to the suns. fuel. or the lower and denser portions of it. Studying the details of the geography of Asiatic Russia and many other countries is useful to very few. and most electricity where we find least condensed matter. because they take up too much time in efforts to give each pupil a general instead of a special education. and the greater are the quantity and tension of electricity. but I will venture a few suggestions. a greater demand for knowledge on the subject of electricity than has ever been dreamed of will spring up. of the near future. "This leads up to the idea I desire to express as to the future source of electricity for use as a motive power. light. be given to the study of electricity and other necessary studies. must understand electricity. and one-fifth of that time is used up in the study of geography. the sap to the vegetable cells. In all affairs of the world young men must be prepared to take the places of the older ones. We find least electricity where we find most condensed matter. "To a great extent our common schools are failures compared with what they might be. . either electric or condensed. and when these ideas fully dawn upon the slowly-progressive mind of the world of man. especially by those who are liable to be called on to work with electricity. I believe that all space is filled with matter. On an average it requires ten school years for a pupil to graduate in our public schools. we must tap that great fountain and bring our electricity from above. "At this time it may be considered premature to surmise as to the ultimate source of generated electricity when we have passed the rapids of discovery through which we are now going. the motive power that sends the life-blood through the arteries and veins. The higher we go into the atmosphere the lighter is the matter composing it. "Add to all this the fact that electricity is the force that causes all weather changes and that this force constitutes the only true basis for the science of meteorology and the argument is complete that no time should be lost in establishing electricity as one of the principal studies in our schools. "Electricity is certainly the life principle of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. etc.education. They must possess a vast amount more information than do the average graduates of our higher schools on this subject. "Its fountain head being above or outside our atmosphere. and railroad men. and in a similar manner much useless time is spent on other studies that might with more profit. and when we go to sea level we find this order is reversed. especially train crews. showing that it moves from the atmosphere above to the earth below. August 1887. J. but when it is I believe a much greater volume and tension of electricity can be generated on top of the highest mountains than at sea-level. All scientists hold that space is positive and the earth negative. which is not only in accord with the suggestion that we must tap space above us for electricity but is also evidence in support of my other theory that the earth grows by condensations of electricity. and of necessity a great discovery in the field of electricity must soon be made. is that we must either get electricity from the earth or transmit it from some great water power. All this means that the electricity comes from above. I believe that he. "That Keely. perhaps both. Great improvements have been made in the appliances for controlling and 33 John Worrell Keely.com/books? id=07MRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA300 and the same author's book. structure and dynamics of vibration and oscillation (or 'wave' as Russell termed it). will find this to be an error. After nineteen years of investigating their works it is obvious that the one single element they understood one way and we another is the nature. Keely and His Discoveries: Aerial Navigation by Clara Jessup Bloomfield (1893) http://www.' as he very significantly calls it. as well as other condensed matter. http://books.google. Bloomfield Moore in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine. or in more easily understood terms. or someone soon to take up his work. the times will soon furnish another who will take up the work where he left it and discover the secret of resolving water or atmosphere. [Walter] Russell and [Nikola] Tesla knew basic natural laws and principles that we do not is a given. Benjamin Franklin brought down the electricity from above on the string of a kite. then I have another suggestion to make. Keely33 fails to solve this mystery with his 'atomizer.pdf . which is only the attenuated matter of space set in motion.archive. 300 ff.svpvril. "Edison's theory. Pond wrote in 2003. So far as I know it has not been tested. and instead they will look aloft. see "The Keely Motor Secret" by C. "If some scheme could be devised by which to draw from the immense quantity of electricity existing in the upper atmosphere.com/pdffiles/What_Vibration_Is. and if Mr. to be condensations of electricity.org/details/keelyhisdiscover00moorrich . into electricity. For more on the Keely motor. I have long believed this to be the principle of the Keely motor. Researcher Dale Pond notes at the site just linked that the book is a compilation of past magazine articles with key details edited out. "Necessity is often the propagator of discoveries as well as the mother of invention." http://www. and we must discover how to resolve these into their original electricity. so far as it has been made known. I believe the atmosphere and water. while the lower clouds are positive as to the earth. the large quantity is above and the smaller quantity in the earth. . All electricians say that the higher strata of clouds are positive as to the next below them and these in turn are positive as to still lower strata. which has not yet been perfected. p. those condensations being the origin of electrical force."This idea is not inconsistent with the known laws of electricity. and coming together formed our moon.using electricity. a moon or an asteroid. This idea contains the gist of the whole nebular theory of creation. as it existed before being condensed. by chemical action. the one great. and this is a very strong argument in favor of the electrical theory. adding its atoms to the gross matter of our earth. an effect with no permanent and prominent place in the great economy of nature. and when its crust had formed its cooling interior shrank away from this outer crust. air and many solids would be exploded as we now explode gunpowder. they will then understand that everything is made from condensations of this electric ether and they will set about resolving matter back into electricity for use as fuel. in all their relations and conditions are only effects. "We must reverse all this and give to this force its true position which is the cause of causes. mind and matter. and that these bodies come to our solar system as comets. Electricity has been looked upon by all 'orthodox' scientists as only incidental. becoming a planet. As I believe. There are about three hundred of these small planets moving around the sun in orbits between Mars and Jupiter. 1. as in the case of gunpowder. "The electrical theory holds that bodies of mater are growing in all parts of chaotic outer space by accumulations and condensations of electric ether now. . The nebular theory holds that the earth was a molten mass. and that instead of transforming the matter into gases. as has been the case in all the past. "For years I have believed that the time would come when. p. accidental. If our electricians once learn that electricity is only matter in motion. and our 34 The Fort Worth [TX] Gazette. Nov. 5."34 +++ "THE PLANET MARS "Astronomers are generally agreed that the two moons of Mars came to that planet within a few years past. a wrong theory has prevented progress. original force. electricity. which finally broke it. 1891. coming from all points in space. occasionally one of them being caught by the magnetic influences of our solar system. water. Study electricity. it would be resolved into its original atom. light and power. On this line I firmly believe that a great discovery will be made within a few years which will revolutionize many industries and make a vast demand for those who have knowledge of the practical workings of electricity. while everything else in nature. while but little progress has been made for many years in the base of operations in generating electricity. causing that moon to rise in the west and set in the east. and no doubt this rapidly moving moon of Mars will lose velocity till it is in accord with the elements that revolve around that planet. revolving with them. for if these moons came to that planet from outer space then it can not be successfully denied that the earth came to the sun in the same manner: and in these two little moons of our near neighbor we have incontrovertible evidence in favor of the theory that the sun. "Unquestionably Mars received her moons from outer space and not by the breaking up of an outer crust formed by cooling and this is not only evidence. it is positive proof. and this occurs only once in about nine years. and they fairly prove this by the dates of ancient eclipses. for a time. earth. The indisputable facts connected with the moons of Mars destroys the nebular theory. "Another evidence is that Jupiter in recent years caught a comet and held it. instead of twenty-seven as before. Astronomers say that our moon is losing time. said to be not more than fifty miles in diameter. "The moons of Mars are very small. and therefore came to Mars between the last two such conjunctions. "But when this moon came to Mars it necessarily moved with the velocity of a comet and its momentum would. for these elements move slower than the revolution of the bodies. revolving around it like one of its moons for six months. This has occurred twice with the same comet and it will. become the fifth moon of Jupiter. and that they came from the asteroidal belt within ten years past. and finally. relative to that planet. decreasing in velocity. while this moon of Mars moves faster than the planet revolves. This appears to refute the theory that the elements surrounding the sun. These moons were discovered at the last of these conjunctions. carry it around its primary with great speed. cause the planets and moons to revolve around their primaries. when it did break away. that the earth received its moon in the same manner.astronomers believe that the two moons of Mars are identical with these small planets called asteroids. "One of the moons of Mars moves around that planet in less time than it revolves for Mars to revolve on its axis. probably. earth and planets. planets and moons slowly grow in outer space and are caught by our solar system as it moves constantly into new space never before occupied by it. . changing its orbit so that it revolves around the sun in about seven years. If this was the case with our moon it would rise in the west and set in the east. and are not easily seen except when Mars is at perihelion — nearest point to the sun — and the earth at the same time between Mars and the sun. some of them disappeared. and this may suggest an explanation of the great catastrophes that are spoken of in the Bible and the legends that have come down from prehistoric times through all the races of men.35 the noted Italian astronomer. Nov. that the sun and earth revolving on their axes and in their orbits thus become actually vast magnets — electric machines. of Dunkirk. who was author.com/books?id=nxgqAAAAYAAJ . In a recent paper he says: 'It is a fundamental principle in electrical science that every movement of one body near another disturbs and puts in motion the electric currents in both bodies. "Astronomers have but little to say about these newly acquired moons of Mars. or of a moon."36 +++ "PLANETARY INFLUENCES "I have one more quotation to make from that forcible writer Dr. In this manner is explained the source and mode of development of the Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli. N. and they prefer to see their rounded sentences fade silently away to nothingness. The seas have changed their beds. Such would be the natural consequence of acquiring a moon. the rising and sinking of the seas. They see their long and beautiful astronomical dissertations falling into disrepute because they were builded on the sands of the nebular theory. Extending the law from the lesser or terrestrial to the grander or celestial field the inference becomes legitimate that the starry worlds whirling with inconceivable velocity in space evolve between the electrical currents in great cosmical circuits. among other texts. or arms of the seas. Henry Raymond Rogers. for they cannot account for them by the old theories. through the action of which currents incessantly pass to and fro between those bodies. or the striking of the earth by a comet would cause events similar to the flood. 36 The Fort Worth [TX] Gazette. occupy new channels. 8. 1891. p. the continents have broken up. says that within a few years past wonderful changes have taken place in the physical geography of Mars."Schiaparel. and great rivers. "Either the acquisition of a new planet like Mercury. of Astronomy in the Old Testament http://books. or the great changes that mark the geological ages of the earth and the changes of animal life that are so distinctly marked by the geological epochs of the earth. "The newly acquired moons of Mars marks an epoch in the evolutions of astronomy and is probably a catastrophe on that planet such as must have occurred on the earth causing the great epochs of its growth which probably are identical with the six periods of creation spoken of in our Bible Genesis. or batteries. 35 .google. Y. 14. all worlds. all life. 1891. "'Science assets that gravity acts instantaneously throughout the universe. It annihilates space and distance. 1. Dec. A few years earlier. p. It is a fundamental law of electrical action that all bodies susceptible to electrical excitation become centers of attraction through the operation of the electrical circuit. Gravity is therefore a purely electrical phenomenon explainable only upon the hypotheses of the uninterrupted action of electricity in vacuous space. nearly three billions of miles from the sun as at the earth. So the sun and earth being constituents in our great terrasolar circuit. which has puzzled philosophers for centuries. without intervention of some medium of transmission. has its full and complete solution in the action of electricity in vacuous space. sunlight. 13. "'The problem of the action of force at a distance. chemical action and gravity are developed and act precisely the same at Neptune. all force. invisible entity animates and controls the whole universe of matter regardless of time. "'A mighty cosmical essence. in 1886. they and all things they contain become vitalized with the power which we call gravitation. This subtle. "'The sun and earth become vast magnets having magnetic axes and poles and are held in their relative positions through the action of their polarities. If its force was obstructed in interstellar space its operation would be impracticable. Rogers had published a paper entitled "A New Philosophy of the Sun. Newton held to the same theory.universal force." in which he expounds upon the same ideas . "'That the great gravitative force is electrical is fully demonstrable. continued for thirty years to assert his conviction that such was the case. Upon this hypothesis is rationally explained how each planet in our solar system may have identically the same relations with the sun and her sunheat.'"37 37 The Grank Forks [ND] Herald. Mind as well as matter is its realm and herein we have a glimpse of that grand unity which science has ever sought but never discovered. A body of soft iron is thus made magnetic and retains its power of attraction during its continuance in the circuit. or spirit or soul pervades. the greatest philosopher in this field who every lived. space or distance. The latter taught that the ultimate particulars of matter are endowed with inherent forces or powers of attraction and repulsion. the former being thiry-three times farther from the sun than the latter. So does electricity and in view of this fact may not the gravitative force be purely electrical? "'Faraday. He thus recognized in gravity the operation of a dual principle which exists in no other force than electricity. In Benner's book "he noted cycles of about eleven years in the prices of corn and hogs.org/details/anewsystemmeteo00ticegoog . Descriptive and explanatory of all the facts. Hicks39." Scientific Corroborations of Theosophy: A Vindication of the Secret Doctrine by A. that 1874 was a year of great depression in the production of iron. The term is a misnomer for there is no prophecy about foretelling the weather. p. with mining and financial panics in 1907-8. Hicks. corn. Tice.google. and we have no doubt that his theory in regard to sunspots. "The meteorological cycle. author of two volumes which he published in reverse order: Elements of Meteorology. the indications of which have probably led to the recent formation of the great Metallurgie Trust. and demonstrative of all the causes and laws of atmospheric phenomena. John H. crops.google. His forecasts of the weather during the year 1875 was verified with surprising accuracy. However. 1901 http://books. 38 ." Benner's Prophecies of Future Ups and Downs in Prices: What years to make money on pig-iron. I (1878) http://www.+++ "WEATHER PROPHETS. When the foretelling of events is based upon known facts it ceases to be prophecy and becomes a scientific or mathematical calculation. author of weather almanacs. "The world persists in calling them 'weather prophets. Blake. because the supreme power cannot err and without revelation from the supreme there can be no prophecy. in the same way. and provisions by Samuel Benner.php?query=benner's%20prophecies %20AND%20mediatype:texts . 1882 and 1893-4.com/books?id=-iIWAAAAYAAJ or http://books.com/books? id=bz4MAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA82 . 39 The Rev. not only by the solar 'blood circulation. But forecasts of the weather always contain more or less errors and the weather prophet who gives the most details in forecasting the weather and makes the least number of mistakes. Marques (1908) http://books. only demonstrates that he reasons from the right cause to the right effect and proves his skill as a mathematician. Vol.archive.org/search. "These statements of facts prove that Professors Tice38.google. 122 http://www. having been times of the greatest Sun-spot activity.com/books?id=67g0AAAAMAAJ . auroras. Irl R.' and I do not care if it does. Tice. Some copies are online: 1894 http://books. let it be remarked.archive. and fifty-four years in depressions and panics in general business.google.com/books? id=ePI0AAAAMAAJ . Judging now from Benner's tables.google. True prophecy cannot err. while 1900 and 1901 have seen a repetition of the commercial facts of 1878 and 1889. as verified by Prof.org/details/elementsofmeteor00ticerich and A New System of Meteorology.com/books?id=62dCAAAAYAAJ . II: Meteorological Cycles (1875) http://www. Now. http://books. the maximum period of the next cycle culminated in 1905 and 1906. and magnetic disturbances is well confirmed. forecasts of the weather by calculating and reasoning from cause to effect.google. and trades are affected. Prophecy comes by revelation from the supreme power. this last period will be followed by six dull years. seems to be well demonstrated by his array of historical facts. and twenty-seven years later we see signs of a similar crisis. these periods are all purely astronomical and they carry out the idea that provisions. Designed for Schools and Private Students. it is to be considered that other elements and influences may operate to cause abundance or scarcity in stock and grain crops.archive. Mansill.com/books?id=9fI0AAAAMAAJ . earthquakes. Pt. twenty-seven years in prices of pig-iron. based on tables carefully prepared from statistical data. and here.' but also by other planetary influences. and while 1902 has been inclined to panics. 1898 http://books. hogs. Saturn. 260 and 350 were fixed disturbing points for all the planets and this was a very serious error because this is not in accord with astronomical events. 2. Lillingston discusses his own work in another article from his pen. Vol. Venus. In this he was mistaken as to all the planets except Uranus. above. "who has the reputation of being the best and most trustworthy weather prophet in Canada" Manawatu Herald of Foxton. "The effects of the moon on our weather was entirely unknown to Professor Tice. perhaps because that orb rotates so slowly on its axis always keeping the same side to the earth. No one ever heard of a prophet being called 'Professor.google. February 1900. He was right as to the principle storm wave periods but his theory about Vulcan is a very doubtful one. 40 . 60 http://books. He was certainly in error as to Mars. Page 2. XVIII. 1892. Smith41. this being one of the definitions given by Webster. He is the author of the article "John H. 'Prophet' and 'Professor' do not belong together. http://paperspast. He seems never to have applied his theory of planetary influences to the moon. has been corrected from "Carther"). He combated the heat theory of force and declared that electricity is the motive power of the universe. "Professor Tice in his new system of meteorology gave to each planet four points in its revolution around the sun at which it caused general electrical disturbances throughout the solar system.Lillingston40. 170. He discovered the periods of four principle storm waves and attributed their cause to an inner mercurial planet called Vulcan. March 5. "Professor Tice of St. Jupiter and the Earth. Smith. Lillingston. 41 Walter H. Cather (the original. In Appendix III.' because they are teaching a branch of learning.' But the term 'weather prophet' appears to have come to stay and therefore we may accept it under protest." found herein in Appendix II. No. entitled to the prefix 'Professor. I want to talk about weather prophets. He made no effort in his general forecasts to locate the storm centers but gave the dates on which he supposed the planetary equinoxes would affect the weather of the whole earth. p. "Professor Tice discovered the relations of the transitory high barometer to each other and to the weather. Mercury and perhaps Vulcan. the son-in-law and partner of Tice. He also believed that the four points around the sun called heliocentric longitude 80. and the United States weather bureau appropriated his Charles H.com/books?id=neIRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60 .2. "The two appellations. Cather42 and others are not weather prophets but meteorologists.natlib. Louis. 42 George K. according to a list of "Weather Almanacs and Predictions" found in Notes and Queries and Historic Magazine. was the original discoverer of that upon which electrical meteorology is founded.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=MH18920305.15 . New Zealand. Tice and the Science of Weather Forecasting. Tice and has not improved 43 Henry G. Cather of Ashville. What was that discovery? Just this: that seasons and years recur in couplets and triads. and precisely so in the triads. the waters and the atmosphere of the earth at all times. "Prof. but declares that gravitation is repulsion. "Of all the meteorologists now dead Professor Tice deserves to be recognized as the greatest. Such is the main superstructure of . is uncommunicative as to his theories. was the first. follows Prof. based his calculations on the effects of the moon. Hicks of St. but gave no influence to the planets. I think. He claimed that as the moon reaches the same latitude. perhaps. the principal idea of one being the equinoxes and the other conjunctions. Kansas. for he pointed out the establishment of the only true system of meteorology. I discovered one fact. Blake.discovery without giving him credit for it. He takes no account of conjunctions except the doubled influence of two or more bodies when situated near each other. but a long and careful study of his writings has revealed the basis of his calculations. I have builded upon it — and built safely. It is a mere matter of relationships. Alabama. Louis. going north or south. of Topeka. follows Mansill and also includes the conduct of animals and recurring periods of weather changes as taught by Vennor... but calculates the influence of the sun. He does not wait for conjunctions or equinoxes. . Canada. and proving it to be a fact beyond question or dispute. season with season. and while there is much truth in his system he only deals with the minor and less important influences of gravity or magnetism affected by conjunctions. "Prof. Smith of Canada. the basis of my work is the result of observation and the comparison of cause with cause. "Professor Mansill of Rock Island Ill. when it was at the same latitude and going in the same direction. effect with effect. it will have the same effect on the weather that it had twenty-eight days before. He claimed that the weather is similar every twenty-eight days basing the idea on the distance of the moon north or south of the earth's equator. Rules applicable to the first season or year of a couplet are equally applicable to the second season or year of that couplet. to lay down a system of meteorology based on planetary influences. and thus increasing their attraction of gravitation or the repulsive power of the surrounding elements as he would call it. "These are the four systems of meteorology. This clearly shows the difference between the Mansill and Tice systems. Of his method he said: "In brief.. Vennor of Montreal. He made allowance for the seasons.43 Prof. He believes that every particle of matter and every heavenly body is impelled toward every other with an equal force at all times varied only by distance and mass. moon and planets on the electric currents. perihelions and perigees as being the cause of our greatest electrical disturbances but does not recognize the influences of equinoxes. He does not believe in attraction. They were each based upon the two distinct electrical theories. "As I have repeatedly stated. Yes. but rather prefer to frankly state wherein the principal difficulties lie. 8. "I have carefully studied all these theories. "I am not able yet to avoid errors in my weather forecasts.on his old methods. and find some truth in each of the four systems. 1881. Blake and Cather's systems that stand the tests of the records and with what I have been able to discover. Even in these particulars a very large percent of the forecasts are verified. and these my work. with an exactness that at first appeared to be surprising. "I have no disposition to evade the responsibility of my mistakes. embracing only a season or year in its entirety. have tested them by the records of the Washington weather bureau. 1891. "The average distance of these storm waves apart — from west to east — is about 3500 miles.44 Prof. The high barometer — that which gives us the cool wave and clearing weather — follows about 1750 miles behind the low barometer. too. But I soon found that the system was not bound down to a mere generality. Experiment evidenced that the same calculations could be made for a month. I include nothing in this system that is not in harmony with the laws of electricity and magnetism. Mansill.google. 45 Grand Forks [ND] Herald. there are four storm waves passing around the earth from west to east between 30 and 60 degrees of north latitude. My mistakes are confined principally to the force and latitude of these disturbances. 44 Appendix IV herein presents the "Herschel" table via Bible commentator Adam Clarke." 45 +++ "ELECTRO-METEOROLOGY. p. except in special cases. and that. Dec. Lillingston follows Tice. for if the system of electro-meteorology was thoroughly understood. The fault lies with man and not with the laws of nature.com/books?id=lycXAAAAYAAJ . Hicks also uses the Herschell theory of the effect of moon changes on the weather. A copy of Vennor's Almanac and Weather Record for 1878-9 is online at http://books. That is usually my rule in the text of my predictions. But I very seldom err as to the dates on which the storm centers and cool waves cross the continent. although there is no telling what will be accomplished in the near future. making 45 degrees of north latitude an average center of their paths around the earth. 