CURRICULUM OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING FOR B.E./B.Sc. (Revised 2003) HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION H-9, ISLAMABAD 1 CURRICULUM DIVISION Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh Mr. Muhammad Younas Malik Ghulam Abbas Miss Ghayyur Fatima Mr. M. Shabbir Baig Mr. Tahir Ali Shah Mrs. Noshaba Awais Director General (Curriculum) Director Curriculum Deputy Director Research Associate Curriculum Officer Assistant Director Assistant Director Composed by Ghafoor Ahmad, HEC, Regional Centre, Lahore 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Detail INTRODUCTION SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR B.E/B.Sc. DETAIL OF COURSES OF B.E/B.Sc. RECOMMENDATIONS Page No. 7 8 10 60 3 PREFACE Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking at the curriculum of a subject, one can judge the state of intellectual development and the state of progress of a nation. The world has turned into a global village, new ideas and information are pouring in a constant stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our curricula by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields of knowledge. In exercise of the powers conferred by Sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Federal Supervision of Curricula Textbooks and Maintenance of Standards of Education Act 1976, the Federal Government vide Notification No.D773/76JEA (Cur.), dated December 4, 1976, appointed Higher Education Commission as the Competent Authority to look after the Curriculum Revision Work beyond Class XII at Bachelor level and onwards to all Degrees, Certificates and Diplomas awarded by Degree Colleges, Universities and other Institutions of higher education. In pursuance of the above decisions and directives, the Commission is continually performing curriculum revision in collaboration with the Universities. According to the decision of the 44th Vice-Chancellors’ Committee, curriculum of a subject must be reviewed after every 3 years. For the purpose, various Committees are constituted at the national level comprising senior teachers nominated by the Universities. Teachers from local degree colleges and experts from user organizations, where required, are also included in these Committees. The National Curriculum Revision Committee on Textile Engineering in its meeting held in July 29-31, 2003 at the Higher Education Commission, Regional Centre, Lahore finalized the draft curriculum of Textile Engineering for B.E./B.Sc after due consideration of the comments and suggestions received from the Universities and Colleges where the subject under consideration is taught. The Final draft prepared by the Curriculum Revision Committee duly approved by competent authority is being circulated for implementation by the Universities. (PROF. DR. ALTAF ALI G. SHAIKH) DIRECTOR GENERAL (CURRICULUM) November 2003 4 5 INTRODUCTION The final meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee in Textile Engineering was held from 29-31 July, 2003 at Higher Education Commission, Regional Centre, Lahore to revise and update the draft curriculum developed in the first meeting held from 07-09th January, 2003. The Following attended the meeting: 1. Prof. Dr.Mumtaz Hassan Malik , Director, National Textile University, Faisalabad. Syed Badaruddin Hashmi Department of Textile Engineering NED University of Engg. & Tech, Karachi, Dr. Muhammad Rafique Jhatial, Department of Textile Engineering , Mehran University of Engg. & Tech., Jamshoro Convener 2. Member 3. Member/Secretary Meeting started with recitation from the Holy Quran. Mr. Muhammad Riaz Cheema, Director, Higher Education Commission, Regional Centre, Lahore welcomed the participants on behalf of Chairman, Higher Education Commission. Mr. Muhammad Tahir Ali Shah, Assistant Director Curriculum, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad briefed the committee about the obligations of the Higher Education Commission for revision of curricula of all subjects taught at graduate and post graduate levels in the universities and affiliated colleges in the country. He also presented the guidelines set by Dr. S. Sohail H. Naqvi, (Member HRD & SP), HEC for preparation of curriculum in the light of deliberations of the conference on Curricula of Engineering disciplines at Higher Education Commission, Islamabad in May, 2003 to meet the requirements of industry as user organizations. He further requested the members to include latest books in the final curriculum. The committee agreed to recommend the following scheme of studies for BE/BSc Textile Engineering and give its recommendations: 6 SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR