R. H. Chilkulwar Radiological Physics & Advisory Division BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE y Measurements in real time y Contact less (non-destructive) y No maintenance y No effect of environmental factors y Data obtained usually over large material quantities Alpha, Beta, Gamma, X-rays Neutron, 210Po, 239Pu, 241Am 3H, 85Kr, 63Ni, 90Sr, 147Pm, 204Tl 60Co, 137Cs, 170Tm, 241Am 55Fe, 109Cd, 57Co 206Ra-Be, 210Po-Be, 241Am-Be y Transmission y Backscatter y Activation y Physical parameters y Level y Thickness y Density y Quantity Chemical parameters Moisture Metal content etc. Applications: paper manufacturing, metal sheet, PVC foil rolling, rubber foil, plate glass, textile fibre slab, artificial leather manufacturing. Coating thickness measurement: XRF, scattering, activation y XRF technique is used for Coating thickness measurements up-to 20 microns of galvanized, paints etc. y Ore analysis y Measurement is based upon the radiation absorption dependence on the product .l I = Io e-µm l ± density l ± material thickness in m or cm µm ± mass absorption coefficient Applications : soil density, soil compactness testing, Tobacco trunk density in Cigarette manufacturing etc. y Isotopic belt weigher in coal mines, coal-fired power plants, floating suction dredgers, hydraulic fly ash removal at power plants, cement manufacturing heat exchangers. y For quality measurement, the processing substances should not have moisture content above the well-defined limits. To monitor and control it online, neutron sources are used. y Scattering and moderation inelastic scattering with low z material hydrogen. y Disturbance and noise in measurement due to presence of highly neutron absorbers B, Cd etc and presence of low z materials Cl, O, S. This can be rectified using density measurement with gamma source y Application: concrete fabrication, ore dressing, blending of ceramic materials, glass production, foundry sand conditioning, building materials y Includes various physical and physicochemical measurements and techniques applied in drill holes for determination of different properties of the penetrated rocks, conditions of well etc. y It is carried out with Sonde containing transmitter- receiver pairs. y Types: y Borehole probes y Surface monitor y Multi-energy gamma energy absorption (MEGRA) technique for Multiphase flow rate measurements y Portable Nucleonic Gauges y Computed Tomography (CT) y Radiometric Analyzer (Nat. Radioactivity gauge for online analysis of U, Th & K) Number of Institutions Level gauges Density and moisture gauges Thickness gauges Well logging tools Betascopes Others 1010 3559 1062 536 486 156 714