31. nothing that will not bear investigation in the light of the weather records of this and all other countries." The New York Times. Aug. 25. there would be no errors in weather forecasts. I have taken those parts of Professors Tice. have formed the electric system of meteorology. I have been able to designate particular days. . And I pursued my work still further until now I do not hesitate to bring my calculations to within a week. I have not yet reached that point in my system. The responsibilities of these mistakes must rest upon myself and not on the system. But the public should understand that. I never risk everything upon any single 24 hours. high and low barometers are strung around the earth like a string of beads, and all moving eastward. "We have made a success in finding the dates on which these high or low barometers, or storm waves, will pass any given meridian of longitude. That part of the system is a decided success. "It makes a very great difference in the weather as to whether a storm center passes south or north of a locality, and in locating the latitude of a storm center mistakes are sometimes made. The storm wave may be exactly on time as predicted, but if it goes by on the south, cold weather will follow, while if it goes by on the north, warm weather will follow. A few errors are unavoidable at this time in locating the latitude of the storm waves. "The most difficult matter to calculate is the force of the storm. This is very important, for the force of the storm has much to do with the character of the weather. "The electrical influences of the sun, moon and planets affect every part of the earth at the same moment, but these influences will manifest themselves in one or all of the four storm waves that are moving around the earth at about 3500 miles apart. The difficulty lies in determining which of these four storm waves will be most affected, and herein is where most of my errors occur. "It is not difficult to understand that the planetary influences are conveyed to the storm centers through the earth's electric currents, and if we fully understand the laws that govern the magnetic forces of the solar system, we would make no mistakes in forecasting the location and force of the storm centers and their influences on the weather. "In the latter part of January, I had calculated the electrical influences would largely increase the force of the storms due to cross the continent from the 25th to the 29th of January. The result, however, was that the storm wave preceding it received almost the full force of the electrical influences, causing a great storm in Western Europe at the time we expected a great storm here. "An intelligent investigation will satisfy any reasonable mind that we are very near to one of the greatest discoveries of modern times. We know the dates on which the storm waves will cross the continent, we know, approximately, how to calculate the latitude of these storm waves, we know the dates on which these storm waves will have greatest and least force, and the greatest difficulty yet to surmount is to know which of the four storm waves will be most affected by the planetary influences. "Two thirds of the time I can succeed in rightly determining this difficult problem, but the other third is what stands in the way of complete success. I know where to look to find the key to this difficult part of the weather problem, and have clearly indicated this to my readers. I expect to discover the key and then to avoid errors. "If I make one mistake out of ten forecasts a certain class of critics will ridicule my work. Let them ridicule. I know that the system of electro-meteorology has the only true basis, and that time, I hope a comparatively short time, will vindicate it. "But readers of my work must not now expect infallible forecasts, for the system is not yet perfect. They should also remember that my own time and money, aided by fifty daily newspapers, are working out this great problem without assistance from the general government."46 +++ "I have often stated, and will repeat, that very severe storms will occur on this continent during March. Western Europe has experienced the greatest storms of the century during the past six monthc [sic], and it is almost impossible for this country not to go through the same experience during the next six months. "Even orthodox scientists have given warning of the great disturbances near at hand, because of the great sun spots and other remarkable disturbances now apparent on the sun. Spots on the sun, they declare, cause an increase in the force of our earth storms through the agency of the electrical forces. "They also declare that the perihelion of Jupiter causes a maximum of sun spots and an increase in the auroral displays. All this indicates that the men who have posed as the leaders in scientific research are being forced to acknowledge the influence of the planets on our earth, and that electricity is the medium. "But in claiming that sunspots can cause auroras and other earth disturbances, and that the perihelia of the planets cause sunspots, these great scientists wholly disregard cause and effect — disregard all the laws of electricity and magnetism. "Jupiter is now about forty millions of miles nearer the sun than it was six years ago, and if we follow the laws of electricity, that would increase the electrical forces of the sun and earth, which in turn would increase the evaporation and cloudliness on the sun, thereby preventing sunspots; therefore the perihelia of the planets cannot 46 The Fort Worth [TX] Gazette, Feb. 18, 1892 (weekly edition), P. 1. cause sunspots and the sunspots cannot cause earth disturbances. "Sun spots must necessarily be of exactly the same nature as our high barometers, and our cold waves, causing large areas of clear weather, corresponding to the large dark spots on the sun. "The faculæ, or bright spots, on the sun are the same as our low barometers where we have densely cloudy weather. Whatever causes our storm centers, our high and low barometers, our cold waves, also cause the sun spots, and I assert without fear of contradiction, that it is the equinox of Jupiter and not his perihelion that causes the increase of auroras and sun spots. "On the night of February 13, when the great aurora lighted up the northern heavens — also the region of the south pole, no doubt, although we have no news from that part of the earth — Jupiter was within two degrees of his equinox while he was fourteen degrees from his perihelion, therefore the electric tension of the sun was very great and only needed an outlet in order to shock or electrify the whole solar system. "The electrifying event occurred on the 13th, when Venus passed the earth's equator and the earth passed the equator of Mars. Anyone who has studied the nature of electrical currents in connection with revolving globes will readily see the logic in these statements. "But the difficulty in the way of orthodox scientists is that they still consider the sun as a burning body, instead of, as it really is, a body very much like the earth, with its seas, continents, mountains, valleys, clouds and storms, all affected by the very same laws and in the same manner as are the various parts of our earth. "Knowing of the approach of the equinoxes of Saturn and Jupiter, I gave warning nearly a year ago that 1892 would be a year of great storms all around the earth, and that these great disturbances would reach their maximum force in the four months from March 1 to June 30. "Since the great auroral display February 13, orthodox scientists are predicting the same increase of disturbances that I did a year ago. "Spots on the sun and storms all around the earth have been increasing for six months past at least, and they will continue to increase for at least months to come. But both sun spots and earth storms are effects of the same cause. The planets and sun electrify each other just as revolving magnets in the electro-dynamo machine affect each other. or hail. but the warm wave. and a cold wave with low temperatures will follow. almost universally imply wind from the east. "Readers are so forgetful. . Entirely too many readers. The storm wave may pass centrally over any point and still the weather remain clear throughout. "When I expect rain. or rain. but it may include all of these. except in its center. 16. which is usually very warm and partly cloudy or clear. it does not portend any unusual event. No other term will supply its place. change of wind and cool wave are sure to accompany almost every such storm wave. It does. in rotation as stated. however. p. "The discovery of the period of these storm waves and the laws that govern their movements. If the storm wave moves by to the south. misunderstand what is meant when I specify the date on which a storm wave is due. the wind will change from east to west by way of the north. "If the storm wave passed by to the north. wind changing to west and cooler. but when only the term storm wave is used. that it is necessary to dwell on some of the most important features of weather changes. the reader must understand what is meant by 'storm wave. the wind will change from east by way of the south to the west. and therefore. wind or a storm. the low barometer of the storm wave fills up with clouds. I say so in plain terms. is the most important ever made in reference to meteorology. "When the conditions are favorable to rain. in order to understand my forecasts. or snow. warmer weather. and the cool wave following it will not bring a very great fall in the temperature. snow. who are much interested in the weather."47 +++ "NATURE AND MOVEMENTS OF STORMS. 1892. or wind.' "It does not necessarily imply a storm. March 3.' and still there is no way for me to avoid using it."The time appears to be rapidly approaching when the electrical theory of force in the universe will take the places of the nebular and heat theories and electrometeorology dethrone the chaotic world of chance ideas that have long ruled in the weather bureau of the United States. and 47 The Fort Worth [TX] Gazette. Nothing but the tariff and silver discussions can be more generally misunderstood than the term 'storm wave. around which the . "These storm waves do not move in perfect circles around the geographical north pole. 1891. but around the magnetic north pole. which. whether the precipitation will occur in front. but cannot always tell. and northwest of Hudson's bay.gives promise of reliable. "Cold winters occur when the paths of the storms are south. is called the storm wave. and its forecasts are of no use to farmers. "These storm waves are strung around the earth in these northern latitudes like a string of beads. for a period of several weeks. as will be the case next January. so far ahead. small dealers in products. There is another magnetic pole in Northern Asia. the weather bureau ought to make few mistakes. but it makes many. or 20 degrees south of the geographical north pole. "When these storm waves are driven north by the influences of the moon or the planets. These jostlings of the storm waves against each other cause them to lose or gain as much as a days' time. north side or south side of the low or storm center. we have cool seasons as we had in May. I can give the dates of the storm waves. which is about 70 degrees north and 97 west. comes in. "My forecasts are for the front part of the storm wave. Herein is where the weather bureau ought to be useful. which often causes no rain. coal dealers. rear. Knowing where the storm center is. and their movements cause them to jostle up against each other like [railroad] cars when the engine suddenly puts on brakes or makes a sudden start. and therefore I do not pretend to forecast their time nearer than twenty-four hours. and when. we have excessively hot weather and drouth. with the high barometer. The low being a column of rising air draws to it the clouds and moisture that makes up the storm center. The high barometer pours cool air into the rear of the low and it is often the case that rain does not occur till the high barometer comes in and the snow storms always occur after the main portion of the low has passed and as the high. Warm winters surely follow when the storm paths are far to the north. with its cool wave. long-range forecasts. "The storm center is the low barometer. June and July. they are driven south by the same influences. but it may be known by the rising temperature. especially if the system should be developed by government aid. "The cause of these storm waves is somewhat of a mystery. etc. and the conditions surrounding it. My theory is that they are caused by a circuit of electricity rising in the low barometer and coming down in the high. 1892. the aurora. showing no care for other intelligent classes of people. He says: 'The observed facts pertaining to solar physics. storm and storm wave. and from the senseless opposition of the Weather Bureau officials toward independent planetary meteorologists. on one hand. Our American newspapers use the pure American language. but Professor Bigelow says that the magnetic forces of the sun and earth are closely related to our weather changes and auroral displays. The tropical hurricanes appear to move almost directly toward the geographical north pole of the earth. for several years."48 +++ "Professor Frank H. "The Two Magnetic Fields Surrounding the Sun. p. Bigelow. Vol. 706 ff. to terrestrial magnetism and to meteorology have been such to render it very probable that these three distinct branches of science are in reality parts of one general cosmical science. variations of the terrestrial magnetic field. and his conclusions are very important to meteorology. the solar corona. I infer that Professor Bigelow was expected to annihilate the theory that moon and planets have anything to do with our weather changes. October 1893. and therefore one who fills a public capacity at the expense of the people. http://books.storms of that continent probably make a semi-circle." Astronomy and Astrophysics. "I quote again from the same paper: 'The periodic occurrences of manifestations of energy in sun spots. "In order that they may better understand by forecasts. therefore his language is hard and needs interpretation. XII. the faculae and prominences. one of the weather bureau's scientific experts. "Professor Bigelow writes to convince scientists.google. furnish the channel through which American intelligence is reached. 3. has published an important paper in a leading astronomical journal49.com/books?id=_iKKbuNsc34C&pg=PA706 . should give his discoveries to the public in our newspaper language. "Many of our storm waves cross Europe and Asia. No. Men whose salaries are paid by the government should be compelled to write in the American language.' "That is precisely the theory for which planetary meteorologists have been contending. of the National Weather Bureau. I hope that readers will try to retain the above explanations. but some of them appear to pass between the two north magnetic poles. . of which our American newspapers are the classics. He has been. and the fluctuations of the 48 49 The Fort Worth [TX] Gazette. Professor Bigelow was selected by the Weather Bureau to investigate this very question. March 17. and not confound the widely differing terms. and from the same cause.28 days period.' "All this means to say that sun spots. "Professor Bigelow holds that these periods are caused by the sun's rotation.51 and now by the most critical tests made with the best electrical instruments. "Dr. and then in regular periodic changes. such as are found upon the earth. Professor Veeder52 gives the period as 27. but probably he is in error as to 50 Sgt. that they may safely be considered the same. The instruments show that periodically the magnetic currents change. and therein he radically differs with Professor Finley. but their periods do not agree. "He has found more. .68 days. it must also be surrounded by wide.meteorological elements on the other. agreeing closely with our weather changes. "Professor Veeder's auroral period is so nearly the same as my storm period. 52 Major Albert Veeder.' "He then goes on to show that these magnetic lines enter the earth diagonally through the northern hemisphere. founder of the Siemens electronics company in Germany. He never mentions heat as a common cause. but Professor Bigelow's period appears to be a little short. This theory was promulgated by Professor Siemens. Professor Veeder claims that the aurora depends on the same cause.28 days. Professor Bigelow has found the theory to be a true one. the currents enter through the southern hemisphere. Both are eminent scientists.50 who sustains the Weather Bureau theory that heat is the cause of weather changes. and leave the earth in diagonal lines through the southern hemisphere.D. and leaving it through the southern. the great electrician. and leave the earth through the northern hemisphere. sweeping lines of magnetic force. electrical forces and auroras. distributed in space. Professor Bigelow makes the period of the principal one of these changes 26. have magnetism as their common cause. 51 Ernst Werner von Siemens. now entering the earth through the northern hemisphere. M. earth storms. and that variation must destroy one or the other.28 days. if both rely on the same cause. and my principal storm disturbance period is 27. John Park Finley of the United States Army Signal Service. have all indicated a fundamental system of physical forces embracing the sun and earth in its operation. Veeder is correct in his 27. At the end of twelve months they would be eight to ten days apart. "Bigelow again says: 'If the sun has a nucleus in which can reside a species of permanent magnetism having poles of direction and intensity. which managed the United States Weather Bureau. "Empirical as here used. p. "The work of reducing my system of meteorology to simple rules. rain. For my long 53 The Oswego Daily Palladium. "Meteorology is making rapid progress. 1893.sun-spots being the cause. 6. means that the weather bureau forecast officials have placed before them a chart showing what the temperature. "I claim that the sun-spot. and a revolution is near. without figures. common figures. and being guided by these conditions they estimate. the old theories are struggling along on broken crutches. "It is freely admitted that no great advancement can be made till a new system is formed in which all forecasts will be based upon arithmetical calculations. and easy arithmetical calculations. "For fifteen years and up to a year ago my forecasts were empirical in the same sense that the weather bureau forecasts are and have been empirical. Oct. "Formerly all weather forecasts were empirical. snow and barometer readings are in every part of the United States at 8 a. aurora and the storm are all effects of the same cause. has been much more tedious than was expected a year ago and for that reason I am very much behind with some of my work. cloudiness. Those of the weather bureau are empirical now. 28. but it will come to us rapidly when the old theories are out of the way. but it would scarcely be fair to do so. "We might call this guessing at the weather." 53 +++ "EMPIRICAL FORECASTS. While it is somewhat in the nature of guessing. however. The progress. it is based on a knowledge of very many facts in regard to weather changes. That is the problem the weather bureau officials are now wrestling with. humidity. and they have not endeavored to make them otherwise. as has been stated by its officials. wind directions. m. There is much yet to be learned. what the weather changes will be during the next twenty-four hours. and that neither is the cause of either of the others. is eminently satisfactory and I am now sure that a greater degree of perfection will be attained for long range forecasts than I thought possible a year ago. . is controlled by fixed laws. as electro-magnets and studied the relative magnetic effects of such magnets. 1. but the results will well repay for 54 It is interesting to see how extraordinarily similar are the last two sentences of this paragraph. When relating to their own practices the selfish weather bureau officials call this the empirical system of weather forecasts. the influence of sun. I will succeed. I set to work. . "But with this system serious errors sometimes occur. who also used planetary and mathematical methods of prediction. because the new system was not complete. There is no such thing as chance. 1893. moon and eight major planets. and it is very important to get rid of them. moon. There is no chance in nature. "But I had other facts upon which I relied as the causes of weather changes. I estimated what the coming weather changes would be. "Some disadvantages have accompanied the change. to the following statement by W." p. dealing with the weather. D. for it has been a success. because mathematical principles of the highest order lie at the foundation of all things. on a scale of ten above and ten below normal temperature and precipitation. I regarded the sun. Delays may be discouraging to some. "Friends of my work need have no doubts.range forecasts I had all the knowledge of weather change that they possessed and in making my forecasts that knowledge entered fully into my estimates. Faraday [quoted earlier herein by Foster] said: 'There is nothing in the Universe but mathematical points of force.54 "When completed this new system will contain. October. everything particularly in reference to weather.'" "Resistance Levels. I took magnetism as the moving force and therefore made a thorough study of that science. to reduce my system to figures and simple arithmetical rules. "After my sons were through the schools and I thereby had assistance. By what name it is called matters not. taking the records of the National weather bureau as a basis. including the earth. and when these figures are put together the result will be a plain and practical forecast of coming weather changes. earth and planets for every day in the year. including charts of the solar system. "With all these important facts before me. Gann. After three years' work the system was far enough advanced to become useful and one year ago it was substituted for the old or empirical system. It is not yet complete. the task has been enormous. but when speaking of my work they say it is weather guessing. applying them in his case to the financial markets: "Everything in existence is based on exact proportion and perfect relation. but we are rejoicing to see how completely nature is yielding her weather secrets and how wonderfully perfect is the mechanism of the solar system. the most perfect ever devised by man. the waiting."55 +++ "Prof Hicks of St Louis recently made a true and pertinent statement declaring that he had never made a local forecast, never stated where the weather events predicted by him would occur. Then what good are they? All know that various weather conditions will come somewhere. Variations in annual rainfall in North America is so small that if well distributed during the crop season we would always have sufficient rainfall. People do not need to be told that it will rain, they already know that[;] the important information wanted is where it will rain in July and August; then we can know how much to depend on the corn crop. Weather forecasts that do not give localities are useless, therefore the predictions of Prof Hicks are of no value. "Hicks took up the work of that able long range weather forecast pioneer Prof Tice where the latter had laid it down with his life after devoting twenty-five years to that work. Like Moses he was not permitted to reach but from the mount saw the promised land and pointed out the way. We are all followers of Prof Tice. "But Hicks claims to be the originator of planetary meteorology, when in fact he not only appropriated but continuously fails to give credit to the discoveries made by Tice. Hicks has never added a single feature to the Tice system and therefore does not locate his forecasts. "I have learned much that is useful from Tice, Mansill, Blake, Dunne,56 Cather, etc., but nothing from Hicks."57 +++ "After careful tests a noted physician of Europe concludes that sunspots and the virulence of disease increase and decrease together and both are coincident with the increase and decrease in the earth's magnetic forces. "Prof Hazen58 proved that more rain falls at new moon than at any other time at places tested by him. But although this might be useful in long range forecasts Hazen, 55 56 The Houston [TX] Daily Post, Feb. 14, 1897, p. 16. It is unclear who this may be. Sergeant Elias B. Dunn (known as "Farmer Dunn" after the Weather Bureau was taken over by the Agriculture Department) was a noted forecaster in New York. But he was associated the Weather Bureau, whose "corporate mentality" Foster persistently criticized, and there is no indication in numerous accounts of his work that he used the planets for forecasting. 57 "Forecast of the Weather," by W. T. Foster, The San Antonio [TX] Express, June 17, 1900, p. 20. 58 Gen. William Babcock Hazen, chief officer of the United States Signal Service. although he was one of the principal forecasters of the national weather bureau, received no encouragement from the chief. This is another proof that Moore 59 is opposed to all beyond the twenty four hours in advance forecasts. "Prof. Clayton60 of the Blue Hill Massachusetts observatory has clearly proven that the moon regularly affects the temperature and the aurora. Blue Hill is connected with Harvard University. It matters not how prominent the scientist who makes an advance toward long range forecasts he receives no encouragement from the weather bureau officials. "Prof Veeder, a college president in the Northeastern States,61 has proven the periodicity of the aurora and that these northern lights and terrestrial magnetism increase and decrease in harmony with the variations of sun spots. Other scientists have shown a relation between the aurora, the moon and the weather. Bigelow has shown a relation between the sun's rotation and the weather. All this knowledge might be put together, systematized and used as a basis for long range weather forecasts. But that might give a better system than the one now being used by the weather bureau officials and as they admit they have made no advance in twenty five years it is fair to suppose that they have become as the Medes and Persians or as the Chinese, opposed to advancement. "The salary of Chief Moore of the United States weather bureau has been increased to $5000 a year[;] total expense of that institution is not far from $100,000 annually. This will have been money well expended when the weather bureau officials adopt a system of long range forecasts. The immense record accumulations are worthless except for long range forecasts. The chief seems determined that they shall 59 60 Prof. Willis L. Moore, chief of the United States Weather Bureau. H. Helm Clayton. John Nelson, a later sunspot researcher, has written: "Many investigators of solar activity in the past have conducted extensive studies of planetary phenomena in an effort to account for the maximum and minimum of the eleven-year sunspot cycle and also the shorter period variations in sunspot numbers which take place from month to month. The results of several of these investigators appear to indicate a connection between the interrelationship of the planets and the degree of spottedness of the solar surface. The works of [Ellsworth] Huntington, Clayton, and [Fernando] Sanford, were found to be particularly applicable to the subject matter of this paper." ("Shortwave Radio Propagation Correlation with Planetary Positions," p. 26 http://www.enterprisemission.com/jnelson2.html ). Nelson, under the employ of RCA, studied the relationship of the planets to sunspots in order to predict disturbances to shortwave radio broadcasting (see articles at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,814720,00.html , http://www.solsticepoint.com/astrologersmemorial/nelson.html , and http://www.weathersage.com/books.htm ). Nelson reported his findings in the books Cosmic Patterns (1974) and The Propagation Wizard's Handbook: Coping with our occult sun and its meddlesome satellites (1978). Another article of his is online, entitled: "Planetary Position Effect on Short-wave Radio Signal Quality" http://www.enterprisemission.com/jnelson1.html . 61 Foster is in error. "After receiving his M. D., "Dr. Major Albert Veeder ... practiced medicine in Lyons, N. Y., the rest of his life." The Geographical Review, March 1917, p. 190 http://books.google.com/books? id=JDQSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA190 . remain worthless. "Prof Bigelow says the general movements of the atmosphere are downward in the vicinity of the poles after coming from the equatorial regions through the upper atmosphere. This is in accord with the the rise of Siemens, the German scientists who claimed that the atmosphere rises near the equator and moves to the vicinity of the poles not coming down in midlatitudes as held by Ferrel62 and all the weather bureau antecedents. The [illegible words] Siemens, Bigelow and others with whom I agree believe the atmosphere rolls like a hoop between the equator and the poles, while the followers of Ferrel claim there is a coming down and a second [illegible word] in the middle latitudes. The magnetic currents probably rise at the equator and go straight out into space not curving toward the poles while downward magnetic currents at the poles come from space and do not curve toward the equatorial currents. These equatorial currents are electrical and move in straight lines the same as the sunbeam, the latter being a result of electric currents from the sun. The polar currents are magnetic and move in spirals. As the electric and magnetic currents will not unite except at right angles the equatorial electric currents cannot flow with the upper air currents to the poles. This electric current is the active while the magnetic spiral is the passive. The electric current usually has its two ends in separate bodies and these may be solids, liquids or gases[;] magnetic currents most always have one end on an electric current and the other on the ether."63 +++ "PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. "The human world is beginning to recognize that the solar system, the sun, its attendant planets, their satellites, the more than 400 minor planets, the family of comets that move around the sun at one end of their orbits and around Jupiter at the other end, constitute a great electro-dynamo machine similar to those dynamos that generate electricity for street railways. "If this be a correct theory, and I believe it is, there are times when these heavenly magnets have greater effect than at other times. In the dynamo the magnets are stationary and at regular distances apart and the other magnets that revolve so as to pass close to the stationary magnets are also regularly stationed so that the electric effects are as regular as they can be made. "Not so with the heavenly electro-magnetic machine. The great planets become bunched on one side of the sun and the effects of this are unmistakable. 