Unit 6 - The Christian kingdoms - 2º eso bil

1. The Christian KingdomsUnit 6 - 2º ESO 2. 1- How did the Christian kingdomsbegin?Christian resistanceThe muslims conquered almost the entire IberianPeninsula. 3. The remaining visigoths in the northern areafounded the Christian kingdoms between the 8thand 9th centuries.These kingdoms would lead the Reconquest, thatmeans the fights to recover territories undermuslim rule. 4. The first kingdoms formed were:.The kingdom of Asturias and León, originated inthe Cantabrian mountains..The kingdom of Navarre and the Aragonese andCatalan counties, originated in the Pyrenees. 5. During eight centuries christians and muslimscoexisted in the Iberian Peninsula (from 711 to1492). 6. Asturias and LeónKINGDOM OF ASTURIASPelayo was chosen as the king of Asturias in 718.He won the Battle of Covadonga (722) to themuslims, stopping its expansion. 7. Kingdom of AsturiasThe court (or capital) was established in Oviedo.During the 9th century Asturian kings expanded theirterritory.Their greatest expansion coincided with the reign ofAlfonso III (866-910).In the 10th century the court was moved to the cityof León, and the kingdom changed its name toKingdom of León. 8. Kingdom of LéonFrom 910 the Kingdom ofAsturias became known asthe Kingdom of León, becauseof the change of its capital.The capital was moved due toits expansion towards RiverDuero.It will last until 1230. 9. ActivitiesHomework: Exercise 1 on page 57. 10. 2- How did Castile evolve? 11. CASTILE COUNTIESThe Kingdom of León declined after the 10thcentury, and Castile counties increased theirpower.Castile territory was in frontier with the muslims, sothey had a lot of castles to defend the Christianterritory from attacks.Castile counties became united under the countFernán González (930-970).From 951 he governed Castile independently fromLeón. 12. Kingdom of CastileIn 1035 Castilebecame anindependentKingdom, inthe hands ofKingFernando I. 13. The Pyrenean regionOrigin -> It was the Spanish March in the Carolingian Empire.In the 9th century the Carolingian Empirefinished, and three different regions emerged:.Navarre.Aragón.Catalan counties 14. Kingdom of Navarre The count Íñigo Arista formed the Kingdom of Pamplona, after renamed Kingdom of Navarre with its expansion towards the south. From the 10th century, the Jimena dynasty ruled in Navarre and extended their influence. Sancho III the Great (1000-1035) became a powerful king in the peninsula. He added to his kingdom the Aragonese counties, Castile and part of León. But after his death, his 15. Sancho IIIs legacyAfter his death, the kingdom was divided between his sons:.His first-born son García Sánchez III inherited Navarre..Fernando I received Castile county..Ramiro I got Aragón..Gonzalo received thecounties of Sobrarbe andRibagorza. 16. The Aragonese countiesOrigin - They were part of theCarolingian Empire until:820 - The count AznarGalindoachievedindependence for Aragón.922 - Aragón came under therule of the Kingdom ofNavarre.1035 - After the death ofSancho III, Aragón achievedits independence again. 17. The Catalan countiesOrigin -> in the Carolingian Empire the Catalonianterritory was divided into different counties.Wilfred the Hairy united the Catalan counties in 874. He ruled them independently fromthe Carolingian Empire.It had stability due to good relationswith the Caliphate.From the 10th century it obtained itsindependence. 18. ActivitiesExercise 1 on page 58. 19. 3- What was the art of the Christiankingdoms like?-During the Reconquest period, Art developed in theChristian kingdoms, as it did in Al-Andalus.-We can distinguish different art styles in thedifferent regions.-The most important styles were:.Asturian Art.Mozarabic Art.Mudejar Art-Afterwards Romanesque and Gothic Art began. 20. Asturian Art-Main examples near Oviedo.-Santa María del Naranco. 