BE/BSc TEXTILE ENGINEERING First Year S.No. Course Title Credit Hours Theory Practical 03 00 02 01 00 02 03 01 02 00 10 + 4 = 14 02 00 First Semester 1 Introduction to Textile Engineering 2 Engineering Drawing 3 Workshop Practice 4 Applied Chemistry 5 Pakistan Studies Total Second Semester 1 Textile Engineering Materials - I 2 3 4 5 Applied Physics Mathematics English Islamic Studies Total Second Year S.No. Course Title 03 01 03 00 03 00 02 00 13 + 1 =14 Credit Hours Theory Practical 02 00 02 01 03 01 03 01 03 00 13 + 3 =16 03 01 03 01 03 01 02 01 02 01 02 00 15+ 05 =20 Third Semester 1 Textile Engineering Materials – II 2 Fundamental Spinning Engineering 3 Electrical Engineering 4 Electronic Engineering 5 Communication Skills Total Fourth Semester 1 Fundamental Weaving Engineering 2 Pre-treatment of Textiles 3 Textile Mechanics 4 Fibre Science 5 Thermodynamics 6 Production Management Total 7 Third Year S.No. Course Title Credit Hrs Theory Practical Fifth Semester 1 Yarn Manufacturing Engineering 2 Fabric Manufacturing Engineering 3 Mechanism of Textile Machines 4 Textile Testing and Quality Control – I 5 Dye Stuff Chemistry 6 Industrial Internship Total Sixth Semester 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wet processing Engineering Textile Machine Design Automation and Control Engineering Fluid Mechanics Industrial Engineering Introduction to Computers Programming 03 03 03 03 02 00 01 01 01 01 01 00 14 + 5 = 19 and Total 03 02 03 03 03 02 01 00 00 01 00 01 16 + 3 = 19 Fourth Year S.No. Course Title Credit Hrs Theory Practical Seventh Semester 1 Advance Textile Engineering 2 Textile Mill Planning 3 Textile Testing and Quality Control – II 4 Manufacturing of Manmade Fibres 5 Air Conditioning in Textile Industry Total Eighth Semester 1 Environmental Engineering 2 Maintenance Engineering 3 Co lour Physics 4 Textile Marketing 5 Graduation Thesis Total 03 01 03 00 03 01 03 00 02 00 14 + 02 = 16 03 01 03 01 02 00 02 00 00 04 10 + 6 = 16 Grand Total 134 Cr.Hrs. 8 DETAIL OF COURSES First Year First Semester 1. INTRODUCTION TO TEXTILE ENGINEERING 3-0 General Introduction Brief history of textile, Scope of textile in Pakistan, Current survey of textile mills in Pakistan, Present and future status of textile industry in Pakistan. Textile Raw Materials Mostly used textile raw materials and their sources. Nature and classification of textile raw materials. Cotton Ginning Detailed description of ginning factories. Important factors affecting ginning efficiency and quality. Spinning Brief study of short staple spinning mills. Main departments, machines and the products of a spinning mill. Weaving Brief study of weaving mills. Main departments, machines and the products of a weaving mill. Wet Processing Brief study of textile dyeing and printing mills. Main departments, machines and the products of dyeing and printing mills. Textile Made-ups Brief study of home textiles and apparel manufacturing units. Main departments, machines, products and accessories of textile made-up units Recommended Books 1. Corbman B.P., Textiles: Fibre to Fabric 6th Edition McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983. 2. Pizzuto J. J., Fabric Science, Fourth Edition, Fairchild Publications, New York, 1985. 3. Miller E., Textiles: Properties and Behaviour in Clothing Use, B T Batsford Ltd London, 1984. 9 2. ENGINEERING DRAWING 2-1 Drawing equipment and the use of instruments, Basic drafting techniques and standards. Geometrical curves including plane curves, cycloid, hypocycloid, and the Involutes. Intersections at various positions of geometrical bodies such as prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones. Freehand sketching of machine and engine components, locking arrangements, foundation bolts, stuffing box, shaft couplings, foot-step bearing, pulleys, engine connecting rod. Concept of working drawing of component parts of machines and engines, Size, description, dimensions, and specifications, limit dimensioning, and geometric tolerance, limits fits and tolerances, conventional symbols. Sectioning of machine and engine components, orthographic projections and standard particles. Isometric views with particular reference to piping and ducting. LAB Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1 A First Year Engineering Drawing, by A. C. Parkinson 2 Elementary Engineering Drawing by N. D. Butt 3 Engineering Drawing by T. T. French & C. J. Vierck 4 Practical Geometry and Graphics by W Abbot. 