62 63 William Ferrel of the United States Army Signal Service. The San Antonio [TX] Express, June 24, 1900, p. 20. But as these 3-day changes are. In September the sun will come into that line. leaving only Neptune out."Beginning with July of this year all the planets but two will be bunched on the summer side of the sun. "Mercury will come into the herd in August. "In August the earth will be in line with Mercury. earth. moon and planets affect the earth's magnetic and electric forces. If we could view them from the sun they would resemble the seven stars except that some of them would appear much larger. "I am thoroughly convinced that the relative positions of sun. 64 The Houston [TX] Daily Post. to them. 27. warm waves. following each other regularly. Feb. 1903. that electricity is the principal cause of earthquakes in the same sense as we might call thunder and lightning skyquakes. 1. that severe storms will occur in September and October in the United States and Canada. "What effect will these unusual relative positions of the planets and sun have on weather and earthquakes will be discussed in future bulletins. Every warm wave is followed by a cool wave and every cool wave by a warm wave and that is the way the forecasts run. "There is a shorter cycle of about 3 days as an average. and severe earthquakes in countries subject to these disturbances. seem to overlap in a mixed confusion. Venus and Jupiter. p. The warm waves average a little less than 6 days apart and the cool waves the same. "I expect this to be a year of earthquakes and severe storms because the planets will be in position to increase the earth's electric forces. while Saturn. etc. also that weather extremes will occur in July and August. . That is if it is warmer on the 1st it will probably be warmer again on the 4th. Mars and Uranus will be close neighbors. and storm waves which. Seven planets will be in company in August and September. But if the descriptions of these weather waves are read separately and traced on the map it will be seen that each weather event is kept distinct from the others and that the warm and cool waves alternate."64 +++ "New readers of my forecasts are sometimes confused by the cool waves. small and unimportant I do not forecast them but forecast only the 3 day averages and the 6 day storm waves which are from 5 to 7 days apart. "This discovery necessitates some changes in my astronomical records and as soon as these can be made I not only expect to make the 75 per cent good forecasts but I confidently expect to convert all scientists to the cause of planetary meteorology. Six weeks of intense study and experiments brought the victory and I now have that immensely important law. Last August I found that law and the basis of it is the well known fact that a current of electricity develops magnetism at right angles. I determined to make one last effort. Similar events will be found to have occurred at past equinoxes of that planet which occurred 29 1/2 years ago and at equal intervals before. 2. "The cause of the great earth quakes. hurricanes and tornadoes this year is found in the equinox of Saturn. "I will soon furnish the newspapers with my weather charts. including 8 weather bureau professors."65 +++ 65 The Bridgetown [NJ] Evening News. p. Unbelievers in planetary meteorology might do well to investigate the matters. I was trying to convince these scientists against their will but I saw that I must make at least 75 per cent good before they will concede the value of my discoveries and this I could not do without finding the law above referred to. 22. Oct. 1906. . Disturbances of the two equinoxes are similar but do not affect the same localities. my charted forecasts for 8 months and had made an average of about 68 per cent good. During August of this year I found the last hidden secret of weather changes. "At the end of July 1906 I had sent to 35 meteorological scientists.as an average. The minor equinox of that planet occurred this year and the major equinox a little less than 15 years ago and before that at intervals of 29 1/2 years. For ten years I have known all causes of weather changes but the law that governs the change from one cause to another and from one earth channel to another has baffled me for fifteen years and therefore I could not prevent the occasional knock-out errors that have occurred in my forecasts. Charles William Frederick Dick http://rammb.colostate.cira.edu/dev/hillger/national. Foster66 66 To Sen. .htm .A mailing by W. T. 67 67 ibid. .Close-up of return address section of the mailing. T.August 1910 Forecast by W.68 68 ibid. Foster. . 72 The Cayuga Chief of Weedsport NY. That planetary event will cause unusually severe storms on the sun and those sun storms will be refracted to the earth. Ricard. of San Francisco. Very Respectfully. W. Wherever the transient lows are located at that time and between This point Foster reiterated in his 1914 booklet "Sun Spots and Weather": "Note To Reader: I beg you to examine these pages carefully. D. Another researcher who said that sunspots come as the result of planetary positions was Walter Gorn Old. On and near Nov. Dr Atkins. T. 1. 5.71 Luther Burbank.sacredscience.cgi?product=GASL . he was also the most represented of all writers on W. Ricard. citizens of that wonderful country that has made the great city of San Francisco possible. 69 . California..+++ "It is believed that the cause of sunspots and their relation to our earth weather have been found and an effort will be made to utilize these discoveries for the benefit of the human race. D. M."72 +++ "An unusual event will occur Nov." See Appendix VI for Ricard's reciprocal praise of Foster's work. 1910. See Appendix V. Nov.70 Prof. 18. Ricard and Foster constituted what is popularly called a "mutual admiration society. the British astrologer who published under the pen-name Sepharial. The cause is not the sun as generally believed by astronomers but is found to come from the changing relative positions of sun and major planets. We will hear more about these great scientists and more about Prof Ricard's investigations of sunspots and their relation to our earth. "Too many of our great astronomers are so fixed in bondage to old theories that they refuse to entertain new ideas. Foster" http://www. near San Francisco. Jerome S Ricard. is making a special study of sunspots and their relations to earth phenomena. and particularly to study the Sun Spot Chart. 70 As will be seen going forward. p. proving that sun spots are controlled by the planets.com/store/commerce. 69 "Prof. in charge of the astronomical observatory in connection with Santa Clara college at Santa Clara. professor of physiology at the California Medical College and president of the San Francisco County Society of Physicians and Surgeons. Prof. 71 Albert J. are men of the hour who are and will be of lasting benefit to our race because of their intense thought in searching out the mainsprings that underlie natural phenomena and natural law. taking immediate effect. 18 weather disturbances will occur on all parts of the earth. In them is revealed one of the greatest and most important of modern discoveries. Ricard is not trying to prove a theory but is trying to discover facts and therefore his investigations promise to be valuable to the human race. Not so with Prof. Gann's List of Books for Sale. With him actual facts are all important stepping stones along the path of his scientific researches. and strong evidences tending to prove that our weather changes are caused by electro-magnetism generated by planetary movements. Atkins. 18. weather maps on Nov. Ricard has been looking into the nature of sunspots and their effects on our weather. 1910. S.the lows and highs most radical weather may be expected. Planetary disturbances do not affect the whole of the earth's surface. 17. Ricard is in charge of that observatory and has made some wonderful discoveries. 4. S. spots and faculae combined — approach the western limb of the sun within an average of three days an atmospheric disturbance. 17. with small breaks or no breaks at all between the 73 The Dallas [TX] Morning News. They come through the earth's magnetic equator or through one of the four magnetic poles. 18. one in North America and one in Siberia. The planetary disturbance results in a strong current of electricity which sometimes goes from the earth. Other observatories that have been endowed with great sums of money are discovering worlds five trillion miles away."73 +++ "Santa Clara College is near San Francisco and among its educational facilities is an astronomical observatory that is leading out into the domain of discovery. Nov. Watch the weather reports near Nov. On an average the low stays three days on the coast. Ricard's discoveries are the following: When a solar disturbance — spot alone. and will report the result. "The electric current sets up a closed circuit coming down in the low going up in the high organizing a high and low that live and die together. p. "Second determination is this: When the solar disturbance disappears at the western limb of the sun the low or storm center is crossing over the Rockies and the high. "Two of these magnetic poles are located about 20 degrees south of the north geographic pole. while Prof. reaches the Pacific Coast. "The third feature is: Sometimes a solar disturbance coincides with three successive lows on this continent. The bad weather occurs in and about the lows. cool wave pushes forward from behind. 19. J. 18. If you will look at the U. especially as to sunspots and their relations to our weather. . all of which he has published. Prof. the clear weather in and about the highs. to watch for disturbances on the sun during these three days. facuale alone. "Among Prof. "I have asked Father Ricard. This is an invariable fact. The general direction of high and low movements is eastward. 13. 19. you will see the effects of this great disturbance. Nov. sometimes comes to the earth. the so-called low. the California astronomer. A. "Fourth: A disturbance on the sun's northern hemisphere causes a weather disturbance south of latitude 37. entitled Three Phases of Energy: The Basis of Organic Life http://books. near San Francisco. being director of the Astronomical and Meteorological observatory at Santa Clara.lows. J. Luther Burbank have come into prominence as expert scientists. Foster tells us no more about the contents of this book. p. If the sun disturbance is on its southern hemisphere earth disturbances will appear in our great Northwest.google. too. vegetable and animal life. 11. 74 75 The Dallas [TX] Morning News. I hope he will have the book published. This is all in accord with electro-magnetism. published about nine years later. the planets. polarity. their relations to our sun. each dealing with these same physical forces but in separate departments. is the leading sunspot observer of the world and has discovered the relation between sunspots and the weather of the Pacific coast. 1911. 1. When the solar disturbance reaches eastern limb of sun a low reaches Pacific Coast.com/books?id=d-1IAAAAIAAJ .com/books? id=gBkCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA72 . "Dr Atkins has found the relations of these physical forces to animal life and is the leading lecturer at the medical colleges of San Francisco. Dr. He was also author of the articles "Electrical Physiology" (1903) http://www. A disturbance near the sun's equator is sure to correspond with a disturbance on our Central California coast. "Fifth: Earthquakes occur somewhere along the great rift or fault lines of the earth when a solar disturbance crosses central meridian of the sun and this. 72 http://books. the causes that induce their variations. Atkins and Prof. XXIII. 75 "Prof Luther Burbank has caught the spirit of these same physical forces in their relations to vegetable life and the world knows of his wonderful achievements. Vol. in this order. but Atkins was the author of a book.org/details/electricalphysio00atkirich and "The Electrical Action of the Organs of the Human Body.google."74 +++ "For more than 25 years these bulletins have been discussing the physical forces. During that quarter of a century Father Ricard. our weather. the earth. that must cause a sensation in scientific circles. Feb. 1905. particularly in medical societies. When the solar disturbance is within three days of sun's western limb the third low enters the Pacific Coast. 19. etc. When the solar disturbance reaches central meridian of sun another low reaches Pacific Coast.archive. . No. not yet published. "Father Ricard. He has written a book. p. is in accord with electro-magnetism. to first publish to the world the cause of sunspots and predict their advent as long ahead of time as the publication of the ephemerides — astronomical records — would permit. and below I copy an extract from Protestor Ricard's reports to the magazines and newspapers: "'This is one of the greatest triumphs of modern science.. scientific investigator. p.' "Professor Ricard has traced a relation between sun spots and the weather of the Pacific slope. .Y. and Burbank cannot disagree because electro-magnetism is the basis of their work and their four departments make one harmonious whole."77 +++ "In January I predicted great sun spots would organize near February 18th and requested Professor Ricard. and see his prophecies gloriously verified. This Continent is too big for one meteorologist to do all the work. The Carnegie millions are being used up to discover new and far away clusters of stars while no one comes to the support of the great possibilities referred to above. both as to sunspots and great storms."These four investigators cover the whole domain of nature and their work is a unity. director of the Santa Clara. and I welcome Professor Ricard as a careful. by doing a lot of hard mathematical work on the rainfall records. Foster. select four years out of which three great wheat years would be assured for those plains states. D. Ricard. June 16. C. He is already making good forecasts of the Pacific slope weather. 1911. p. include the laws of nature which are closely related to the solar system and of which our earth is an important part. He will be 76 77 The Cayuga Chief of Weedsport. conscientious. California. 1. but no real observer stopped to think what might be the cause of them."76 +++ "I am confident that I could. It was reserved to a prince of meteorology. But I have not the means to support me in such an undertaking. Foster. "That method would bring immensely rich returns and save the great losses that come in the drouth years. N. to keep a sharp outlook for the spots. meteorological and astronomical observatory. and I hope he will continue in the good work. I also predicted great storms all around the earth at the same time for near February 18th. All truths must agree with each other and with the whole. T. April 8. and I predict for him a brilliant success in that field. The forecasts were abundantly verified. W. of Washington. Atkins. 1911.. The Amsterdam [NY] Evening Record. For over 900 years sunspots have been observed. 11. Some weeks ago I read an interesting article on the failure of astrologers in their predictions regarding the war. etc. would you? Of course not. p. I have found in my researches that the Chinese understood all those laws and computed the coming of eclipses thousands of years before the Egyptians and Chaldeans. based on immutable laws which I have discovered. Mr. Some of the recent discoveries in astronomy would do credit to those scientists of the distant past but we are too selfish to give them credit for what they knew. begin with capital letters. 1913.and so few astrologers are mathematicians. He found that every letter and every number was written in a geometrical angle that determined the power of its vibration. 28. He does not want to be regarded as a prophet or a seer. like Foster.. and who was. 1 Editorial section. a Freemason. creators of life and the rulers of the destiny of man. p. 77) and insisted on the need for an adequate quantity of historical data. In making my predictions I used geometry and mathematics just as an astronomer does.. 19. p. W. . 1919. He and I will work in perfect harmony. We are dealing 78 The Oswego [NY] Palladium. p. the ancient gods. 1." 78 +++ "The ancient Egyptians. He made a fortune simply that he might have the leisure necessary for him to follow his ambition -. 1912. 'but you would not consider him a prophet. Gann does not care much for money except to meet his daily needs. Foster also shared Gann's view that "The limit of future predictions based on exact mathematical law is only restricted by lack of knowledge of correct data on past history to work from" (The Tunnel Thru the Air. D. "The ancient peoples knew more about the universe than we moderns are inclined to give them credit for. that in a sense they were wiser than we are today. It is marvelous the knowledge that these ancients had. That is why astrology fails for nothing can be accurate that is not based on mathematics -.immensely valuable to the Pacific slope and will be able to work out the Pacific slope weather more in detail than I have time to do. 79 The Dallas [TX] Morning News. ". The earth was not counted as one of the gods and therefore it does not begin with a capital letter while all the planets. We do not profess to know anything about it. but which they purposely refrained from putting in their books. but to make accurate predictions the great law behind it all. 'An astronomer can predict to the minute when a eclipse is going to occur.[']" The Anaconda [MT] Standard Jan. 1. his researches showed that the ancients had knowledge of natural laws of which we can scarcely dream. There is nothing supernatural or weird about it. must enter into the calculation. . Now there is a great deal in the vibrations of the planets.. The fact that the ancients wrote their numbers and letters in geometrical figures opened the way to his discovery of the law that rules all things.. March 30. and these are simple."79 +++ "We receive many letters from those who believe in astrology — inquiring as to astrological indications. who put Foster's booklet on sunspots on his List of Books for Sale. Ninevites. Gann's desire that his work be seen as scientific and his insistence on the need to make mathematical calculations in addition to using planetary indications are identical with Foster's own views. regarded the planets as gods. Babylonians. Dec. but rather as a man of science. He simply makes use of mathematics based on known laws of the movements of the planets in their orbits.to study mathematics and delve into the knowledge held by the ancients. also had high esteem for the ancients. as they wanted to keep the secret for themselves.' he said. Gann. which the ancients understood. Jupiter is the king of the planetary system in sun spots and weather. Washington D. the 11 year cycle of the earth's magnetism. It is our most important paper and absolutely proves planetary influences to be a fact. on receipt of stamp. "Life.' is a new pamphlet just issued from this office. It is the fourth paper of the series explaining how to forecast the weather. planet and sun has on every other body of matter. to any subscriber of the newspaper in which this bulletin is published: Address Foster's Weather Bureau. we give the causes of the variation in sunspot numbers and explain how to forecast the 11 year sun spot cycle. proving this statement by matching the rules with the number of sun spots for the past 165 years. In this paper."80 +++ "'Sun Spots and Weather. The old and senseless theories of 80 81 The Morning Star of Rockford. happiness toward the millenium which is certainly possible if we would stick close to those lines of investigation. Thursday. 12. IL. progress. This will give scientists a new basis for astronomical physics and a new basis for calculating the weather years in advance.with the laws of nature which are very simple and easily understood when we approach the study in the right manner. but is now being distributed. the place where the earth is about first of January. Feb. Other similar pamphlets will be published occasionally and mailed free to subscribers of newspapers that use our forecasts. The Amsterdam [NY] Evening Recorder.) . C. number four. the 11 year crop period. each comet. Feb. 1914. 1914. All investigators along those lines believe there is some relation between sun spots and our weather. 2. including our dangerous storms. If we fully understand all the laws that control the magnet and electro-magnetism we could readily understand all the workings of the universe and the effects that each particle of matter. sold by the Sacred Science Institute. would be readily understood and the mysteries and miracles that now bewilder the human mind would all be revealed and our race would make ten-mile strides in knowledge. moon. p. These are all caused by the planets and we fully explain the matter. (This pamphlet has been located in our day and is back in print. The pamphlet gives experimental forecasts covering 165 years and the rules that will make better than ninety-one per cent good forecasts of the number of sun spots for all time to come. By it we prove that most sun spots occur when Jupiter is near 102 of sun longitude. "The pamphlet will be mailed free. 8."81 +++ "Our 'Sun Spots and Weather' pamphlet was delayed a few days. both animal and vegetable. great central valleys 14. each planet being a magnet. The moon will be at its new and near its node. When Professor Moore was Chief he 82 83 The Oswego [NY] Palladium. But that is not important except when combined with other astronomical events. are of any great importance when not combined with important planetary positions. earth and planets failed to cause great and important weather events. Some very heavy rains are expected before the cool wave follows that hot wave. "The earth will be near its equinox."82 +++ "Next disturbance will reach Pacific coast about September 12. relative to each other and the moon. Saturn and Uranus will be in such positions. . rotation of the sun. 6. But Mercury. After a long spell of rather quiet weather this disturbance will bring on a conditions that will produce dangerous storms. great central valleys 14 to 16."83 +++ "Official long range Weather forecasts based on relative positions of the sun. Sept. We have the weather records covering all parts of this continent from 60 to 108 years and we do not know of a single instance where similar relative positions of sun. moon. S. Mars. rifts on the sun are coming. eastern sections 17. cross Pacific slope by close of 13. major planets. The magnets of a dynamo produce electric force by their motion when they pass certain relative positions and our solar system is one of the most complete and powerful electrodynamos in the universe. great central valleys 17. Weather Bureau are into a public racket about the merits of sun rifts as a basis for forecasting. eastern sections 16. nor the two together. Venus. sun spots. Professor Willis L. Warm wave will cross Pacific slope about September 12.heat being the cause must give way to electro-magnetism. earth. moon. 1914. 1914. as to cause great stress in the electro-magnetic forces of the solar system and the earth will be situated favorable to receiving a great force or shock. Cool wave will cross Pacific slope about September 15. Jupiter. eastern sections 19. neither of which alone. Earth. March 21. "We expect frosts that will do some damage in northern crop sections not far from September 7. Moore and the U. The New Orleans [LA] Item. A great hot wave will strike this continent not far from September 12 and will be in full force by 14. floods and a great variety of radical weather events. on our own account. now he stands for Carothers 84 while Marvin85 is fighting all long rangers. His fatal mistake was in using only the 27th day cycle of the sun's rotation instead of the planetary cycles. S.fought all long range forecasters. Long before he had any connection with the observatory. 14 ff. we knew. 89 The Fairport Herald. The Fairport [NY] Herald. Our method is to test all proposed systems by the records covering one hundred years and when we compare a system of forecasting with those records that settles the question as to merits. quite independently and by a process of his own which we may never know. Albert Porta. our forecasting processes stood on as firm a scientific foundation as they do now. T. chief of the United States Weather Bureau from 1913 to 1934. J.com/books? id=bIYmAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP118 . Advances in discoveries come principally from outside officialdom and our officials should encourage outside investigations. see Appendix Charles Frederick Marvin. Vol. Each of the other authors use astronomical records only. matched with positions of sun. Foster of Washington obtained through the planets and them only. A. Moore are being recognized by the newspapers in long range forecasting. (Corrected above from "Caruthers. No fair mind will claim that their forecasts are without merit. we obtained the dates for the arrival of storms on the Pacific Coast. 21): "Long before Prof. Hicks." published in the first volume of The Sunspot.") For Carothers and Moore. "We regard as a very great mistake the eternal fight made by the U. Ricard wrote (p. the journal of Ricard's observatory. but by the end of Porta's life." July 1915. April 12. will eventually get the benefits of the discoveries. except that Bigelow used three records. Bigelow. astronomical. The people. Carothers. together with some discoveries of our own. Porta came to this observatory. p. Caruthers and Prof. DeVoe. We are the only forecasters who use weather records. Weather Bureau against all long range forecasts. We find merit in all the proposed systems and we use parts of each. I. Ricard. "Our forecasts are worked out by the simple rules of common arithmetic. Mansill. Porta 88 and others and after carefully testing each of their systems by the weather records covering every day back to 1820. In "Scientific Pilfering."86 +++ "We are pleased to note that DeVoe87. the masses." 89 +++ 84 85 86 87 88 VII. 5. . moon and major planets. Initially Ricard took umbrage against Porta's associating himself too closely with Ricard's work. Warren Fay Carothers. Ricard (as will be seen later herein) had accepted Porta as an associate. nicknamed "the weather prophet of Hackensack" (New Jersey). the intimate connection existing between sunspots and planets.google. May 3. weather and magnetic. http://books. we have adopted all the good we could find in their systems. 1916. 1916. and these were the very same which W. which we had inferred from the fact that through the sunspots and them alone. Blake. We have found merit in the long range weather forecasts of Tice. using these weather records. DeVoe. No. not only our Sun. "In 1687 he published his Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica and for years thereafter scientists generally.' are the imperishable enactments which control in all investigations of that most ancient. eliminating from consideration the contraction of our earth in its cooling process. which has been of incalculable benefit to our country.90 rushing a-muck through space at the rate of 200 miles each second. . "Johann Kepler's Law of Gravitation — 'Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force varying directly as the masses. in one of the foci of which the Sun is situated. and astronomers in particular. Groombridge. 