21. San Miguel de Lillo 22. San Julián delos Prados 23. Cross of the Angels 24. Victory Cross 25. Mozarabic ArtSan Miguel de Escalada (León) 26. San Miguel de Escalada 27. San Cebrián de Mazote (Valladolid) 28. Beatus ofLiébana 29. MudejarArtTeruel Cathedral 30. San Tirso (Sahagún) 31. San Lorenzo (Sahagún) 32. Santa María Church, Illescas (Toledo) 33. ActivitiesExercise 1 on page 59 34. 4 - How did the Christian kingdoms advance? 35. -The expansion of the Christian Kingdoms .The Duero Valley - during the 9 and 10th centuries the Reconquest arrived to the River Duero. Colonizations of the land was the system of Repopulation. .The Tajo and Ebro valleys - during the 11-12th centuries the Reconquest continued in an easier way because the Taifas (1031) were weaker than the Christian kingdoms. This was a period of big expansion. The Repopulation was made creating cities or towns (capital) and small villages depending on them. Kings give fueros to towns. After the 11th century much of the land was underpopulated so kings gave big feudal estates to nobles, the Church or military orders. 36. .The Guadalquivir Valley, Levante and the Balearicislands - the defeat of the almohads in Las Navas deTolosa battle in 1212 was the beginning of the end formuslims. Christian kingdoms expanded and almost finishedwith the muslims territories. 37. Three culturesThree main cultures (and religions) coexisted in theChristian kingdoms after the Reconquest:.The Christians, who were the more numerous..The Mudejars, who were muslims in christian territory..The Jews, with tense relations in this period. 38. ActivitiesExercises 1 and 2 on page 61. 39. 5 - How did the Crown of Castile evolve?THE CROWN OF CASTILE-Castile became the most powerful christian kingdom.-Alfonso VI conquered Toledo in 1085.-In 1212 the Christian kingdoms won the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, and the Almohads almost disappeared.-In 1139 (12th century)Portugalbecame an independent kingdom.-In 1230 Fernando III united León andCastile founding the Crown of Castile. 40. The Crown of CastileGOVERNMENTThe Crown of Castile was a state in the Iberian Peninsulathat formed in 1230 as a result of the definitive union of thecrowns of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon theaccession of the then King Ferdinand III of Castile to thevacant Leonese throne.The Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Castile keptdifferent Parliaments, different flags, different coin anddifferent laws until the Modern Era.The Castilian king had great power, and Castilian Cortescould not legislate, their function was to regulate newtaxes. 41. The Crown of CastileECONOMYThe economy was based on agriculture andstockbreeding. In stockbreeding merino sheep stoodout.Wool of high quality was exported, and it was used to textile industry as well.Sheep breeders were important and had privileges,recognized through the creation of the HonourableCouncil of the Mesta in 1273.Craftsmanship and trade developedas well thanks to the importance of themerino wool. 42. HomeworkActivity 1 on page 62. 43. 6 - How did the Crown of Aragón evolve?The Crown of Aragónoriginated in 1137, when theKingdom of Aragón and theCounty of Barcelona merged bydynastic union by the marriageof Ramón Berenguer IV ofBarcelona and Petronilla ofAragón;theirtitleswerecombined in the person of theirson, Alfonso II of Aragón, whoascended to the throne in 1162. This union respected theexisting institutionsandparliaments of both territories. 44. The Crown of Aragón Alfonso II conquered the region of the Ebro valley. In the 13th century, James I the Conquerorexpanded their territories to the mediterranean coastand the Balearic Islands. After him, at the beginning of the 14th century,Peter IV the Ceremonious and his successorscontinued the expansion towards the Mediterraneanarea, arriving to Sicily, Sardinia and Naples. 45. The Crown of AragónGOVERNMENT AND ECONOMY The Crown of Aragón kept the institutions and individual customs of every kingdom forming part of the Crown. The king of Aragón had to agree with the Cortes of each kingdom to introduce any change. In economy the main activities were agriculture and trade (Mediterranean trade, consulates).