3. WORKSHOP PRACTICE 0-2 Bench Fitting Description, proper use, maintenance of fitting tools e.g. the bench vices, hammers, files, saws, chisels, punches, blow torches etc. Use and care of measuring instruments e.g. micrometers, vernier callipers, gauges etc. Measurement of flatness, squareness, roundness, concentricity. Angled measurement. Use of marking out tools. Angle plate, v-blocks, parallel strips, spirit levels etc. Preparation of some specific jobs using the above. 10 Forging Hand forging: Use and maintenance of forging tolls, the forge, hammers, chisels, filters, sewages, punches, drifts tong etc. Preparation of specific jobs using forge welding. Use of power hammers, drop. Dress forging and riveting. Wood Working Use and care of wood working tools; clamps, saws, files, chisels, drills bits. Plaining, nailing, screwing, jointing etc. Use and care of natural wood, chipboard, plywood, hard board etc. Metal Forming Cold working processes for sheet metals, e.g. pressing, stamping, embossing, drawing bending, piercing etc. Use of common presses and dies. Foundry Practice Bench and floor sand casting, sand and blinders, sand conditioning. Moulding tools, flasks, boards, spruces, cutters, rammers, blows brushes vent pins, trowels, spoons etc. Preparation and care of patterns. Metal melting and pouring. Safety and Care Precautions necessary in many shops, machine accidents, electrical accidents, heat and fire accidents, materials handling accidents. General cleanliness of shop, proper apparels. Practical/Laboratory Work Practice in all the above shops. Theoretical background may be provided in the beginning of the practical classes. Recommended Books 1. Workshop Technology, 3 parts. By W.A.J. Chapman, Arnold 2. Wood Working Fundamental. By W.D. Wolansky.McGraw-Hill 3. General Engg. Workshop Practice. By Odham 11 4. APPLIED CHEMISTRY 3-1 Water Properties, sources and impurities of water. Hard water types. Removal of hardness. Effect of water impurities on textile processing. Boiler feed water. Effects of water impurities on boiler. Solutions Physical properties. Surface tension, Surfactants. Index and its importance. Chemical equilibrium, Le-chatelier’s principle and its industrial application. Equilibrium law, law of mass action. Detail study of chemical kinetics. Electro & Surface Chemistry Electrolysis and conductivity of electrolytes. Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, Absorption and adsorption chromatography. Acids, Bases and other Chemicals Properties and applications of H2SO4, HCl, HNO3 acids, NaOH, lime Ca(OH) 2, NH3, Na2Co3, Na2SiO3 bases, oxidizing and reducing agents in textile processing. Oils and Fats Compositions, characteristics and applications of important oils, fats and waxes. Chemical Kinetics Definition. Order of reaction and molecular, rate of chemical reaction. First, second and third order reaction. Reversible reaction. Specific rate constant. Determining the order of reaction. Alkyl halides Reactions (chemistry of SN1, SN2, E1 and E2 reactions) and synthesis of different compounds. Properties of alkyl halides. LAB Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. Physical Chemistry by F. Hussain 2. Physical Chemistry by G. Nabi 3. A Text Book of Physical Chemistry by S. Glasstone 4. A Text Book of Engineering Chemistry by S.S.Dara 12 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry by Partington A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry by M.Z.Iqbal A.M. Qureshi Essentials of Physical Chemistry by B.S.Bahl, G.D.Tuli, Arum Bahl Chemical Testing & Analysis by E.B. Jones Organic Chemistry by Ghulam Rasool Choudary 5. PAKISTAN STUDIES 2-0 Pakistan's Ideology Definition and explanation in light of Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam's sayings. Aims and objectives for establishment of Pakistan. Formation of muslim supremacy in the sub-continent and attempts for gaining the lost glory. The Religious Reformist Shaikh Ahmed Sirhandi, Shah Wali-Ullah and others. Land of Pakistan Geophysical conditions, territorial situation and its importance. Natural resources, e.g. minerals, water etc. Constitutional Process Early efforts to make constitution. Problem and issues, constitution of 1956 and its abrogation. Constitution 1962 and its annulment. Constitutional and political crisis of 1971. The constitution of 1973. Recent constitutional developments. Post Independence development Education in Pakistan. Planning and development in the field of education. Development of science and technology with especial reference to engineering and architecture. Brief survey of Pakistan economy, industrial and agricultural development. Internal and external trades. Economic planning and prospects. Cultural Development in Pakistan Definition, contents and contributing factors in culture, development of art, philosophy and literature. Foreign Policy Relations with neighbours, super powers and the Muslim