1830. and that universal genius.' "Allied with Astronomy are the two co-ordinate branches. Seismology and Atmospheric Phenomena. which undoubtedly is traveling in an inconceivably immense orbit around some huge central body. and the first of what are known as Kepler's Three Laws — 'Every planet moves in an elliptical orbit. most wonderful and most entrancing branch of the Sciences. the great factor for producing 90 "Groombridge 1830 is a star in the constellation Ursa Major. Shakespeare. and inversely as the square of their distances'. which follows:} "EDITORIAL "SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S discovery of the Attraction of Gravitation was the inevitable Evolution of his research in centripetal forces.org/wiki/Groombridge_1830 . combated each other with acrimonious discussions pro and contra the forces of attraction. Astronomy. "Students of Seismology have announced that. for were this attraction annihilated. the establishment of the Weather Bureau." http://en.wikipedia. like that wonderful Sun. to whose study have resulted the erection by nearly all our great universities and astronomical observatories of the most elaborate and delicate seismic annunciators. but all our planets and their satellites would fly off at a tangent and travel through all eternity in a straight path.[Magazine editorial introducing an article by Foster. enlists under the banner of Kepler when he says 'But the strong base and building of my love Is the very center of the Earth Drawing all things to it. and the then opaque subject of the motions of the Moon connected with the tides of the ocean. until Newton's dicta was proved scientifically orthodox in the catholic assent to the Procrustean law of the revolution of the planets in our system. and by our Government at Washington. His predictions generally have been astonishingly verified. D. Mr. at Havana. Spalding and Professor Sarasola have favored us with most interesting papers upon these subjects. "On December 22. announcing that on. who has been an investigator in Astronomy. or. Foster of Washington. Venus and Mercury dropping into line and their disturbing influences being united. "Of the latter class is Mr. who. confining their efforts to an individual or single line of study. 1892. T. 'Then.' as he calls it. if there were anything in the belief that their united forces of attraction were of a measurable estimate. predicted that in 1906. the Earth. and the other planets Mars. with prognostications as to weather conditions and advice as to what should be sown and planted for a successful harvest. .' "None of us in California have forgotten how terribly that announcement was verified. President of the Colegio De Belen. as he put it. sent a communication to the Weather Bureau at Washington. is the powerful and united attraction of the planets when in conjunction or opposition with the earth. in a lecture before The Teachers' Institute at Los Angeles. a tornado of unusual violence would sweep the Atlantic Coast from Mexico to South Carolina. during many years. W. "Mr. which have been published in our Bulletins. which is devoted more particularly for the benefit of the agriculturists. had studied the atmospheric phenomena of the Gulf of Mexico. entered into these fields of investigation. 1910. others in a more concrete manner. Spalding. Astro-physics and Meterology. "About the first of September. Professor Simon Sarasola.earthquakes. terrestrial convulsions would occur. William A. Cuba. and before he became President of this Academy of Sciences. and we remember the loss of lives. the equinox of Saturn would be almost exactly superimposed upon that of Jupiter. For many years he has regularly published a Bulletin upon 'Weatherology. he prepared for us the article which we have the pleasure of presenting to the attention of our readers in this Bulletin. . from time to time. and acceding to our request... look out for something to pop. of vessels and the total destruction of the city of Galveston by the cataclysm on that date. if there is anything in this system. and others have. or about September 8 of that year. C. some from an abstract position. Naval Observatory. "Those records are potentially of immense value and only by their use may we know future weather more than a week in advance. D. About 1840 the Smithsonian Institution gave that idea a great impetus and under its management a large number of new weather records were started in various American localities and the older records. and the astronomical records of the solar system."WEATHEROLOGY "By W. Franklin. weather cannot be predicted for more than a week in advance. ". T. 1890. About half time was given to it from December. many academic and other educational institutions made careful records of temperatures.'92 91 In this very important and all-too-brief paragraph. as to the causes of weather changes in America must be compared with and tested by these records. "The hypothesis used. whether planetary or "orthodox": namely. When a system for forecasting weather events is formulated those old and new records must be used and the forecasts mathematically worked out from their numbers. or theories. and since the latter date whole time. 1903. Jefferson. 92 Cf... 1875. S. made at numerous places were collected and preserved by binding. the use of historical data and mathematics (whatever he intended by the latter term). Weather Bureau was organized and it continued and extended the weather records recommended by our early American scientists.. with no other business. "WASHINGTON. Foster.scribd. on their recommendations.com/doc/3876189/Ticker-Interview-with- . 77. Gann: "Like causes produce like effects. now advanced by the writer to a theory and the Golden Rule of Planetary Weatherology is stated thus: 'Similar relative positions of Sun. Without the use of these two elements. open to all investigators at the U. now on deposit in the U. W. S. In all weather investigations the hypotheses.91 "To solve this most difficult and most important problem has been the larger part of the writer's life work." Ticker Interview http://www. I affirm every class of phenomena. Adams and other scientists of their time believed that we may know of future weather by its past and therefore. the writer came to Washington in order better to secure and use the weather records. Weather Bureau. old and new." The Tunnel Thru the Air. Washington. S. As a result we now have a number of good records. p. rainfall and other weather events. If we wish to avert failure in speculation we must deal with causes. Foster once again identifies what distinguishes his work from that of his competitors. Earth and major planets cause similar weather. C. to August. In 1871 the U. including every day for more than one hundred years and a large number covering less time. Every effect must have an adequate cause. whether in nature or on the stock market. Besides the work of this investigator he has paid out more than $20. In March. must be subject to the universal law of causation and harmony. D. he says. Moon.000 for records and experiments. 30 per cent bad. Officials of the U. and were published. introduced in the Senate March 26. Senator Bard was. the forecasts proved to be 70 per cent good. that early maturing crops of 1918 would be best. or Spring grain early in 1918. Important improvements have been made since. Tested by such rules all forecasts must fail.. Mass. These forecasts are published every week in many newspapers and magazines. S. having a circulation of about 1. useful system of forecasting crop-weather. meteorological observatory near Boston. No. Senate. made by the writer. S. "Evidently the real test of long range. Paul.000 copies. and these rules were included in the Bard Bill. or be stationary. thru electro-magnetism. to cover three months. A rise or fall of not more than two degrees is not considered a change. 5277. and whether they will rise.. a practical. 1918. Early in 1918 he predicted a severe drouth to begin about June 15. meteorologist of Blue Hill. in about same country over which the 1917 drouth extended — the 1918 drouth to continue thru the crop season of 1918. that these effects vary as magnets having orbital revolutions and axial rotations. who have pretended to investigate the writer's crop-weather forecasts formulated rules of verification requiring perfect forecasts.500. Weather Bureau opposed the bill and it was thot best not to call it up. H. Clayton tested a forecast for St. In 1905 Prof. affect each other. Prof. The bill offered compensation to anyone who would work out. Some. . Approximately correct forecasts of most of the severe storms of 1917-18 were published one to six months' in advance. their effects also W-D-Gann . 1904. fall. The Clayton rules were used for that verification. "The theories upon which Planetary Weatherology is based are that the members of the solar system. at that time. about or below normal. These forecasts were 90 per cent good. Clayton. Minn. representing California in the U. In midsummer of 1917 he advised to sow Winter wheat that Fall. and referred to the Committee on Agriculture. H. the writer predicted an extensive drouth to occur during crop season of 1917 to cover the country south of the Missouri river and between the lower Mississippi river and the crest of the Rockies. "In December. to avoid planting corn and cotton for 1918. for the Government's use."Perfect weather forecasts never have been. in the predicted drouth sections. never will be made. The Clayton rules required the forecaster to say whether the average of consecutive three-day temperatures will be above. The Clayton rules for testing rainfall forecasts are similar to the rules for temperatures. 1916. The forecasts were in possession of Prof. or crop-weather forecasts is in determining whether the forces are better than guessing. wrote a complete set of rules for testing crop-weather forecasts in 1904. Clayton two months in advance. connected with the Moon are sufficient to give good forecasts. They are all growing bodies. "All experiments and forecasts are mathematically worked out from these daily plus and minus records by comparing the positions of the Moon and planets with the records. "The Moon and Mercury are passive. Very seldom more than half the planets are in electromagnetic touch with the earth on any one date. Venus is in similar position every eight years. and South from September 22 to March 21. Relative to the Earth. showing the days of the month on which the temperatures and precipitation were above or below normal. "These being the base lines. those above normal being written in red ink and those below in black. 3-5 and 22-24. Precipitation results from these operations. taking out of the records at least seven periods of 30 days each. covering from 60 to 100 years. Vol. Precipitation normals are similarly obtained. building them. 1. are compared with these normals and new records are thus produced. Beginning with Jan. The results give the normal temperature line for every day. when these solar system bodies occupied similar positions. The subject will furnish many years' work for scientific investigators who are strong enough to cast aside old and mistaken theories of the universe. Force is matter in motion and the force we are dealing with in Weatherology is attenuated matter from outer space moving inward to planets and Sun. These facts can be demonstrated by using the weather records. negative. is electro-magnetism. pp. I call these normals the Sun lines. Jupiter near 12 years. Uranus and Neptune a little more than one year each.vary as to whether the planetary effects are reckoned from heliocentric or geocentric positions. acting between. Normal temperatures and precipitation constitute the base lines for weather forecasts. XVIII. including Earth. Part I."93 93 Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. the daily temperatures for 40 or more years are added and their sums divided by the number of years. the records. They are caused by the Sun as it progresses north from March 21 to September 22. January 1919. "The solar system is a very great and complicated piece of machinery and above statements give only an outline of the true system of Weatherology. the purpose of which is to condense and carry matter to the central body. the Sun being the ultimate reservoir. Temperature and precipitation records are made separately. and therefore two to four of the positive planets. Mars about 15 years. which I call the Sun lines. "Each of the planets and the Moon in relation to each other have two strong and two weak positions. Saturn 29 1/2 years. or neutral. The form of force. Los Angeles. . The forces of the planets come to Earth thru the Moon and pass to Sun thru Mercury. Cal. is now ten times greater than ever before. Prof. Ricard. Cal. the solar output of heat. "I may safely say that Foster's are the only long range crop weather forecasts issued that are the result of actual mathematical calculations based on scientific theory. As. 1920. 25. one feels inclined to award the palm to Foster. the sun's rotation. Foster and the two months of backward progress made by this bureau during his sickness left me with such added quantities of detail to be taken care of that it will be necessary that I continue to neglect many of the less important features of our forecasts . Prof. T.' a science magazine published by Prof. Ricard is the foremost advocate of forecasting the weather by observing sunspots and interpreting their effects."94 +++ [Article by Foster's successor(s):] "The death of W.. The bases used are the moon. 6. Ricard's editorial says: "The striving to solve the greatest and in practice the most important problem of the ages and one which is quite solvable. To make Foster's forecast. therefore the only forecast of this type requiring so much work to accomplish results. our planetary system is an intricate network of interrelations. Aug. Santa Clara. namely. "There is one thing about long-range forecasting which has ever been a puzzle and it is the determined opposition it has ever met at the hands of our professional forecasters for the day that comes after today. p. Were it not well for these opponents to settle once for all whether forecasting long in advance is possible or impossible? If possible. opposition becomes irrational: if impossible it is scientific folly to strive after it. the entire empirical system would only be our starting point. beyond a point that would be possible by 94 The Herald of Fairport NY. It would benefit my readers if they would take the 'Sunspot. Practically all other independent forecasters whose work is based upon planetary meteorology use what is called the Empirical System which empirically allots certain effects to certain causes.+++ "Following editorial was clipped from the 'Sunspot. It certainly takes in the sun. the planets and the moon. beyond all doubt. each taken separately and exclusively. head of the astronomical observatory of Santa Clara. how to forecast the weather long in advance. the sunspots. Foster's own would seem to be a sort of combination system which is in part related and in part unrelated to most of the above.'' $3 a year. .. near San Francisco. in order that effects may be localized. He has been longest in the field and must know what he is talking about. either reached by experiment or observation. the planets. principally Jupiter and Saturn. we first decide according to rules established by past research work. gives a very interesting description of his method for locating storms on the earth from the position and movements of spots on the sun. will help to explain the reversal of polarity of sunstorms in recurring consecutive cycles. Utica Daily Press. University of Santa Clara. would be a very small minority. universal laws of kindred sciences. 9. appears a thesis of 'Sunset Polarity' that is worthy of highest esteem and should be read and thoroughly digested by all who are really interested in electro-magnetic theories. in a plain but highly scientific language. California. Dec. The greater the number of these local or station meteorological records we use in making forecast. but revealed the discovery which convinced us that precipitation and drouth forecasts could not. Relative positions of sun and planets. in his November issue of The Sunspot. Weather Bureau. p. The ellipses in the quotation represent the space of about two lines of newspaper text which were obscured by black lines in the scan from which they were copied. which at best cover little over one hundred years. when applied to the relative positions of sun.empirical formulas. we are able to arrive at a forecast for a given locality. with our present precipitation records. 1926. this exception. a description of sunspot action must as readily be applied to principal storms on the earth. Cal. Fr. July 17. p. also the greater the necessary amount of work.. the sun-spot specialist of Santa Clara university."96 +++ [Article by Foster's successor(s):] "Fr. however. the planetary positions that will affect the weather of the period for which forecast is being made. 1924. Ricard. cause sunspots or sunstorms. I am convinced that the only difference between sunspots and earth storms is the source of cause. the greater the percentage of accuracy of the forecast. The flow of force between two magnets that are approaching each other is reversed when those magnets are caused to move away from each other: this law. therefore."95 +++ [Article by Foster's successor(s):] "In the July issue of Sunspot. He has found that without exception when a spot 95 96 The Fairport Herald. excepting such points as may have relation to cause. In this treatise. Jupiter and Saturn.. S. the last 50 years of which are compiled by the U. then by applying these decisions to tables of deductions from actual meteorological records. Forty-five years of research have held us to the conclusion that fairly accurate temperature and barometer forecasts can be made in this manner. a monthly pamphlet issued by Father Ricard.. Ricard has described sunspot action according to my theory . 10. 3. but every position that would cause a disturbance in sun's atmosphere would not cause a like disturbance in earth's atmosphere. . Santa Clara. . 5. 1929. Surely these points are positive evidence of planetary influence. unloading to the earth when favorable position is reached. counterstorm is an area of high barometric pressure. but pass through such bodies as easily as through the air. the controlling center of our solar system."97 +++ [Article by Foster's successor(s):] "All inter-planetary lines of force move toward the sun. Such lines of force are not stopped by little things like the earth. having no great power of its own. Nov. Our moon. 10. Jan. acts as a storage battery when making planetary contact. 27. 27. loading up during contact. Force moving from outer planets. A ray that passes through 80 inches of lead plate will be considered a weak force when instruments are invented that will record all forces that move between sun and planets. Ricard has also found that spots travel around the sun in exactly the same time that storms travel around the earth. passes through the earth. The effect that inter-planetary force from outer planets has upon the earth is not the same as that caused by contact with the inner planets. Fr. The Amsterdam [NY] Evening Recorder. when contact is made with the earth. that helio-centric conjunctions and oppositions of two or more planets will cause spots to form on the sun and that those spots will travel around the sun three or four times before they are dissipated: that storms on the earth travel in the same manner and have similar lives to spots on the sun. 2.28 days. 1931. Experiments made in this office during the past fifty years prove that such lines of force affect the earth and its weather both where they enter the earth and on the opposite side where they leave earth.moving southward on the sun reaches the central meridian storms reach the Pacific coast: that when a spot moving northward reaches the central meridian a counterstorm reaches the Pacific coast. whereas contact with inner planets drains force from the earth toward the sun."98 97 98 The Amsterdam [NY] Evening Recorder. How can our noted meteorologists deny this evidence of planetary influence? By storm is meant an area of low barometric pressure. p. p. moon or other planets. "99 +++ [Article about Mansill's work:] "MR.com/books? id=ECnOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA105 . in 1631. contributes to the Chicago Journal an extended scientific article on the recent auroral displays and other disturbances. Vesuvius. just as Mansill prediced seven years in advance: http://en. or what not. The transit of Venus in December. producing earthquakes and other disturbances at the passages of its perihelion and aphelion. Mercury he considers a persistent worker of mischief among us. began a violent eruption. agitations. moving along in its orbit. but for the whole globe. The theory is that when a planet. previously quiet for a century. promises to be very annoying.Appendix I Richard Mansill (from articles about him) +++ [Article about Mansill's work:] "Richard Mansill.wikipedia. 1874. The first time this occurred.100 This almanac is compiled for no particular part. he prophesies. 1874. The planets appear to be the causes of our literal earthly ills. though they will grow better in 188S and 1884. will occur in some portion of the globe. their conjunctions with each other and the time of their positions nearest to and most remote from the sun are established. simply by knowing the amount of motion that matter of a certain density could produce in a certain. proven by meteorological facts. The movements of the planets. and. when the perihelion and aphelion passages occur. earthquakes. says the scientist. 100 The 1897 edition of Mansill's Almanac of Planetary Meteorology: Almanac Makers' and Weather Forecasters' Guide and New System of Science is online http://books. 99 . Mr. length of time. In 1879. comes in a line with the sun. It is quite probable that some agitation or Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Dec. will begin a series of poor crops in Ireland and other portions of Northern Europe. extremes of heat or cold. Mansill thinks he has developed a new system of natural science. 1872. Ill. and that if it was properly understood the scientist would be able to tell the correctness or incorrectness of any scientific proposition that might be set before him. At first sight there appears to be a suggestion of unfairness about this.google.. RICHARD MANSILL has a theory. will be an irregular year for seasons. the earth or any other planet. together with some prophecies. storms. It may be noted that famine came to Ireland.org/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1879 . 3. of Rock Island. He indulges in this theory to the extent of issuing an annual Almanac of Planetary Meteorology. He undertakes to establish a planetary law or cause for the principal meteoric disturbances occurring upon the earth. motions. . It is claimed that these disturbances are caused by the reversible change of electric currents passing between the sun and planets and the interruption of these currents where conjunctions occur. tornadoes. and promising rainy and stormy weather in that direction. In the Ohio Valley we have a rapidly swelling river. 2.meteoric disturbance occurs upon some portion of the globe at all times."103 101 Another article about Mansill. 1. planetary meteorologists should decide. 4. 520. planets. and they go through a change of volume. and the longitudinal conjunctions of the planets. perhaps. are produced at these periods. Aug. sun." 102 +++ [Mansill quoted. Jan. and tomorrow it will be in perihelion. with rain and snow areas. 103 English Mechanic and World of Science. particularly the inferior and superior conjunctions of Venus and Mercury. auroral displays. and triumphantly hitch it to some assumed planetary cause as a natural result. &c. May 20. It appears to be no hard matter to hunt up some meteoric data somewhere at specified times. Stormy weather. in a magazine article about him:] "The planets are governed by an UNIVERSAL RECIPROCATING (electric) force. p. producing earthquakes. already above the danger line. density. At these times. and motion at about the times of their perihelion and aphelion passages. filled with merciless ice. 1882. persistent rains and a slowly moving area of low barometer passing eastward. volcanic eruptions. heavy. summarizing his theory." The Worcester [MA] Daily Spy.101 Yesterday the planet Mercury was in conjunction with the moon. 1877. except when in aphelion or perihelion. prevails generally. and distances from each other. or currents that undulate between all bodies of matter. Perihelion and aphelion passages are said to be the primary base of nearly all meteorological disturbances. he says. tornadoes. but probably will not. electric (ground) currents. the oppositions of the principal planets. most of the melancholy tragedies on this earth take place. 16. the perigees and apogees of the moon. The Signal Service and the telegraph put this beyond doubt. bringing. unprecedented destruction in its resistless course down the rapid current. Whether Mercury is responsible for this. violent hurricanes. "Mercury appears to be the champion mischief-maker in our planetary system. moon. The reciprocation of electric currents existing between the earth. to add to our own already booming and riotous river. also at the times of the occurrence of interruptions of these electric currents by planetary conjunctions. and planets are convulsed and agitated at those times. was discovered in 1866. adds this clarification: "It is comparatively well behaved. At this writing we are having a January thaw. &c. speaking of Mercury. and moon. regulating their densities. volumes. and through these electric currents the sun. p. &c. 102 The Cincinnati [OH] Commercial Tribune. and the first notice of the discovery was published in the winter of 1868—9. 1879 p. and it is in these unfortunate positions much oftener than any other planet. Earthquakes. owing to the malign influence of this vicious little planet. 20th. and in perihelion. "10th to 18th — Wednesday to Saturday. 23d. "23d — Tuesday. Venus in perihelion. 1885. quoted within a newspaper account:] "For June. in a like line with Saturn. he finds 'Venus in conjunction with Saturn. June 8."104 104 The News Bulletin Auburnian of Auburn NY.+++ [A Mansill forecast. Mercury in a longitudinal line with Neptune. it is in ascending node 19th. "26th to 28th — Friday to Sunday. 26th. 26th. "17th to 20th — Wednesday to Saturday. he concludes that the principal 'planetary storms' this month will occur as follows: "6th and 7th — Saturday and Sunday. 7th.['] Apparently from this. . however. in fact. "LIKE too many farmers of his time — and the notion is not yet altogether extinct — the father of John H. most of which were such as could be borrowed from the people in the neighborhood. but it was through his own determined efforts. he would walk the twenty miles to purchase some greatly desired volume. his father began to realize that further opposition was hopeless. Vol. as it happened. No. climb out of his window to a shed roof and drop to the ground. The boy's school days were limited to three months in the village school at McConnellsburg. As often as he could secure money enough. when he was about eighteen years of age. TICE "AND THE SCIENCE OF WEATHER FORECASTING. who permitted him to go to Hagerstown. 105 From The American Illustrated Methodist Magazine. V. did not share her husband's prejudices. by doing odd jobs. which he had gathered for the purpose. 529. While the son retired obediently to bed. where. and so strong a desire for knowledge that his father became alarmed and took steps to check his rapidly developing desire for a higher and broader education. that he was able to lay the foundation for that liberal and comprehensive education which afterward stood him in good stead. and every effort was made to keep his education within the limits of the primary branches. Pennsylvania. the future meteorologist began to show signs of a precocious intellect. refused to be so easily quenched. she as far as possible encouraged him in his struggles for intellectual development. 6. H. Very early in life. Believing that the ministry was the next best thing to an agricultural life. to procure books. . in early boyhood. which he ardently desired his son to follow. Lillingston. Aware of the boy's ambitions. he was required by paternal authority to retire early and not waste time. twenty miles distant. and make his way thence to the kitchen. tallow and vitality in useless study. he sent him to study with a Congregational minister. August 1901. As he grew older he met with less opposition from his father. he would spend the greater part of the night with his books. His thirst for knowledge.Appendix II John H. by the light of pine knots. Tice believed that education beyond the mere rudiments was fatal to success in agricultural pursuits. "His mother. Tice (article about him)105 "JOHN H. his habit was to rise after the rest of the family were asleep. Maryland. In 1827. "By C. p. aided by a robust constitution. As a further check to his ambition. Benton. he removed to Tuscumbia. after which he engaged for a year or two. to retire. although a generation ago they had only ridicule for them. For a time after moving to St. whence. in mercantile pursuits. the present school system of St. and was familiar with the classics. Tice was an estimable woman. He was distinguished as a botanist. Financially. after several years. receiving a mere pittance. After being "turned down" by the school board. until he moved with his family to St. in connection with Senator Thomas H. he organized. Then for a time he was editor of the St. 'From my earliest childhood. While engaged in his various occupations. 'I was forcibly impressed with the grandeur of nature as seen in clouds. to discover the laws which govern atmospheric changes. all of which languages he spoke fluently. His outspoken Free Soil sentiments led to his becoming editor of the Daily Missourian. Louis. and Davenport but a small village. But the ministry was not to his taste. His love for the study of meteorology was a part of his nature. Mrs. In the realm of meteorology Tice was a pioneer. "In 1841 he moved to Davenport. he was always a decided failure. and was well-versed in entomology. he was graciously permitted by that body to teach for one year in the public schools. Louis school board. which took place in 1883. Lewis. Eastern Iowa was then on the border of civilization. where he resided till his death. Fielding Lewis). in opposition to the will of the people. Scientific men are now adopting his ideas and claiming his discoveries as their own. and after studying one year he entered a store as clerk at Hagerstown. While living in Tuscumbia. sister of the first President of the United States. and then served for one term as county poor commissioner. in all of which branches he was absolutely self-taught. he soon lost. Here he taught school in the winter. About 1848 he became first secretary of the St. to commence life anew.' he says in one of his books. For the next two years his life was a hard struggle against poverty. indeed. for want of support. Louis he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. storms and . he never forgot the great aim of his life. which. and his work and methods were copied in Boston and other eastern centers. "Tice was thoroughly versed in French. a greatgranddaughter of Elizabeth Washington (Mrs. but without success. Tice accumulated a competence. namely. In 1860 he was elected county school commissioner. till he was forced. to whom the young student became strongly attached. Alabama. a position which he held until the paper failed in 1847. German and Spanish. Possessed of an unselfish and genial disposition. Iowa.a man of intelligence and character. because he steadily refused to be a tool of the schoolbook rings. she commanded the esteem and love of all who knew her. chemistry and astronomy. At the age of twenty-eight he married Miss Marion G. Louis Democrat. Louis. While superintendent he became known to the leading educators of the country. an office which he held for four years. however. and gave to the world a new system and much fresh scientific knowledge. During his superintendency. and then served as superintendent of schools for several years. Not being able to learn the why and wherefore. The effect is first felt upon the sun and is thence transmitted to the whole family of worlds. When two or more planets are at or near a disturbing point at the same time.' which was continued as an annual for the remainder of his life. My parents told me God was the cause. hurricanes and the like. there are four points on the orbit of every planet which cannot be passed without causing disturbed conditions on the earth and in its atmosphere. Sun-spots are disturbed conditions in the sun's atmosphere. He named the system upon which these predictions were based. In 1870 the United States Signal Service was . when I grew older I determined to make the solving of the weather problem the work of my life. of all disturbances on the earth. In 1875 he published his first book. when at the other. the 'Electro-Planetary Theory of Meteorology. however.' an exposition of his theories as based upon his discoveries. or regular periods. and the particular planets which are in position. do not. about 1865. the secondary cause of disturbed conditions is electricity or magnetism. the influence of the sun's electric force. affect the earth or other planets directly. varying in length in proportion to the length of each planet's revolution. the severity of the disturbance is greatly increased. it receives the full force of the sun's magnetic power. changes in weather conditions must necessarily occur in cycles. 'The Elements of Meteorology.' which may be briefly described as follows: "First. "Secondly. Not being entirely satisfied with this. I wished to know how and why He caused them. tornadoes. In 1876 was issued his 'Almanac for 1877.' "After years of patient investigation he made. transmitted to the earth in the shape of auroras. hence. and sunspots the more immediate cause. these points being the equinoctial and solstitial points.other phenomena. the cause of disturbed conditions at these points is due to the fact that when a planet is at one of these. discoveries which he thought justified him in formulating and publishing his system of 'Meteorognosy. The equinoxes and solstices of the planets are the prime cause. "As early as 1862 storm warnings were sent to English ports by the London Board of Trade.' or the science of long-time weather prediction. atmospheric or telluric phenomena being subject to planetary occurrence. "Thirdly. through the never-ceasing flow of electricity. Planetary occurrences. Before reaching the age of four I inquired for the cause of thunderstorms. The first effects of disturbed conditions are seen in sun-spots. and in November of the same year daily international weather bulletins were published in Paris. tornadoes. etc. according to this theory. giving weather forecasts for each day in the year. the peculiar nature of the disturbance being caused by the positions held by each planet. earthquakes. from 1870-1880. General Meyers. Mineralogically and Aesthetically Described was published http://www. a year earlier. drawn from their own observations as mapped in their monthly review. 1873. Agriculturally. formed under his design.archive. until Tice noted the fact in 1873. controlling all physical conditions and phenomena. Tice not only discovered the causes for the everalternating high and low barometers. Tice's book Over the Plains. stating 106 Brig.established. None of these predictions are based upon any fundamental law of nature. upon his return from Europe acknowledged the receipt of the map and accompanying letter. . Very little progress. and are still continued. however. They are purely the result of observation. the predictions being made in accordance with these positions and movements. which direction is at rightangles to the normal course of high barometers. stating that I could not account for the abnormal course of that high barometer unless by repulsion from a low barometer in the Southwest. These laws. to it. Albert James Myer (not Meyers) was the founder and head of the United States Army Signal Corps (which preceded the Weather Bureau) from 1867 to his death in 1880 and was the first director of the Weather Bureau. and weather predictions for twenty-four hours in advance were made and published. or. a subordinate replied that an examination of the records showed that a low barometer did pass northwest. "What causes the high and low barometers. and what influences govern their movements? Long-time forecasts can only be made when the underlying causes of the high and low barometers are understood. then chief of the Weather Bureau. and that the low attract each other and repel the high. 107 In 1872. It was not known that high barometers attract each other and repel the low.org/search. along the Atlantic. has been made in thirty years. How it was received at the Weather Office is best told in his own words: 'Being in the mountains of Colorado. I felt somewhat 'miffed' at the tone of the missive. General Meyers being absent in Europe. but he learned the reason for their peculiar movements and their relationship to each other. on August 2. I wrote to the Signal Office for information. being southeast of Florida and Georgia on the days — the second and third—named. made for the purpose of learning the positions and movements of the high and low barometers. so far as long-time forecasts are concerned. The daily observations of all the states not being accessible to me there. Colorado and the Rocky Mountains. Kansas. or coast of the South Atlantic states. The writer added that it was ridiculous to suppose that a low barometer on the coast of Florida could exert such influence as to drive a high barometer out of its normal course at a point so far distant as the mountains of Colorado. and concluded by lecturing me on the beauties and canons of the undulatory theory. I requested as a favor that they look and see whether a low barometer was on that day over the eastern part of the Gulf. and hence retorted with a demonstration of the correctness of my theory.php?query=over%20the%20plains%20tice . which were discovered by Tice nearly forty years ago. are fundamental principles of nature.107 a high barometer that came from the Southwest and passed to the Southeast. On the Mountains. Soon after making the discovery he called the attention of General Meyers [sic]106. except that predictions are now made for thirty-six hours. Gen. I observed. instead of being consigned to obscurity. a problem in natural law of such magnitude and vast possibilities. During the last ten years a large number of scientific men have discovered a close relationship between sun-spots and disturbed . heat and electricity. And yet. Tice also formulated the important theory of the interchangeability of light. But do more recent discoveries and advancing knowledge tend to prove the truth of the electro-planetary theory.' "The Signal Office people now use this principle of electric attraction and repulsion in accounting for the deviations and directions of both high and low barometers. that its work is not only to give moisture to the earth. which is changed to light and heat in kind and intensity as existing conditions determine. even partially. without them predictions could not be made with any degree of accuracy. noxious air and gases. "All the above discoveries in regard to the high and low barometers. verifying it. he deserves to stand in the estimation and memory of the world beside Newton. solved. so far in advance of the scientific world. but evidently they do not comprehend its value. life-giving oxygen many hundred miles in every direction. that the high constitutes the opposite pole and is a down-pour of cool. but also through its mate to restore equilibrium. as taught by him? Want of space precludes more than a passing notice of the more prominent scientific men who have made discoveries in harmony with Tice's system. relieving the earth of accumulations dangerous to health and life.that he had carefully and with great interest examined the map and theory and had compared both with the facts. in fact. He found out that the low barometer constitutes one electric pole and is an up-pour of warm. are now generally admitted to be strictly scientific. I had made the most valuable meteorological discovery of the age. to the public. Tice has never received one word of credit for them from any man holding a scientific or political position. "If Tice. through the Signal Office. so far as they go. nor see the extent of its application to meteorological phenomena. but only electricity. so far as the writer can learn. Neither has his work been acknowledged by any scientific man of note. As far as the facts of that month were concerned. and. Humboldt and other noted men of the past. pure air. that the earth receives neither light nor heat direct from the sun. he considered that the theory in every respect was completely verified. and that the high is always secondary to the low and is its offspring and companion. "Tice also discovered the nature and functions of the high and low barometers— the place they occupy in the economy of nature. and are used in making weather predictions. He learned further that the low barometer alone is merely the direct result of planetary positions. If facts generally confirmed this theory. which came as a free gift. sending invigorating. " 108 Curtis J. Buckner. and also with planetary occurrences. another corroboration of Tice's position. of the Weather Bureau at Washington. I would mention Lyons. 109 Prof.atmospheric conditions on the earth. Bigelow. a period of twenty-seven days. a period of about five thousand one hundred days. Data having been mislaid. Poincare. 110 The author's indications as to the nature of the cycles ("disturbances") is quite vague. Murphy. a period of seven years. .110 As these periods correspond with Tice's original periods.weather observer at Honolulu108. a period of nineteen years. Prince Krapotkin. Bigelow says that the medium by which the effect of sun-spots is carried to the earth is electricity. and Koeppen. we have additional corroboration of the soundness of Tice's system. Bigelow. intimating that one seems to be the effect of the other. to say the least. and Clayton. a period of thirty-five years. W. it is impossible at this time for me to give the names of more than four of those who have discovered such connections. Lyons. that it is now certain that there is a close connection between sun-spots and the weather on the earth—just what Tice stated forty years ago. one of about twenty-seven days.109 These gentlemen say. "With regard to cycles or regular recurring periods of disturbance: Prince Krapotkin claims a period of eleven years. Dr. Koeppen. Bussell. in substance. which renders the identification of the various personalities that he names in this paragraph (and again in the following appendix) challenging. are now expressing surprise at the accuracy of my forecasts. "A very large proportion of the more intelligent of the masses are now asking for further knowledge of the principles upon which the forecasts published in this almanac are based. neither have they any connection with astrology. ridicule every effort put forth to read the future as applied to the weather through a knowledge of nature's laws. "It is for the benefit and instruction of all these classes that the following facts and information are given. pp. admit the possibility at least of so far understanding the operations of nature that even accurate weather predictions can be. or to convince others that to do so would not be an encroachment upon a most sacred prerogative of Divinity. nor are they the result of any system of magic. two or three years ago. published by the Milwaukee Sentinel.Appendix III Charles H. and are seriously asking for information as to how far the theory has been substantiated by later scientific knowledge or discovery. and demanding information as to what progress is being made towards making predictions for particular localities. "A few years ago it would have been hard to convince some of these people that anyone who would venture to offer to the public weather forecasts for a year in advance. some who still. Lillingston (article by him)111 "Does the Electro-Planetary Theory Stand the Test of Advancing Knowledge? "There is a constant and rapidly increasing interest in long-time weather predicting. only laughed at and ridiculed the idea of predicting weather changes for any considerable time. They are in no sense prophetic. . being made. but stand firmly upon a strictly scientific foundation. either altogether or partially. in fact this was the case. There are. and consequently an increasing demand for forecasts. These predictions are based upon what is known as the electro-planetary theory. from a narrow spirit of bigotry or from a so-called scientific standpoint. and in fact are. was not a lunatic or charlatan. however. For the past four years I have prepared for the year following the weather predictions found in this almanac. but a majority of the same people to-day. 71-73. 111 From The Sentinel Almanac and Book of Facts for the Year 1900. "To-day a very large number of people who. through ignorance or educated prejudice. establishing the first part of the theory. occur in cycles or regularly recurring periods. This in brief is the electro-planetary theory which I propose to show is being proven a true theory by recent discoveries made by men of acknowledged scientific knowledge and ability.' "This is corroborative scientific testimony to the correctness of the theory so far as electricity being the controlling influence. proving that there are other regularly occurring causes besides equinoxes and solstices of the earth. hot and cold spells. and the equinoxes and solstices of the earth are concerned. by magnetic laws. C. "2. D. "I had published in the issue of this almanac for 1899 an article designed to show that Prof. and that these causes are the equinoxes and solstices of all the other planets. viz. each planet producing peculiar electric phenomena.: that all the planets affect atmospheric conditions on the earth. All spells of stormy weather. Tice should have credit for certain discoveries recently made by Prof. and that the changes are governed.: that maximum and minimum weather conditions recur at regular. All changing electric or magnetic influences are caused by the planets passing their equinoxial and solstitial points on their orbits. and all other changes in atmospheric conditions. as shown in that article. viz. I now propose to go a step further and show that more recent scientific investigation furnishes additional corroborative evidence of the correctness of the entire theory as taught by Prof. These cycles or periods of changing atmospheric phenomena are caused by ever-changing electric or magnetic influences. Bigelow of the United States Signal Service at Washington. causing weather changes. or caused. Tice. stated periods. "The following are some of the periods recently discovered by a few of the world's leading scientific investigators: . nor by those who are particularly interested in it. "3. "It is as follows: "1. says 'it is demonstrated that the equinoxes and solstices of the earth affect atmospheric conditions. Bigelow."In order to make the following statements more easily understood it will be necessary to briefly outline the theory. "These discoveries have not been made for the purpose of strengthening or upholding this theory. Prof. but are the result of investigations in other directions. "Prof. "Prof. This cycle is about eleven and eighty-five hundredths years. and these cycles are no exception. Tice based this period. or that there are peculiar disturbances of a violent nature every thirty-five years. What are the causes? "Do these cycles in any degree tend to establish the electro-planetary theory of changing weather conditions? "Let us see. Clayton. if Venus and Jupiter are at corresponding points at a certain time. in other words. or very nearly the length of Jupiter's year. "Nothing in nature exists without a cause. I have no data to show upon what planetary occurrences Prof. Russell has found a cycle of about nineteen years. but these are the more important ones that are acknowledged by prominent scientific students of this country and Europe. Buckner has discovered a period of about the same length is proof that the periods are the results of planetary occurrences. "There are other short periods. Murphy has a period of about seven years. Russell's cycle of about nineteen years corresponds very nearly with the time required for Venus and Jupiter to reach corresponding points on their orbits. . Buckner has announced the discovery of a cycle of about thirty-five years. a period of five and one-half days. Bigelow's period is about twenty-seven days. or. Tice found an occurrence which caused all his periods of disturbance and the fact that Prof. "Prof. "Prince Krapotkin's cycle of about eleven years is too short. and pretty generally admitted to be scientific facts. neither have I had time to satisfactorily locate the occurrences. "Prof."Prof. "Prince Krapotkin. Buckner's period of thirty-five years corresponds very nearly with Prof. Tice's period of nearly thirty-six years. and consequently the time between an equinox and the recurrence of the same equinox. and some longer than any I have given. "Prof. about every nineteen years they will be at those points again. a period of about eleven years. "Prof. but the fact that Prof. Clayton's period of five and one-half days corresponds very nearly with Prof. that the effect of the earth's equinoxes and solstices could not affect the other planets and that the occurrences of the other planets could not affect the earth. is not to be supposed that the influences of planetary occurrences directly affect the earth's atmosphere. "Prof. "It. Nature has no law that is applicable to one portion of universal space that does not apply equally to every other portion."Prof. They first affect the center of influence. however. and more recently has learned that there is another series of disturbances. "The laws of nature are universal. If it is a law of nature that the equinoxes and solstices of the earth create atmospheric disturbances. because once in fifty-nine years Jupiter completes five revolutions and Saturn two. "There is also a cycle of about fifty-nine years. if Saturn and Jupiter are at corresponding points on their orbits at a given time. "Prof. the sun. Bigelow's period of nearly twenty-seven days is nearly equal to the rotation period of the moon. is not a recent discovery. however. The only objection that can be raised is. and consequently cannot locate it in any planetary occurrence. Enough has been given to prove that peculiar and ever changing weather conditions are not governed by caprice. or to make it plainer. as many suppose. which. and are transmitted to the earth through the medium of the never ceasing flow of the universal life-giving. "If there had never been a cycle discovered except those caused by the equinoxes and solstices of the earth the electro-planetary system would stand firmly upon the foundation of general principles. About ten years ago the writer discovered a cycle of about fifty-six days which corresponds with the equinoxes and solstices of Venus. but when we remember that all disturbances in the earth's atmosphere affect the sun it . Murphy's cycle of seven years coincides with the time of Saturn's equinoxes and solstices. creative and controlling principal in nature — electricity. Tice's period of five and seventy-five hundredths days. attributed to the influence of Vulcan. then through the operation of the same law the equinoxes and solstices of each of the other planets have precisely the same effect. in fifty-nine years both will again be at the same point. its existence having been known for more than thirty years. but it supports the theory of planetary influences. but are controlled by fixed unvarying laws. Jupiter having completed five revolutions and Saturn two. but as yet has not been able to satisfactorily determine the length of the period. life-sustaining. never ceasing through endless ages to give to each of her offspring an abundant supply of nature's sustaining food. who in a sense." "C. "The solar system is a family of worlds united and bound together by the law of universal affinity.is a logical conclusion that all the planets are affected through the sun. may so far transgress her laws. that do not exist on the other planets. "It is true that man. and we have only to come back to humanity to learn that whatever affects the physical condition of the mother affects the child through the sustenance it receives from her. as to interfere with their operation and cause physical conditions to exist on the earth. but the difference in conditions is the effect of the violations and not the action of the law." . is above nature. and that in the same manner the earth feels the effects of disturbed conditions on all the planets. The sun is the maternal parent. LILLINGSTON. H. . tantúmne ab re tuô est otii tibi. London.. "Canonbury-Square. and especially to every poor farmer. — I have formerly sent you some papers on curious facts in agriculture.com/digitalalmanac/2009/?pg=272 . I am a MAN: and whatever concerns HUMAN BEINGS. and as I found that much of our success 112 The Methodist Magazine. interests me. a late eighteenth-century/early nineteenth-century Bible commentator. F.AS. "To the Editor. that I do not remember the time in which I was unconcerned about the changes of the weather. "Chrema. Suppose I be asked. and speak of the WEATHER. "From my earliest childhood I was bred up on a little farm. or handle the spade. "Dear Sir. "'Sir. and of the best means of prognosticating its variations. ever since I was able to spring the rattle. as one of old. presented the "Herschel" table in the following letter to the editor:] "From the Wesleyan Methodist Magazine. "Aliena ut cures. ea quæ nihil àd te attinent? "'ADAM. 1824. I believe these facts and experiments were not lost either on the heads or hearts of many of your readers. "OBSERVATIONS ON PROGNOSTICATIONS OF THE WEATHER: "BY THE REV.' And I may add. use the whip. particularly on the strange power that seeds have of multiplying themselves by means of slips. 388-392. that you meddle with those of others that do not concern you?' — to this I feel disposed to give the same answer that was formerly given to the question quoted above: "Homo sum: humani nihil à me alienum puto. and cultivate. October 1824.— TER. ADAM CLARKE. manage the sickle. I wish to change the subject a little. LL.digital-almanac. a subject of the highest consequence to every agriculturist. Heaut. pp. This table has been reprinted in a recent Old Farmer's Almanac http://www.D. June 5th.Appendix IV "Herschel's" Lunar Table (provided by Adam Clarke)112 [Adam Clarke. have you nothing to do in your own affairs. which I was taught to care for. — I wish to help your more simple readers to a few good general rules.' —To which he answered. I was about ten years of age. I was led to study it ever since I was eight years of age. For my kindness. to teach wisdom among them that were perfect. 'because I am weather-wise. I had actually learned. the gambols of the colt. full. When I thought I had a pretty good stock of knowledge and experience in this way. by the times of the change. untaught. I ventured to give counsel to my neighbours. 'If DR. should not be spoiled by the weather before it was housed. the course and colour of the clouds.' 'You know! how should you know?' 'Why. so as to be the better able to conduct their work in the field. P. Many a time. especially among such as had not been obliged like me to watch earnestly. When. some progress in it: at least so it was with me. and one of the first that is studied. Sir. it was harvest-time. directions relative to their field-operations. even in tender youth. engaged in the study of the weather.depended on a proper knowledge and management of the weather. pretty nearly. examined the different appearances of the morning and evening sun. the phases of the moon. and quarters of the moon. I have carefully consulted this Table for several years. 'Mr. I often ventured to direct our agricultural operations in reference to the coming days. I have often been led to glorify God for the discovery of the principle on which this Table is constructed. on this head. and 'what sort of a day tomorrow would be. was variously published. by which they may be able to tell. 'ADAM.' I pleasantly replied. and the loud screams of the sea-mew.' The next day. in opposition to his own opinion.' was the subject of conversation. I believe Meteorology is a natural science. on those maxims. HERSCHEL. proved that my augury was well drawn. or perhaps officiousness. and frequently said. the fluttering of the ducks. "But you may ask.. professing to form prognostics of the weather. on this head. posterity would have reason to bless his . 'or other-wise. however. To a very intelligent gentleman who was present.' 'Yes. I have been able to give to my neighbours and friends. the probable changes of the weather. I never thought that any rules could be devised liable to so few exceptions. and that every child in the country makes. and was amazed at its general accuracy: — for though long. and. "About twenty years ago a Table. how can you tell?' I answered. as you have seen. even in fickle and dangerous times. HERSCHEL had lived for no other purpose than this. have I watched the heavens with anxiety. From the little knowledge I had derived from close observation. without giving the rule on which my prognostication was founded. to-morrow will be a foul day. I know it will be so. to form good conjectures concerning the coming weather. 