world 13 Second Semester 1. TEXTILE ENGINEERING MATERIALS – I 2-0 Textile Fibers Definitions and classifications of textile fibers. Vegetable Fibers Cotton: introduction of cotton and its types. Cultivation, harvesting, picking of cotton. Structure of cotton fibre. Physical, chemical properties and end uses of cotton fiber. Varieties of Pakistani cotton. Cotton grading. Bast fibres: Fibers such as Jute, Flax, Ramie etc., their production and processing. Fibre properties and uses. Leaf fibers: Fiber such as Abaca and Sisal etc. their production, processing , properties and uses. Animal Fibres Hair Fibers: Introduction, classification, structure, production, properties and uses of wool fibers. Grading of wool. Introduction of fibers such as Camel, Mohair, Cashmere, Alpaca and Angora. Silk: Production, properties and uses of silk yarn. Mineral Fibers Introduction, processing, properties and end uses of natural mineral fibers such as Asbestos Recommended Books 1. Mannual of Textile Technology by W. Klien 2. Spun Yarn Technology, by Eric Oxtoby 3. Fibre to Fabric by Corbmane 4. Natural Fibres by Gorden Cook 2. APPLIED PHYSICS 3-1 The Nature of Propagation of Light The nature of light. Reflection and refraction, total internal reflection, dispersion, polarization, scattering of light. Huygen’s principle. 14 Geometric Optics Reflection and refraction at a plane surface, reflection at spherical surface, graphical methods for mirrors, refraction at spherical surface, thin lenses, graphical methods for lenses, fibre optics. Optical Instruments Cameras, projectors, spectrometers. eye, magnifier, microscopes telescopes, lens, Interference Interference and coherence sources, two source interference of light, intensity in interference patterns, interference in thin films, Michealson interferometer. Diffraction Frensel and Fraunhofer diffraction, diffraction from single slit, intensity in single slit pattern, multiple slit, diffraction grating, X-Ray diffraction, circular aperture and resolving power, holography. Quantum Physics Thermal radiation, Planck’s radiation law, quantisation of energy, heat capacity of solids, photoelectric effect, Einstein’s photon theory, wave behavior of particle and De- Broglie wavelength, Heisenberg uncertainity, electron microscope. Atomic and Nuclear Physics Atom fundamentals, Bohr model, atomic spectra, atomic structure, x-rays and laser production, laser printer and photocopier, nuclear structure and properties, radioactivity and radioactive dating, nuclear radiation and their uses. Recommended Books 1. University Physics by Young and Freedman 2. Physics by Halliday, Resnick and Krange 3. Physics for Scientist and Engineers by Serway 3. MATHEMATICS 3-0 General Mathematics Basic operations of complex numbers, De’ Moiver’s Theorem with applications. Circular, hyperbolic, exponential functions of complex numbers and inverse functions. 15 Quadric Surfaces Using circles and traces to sketch quadric surfaces, hyperbolic parabolic, changing the orientation of the axis. Calculus Definition of function, limits, derivatives and their geometrical interpretation. Rules of derivatives, successive differentials, partial derivatives and their applications. Maxima and minima of function of one and two variables. Integration by substitution, by parts. Integration of algebraic functions and definite integration to find area and volume (simple cases). Statistical Methods Definition of statistics, population and samples. Descriptive and inductive statistics. Statistics as a tool for understanding problems their utility and limitations. Significance of statistics in planning, systematisation of data frequency distribution, histogram and frequency polygon. Measurement of Central Tendency and Dispersion Definition of mean, median, mode, mean deviation, standard deviation and variance. Probability Counting problems, sample space and events. Definition of probability. Probability axioms. Some elementary theorems, conditional probability, dependent and independent events. Bay's theorem. Method to least square and regression. Recommended Books 1. Calculus by Suhaum's Series 2. Introduction to Statistics by Walpole, 3. Applied Statistics for Engineering and Physical Scientists by Hog.R.V.and Ledolter, J. 4. ENGLISH 3-0 Reading: skimming, scanning, comprehensions, transfer text from a text to a diagram, re-order to story. Writing: Writing question based on a text and setting of answers, making notes from a text and making on an argument, writing a report based on a set of notes, writing a parallel story. 