'O Sir. by silent observation.' said he. I stated. and was seldom much mistaken in my reckoning. it shows at least that I pretend to be qualified to judge concerning the matters which I recommend. — not forgetting even the hue and croaking of the frog. the flight of the crow and the swallow. that what was so necessary to the family support. purporting to be the work of the late DR. I met one day with a mortifying rebuff. what has this to do with the subject on which you have set out? — Very much. the scintillation of the stars. memory. some time ago. he would. have had yet greater honour. and had the above principle and its application been among them. I have made a little alteration in the arrangement. and will. and as being unworthy of him! Well: great most certainly was DR. and the accompanying Remarks. by simple inspection. when. and his adopted country. I was informed that his son had come forward and disclaimed the Table as any work of his late father. show the observer what kind of weather will most probably follow the entrance of the Moon into any of her Quarters. illustrated it with further observations. the Table. "OR THE "FAIR AND FOUL WEATHER PROGNOSTICATOR: "BEING "A Table for foretelling the Weather through all the Lunations of each Year for ever. and honourable to himself. the whole being constructed on a due consideration of the attraction of the Sun and Moon in their several positions respecting the earth. were the discoveries which he made. and have sent it that you may insert it in the Magazine. are the result of many years' actual observation. "THIS Table. in my sight. given it a significant name. However the thing may be.' But how was I surprised. and that so near the truth as to be seldom or never found to fail. judiciously observed. may be of great public benefit. HERSCHEL. as it has hitherto been confined generally to a few Almanacks. . "TABULA EUDICHEIM0NICA. such as the Nautical. City-Road. or NOON. Full. "1. "5. — or the one called Temporis Calendarium. AM. these phases of the Moon happen.] — must be procured. — WHITE's Ephemeris. The nearer to MIDDAY. First Quarter. and with the hope of exciting the attention of scientifick and practical observers of the weather in our own country. [Compiled by Mr. as it is noted in the Table. "7. These observations refer principally to Summer. The nearer the time of the Moon's Change. the more foul or wet the weather may be expected during the next seven days. &c. from four to ten. the fairer will the weather be during the seven days following. ROGERSON. "8. With this precaution he will scarcely ever be deceived in depending on the Table. "4. that to know the exact time of the Moon's Changes. 113 "With this Table. Quarters.' were designed for England. It need scarcely be added. to what a certainty may we arrive in 113 [Footnote in the original text:] "Our readers will recollect that the above 'Table' and 'Observations. and the beginning of Spring. 14. "2. i."OBSERVATIONS. though they affect Spring and Autumn nearly in the same ratio. and published by MR. the above observations will apply to those periods also. "3. The space for this calculation occupies from ten at night till two next morning. from a variety of irregular causes. "6. the Observer should be within sight of a good vane." . are to MIDNIGHT. happening during six of the afternoon hours. — Full. yet. — and Last Quarter. especially in those cases where the wind is concerned. They are inserted here with the view of showing the principles on which their excellent author conceives that such a table may be constructed with great advantage to the agricultural interest particularly. e. where the four cardinal points of the heavens are correctly placed. the whole of Winter. — First Quarter. is more uncertain in the latter part of Autumn. may be followed by fair weather: but this is mostly dependent on the WIND. and a good Barometer. Though the weather. and Last Quarter. EDITORS. To prognosticate correctly. KERSHAW. W. The Moon's Change. a correct Almanack. The space for this calculation occupies from ten in the forenoon to two in the afternoon. in the main. DARWIN. and remodelling others. many have suffered and charged GOD foolishly. "Or settling in the South is found. and will feel the weight of the proverb. Make hay while the sun shines. and subjoin it as very useful. the spaniels sleep. "The walls are damp. sent. "The soot falls down. having made an appointment to take a country jaunt with some friends on the ensuing day. "The boding shepherd heaves a sigh. but perceiving that the weather would be unfavourable. and a thing easy to be remembered. the glass is low. "Loud quack the ducks. "Last night the sun went pale to bed. "Clos'd is the pink-ey'd pimpernell. will hide himself. with velvet paws. because he did not change the laws of nature to accommodate their indolence and caprice. "The distant hills are looking nigh. back to earth it bends. a rainbow spans the sky. as an excuse for not keeping his promise. "The cricket too. "The moon in halos hid her head. the sea-fowl cry. "And nimbly catch th' incautious flies. the ditches smell.prognostications concerning the weather! By these the prudent man. "Then spreading. 'Signs of approaching FOUL WEATHER. . "Through the clear stream the fishes rise. "It is said. "And to her bed untimely sent her. "Sits wiping o'er her whisker'd jaws. that the late DR. a poetical epistle containing an enumeration of most of the signs of approaching ill-weather. "Hark! how the chairs and tables crack. how sharps he sings! "Puss on the hearth. "And spiders from their cobwebs peep. By not paying attention to the signs and the seasons. I have enlarged these by adding several new ones. "Her corns with shooting pains torment her. "The smoke from chimneys right ascends. "Low o'er the grass the swallow wings. "For. see. "How restless are the snorting swine! "The busy flies disturb the kine. "Old BETTY'S joints are on the rack. "The wind unsteady veers around. foreseeing the evil. 'The hollow winds begin to blow. "The clouds look black. "They imitate the gliding kite."The glow-worms. "Illum'd the dewy hill last night. "In fiery red the sun doth rise. "As if they felt the piercing ball. "And seem precipitate to fall. "The whirling wind the dust obeys. "Hoping that this Paper will be of some use to your country readers. "The dog. "At dusk the squalid toad was seen. num'rous. and bright. truly." . "The mellow blackbird's voice is shrill. so alter'd is his taste. yours. how odd their flight. "Like quadruped. dear Sir. "The tender colts on back do lie. on grass to feast. "Behold the rooks. "No working in the fields to-morrow. I am. "And in the rapid eddy plays. "The frog has chang'd his yellow vest. "Nor heed the traveller passing by. the air is still. "ADAM CLARKE. "Then wades through clouds to mount the skies. we see't with sorrow. clear. "'Twill surely rain. "The sky is green. "And in a russet coat is drest. stalk o'er the green. "Quits mutton-bones. The material in this appendix is not specifically organized chronologically. at definite and well-defined periods. can be shown to bear a direct relation to 114 Sepharial. "Periodicity is. The Kabala of Numbers: A Handbook of Interpretation. whether epidemic or endemic. the creator of the periodic table of chemical elements. 116 Sepharial. It has been shown. Similar investigations and suggestions have been advanced by others in regard to the periodicity of zymotic diseases. 10-11. In all there is an awareness of an underlying law of manifestation which appears to have escaped not detection but definition. i. For what we trace as the periodicity of phenomena. Part I.e. Then. Hebrew Astrology: The Key to the Study of Prophecy. etc. It is the only departure in this book from the practice of chronological organization. at the base of planetary motions. Ray Lancaster in regard to sunspots has shown that the solar disturbances come sporadically. 115 The Russian Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (various transliterations of the last name exist). or law of periodicity."116 +++ "The cyclic law and that of periodicity are practically identical. and therefore also of cosmic changes. 133-134. Sir Norman Lockyer sought to link up the phenomena of sunspots with high and low Nile tides. the researches of Prof. that these periods correspond to periods of famine. too. pp. pp. in groups.Appendix V Sepharial on Sunspots (excerpted from his books) +++ "It has been suggested that the cause of electrical storms is the sunspot. answering to a definite beat of time. again. but is organized in a way to make the quotes flow harmoniously. but it has not been officially noted that the same cause that produces the sunspot may also produce the storm. ."114 +++ "This idea of the cyclic law.115 who has shown that the atomic weights of the elements follow the natural octave. which facts are brought forward in order to show that nature works by a species of pulsation. among whom we may cite Mendelieff. whose Genesis of the Elements develops the same idea in regard to the differentiation of protyle via the hydrogen base by a graduation of the vibration-frequency and a proportionate diminishing of the mean free path or play-space of the various atoms. of course. and later with droughts and floods. and Sir William Crookes. has arrested the attention of scientists. at latitude 6° those produced by Venus's action are seen. Saturn conjunct Neptune. Corrigan117. 131-133 http://books.. Thus he shows that at the latitude of 5° North and South of the Sun's equator. for instance. This certainly upholds the original observation that Sun-spots are connected with the occursions of the planets Jupiter and Mars. . at 7° those due to the action of the Earth and its satellite. pp. The years of maximum frequency noted have led to the discovery of a period of 11 years and 40 days.. Jupiter opposition Uranus. It is. An ingenious student of planetary influence. and the Law of Radiation. pp. 1927. For Corrigan's findings and his relation of same to the weather."118 117 Severinus J. at 13° those frequent spots due to Mars. 367-378 http://adsabs. the periodicity of Sun-spots. 118 Sepharial. attributable to the combined action of the planets Venus. spots are produced by the action of the planet Mercury on the Sun.google. and setting off the orbits of the planets from the centre. 1904. 1916. Corrigan.11 years is. while the band corresponding to the orbit of Jupiter is attended by the largest and most frequent display of Sunspots. Many years ago I published a statement to the effect that the rents in the luminous envelope or photosphere of the Sun would be found to coincide with the occursions of the planets Mars and Jupiter. 1882. the parallels of solar latitude tangent to the orbits of Mars.367C . 1927. From this we might conclude that the luminous envelope of the Sun is acted upon by the planetary bodies when they are on the same solar meridian.. Probably the introduction of Jupiter and Saturn to the equation would yield a climacteric every fifth period. the mean of whose cycles yields a period so exactly in conformity with it. Prof. Jupiter and Saturn. 105-106.edu/full/1908PA. therefore. see The Constitution and Function of Gases. Since then I have made further research.planetary cycles. 1871. Venus and the Earth into account. but it would extend the period to 11 years and 203 days. Cosmic Symbolism. 16. are found to be associated with important configurations of the major planets: 1871. 1882. we have a period of 11 years 40 1/2 days. pp.16. and I find that the mean of the two periods of these planets is 11 years and 203 days. and at 48° those due to Saturn. however. Jupiter conjunct Uranus. of extreme interest to note that the years of the maximum Sun-spot appearance. Saturn opposition Jupiter.. The whole subject is. the Nature of Radiance. Take. the Earth and Mars. which is in excess of the observed period of maximum solar activity by 163 days. 1916. The Sun-spot period of 11. are those along which the greatest Sun-spot activity is shown. 1904. which is exactly what we want.com/books?id=cK83AAAAYAAJ and "An Astronomical Theory of the Molecule and an Electronic Theory of Matter: Solar and Terrestrial Physics Viewed in the Light Thereof" "Part III (Continued) The Nature of the Solar Radiations and Their Relation to Terrestrial Magnetism and Other Meteorological Phenomena" in Popular Astronomy Vol. has suggested that by regarding the solar disc as a plane.harvard. Hence the Professor is quite in agreement with my original statement that Sun-spots are principally caused by Mars and Jupiter. in its infancy. Saturn conjunct Neptune. but by taking the periods of Mars.. however. This is not a coincidence except in that it coincides with observed facts. Earth." 119 119 Sepharial. . and it is only a question as to how many are required to command the consideration of responsible people. p.+++ "The present author has shown that the periodicity of sun-spots coincides to a decimal point with the mean periods of Mars. Astrology is full of such coincidences. 10. Many coincidences make a Law. Elemental Astrology: Astrology Simplified for the Layman. Venus and Mercury — the planets that most nearly neighbour the great luminary. "It must be noted.Appendix VI Jerome S. instead of for northern San Josquin alone. Explaining his system. Father Ricard traced a circle on a piece of paper. its spots and its relation to the other planets. Sun spots appear on this eastern limb — or rim — and travel across to the western limb. That is all. "'Here is the sun. The first comes three days before . he says. and if they are strong. appear again later on at the eastern edge. 'Here's the equator of it. The difference is because the earth moves in the opposite direction in the meantime. California's tried and true weather prophet. "There is probably no man in California more talked of today than Father Ricard. and foretell it accurately. Here's the north and south extremities — poles — connected by a vertical line that we call the central meridian. then they disappear. Here's the east and there's the west.' he told the interviewer. but a month ahead. that the predictions are for the State and Coast. but occasionally in coming over the mountains or coming in off the coast they are shunted off and go east instead of coming into this section. Ricard of Santa Clara College. however. "Father Ricard says he does not follow any law — that he simply takes the facts as shown to him by an observation of the sun. For this reason his methods of securing data by which he makes his forecast are of interest. It takes twelve and a half of our days to cross this visible side. "'Each sun spot causes four disturbances here. Ricard (articles by and about him) +++ [article about Ricard:] "Father Jerome S. "'The sun revolves. I have observed for the past fifteen years that whenever one of these sun spots or faculae is in a certain position on the sun a storm enters upon the Pacific Coast. and fourteen days to go around the back. "'Now. The storms are always on time. has given out an interview in which he explains the 'why' of his forecasts — how it is possible for him to foretell the weather not merely a day ahead. and that's why error in dates creep in. . These move to certain spots on the sun's surface. but on the barometer it is just the same. Their running time from Alaska to here isn't the same. then generally eastward and down the St. and whenever a sunspot appears the barometer records a low pressure area over the same paths. if it is summer. But I've been observing these . Then the spot sets — goes out of sight — and we have another storm three days before it is due to reach the central meridian on the other side. which causes a barometric disturbance. The second is three days before it reaches the western limb of horizon. Their pull — whatever it is — causes a sunspot or faculae.the spot reaches this central meridian. and mist if it's summer. Lawrence valley. "'The barometer.' "Here is how the Father explains generation of a storm: "'Two planets get into line with the sun. because storms are regulated by the barometer.' says Father Ricard. they bring moisture. and the fourth is three days before it comes into sight again. Other lower airs rush into the partial vacuum. 'is no respecter of seasons. What he does know is that the sunspots indicate storms. Then the storms take the old familiar tracks we know — south to Vancouver. "'That's all we know yet. Their intensity varies with the power of the sunspot. if it's winter.' "Father Ricard says that never in his observations has this Coast ever had a storm without the appearance of such a sun spot or faculae. "Father Ricard says he is inclined to believe — and other scientists agree with him — that sunspots are caused by planets getting into line and exercising some sort of pull upon the gaseous matter of the sun. as storms never come without the sunspots.. But I have observed that their effect often continues for the second time around. the attraction at these angles leaps to the earth's magnetic centers around the Aleutian Low and elsewhere. The law isn't formulated. even though they aren't visible. This is true either summer or winter.. If it is winter. it means wind. "'The air above these places goes skyward in a great spiral as though to get to the sun. and that never in his observation has there ever been a sunspot without being accompanied by a storm on this coast — the two always come together he says. Only the strong ones do that. it means rainstorms. "Father Ricard explains that his observation has shown that whenever one of these sunspots appears that there is a magnetic disturbance in the Aleutian Island region. but this cannot be proven. pp..google. Father J. S.224R and http://books. 21. is the origin of the spots.. Nov. "Long-range Weather Forecasting and its Methods" (Vol. and Latest Advances in Forecasting http://books..pdf .google. "Electro-magnetism.org/details/latestadvancesin00ricarich . S.'"120 +++ [article about Ricard:] "FORETELLS COMING OF SPOTS ON SUN "Important Discovery Announced by the Rev. 224-228) http://adsabs. .org/data/13030/45/kt6p302445/files/kt6p302445.things for thirteen years.. Father J.oac. The Sunspot Question.. "Makes Forecasts for Appearance of Spots for Next Six Months.s 2-4 http://books. making a long-distance forecast of spots which will appear each month between now and January 1. Santa Clara.archive. 1915.google. pp. 131-142) http://adsabs.19.google. Regarding his archives. 19. "Ability to predict in advance the formation of spots on the sun was announced yesterday by the Rev. according to Father Ricard.harvard..edu/full/1911PA. and maybe by the time I've put in another thirteen the law will come. 1913. The first will appear between July 16 and July 25.cdlib.. the description of which is reserved for another occasion. Dr.131R and http://books. Ricard. 16. Father Ricard's long-range weather forecasts based on sunspots attracted wide attention in recent years and led to criticisms which induced Father Ricard to reduce his theories to exact mathematical statements. Papers" http://www. 92-98) http://books. When I do formulate it. March 4. These include the first four volumes of The Sunspot magazine. not gravity.google. nonetheless we may still peruse with interest several writings of his writings that are on the Internet. 1913. Probably Ricard never managed fully to realize the desire expressed in the last sentence of this article. Albert Porta.. as the result of six months' work by Dr.com/books? id=MRFLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131 and http://www. I'm going to do it right — beyond the shadow of a doubt. head of the meteorological observatory at Santa Clara university.com/books?id=tEMiAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA224 .harvard. S.. 1 http://books. who says that 'every sunspot of facula which mars or beautifies the face of the sun is due to a planetary phenomenon.google.' "Father Ricard's paper on 'Where Sunspots Come From' follows in full: 120 The Lodi [CA] Sentinel. pp..edu/full/1913PA. and a booklet containing Forecast for Inaugural Day.21. Porta was employed to do this work.com/books?id=akUmAQAAIAAJ . published by his observatory and containing articles from his pen: Vol..com/books?id=bYYmAQAAIAAJ . Ricard. three articles that he wrote for Popular Astronomy magazine: "Meteorology on the Pacific Slope" (Vol. a recent catalog exists entitled "Guide to the Jerome S.com/books?id=XZ8RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92 . and "Latest Advances in Weather Forecasting at a Long Range by Sunspots and Planetary Positions" (Vol. "Father Ricard announces his ability to predict which planet will be responsible for particular spots on the sun and goes further.com/books? id=bIYmAQAAIAAJ and Vol. Ricard.J. 6. "Bridge But No Chasm. the planets. author. "And may we not add that the same unscientific 'faux pas' has been taken in 121 Edward Walter Maunder. and not having found a satisfactory explanation of the how they have concluded that 'there is nothing doing in that line' and because astronomers are closely related to the nine Muses they have sung from the housetops that the idea of sunspot formation through planetary dynamics is chimerical and the minor luminaries of astronomy throughout the world have re-echoed the song. of Astronomy of the Bible http://www. the planets need not be able to produce spots on the sun through mere gravity but may be able to produce them through some other force."Crux of Astronomers.122 "But is there not another and worse source of error? What would a man of ordinary common sense think of a railroad engineer. A writer in Popular Astronomy has of late shown the futility of the same idea. and no doubt are. the newspaper account dropped the quotation marks around Father Ricard's text. if he would devote a precious amount of time and labor on the plan of a bridge without first knowing whether there was a river or chasm to cross? And yet this is the very thing some of our would-be infallible astronomers have been doing. . and said. through gravity. besides. may turn out correct under some other aspect. a few other things too long to recount. were suspected of being the likely originator. too sweeping in character to exert much influence on the logical mind. .. he has only to ask a professor of logic. The idea was at once exploited.archive.php?query=maunder%20astronomy%20bible . an idea which is certainly wrong under one aspect. Why did not these same writers test the possibilities of electro-magnetism? Mayhap they would have found treasures with which to enrich the mind of posterity.. 122 With the following paragraph. among other texts. but was soon found wanting. and if such familiarity were wanting to anyone.org/search. Maunder of Greenwich 121 is on record as an irreconcilable opponent of the same idea and his opinion carries great weight. Once upon a time. "'Hence the emphatic decisions of certain astronomical writers may be. They have sought to explain how the planets might produce sunspots before knowing that they do indeed produce them. All of us are familiar with instances of this kind. "No River to Cross. "Howsoever this may be. "'The origin of sunspots has always been the crux of astronomers. The said proof is as good as gold and we will sell it to the 'Sunspot Club' for $60. and the renewed assurance that comes from actual observation being in complete accord with the mathematical prediction. Foster. as is so skilfully and truly done by our friend. Porta. A. W. but for fear of lifting the pusillanimous off their feet. C. "Much Yet To Be Done. the description of which may be reserved for another occasion. except a few friends. and. The inestimable blessing it brings along with it is that we can foretell accurately the where and the when of the formation of faculae and spots and thereby foresee the arrival of storms on the coast as long in advance as we please. and also in mere matters of detail. "While very much remains yet to be done. as bristling with mathematical formulae. there is no connection. Alas! alas! what has become of the logic of so-called science? There is no bridge in sight.' We were finally convinced that we had only to apply to the point at issue the most powerful solvent known to modern science — mathematics. . our weather? For we daily perceive that their long chain of ratiocination is always ending with the trite refrain. we may. As our many other duties forbade. we engaged the exclusive services of an eminent professor of mathematics. For five or six years back we had noted this marvelous flow of invariable coincidences between the two systems of weather forecasting at a long distance. we dared not breathe the news to any man. "But 'truth will out. is no more capable of putting a Sunday appearance in a newspaper than the solution of the problem in reciprocal conics we once submitted to a mathematical enthusiast in Southern California as a necessary qualification for a glib talk on sunspots.regard to sunspots affecting. D. whose chair of architecture had become vacant for the time being and who was already familiar with the research work of the observatory. of Washington. in turn. T. for the nonce. "The proof we have.000 to buy a new telescope with. humbly submit that the heart of the knotty problem has been laid open. calculated entirely and solely on sunspots. especially as to the equipment. the only condition being that a Porta or his equal shall be here to make the calculation. ergo. was the self-same as the one calculated entirely and solely on planets. Dr. with all the assurance that comes from a large number of cases that have stood the most rigorous mathematical analysis with complete success. therefore there is no river nor chasm to cross! Bravo! "The first intimation we ever got of the close relationship between planets and sunspots was when we saw that the date of a storm arrival on the Pacific coast. we dare affirm that every sunspot or facula which mars or beautifies the face of the sun is due to a planetary phenomenon. of the University of Santa Clara. with reference to the great problem before us. 47 minutes. Venus. 35 minutes. 1914. etc. latitude 5 degrees. "September 23-85 — Venus spot at longitude 88 degrees. 15 minutes. means both the ordinary dark violet blue marking and the snow-white torch or facula. 1 minute. 58 minutes. latitude 3 degrees. The term 'spot. N. latitude 1 degree. 35 minutes. 39 minutes. 14 minutes. preferably electro-magnetism.' etc. "October 13-87 — Mercury spot at longitude 81 degrees. 24 seconds E. latitude 0 degree. 19 seconds S. 22 seconds S. 43 minutes. Saturn spot at longitude 119 degrees. "August 18-29 — Venus spot at longitude 60 degrees. by the respective planets. calculated the heliographic positions of the faculae or spots they would give rise to and got them ready for publication. . north or south.. 1915. 48 seconds. 31 seconds E. Mercury spot at longitude 0 degrees. it is not clear what these numbers represent. 32 seconds W. Saturn spot at longitude 3 degrees. but through some force. 1 minute. 27 seconds E. 39 minutes."Last May we picked up at random a restricted number of critical planetary phenomena to occur between July. Jupiter spot at longitude 38 degrees. "The forecasts are as follows: "July 16-25123 — Earthspot at longitude 0 degrees.' 'Mercury spot. 45 minutes. 58 minutes. 5 seconds E. 17 minutes. 25 seconds N.. Earthspot at longitude 0 degree. Mercury. 59 seconds W. 13 seconds S. 33 minutes. 47 minutes. latitude 0 degree.' for brevity's sake. 25 seconds S. latitude 0 degree. do not mean spots on the earth. etc. 45 seconds N. 36 minutes. latitude 1 degree. 29 seconds S. 51 minutes. and the latitudes from the solar equator. 45 minutes. 38 minutes. not through gravity. "November 27-33 — Mercury spot at longitude 0 degree. 28 seconds E. 40 seconds E. "December 18-75 — Mars spot at longitude 176 degrees. 3 seconds N. latitude 4 degrees 31 minutes. 52 seconds W. and January. 37 seconds S. latitude 1 degree. 4 minutes. "Caution: The words 'earthspot. we intend to prove in a future 123 The second number following the months is often much larger than the number of days in the given month. east or west. The longitudes are reckoned from the central meridian — the Greenwich of the solar student — of the date. but spots or faculae on the sun produced at the places indicated. latitude 0 degree. 9 seconds W. latitude 5 degrees. Neptune spot at longitude 97 degrees.. 41 seconds N. 46 seconds N.' 'Venus spot. latitude 0 degree. The formation of spots. p. Old spots or old seats of disturbance are centers of attraction. After a large number of calculations on suspected causes and daily observations of the sun. a rather slow process. "2. Hence in order to account for the birth of sunspots. For this reason the observatory of Santa Clara has for some years already searched into the origin of sunspots. Doctor Ricard says it is a matter of definite proof that the rise and fall of the barometric pressure on the earth is due to the motion of the spots on the solar dial either toward or away from that meridian. No. which it is not. "4.2. LXI. "3. was obtaining the same dates for the arrival of storms on the Pacific coast as we of Santa 124 125 126 The San Jose [CA] Mercury News. Spots on the sun are caused by planets when their lines of force come near each other. the following conclusions have been arrived at: "1. who goes by the planet exclusively. "5. Herbert Hall Turner. Vol. under planetary influence. as Professor Turner of Oxford 126 has tried to make us believe. "Has the Sun-Spot Theory of Storms Been Demonstrated?" July 1916. July 12. Savilian professor of astronomy. is. +++ . thinking that the process was practically instantaneous. The idea of an intimate relationship between the planets and sunspots arose from the fact that Foster in Washington."125 [Article about Ricard:] "Father Ricard of the University of Santa Clara observatory gave out the following this evening: "Forecasting the weather by sunspots requires a knowledge of solar conditions which have not yet been observed. Oxford University. 1. 1914. on the whole. 37. 1. it is not necessary to have recourse to swarms of the Leonids impinging on the rings of Saturn. pp. Former investigators mistook the road. Groups of spots are due to planetary lines of force falling on neighboring areas of the sun's surface. altering the latitudes of new spots at the time of their formation.paper."124 +++ [From an article about Ricard:] "Taking the central meridian of the sun as a basis. . Italy. when 21 years old. p. "The principle laid down by Father Ricard is that when a spot reaches a point three days from the western limb — or rim — of the sun. are due to the same causes. It is not always accompanied by rain or snow."127 +++ [Article about Ricard:] "CATHOLIC PRIEST EXPLAINS STORMS BY SPOTS ON SUN "Remarkable Discoveries Claimed by Father Jerome S.. its 'padre of the rains. which he ascribes as being entirely due to spots on the sun. Earthquakes. a storm appears on the Pacific coast. Ricard. 26. "Father Ricard became interested in astronomy in 1890 and 10 years later began to pay particular attention to sun spots and[. .Clara. (AP) — University of Santa Clara will do honor here May 30 to Father Jerome S. . He was ordained a priest by the late Cardinal Gibbons in 1886. Father Ricard. "Father Ricard was born in southern France June 1. "Makes Study of Sun Spots. In appearance. and began to teach at Santa Clara in 1873. 1850. through] comparison with the earth's weather. a noted astronomer. forecasts could be made more accurately than by use of the elaborate system employed by the government weather bureau. 1916. 127 The San Jose [CA] Mercury News. he is short and stocky. who went and still go by sunspots exclusively. With the three-day principle as a basis. with a ruddy complexion and his temperament is friendly and genial. "Margin of Three Days. he believes. He joined the Jesuit order in Turin. "SANTA CLARA. but a pronounced disturbance is invariable. Aug. Thus it is that bits of truth put together form a whole truth. has attracted much attention by his success in forecasting weather conditions. although his theory cannot be said to have been accepted universally by others. Ricard of California After many Years of Hard Study. Father Ricard made deductions which he said gave him 27-day periods to work on with fair accuracy. 3. For years he has issued weather predictions from 30 to 40 days in advance with high average success.' in commemoration of his 50 years as a member of the Society of Jesus. Cal. he became convinced that by noting the position of the spots. they always cross. and at the place where the shell is least strong an earthquake takes place. three days before the spot reaches the eastern rim and three days before the spot reaches the central meridian in front."128 +++ 128 The Idaho Statesman of Boise. Father Ricard explains. Father Ricard says. "The cause of the formation of sun spots. 'four critical positions. either rising from the ocean directly or descending from Alaska. which burns practically inexhaustibly. The passage of the Atlantic ocean to Europe is made in about three days.' he said. .' It requires nearly 27 days for spots to travel around the sun. say Venus and the earth. Storms on the Pacific coast cross the continent in from 5 to 7 days. a new storm arrives on the Pacific coast. in all. May 8. are in conjunction with the sun — strung out in a straight line in space — an electromagnetic pull is exerted on the sun that causes a portion of the gaseous mass to reach out toward the planets. The sun is a gaseous envelop. "Gives Cause of Spots. 14. due to the earth's rotation."'There are. Idaho. three days before the spot reaches the western rim. "The same tremendous electromagnetic force is exerted on the earth's surface when planets and sun are in conjunction. and earthquakes likewise. Although sometimes delayed by sectional conditions that make their movements eccentric. p. three days before the spot reaches the central meridian in back. When two or more of the planets. 1921. "As the winds move from west to east. the weather for the United States usually can be determined in advance by conditions over the Pacific ocean and Europeans may be warned likewise by conditions over the Atlantic. may be explained simply. or ascending from the mouth of the Colorado river in Lower California. When a solar disturbance reaches any one of these four positions. Foster of Washington. But the experiments on which this teaching is based are too rough and not convincing and cosmic observation stands for the helical behavior of magnetism in a direction opposite to that of the current. a form which. "Out of this elemental form of all inner natural operation in all beings that are at all organized either strictly or only in the broad sense. by dint of analysis of the doings of nature. has given the world a synthesis that will claim the attention of science for centuries to come. C. but what to the ordinary man would at once appear as a crushing task impossible of achievement is almost a plaything to the geniuses of the race. called it a tin-god. "It's a far cry from the throne of the Milky Way somewhere in the high north of the heavens and from there all the way down south through the constellation of the Centaur. a form therefore which is the primary law of physical nature. This fundamental law of nature is beautifully illustrated by means of a solenoid. Ricard. In a word. who. but direct from nature's scrolls. "It may be objected that the magnetic field surrounding electricity in motion is always circular and perpendicular to the line of the electric current and not helical or spiral and never in a direction opposite to that of the current. D. has been able to climb the heights of the galaxy and from there by a masterly stroke of genius. "His long years of study. there follows a consequence of . At least. coincident with the axis of which a tube of electrical forms is run. The writer has in mind W. natural activity in general from the smallest insect or plant to the biggest star in the heavens substantially reduces to an electric current generating a magnetic field whose direction and sense are known by experimental physics. has enabled him to find a certain elementary form at the bottom of all natural operation. though safely hid behind the thick veil of external appearances yet controls the universe from nebula to nebula and from the galaxy to the least cloud that dims the day.[Article by Ricard:] "FOSTER'S DYNAMICS OF HEAVEN EXPLAINED BY FATHER RICARD "Noted Santa Clara Scientist Declares Famous Astronomer "Has Given World a Synthesis That Will Claim Attention of Science for Centuries. Of course Foster doesn't mean to exclude the government of matter by the principle of life. to the phenomena of earth's atmosphere. Somebody else in a fit of innocent mirth. T. He fondly calls it his little god. not exactly of literature.. developing a magnetic field helically in the coil in an opposite direction. But that is all taken back now. much is Foster's idea based on a more thorough and searching experimentation. "By J. S. But when we have to deal with such monstrous magnets as the sun and the planets it fully comes within the purview of an observer. from north to south and coincident with the axis of the Milky Way's spiral stream of stars. There is no need of being a Chaldean shepherd to know of that faintly luminous belt of stars which stretches obliquely across the heavens. D. the latter as the tail of the Milky Way.the utmost import which is that when two magnets are brought within each other's sphere of activity. it throws it into the northern coal sack. "Thus.000 miles. one by one. we have seen no mention of it in the ordinary textbooks. is very little known if known at all. another in the south. "In order to convince the reader that the above is not empty speculation vanishing into thin air like a wreath of smoke. is the sun given an electrosphere (sphere of static electricity) extending all the way . given as a corollary.' There is one in the north. "Thus is the Milky Way the typical and complete form of electro-magnetism — it is the grand reversed solenoid of the heavens. Washington. and that this greatest of all currents generates helical chains of stupendously strong magnetism in the reverse direction. we have only to glance at some of the grandest phenomena of the universe. the other secondary. The eye discovers in it especially two dark pear-shaped holes which the 'gobs' of a former day undignifiedly termed 'coal sacks. who has made innumerable experiments in the present subject and read professional treatises thereon.000 years and by so doing determines its magnetic polarity and likewise that of its planetary family. each develops in the other four magnetic centers or foci. The same helix of magnetism also carries the sun around the axis of the Milky Way in about 25. We say 'reversed' because the core carries the current from the head to the tail. too irrelevant and indelicate to show such an effect. at least. It is the Milky Way. too. "Hence it turns out that the 'lie' of the earth's magnetic axis and the quality of its magnetic poles are fixed by the galaxy's magnetic spiral and not by the sun. This heavenly magnetic coil carries the starry world spirally round and round and when a member of it has finished its course. Hence. Should any doubt be entertained reference can always be had to W T Foster. which is the inner form of universal physical operation. if his attention is at all called to it. The former may be considered as the head. Foster holds that an immense bunch of electrical shafts stretches from the head to the tail. C.530. George Henry Lepper is here in full accord with Foster by declaring the sun's path is spiral in shape with a diameter of 1. which thus becomes the cemetery of dead worlds. This secondary principle. which explains a lot of unexplained and hitherto unexplainable things.000. and the coil the magnetism from the tail to the head.000. The reason may be that the apparatus used is generally too small. the direction of the current being of course. two principles one primary. W T Foster unravels the mystery of the cosmos. around even beyond the confines of Neptune. To call this . Some of these positions must be critical and effective. the planetary magnets necessarily occupy different positions in respect to one another. but which it revolves all its major and minor planets from west to east. is nevertheless subject to accidental variations. Through mutual electric currents and consequent spirals of magnetism and electrosphery are all the members of the solar system welded together into a compact whole. But these changes of magnetism being due to certain planetary configurations. is the earth constituted. develop considerable heat and give rise to magnetic lines of such strength that they will tax your ability to overcome. with the sun at the head. an electromagnet lying athwart its equator. So the earth has an electrosphere by which it carries the moon round in about 28 days. will. owing to the solidarity of the planetary orbs. Magnetism is an agency of tremendous power. So one will not be surprised if he is told that the helix of the earth's magnetism circulating from the south magnetic to the north magnetic pole. This involves a sheaf of electric forces running from the north magnetic to the south magnetic pole. "But the terrestrial electromagnet though substantially and sufficiently constant to produce the above recited effect with marvelous uniformity and accuracy. "But let us look at the earth more specifically and watch the application of the supreme law of world dynamics afore-mentioned. generating a magnetic helix in the opposite direction. latitude 70 degrees north) and the other in the low south. Hence the sublime mistake of the various weather services in looking on the earth as an isolated body. Magnets of such dimensions as here considered are serious things not to be trifled with. Therefore the weather can be foretold with as much certainty. and each planet is given an electrosphere by which it revolves its satellites. the effect of the helical magnetic motion being to shift the axis of rotation several degrees away from the magnetic axis. is rotating it from west to east. a true physical consolidation of apparently independent units. The electrospheres are the wings of all the heavenly bodies by which they are poised and kept on their assigned paths. Through the magnetic lines of force whirling about the axis of the galaxy. and this by the law of magnetic planetary revolution. can be foretold with as much certainty as the configurations themselves. "Foster attributes our changes of weather to our changes of terrestrial magnetism. Therefore the magnetism of the earth is accidentally variable. Even an insignificant current of 110 volts running through an insignificant coil attached to a meteorograph.] one magnet develops in another under certain conditions. These different positions must tell upon the electrical forces and the ever-following magnetic forces and the four magnetic foci[. In the course of time and rather frequently. if short-circuited. with one pole in the high north (longitude 94 degrees west of Greenwich. the same extending from the earth's center away beyond the lunar orbit. others rather indifferent and of no consequence. "By collating all these data he reached the conclusion that the cause of our weather changes is the original elementary form of all natural operations. Third he has all the electromagnetic data amassed by Frank Bigelow of the weather bureau research commission. not accidental.wikipedia. Foster adopted them to his own purpose. The Scientific American. does and will furnish such data in the rough and. at their own cost. fully earned the maledictions of the weather bureau and the chief astronomer of Canada and triumphantly passed through the fiery ordeal. at the sweat of his brow. Had he been among the Pilgrims he would have met the fate of the witches. put the lid on his coffin and set a match to it. i. "The one thing ever dearly wanted in such questions is a scientific induction. large enough to establish a means of cause and effect. any astronomical mathematician can get them for himself. "(Foster's philosophy of the weather and gravitation) "As an appetizer to this second article the reader should know that for nearly 50 years Foster has been the archduke of long-range weather forecasting in the United States. besides. but natural. D. C. An appeal to astronomers in support of such an affirmation. Astronomers have never spent an hour on that problem. lately of Einstein's fame. "Foster's scientific induction on behalf of long-range forecasting covers 100 years of weather bureau observations to get which he sneaks into the bureau's cellar of records whence he was kicked out by Chief Willis L. Even the San Francisco Call protested against the indignity. "More Chips from Same Block. During his long career in that capacity he has. a gentleman who was too big for miniature geniuses.. is throwing dust into the eyes of the sophisticated. .129 excommunicated several times by other notables and burned in effigy by a lot of nincompoops.e. described in the foregoing article. Foster has 50 years. To call this nonsense is affirmation without proof. Yet Foster is alive and making much noise. These sources are 10 129 "American meteorologist and advocate of time zones" http://en. He was anathematized by Cleveland Abbe. Moore because he would not give up his secrets.astrology is the height of the ridiculous. as applied to and controlling the earth and subject to accidental modifications or variations induced from external sources. Second. it covers as many years as you may be pleased to assign in regard to planetary configurations. Parties driven to the wall are wont to resort to ridicule.org/wiki/Cleveland_Abbe .. has. The labor entailed is simply a comparison of planetary configuration with a certain controlling element of the weather for a certain number of years. The naval observatory at Washington. one due to the operation of natural law. a large cylinder of electrical forces and a proportionately large spiral of magnetism circulating around in a reverse direction. Earth. the sun. generating a magnetic helix which runs from south pole to north pole. stating that in our day the meteorologist who has scrambled up to the eighth grade is a rare [illegible word]. Uranus. knit together into a perfect whole by electromagnetic threads of force. He returned answer that this was an eighth grade question. constitute the substance of our weather. and that pressure was expelled or disturbed by the electrosphere of a neighboring body. Hence a body is magnetically drawn to earth against the outward push of terrestrial electrical currents. i. "A second one is that if we consider once more the grand original elemental mechanism of the physical world. each would cut off the lines of force of the others and they would fall to and crush each other.e. if the moon came too near the earth the latter would more efficaciously counteract or destroy the moon's lines of force than the moon would those of the earth. All influence coming from these bodies enters the earth by its north magnetic pole as dynamic electricity. The moment it was released it would jump to the surface. Lack of space forbids our expatiating upon this new topic. it would immediately fall into the electrosphere until stopped by superior resistance. Foster has no use for the conservation of energy. Nor has he any use for theologians: they are all a bad lot. it is only a dense veil covering dense ignorance. we shall find that the magnetic spiral rolls more than the cylindrical core of electric lines pushes. We wrote to Foster asking that he would be more explicit about the highs and lows. It was sad and ill-advised. For instance.. The same theologians would not look through Galileo's telescope. One of them dared to call his little god — the grand stupendous machinery of electromagnetism by which the Almighty runs the universe of creation — a tin-god. Yours truly will never do it again. For the nonce the question remains in status quo. Mars. "A third cause may be had in the fact that if bodies are held in place by electromagnetic lines of force. Jupiter. not far from the equator. after all. Hence if a body was held in space by ether pressure. Even so. we ventured to write again. which. the major planets Mercury.members of our solar system. Neptune and the Moon. Suppose a cork was held in the water by some kind of force. and goes out by the south magnetic pole. Such is the first cause. "Finally. Venus. as we have already seen in the foregoing article then if these bodies came sufficiently near each other. the rest being mere accidents. Saturn. "In a few terse lines Foster explains gravitation. it would fall out of the water. spins the earth about its axis and determines four magnetic foci. To the same he ascribes the making of the highs and the lows. according to that history which has made .. which may come up again.e. Thus does Foster make short work of Einstein's space curvatures and geodesies. i. and so the moon would fall to earth. We have looked through Foster's telescope and seen wonders. March 12. pp."130 +++ [Article about Ricard:] "FATHER RICARD SPEAKS TO SCIENTISTS AT SALT LAKE "Santa Clara University Astronomer Delivers Lecture "on Long Range Forecasting and Long Range Forecasters — Upholds Practice "The following lecture was given by the Rev. W. S. T. Louis. It has flouted it. some in France. we don't care to be like the rest. Ricard of Santa Clara whom he called a plagiarist and upon whose head he would have emptied the phials of the Divine wrath. did not know him and saw as much of his almanac as of a midnight rainbow. Such forecasting has been cultivated only by a very few scattered unorganized individuals. but a share of responsibility must go to superficial scientific observation as will be noted later on. Utah on June 22. Irl Hicks held the position of chief long ranger in the middle west. Its devotees have been looked upon as visionaries or simpletons or unmitigated frauds. occupies a prominent place among these rare fliers in the atmosphere of the unknown and the unknowable. Some five or six years ago the Rev. some in South America. some in this country. "I have it on the authority of the Scientific American that the United States is the happy hunting ground of these precious victims of an incurable delusion. The world will hear more about it. Yet the latter had never got an idea from him. 1922. 130 San Jose [CA] Mercury News. There have been some in Spain. 1922. The session was held in Salt Lake City. As for ourselves. 21. banished it and relegated it to a safe corner somewhere in the craters of the moon. Sad failure and the ordinary almanac maker may be responsible for this utter contempt. According to a late pronouncement of Otto Klota. some in England. 19. Ricard of the University of Santa Clara at the joint meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Meteorologial Society of America. had never copied a line of his. He was a planetist like most of his predecessors or contemporaries. He has perched his throne in the city of St. "Official science has always pooh-poohed long-range forecasting.a joke of history and raised an electromagnetic pile of lies about him. . the chief astronomer of Canada. Father Jerome S. fraught with all that is best in scientific infallibility. Foster of Washington D. Tice also achieved some success but the naval observatory knocked him out on the axis and parallax of Vulcan. C. He never had any use for J. A few other aspirations to the laurels of long range have intermittently peered on the scene but they have all died on the way or are fast doing so. The least evidence of bungling discredits a forecaster. will never be a success until we know the law that governs the weather. Even one conspicuous mistake which happens to be an error of judgment and no fault of rule. a fault of due application. Chance does not exist. or to be more precise until we know the simplicity or complexity of the weather factors and can. being supposed to be correct. 131 "Earth is Responsible "The affirmation has gone forth as authoritatively as can be that the earth under 131 Here Father Ricard is in complete agreement with Foster."We have been told a thousand and one times that the long-sighted forecaster lives upon his happy haphazard hits. The doctrines of the second objection if followed to the letter will head the forecaster into an inextricable maze of [illegible word]. The first one applies to a forecaster who has no scientifically established rule and is only guessing however skilfully. whose similar statement may be found earlier herein. seeing mistakes where there are none. tell the times and places when and where they are operative or nonoperative. Prof. experiential. It only goes to show that astronomers need not be such fine judges in matters meteorological! I would rather have a boy from the weather bureau office. . his failures being easily condoned or slurred over by an indulgent people. The conclusion aimed at is that no force external to the earth has anything to do with our weather unless it be solar energy. a sort of instinct. moreover. "Objections Weightless "These objections are weightless. rather they are hypercritical. Hamilton.e. The first objection came from the Scientific American. error may yet creep in through sheer human fallibility. Success is therefore a guarantee of the truth of the theory. although his skill is purely personal. Geo. "Coming now closer to my subject it can be affirmed in general and without fear of contradiction that forecasting of any kind whether at first sight or second sight. throws him out. and to that extent incommunicable.' A weather theory. i. unless we have lighted on the true cause of the phenomena. however. A large measure of success. as a boy who though knowing arithmetic makes a mistake in his sums. or still better 3 6 9 12 15 etc. It may be taken for granted that no true scientist will ever deny that our weather is subject to law and that there are no whims or caprices or freaks in it. subjective. Darwin wrote: 'Prediction must inevitably fail. recommends him for after all he is a better guide than no guide at all. H. It is not true that the people are over-indulgent. the second originated in Mt. We have been reminded also that storms follow each other so fast that they can all be ferreted by using an arithmetical series such as 2 4 6 8 10 etc. 28 since each rift had to pass before the earth every 25th day in order to make its corresponding high recur every 25th day. W. "This recurrence was explained by saying that large masses of pure cold air fall from the sky on a given territory on our western coast or west of that coast. Fate it seems was unkind to them as they have not been heard of these few years. which had been fathered or fostered by dignitaries of science to long-ahead prediction. a lawyer of Houston. "Truth Confirmed "What Carothers deemed a necessary truth about the sun transmitting more or less heat to earth according as a rift was central or eccentric is now beautifully confirmed with certain important modifications through the holometric observations . every 26 days. He proved or thought he had proved that the highs which run across the United States recurred each of them at intervals of 25 days so that if one of them had entered today say between San Francisco and Portland 25 days hence it would re-enter with or without a change of locality and pretty much the same intensity. This theory implied that the sun makes a synodic rotation about its axis in 25 days instead of 27. With the aid of some necessary additions.. It is a confusion of ignorance and a cry of despair. Ex-Chief Willis L.. The expanded air would rise and travel pole-ward on each side. There were seven or eight of these highs occasioned by such falls during the course of a month. But this is too general and too obscure and affords no rule for prediction. Once more the explanation of the laws was rather hazy difficult. Moreover Carothers asked for a latitude of 24-48 hours for the arrival of certain highs encountering obstructions. Moore took Carothers under his tutelage [and the] two together formed a forecasting corporation of which Moore was the fiscal agent and Carothers the brainy man in the cave of the winds. Texas. In order to account for the fall of those extraordinary masses of cold air from the heights above he had a singular postulate about the sun being rifted at irregular intervals along the equatorial zone and through the rifts pouring forth an extraordinary amount of heat which expanded the air and vaporized the water about the equator. .ordinary sunlight and its accompaniments is responsible for all weather changes. drop its moisture in the shape of torrential rains within the tropics and finally fall within the temperate zone and beyond and by so doing make the mercurial column rise. It is not true either that the highs run in an arithmetical progression whose difference is 25. a thing that contradicts the data of astronomy and so could gain no admittance. Carothers. after having traveled from the equator in the upper regions of the atmosphere for 18 or 19 days. The solar rifts were as many as the highs of the month. F. namely seven or eight and each of them inflamed the equatorial earth when it stood vis-a-vis. essayed to apply this idea. One great difficulty remained. "Concerning sunspots the following facts have been established during the course of nearly 22 years. fifth secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The old solar constant has been dethroned and the solar variant has taken its place. both American and Canadian. 2. Before 1914 and ever since a month ahead has been the rule. that of the relative places of the highs and lows. and some of them beyond the peradventure of a doubt. "Thus it turns out that the thrice damned sunspots are coming to their own in spite of the noisy gossip of the opposition. The solid outstanding fact concerning this opposition is that it comes from non-observers or superficial hasty observers who have no authority to speak on the subject and whose sole reliance is some speculative consideration in the form of an objection. Already has Dr. A common cause may intervene. "1. "At the observatory of Santa Clara weather predictions by sunspots began about 1906. Sunspots east or west of the central meridian do not sensibly affect our atmosphere. 132 133 Charles Greeley Abbot. "2. Nos. the highs came in later on. — I. . B. Southern spots astride the central meridian synchronize with the arrival of counter-storms on the Pacific coast. Here the road was blocked and there was no light to see the way out. then three. Synchronism does not necessary imply causation. but this rule has no other limit than that of the human power of calculation. Some faint glimmerings were described on the distant horizon and forecasts have been launched accordingly. At first only the lows were considered. Northern spots astride the central meridian synchronize with the arrival of storms on the Pacific coast. But the fuller and clearer truth is not in sight yet. The uphill work was very gradual. "II. "3. a mere passing glance at the writing on the wall forecasting in the near future fully in the teeth of so-called official orthodox science. 3 rest on a study of nearly 3000 spots and at least 4600 weather maps. "N. at first one week ahead. Abbot announced before the National Academy of Sciences that the weather can be foretold with certainty one week in advance by means of sunspots. 1. two. Frederick E.of Drs Abbot132 and Fowle133 of the Smithsonian astro-physicial observatory. Fowle. Weather prediction for a month requires that we know beforehand all the spots that will transit during that month and this in turn requires a prediction of the spots as a sine qua non. he coordinates and explains the grandest of earth's phenomena. a new rule obtains. Planets in line with the sun make the spots where the planetary lines pierce the photosphere. So these ideas might be stolen and appropriated without due credit to their author. "A word now about our common friend. of Washington. with changes in the solar system as a whole. Weather prediction for ever increasing periods of time is done in the same way. with the certainty of physical law. where the highs and lows either do not exist or have no effect. Foster.82 days. he has been able to formulate a body of rules the application of which has achieved wonderful success. T. Since the spots are. "Weather prediction by sunspots supposes a knowledge of their dates of transit. Under our great principle. that of visible earthly fact. The geography of these photospheric points is well known by mathematics. It takes in the 8 major planets. without a short notice about Hugh Clements of England. wet places may not be averaged with dry places. D. He has the most comprehensive system of long range forecasting of any man in the world. He considers that the United States government grants no patents on ideas. What these rules are is a deep secret. his system worked out in detail the most perfect thinking I have seen. but on a different basis. associated with the highs and lows we may not step outside of these in casting averages of rainfall. His Achilles is luni-solar attraction. rainfall say. almost 7 days. This may account for the Smithsonian in Argentina issuing a weekly forecast by sunspots. as held together in one grand network of electromagnetism subject to certain variations mostly due to varying planetary configurations that one would expect among magnets if their relative positions and distances became altered. Our weather bureau in Washington is doing the same. such as storms great and . W. to say the least. By comparing the data amassed by our weather bureau during the longest periods of its existence in different places."4. Thus are the spots predicted and their times of transit ascertained. locked up in his bosom. These electromagnetic variations induce a change in the electromagnetic system of the earth and thereby a change in our weather. too. "Corollary — in order to establish the relation between sunspots and some weather feature. A spot rising today will transit 6. C. Sunpots are produced by planets in line with the sun. the only requisite being a foreknowledge of the critical planetary positions covering those periods. "It would be unfair to bring this paper to a close. the sun and the moon. In other words. for this country. "Sunspots. Winds." . for not every new moon has the same longitude and latitude and its distance may vary up to 31. Trafalgar buildings. One and the same force. the solar the remaining one third. which alters the parallax rather considerably.com/books?id=kPU4AAAAMAAJ .8 years.6 years. i. the sun spot theory rests on as perfect a scientific induction as can be made. the declination. and why not seismic waves in the lithosphere. William Hutchinson & Co. which is so light. the phasal of 19 and 62 years. is how to reconcile them.e. its parallax. therefore. Yet I believe there are solid elements of truth in the theories of each of them. earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. He holds that the weather of any given spot on the earth. Tice and Carothers. The cycles one of which is the saros serve only as an aid to identify like positions. On the one hand. why not air waves in the atmosphere. London. the nodal of 18. has no use for sun spots. Hugh Clements may be regarded as a hero of long-range forecasting. its angular distance from the zenith of any given place and likewise the sun's declination and angular distance. The Greenwich observatory made a sad mistake once. (See William Digby. not any more than Foster. They are combined in various ways and utilized in prediction.. The conclusion leaped forth lame and limping. They got an idea that if the moon controls the weather the new moon should deliver the same sort of it to any given place. the parallax. luni-solar attraction. repeats itself for every similar or individual situation of the moon. The test was made for all the new moons of fifty years. the other half dry. the lunar two-thirds of it. On the 134 Online at http://books. its declination. which is so dense.)134 "Hugh Clements. His processes and conclusions would seem to deserve the full attention of any man interested in meteorology. Charing Cross 1902. does the whole thing. If it can produce tidal waves in the hydrosphere. however. the apsidal of 8. Nor does he ever omit considering the moon's transit over the meridian. viewed under all the fore-named aspects — the three cycles — the transit.google. including the sun's declination and angular distance. "Clements was induced to alight on the moon as the chief weather-maker by the fact that it is the chief tide-maker.small. "Greenwich Mistake. Clements himself wrote at least two pamphlets entitled "The Production and Prediction of Magnetic and other Storms" and "How to Predict the Weather. Natural Law in Terrestrial Phenomena. as regards London. even though considerably dense? Such a momentous question had better be answered before the moon is dumped.' The same is now floating in every breeze and any man who has the least pretension to science loudly acclaims it to his neighbors. the angular distance. It was nevertheless lame and limping. and Magnetic Storms and Sunspots. But one half of these new moons came in wet. the moon's phases are in it as much as they show its distance away from the sun. 'Now we know the moon has nothing to do with the weather. He reminds us that the moon has three cycles. The question. Hicks.360 miles from a given place. "136 +++ 135 San Jose [CA] Mercury News. Blochman. one of these is near Juneau. Santa Clara holds the planets make the spots and the latter on transiting make the highs and lows and these in turn make the weather. too much prestige. that the variable output of solar heat discovered by Dr. that the moon exerts a decided influence in making air-tides and is an infallible guide in localizing weather conditions. as they indeed say. . 1923. These are shown by spectrographs. 6. and storms far south. Wilson) and change the synodic rotation of the sun from 25 to 27. Amen!"135 +++ [Ricard quoted in a report:] "Only sun spots crossing the solar meridian affect the earth. make the highs and lows. Foster says the eight major planets. is due to sun spots. 136 "Forecast Values of Lows Entering Directly Off the California Coast in September and October and The Forecast Value of Good Summer Rains at San Diego" by L. and too much honor in the Weather Bureau for it to be neglected. At bottom we are one. the planetary theories of Foster and Hicks seem to be faultless and unerring and the moon-sun theory of Clements localizes a weather condition about as accurately as a weather map. Say. We must not neglect this—there is too much respectability. and these affect the earth only at certain centers of magnetic intensity—not the magnetic poles. to verify my dates. 1922. sun spots. it will help to verify my dates by storms far north. p. The High is a sand bar. too. if blocked by Highs they go far to the south. and we say all be one. which the Low. I want to see the world weather map restored. E. Oct. faculae and equivalents. [and] it will be an invaluable supplement to the sun-spot and planet theories. like a ship. So he comes back to earth in a straight line. one in the Caribbean. 'Sonoras' enter the coast down south. Replace the rifts of Carothers by spots. Admit. the sun and the moon. as well as visible.other. pp. July 15. I indirect. faculae and equivalents (the invisible spots of Mt. in addition. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. we shall be one. 138. as magnets. 10. Abbot's bolometer. There are invisible. goes around.28 days. he is direct. I in a broken line. DECLARES CALIFORNIA EXPERT "Scientists Able to Give Warning of Earth Tremblers by Close Observation. particularly the disastrous Lisbon tremblor. even among scientists. is known as 'the Padre of the Rains. Jr..[Article about Ricard:] "FORECASTING QUAKES POSSIBLE. Our findings were that a sun spot crossing the central meridian. or happening in the vicinity.' and his theory of the relation of sun spots to the weather has attracted wide attention. "'We took up the same idea here at Santa Clara and tested it until 1914.' "Professor Porta's death determined "Father Ricard to resume the study predicting earthquakes. between sun spots and earthquakes. Marchand was not the only astronomer to see the relation between earthquakes and sun spots. or sun spots and weather. On this idea Clements explained the great earthquakes. Jagger. that continued study of seismological data will enable scientists to send out warnings of the approach of tremblors. but actually have been forecast in the past.137 a Frenchman. S. noted as a weather prophet. — Earthquakes not only will be predicted in the future. Professor Albert Porta. Some time before 1900 Hugh Clements in London held firmly that earthquakes were caused by the joint action of the sun and the moon. to see a casual nexus. by means of sun spots. government scientist.' he contended. Feb. 'were first predicted by Marchand. of this observatory. director of the University of Santa Clara observatory.. east or west. "Of the attitude of the public and even of the scientific world toward the theory advanced by Marchand. head of "l'Observatoire du Pic du Midi de Bigorre.' "According to Father Ricard. "By Associated Press "Santa Clara. Cal. the Jesuit astronomer said: 'It is hard for the layman. said Father Jerome S. Ricard. and as usual his idea was greatly ridiculed. 22. "'Earthquakes. always synchronized with accounts of earthquakes somewhere on the globe given out by the press.. in answer to an assertion made in Washington recently by Dr. But this proves only the limitation of the human mind and its great ignorance." spectacularly located in the Pyrenees in the southwest of France. J. Thomas A. professed physicist though he be. became imbued with the findings and continued the study until his death last year. 137 Émile Marchand. 25 years ago. "Father Ricard. . or connection. Unfortunately he died without perfecting his system. the new study should aid in long-range forecasting. 22. If it is found. he explained."Father Ricard also announced that he had begun the study of the possible relation of the moon to the direction of storms. ."138 138 The Niagra Falls [NY] Gazette. p. 13. 1924. that the moon has influence on atmospheric tides capable of inducing barometric rises and falls along certain lines of the earth. Feb. precipitate their moisture in the tropics. . "Prof. like the earth. CAROTHERS says he has checked up ninety-two successive 'highs' on his weather map. of course. the meteorologist of Houston. The sun. All the rest came within forty-eight hours. April 9. and eighty of them arrived on the day called for by this newly observed law of serial periodicity. rising to the higher strata. These. We have always known. consisting of 'deviations in path and intensity of the movement. The professor is establishing a forecasting service for long-range predictions in the southwest. if true. The meteorologists have been telling us from some time that the dry spells in Kansas are due to periodical sun-spot activities coming in eleven and fifteen year cycles. thence pass high overhead to northern latitudes. outdoing the Government service by almost twenty-five days. CAROTHERS. Scattered about the rotating solar disk are relatively hot areas which produce upheavals of heated air at the earth's equator.'"139 +++ 139 "The Law of the Weather?. 1912. The twenty-five-day law is interesting. where they come down in cold waves called 'highs. which at present are very difficult to anticipate. that the sun is the prime agent of the weather.Appendix VII Warren Fay Carothers (articles about him) +++ "THE LAW OF THE WEATHER?" "Prof. revolves upon its axis. Texas. We shall watch the working out of Prof. believes he has discovered the law by which the tornadoes that visited this and other localities on Easter Sunday cavort.' The sun's axial rotation of twenty-five days makes the serial period of weather fluctuations on this planet. CAROTHER's hypothesis in Texas. but we note doubtfully what he says about variations from it." The New York Times. become chilled. Carothers Will Attempt Forecasts Long In Advance. "Professor Carothers took up the work of meteorology many years ago and through it was led into a study of the sun. which come with variations each twenty-five days. "Houston (Tex. "WORKING ON NEW THEORIES. corresponding with the revolution of the sun. The work at Houston was begun with an inquiry into the weather movements which constantly sweep across northern latitudes. including the present chief of the federal weather bureau. For two years he has been comparing his observations of the sun with the change of the weather and has decided that changes there and in conditions here closely correspond. and he believes that under actual service over a long period he will be able to demonstrate that his theories are correct. in Houston. but did not know just how it acted. were that the periods of high barometer dominated those of the cyclonic or low barometer and that the cold temperature that marked high barometlc periods came from higher altitudes.. whether by heat. F. "The first conclusions reached by Professor Carothers in common with other investigators. plans to make weather forecasts twentyfive days ahead for the southwest."TO TELL WEATHER 25 DAYS AHEAD "Prof. "Next the observer turned to the sun as a means of solving the problem. He declares he has established a law of 'serial periodicity' in the high barometric conditions. rain or snow and a low barometer and followed by a cold and clearing spell marked by a high barometer. "Working on the theory that certain highly heated-areas on the sun are the causes of marked changes in the atmospheric conditions of the earth and that the influence of these areas can be determined ahead of time. magnetism or attraction. He devised a tabulating disk that is now well known to students of the sun and recorded the observable changes on the sun in its revolution. When he began this work meteorologists had a theory that the sun was responsible for great weather changes. "First Conclusions. "In a discussion of the matter Professor Carothers thus explains the further . consisting of a sort of cyclonic forerunner marked by strong winds. Tex. These movements were known to originate near the poles and to move almost around the earth. Carothers of the Carothers observatory. Professor Carothers has long been studying this problem and has written articles on the subject that have attracted wide attention among scientific men. Professor W.) Observatory Man Believes Hot Areas on the 8un Cause Periodical Changes in Our Atmospheric Conditions. and none was more than forty-eight hours off. I have found a latitude of twenty-four to forty-eight hours for predicted local changes to take effect as necessary. the moisture is precipitated (it rains daily at the heat equator).' Every time the sun turns around on its axis these upheavals recur. p. These are forced by the heat into high upper strata. where a chilling takes place. which in passing so as to face the earth directly produce extra upheavals of heated air at our equator. where it is chilled. These uplifts carry the surface air to upper heights. Therefore.'" 140 140 The Auburn Citizen. of which eighty came on the day called for by the law and the majority of the others within twenty-four hours. which at present are very difficult to anticipate. and hence the coming of the movements in serial periods of twenty-five days. The location and measurement of the intensity of these areas are necessary to perfect the matter of long range forecasting. where they come down as cold waves. and thence they pass high above our heads to the northern latitudes. producing rain or snow. . though useful results are even now possible. "'My hypothesis explains the origin of the advance cyclonic movements on the theory that the downpours spoken of cause uplifts on the sides with an upward suction which we know as cyclones. I know they are on the right track. in making forecasts based on the laws. and congress has appropriated $5. April 17.' "'The variations consist of deviations in path and intensity of the movement.' he says — "that is. and the law of their coming may be properly termed the 'central law of the weather. Thus it is that the cold waves produce all of the pronounced weather changes.theory on which he is working: "'Now we come to the part of my work which is as yet an unconfirmed hypothesis. 1912. 12 (and other newspapers printing the same article). I recall checking up ninety-two successive 'highs' on the weather maps. but announcement has been made by two of the leading solar observatories that just such effects have been tentatively discovered. or 'highs. that this serial periodicity is caused by relatively hot areas scattered around the revolving disk of the sun. "Theory Explained. "'That such relatively hot areas existed on the sun could not be proved readily.000 for a special expedition to new fields to make further tests. though it is not always needed by any means. D. 1916. with all of the facilities of a great government institution. Carothers is of more value to mankind than all the Kings. "Professor Moore is a high authority not apt to be deceived. Texas. . We shall assume that Mr. "For eighteen years as chief of the United States Weather Bureau I sought. Carothers has discovered the law of weather. shipping and land transportation which will be saved annually if our observers do prove able to say with accuracy what the weather will be for two or three weeks ahead. Carothers. Kaisers. 2. "Mr. "An element of safety would then be introduced into commerce and production which would be cheap at the price of many hundreds of millions. is a private student of meteorology. and that these pulsations can be accurately measured and the weather accurately forecast for many days in advance. Y. "Professor Meteorology. p. "It would be hard to overguess the enormous amount of loss to crops." — N. Sc. I constructed the weather research 141 The Fulton [NY] Evening Times. Prime Ministers and Generals who are butchering Europe put in one basket together. He has demonstrated to Professor Moore's satisfaction that the cause of weather variations is pulsations in solar intensity. to solve the problem of the law that I knew must be back of the initiation of storms. March 9. with an observatory of his own in Houston. Formerly Chief Weather Bureau. F. "Such a man as this Mr. Carothers has discovered the law of weather is extraordinarily interesting. it seems. American141 +++ "New Discovery in Solar Physics Makes It Possible "to Predict The Weather Weeks in Advance "BY WILLIS LUTHER MOORE.+++ "VERY REMARKABLE AND USEFUL DISCOVERY "Professor Willis L. Moore's announcement that W.. George Washington University. And we are sure that no greater service has been rendered to civilization in a century. prominences and faculae and variations in magnetic conditions to storms of the earth.. daily plotted observations collected from around the entire Northern Hemisphere. Here and there the pent up heat of the interior bursts through these clouds and creates a rift or opening which emits heat in excess of the hot adjacent photosphere. at least at the equator and beneath the . each day at the equator and for some degrees north and south. Tex. has shown the variable character of the sun's heat and that certain spots radiate more than other parts of the surface of the sun.observatories at Mount Weather. Most investigators have been confused and lost in an interminable jungle by trying to correlate weather of the earth with a twenty-seven day rotation period which the photosphere seems to have and to trace the relation of spots. Virginia. if any. which always is present in more or less degree between 4 and 10 a. These rifts. and collected and discussed the available data which might be expected to show the relation that subsists. so that I might locate all the storms of land or ocean on any given date and trace the sequence of storms and cold waves from their beginning to their ending. which makes it possible to make forecasts two and three weeks in advance with higher accuracy than can be made from an ordinary meteorological chart for two days in advance. called the photosphere. measured the height and velocity of clouds by means of theodolite observations. The splendid work of C. He has also determined them by direct observations of the sun. sailed free balloons with instruments frequently to nineteen miles altitude and received the instruments back again under parachutes. When this new system is adopted by the government or other institutions for the making of predictions there will result a saving of hundreds of millions to the farmer and to the man who works out-of-doors. by sending out shafts of extra heat disturb the otherwise orderly processes of the seasons and create turbulent gyrations in our atmosphere that we call storms and cold waves. Carothers of Houston.m. "Cyclones and Anti-Cyclones Traced Back to Sun's Activities. There are hot. of the Smithsonian Institution. "By this system each and every one of the cyclones and anti-cyclones that constitute our weather may be traced back to certain activities of the sun that it is possible now definitely to measure. metallic clouds surrounding the sun. Carothers has discovered a most wonderful and ingenious way of locating these rifts through the action that they exercise on the morning rise of the barometer. after the balloons had exploded. luminous. G. While the forecasts will not be perfect. Abbot. Carothers found that the sun. they will have but a small percentage of error and will enable one to know weeks in advance the general character of the weather and to get detailed forecasts that will have a higher degree of accuracy than he has had heretofore. between solar activities or planetary positions and the weather of the earth — but all without definite success until I became associated with W. flew kites carrying self-recording thermometers and barometers daily to altitudes of two to over four miles high. who has undoubtedly discovered the central law of the weather. F. because the plane on which they slide is steeper over land in winter and over oceans in summer. and must therefore result in great benefit to mankind and a wonderful conservation of human energy. because they have been chilled and had their moisture squeezed out by the cold of elevation before they started on their northward circuit from the equator. and that they may retain their position and existence for many months. "Having located a heat rift on the sun.photosphere. somewhat like avalanches of snow on a mountain side. Mr. moist air that they force upward. as previously stated. These masses crowd each other because of the converging of the meridians of longitude. "A working hypothesis that satisfies the requirements of science with regard to these discoveries may be stated as follows: "That the passage of the earth through a shaft of extra heat expands the lower air at the equator. They. "A Working Hypothesis to Satisfy Requirements of Science. They move along certain fairly well defined routes in accordance with the general hemispherical circulation of tho atmosphere. . and each cross our central meridian every twenty-five days. with varying degrees of intensity. we may look with certainty for its return at the end of twenty-five days and for the cool weather conditions that in each case will follow in due time. and thus indirectly produce rain and snow fall by the warm. settling over continents in winter and over oceans in summer. But. They may pass away and others form. Carothers has discovered the length of the interval between the passage of a rift and the appearance of a cold wave in the western part of the United States. It is nearly three weeks in length. or several of them. have their northward movement checked and settle down to the earth in the form of cool or cold waves in the middle latitudes or near the Arctic Circle. causing the air in the tropics to bulge upward until huge masses. and that there are never less than five nor more than eight of the heat rifts previously referred to. With experience and improved methods of observation the forecasts made by this system will certainly yield a far higher accuracy than any previously known and for a much longer period. We know to the fraction of a day the time required for these air masses from the equator to complete their overhead journey and come to the earth on our western border. rotates in twenty-five days and not twenty-seven. each one of our storms and cold waves can now be traced back to one of these heat pulsations of the sun. and it is found that their intensities are directly proportional to the strength of the solar rifts. As they come down they rotate in an anti-cyclonic manner and cause ascending cyclonic storms to form on both their eastern and western sides. at time. themselves. but Carothers. Much preliminary work had been done by myself and others. or more than a year. much more than it does at high latitudes. are dry. break loose and slide down the incline toward the poles. "There have been so many charlatans making long-range forecasts. and by him should be studied out for the benefit of mankind. seasons and years. in fact. upon the actions of animals or plants. nor upon days. warm and cold summers and winters. showing that I had anticipated the result now accomplished. and that terrestrial weather may change in cynchronism with it. meteorology is really a closely-allied but difficult branch of solar physics. cycles or movements of the moon. It is as follows: "'The science of meteorology is not to be confined to the atmosphere of the earth. I may quote from my annual report of 1908. Moore Convinced That Carothers' Discovery Will Stand Test of Scientific Inquiry. Thus. Thus. it is reasonable to expect that with the continuation of the extremely valuable work of Abbot and the interpretations of Carothers and other meteorologists. first depend upon the persistence of certain high and low areas of pressure in one locality or another. and all the other climatic differences. upon stellar influences or star divinations. "The meteorologists of the world are practically agreed that systems of longrange weather forecasting that depend upon planetary meteorology have no proper basis. is a great variable star. wet and dry seasons. we shall soon be able to foresee the general character of the seasons a year in advance. months. but these effects are too slight to have any appreciable influence in storm formation. whose life and happiness depend so largely upon the weather. "Now that we are for the first time able to refer our weather directly back to the sun and begin to trace some definite laws where for so long only chaos seemed to reign. The study of the records of all the various forms of solar activity indicate that the sun. neither have those that are predicated upon the phases. with some feelings of satisfaction. "Mr. In short. and these may be due to the solar radiation. because the changes in the action of the atmosphere of the sun precede the variations of the earth's air. The moon and perhaps the planets exact some influence upon atmospheric tides. and persons making similar predictions whose work showed that they were ignorant of the most elementary knowledge of science that I have not given my indorsement to this project until I became convinced that it would stand the test of scientific inquiry. which itself changes with the output of energy from the interior of the sun. furnished the key to unlock the door. which finally culminate in a certain type of season. the entire field of cosmical processes form a complex problem which especially concerns the meteorologist. I am so far convinced of the importance of finding out the laws of this . and it ought to be studied with the aid of a fully equipped observatory devoted especially to such research. In this connection.with his ingenuity. p.' "It is a significant commentary at this time to say that Mount Weather is now abandoned. and equip it suitably for these investigations. 1916. by which alone the problem can be solved."142 142 The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. .cosmical physics. March 12. 3. Va.. that it has been thought proper to found a research observatory at Mount Weather.