16 Grammar: Identification of verbs in the – present simple tense, -simple past tense,-passive voice, Classification these verbs as regular or irregular, Manipulation verb forms e.g., changing verbs in active voice to passive voice etc., completing a close exercise. Listening and Speaking: Use of Language Laboratory and Self Assess Centre, extracting relevant information from a listening passage, making notes from a listening passage. Vocabulary: Matching vocabulary items with their corresponding definitions, identification odds items out of a list of vocabulary items, classification of vocabulary items in lexical sets. Recommended Books rd 1. Thomson A. J. & Mrtenet A. V. “A Practical English Grammar”, 3 Edn., OUP, 1986. 2. S. Jannifer, “Grammar in Practice 1”, OUP, 1981. 3. S. Jannifer, “Grammar in Practice 2”, OUP, 1981. 4. S. Michael, “Practical English Usage”, OUP, 1980. 5. S. Michael, “Basic English Usage”, OUP, 1984. 5. ISLAMIC STUDIES 2-0 Fundamentals of Islam Tauheed, arguments for the oneness of Allah. Impact of tauheed on human life. Place of human being in the universe, purpose of creation. Textual study of surah Alrehman, Alfurqan. Prophethood, need for prophet, characteristics of a prophet, finality of prophethood. Seerat-life of prophet as embodiment Islamic ideology, faith in the hereafter Aakhrat. Effects of belief on worldy life. Study of other fundamentals of Islam. Ibadah Concept Ibadat. Major Ibadat i.e. Salat, Saom, Zakat, Haj and Jehad. Basic Sources of Shariah The holy Quran, its revelation and compilation, the authenticity of the text. Hadith, its need, authenticity and importance. Consensus Ijma, analogy Qiyas, Sources of Knowledge Islamic approach to intuition, reason and experience. Revelation Wahi as a source of knowledge. Moral and Social Philosophy of Islam The concepts of good and evil. Akhlaq-e-Hasna with special reference to Surah Al-Hujrat. Professional Eithics Kasb-e-Halal. 17 Islamic Political Principles Salient features of an Islam state. Responsibilities of the Head of the State. Rights and duties of citizens. Economic Order of Islam Right to property. System of taxation. Distribution of wealth, Zakat and Ushar. Interest free Economy Shirakat and Muzarabat. Islam as Living Force Applications of Islamic teachings in the socio-economic development of a country in 21st century. 18 Second Year Third Semester 1. TEXTILE ENGINEERING MATERIALS – II 2-0 Regenerated Fibers Manufacturing methods of viscose, cuprammonium, acetate, tencel and lyocel fibers. Their properties and uses in textile industry. Synthetic Fibers Manufacturing methods of polyester, polyamide and acrylic fibers. Their properties and uses in textile industry. Elastometric Fibers Manufacturing methods of various elastane fibers. Their properties and uses in textile industry. Other Fibres Manufacturing methods of glass and carbon fibres Recommended Books 1 Handbook of Textile Fibers 2 Manmade Fibers by J. Gordon 3 Fibre to Fabric by Corbman 4 Manmade Fibers by Moncrieff 2. FUNDAMENTAL SPINNING ENGINEERING 2-1 Spinning Processes Flow charts of spinning processes for filament & spun yarns, carded & combed yarns, jute, flax & spun silk yarn. Input & output of each department. Intermittent spinning and continuous spinning. Flyer spinning, cap spinning. Rotor spinning and mule spinning. Blow Room Objectives of blow room. Working principles in blow room. Study of bale breaker, porcupine opener, various beaters, cage condenser, scutcher and removal of wastes. 19 Carding Objectives of carding. Carding actions. Working of card. Role of different parts and their speeds. Drawing Concept of drafting. Real and perfect drafting. Draft calculation. Drafting system. Drafting and doubling. Objects of drawing frame. Working of drawing frame. Breaker, inter and finisher drawing frame. Combing Objectives of combing. Noil %age. Combing preparatory processes. Study of comber. Working of Rectilinear comber. Roving Objectives of roving frame. Winding principles. Working of roving frame. Why and how twist is imparted in roving. Spinning Objectives of ring spinning. Principle and mechanism of twist insertion. Working of ring frame. Yarn counting and its systems. Introduction of Woolen Industry Wool and its classification. Woolen and worsted yarn. Flow charts for woolen and worsted spinning processes. Woolen Industry Wool classification and sorting. Impurities in wool. Raw material for woolen industry. Wool scouring, carbonizing, drying and blending. Woolen carding and woolen spinning. Worsted Industry Worsted carding, backwashing and gilling. Combing, drawing and spinning. LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. Manual of cotton spinning by Gilbert R. Merrill. 2. Spun yarn Technology by Eric Oxtoby 3. The Woolen and Worsted Industry by Brearley and Iredale 20 3. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3 -1 Electric and Magnetic Circuits Electric circuits, Kirchoff’s Laws, superposition theorem, substitution theorem, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, Rosen’s theorem of star/ mesh transformations, proof for D C circuits and their applications to circuit analysis, magnetic circuits, series and parallel circuits, principles of calculation of ampere, turns for magnetic circuits of electromagnets, transformers, bipolar and multipolar D C machines, inductances in series and parallel, Hystercis loss, eddy current loss, lifting power a magnet. A C Single and Poly Phase System Single phase systems, series, parallel and series parallel circuits, operator methods and polar methods. Resonance and measurement of power and power factor, poly phase system, poly phase generation, star and delta connections, voltage and current relations, balance and unbalance load analysis. D C Machines Construction, simple lap and wave windings, equalizing connections and dummy coils, elementary concept of armature reaction and commutation, cross and demagnetising ampere turns. D C generators, types, E M F equation, losses, efficiency, performance curves, characteristics, critical resistance and speed and effect of armature reaction of OCC, internal and external characteristics from OCC neglecting and accounting armature reaction, calculation of series ampere turns for level and over compounding. Motors, principle, back E M F, torque, speed and speed regulation. Types, characteristics, performance curves, losses and efficiency, speed and torque problems involving magnetisation curves, charging and ignition circuits of automobiles. A C Synchronous Machines Construction, stator single layer, double layer and concentric winding, damping winding, coil span factor, distribution factor, leakage armature reaction, synchronous impedance, alternators, types, E M F equation, speed and frequency, losses and efficiency, alternator on load, voltage regulation by synchronous impedance method, synchronous motors, types, principle of working, vector diagram on load and its analysis for stator current, power factor, torque and mechanical output, effect of variation of excitation, losses and efficiency. 21 A C Induction Machines Induction motors, construction, types, principle of working, losses, efficiency and performance curves, torque slip characteristics. Transformers Construction, working principle, no load working and vector diagram, magnetising circuit, equivalent circuit, open circuit and short circuit tests, losses, efficiency and performance curves, voltage regulation and Kapp’s regulation diagram LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. Electrical Technology by Huges, E. Longman 2. Examples in Electrical Calculation 3. Electrical Machinery Fundamental by Stephen J Chapman 4. ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 3-1 Solid-State Devices Semiconductor diodes, special purpose diodes, bipolar function transistors(FITS), field effect transistors(FITS), TUI Transistor multi-layer diodes, thyristor, photoelectric devices, operational amplifiers. Circuits Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, wave-shaping, rectifier filters, triad light intensity control, alarm circuit, Universal motor speed and direction control, 12V Battery charger regulated power supplies. Digital Electronics The Binary system, Boolean algebra, logic gates, flip-flops. Logic Circuits Countess, shift-registers and latches, encoders, deciders. Amplifier Circuits Introduction “h” parameters, Hybred model for transistor, elementary treatment, low frequency transistor amplifier circuits, stage cascaded LF 22 Micro Processors General characteristics and applications. LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. Digital Electronics By Tokheim MC Grow Hill 2. Basic Electronics By Malviho 5. COMMUNICATION SKILLS 3-0 Introduction to communication Explanation, concept, kinds, process and importance of communications. Effective communication, SEF model and characteristics of communications, barriers to communications. Principles of Communication Introduction to seven C’s, role of seven C’s, use of seven C’s in daily and business communication. Writing Skills Introduction to effective writing, purpose of writing, stages of writing, reader’s analysis, organization/gathering of writing material, writing techniques, approaches to written communication, writing formats (paragraphs, headings, subheadings, numbering etc). Report Writing Introduction and significance of report writing, internal office communication, effective business letter writing, organizing business messages, managing and organizing long business reports, feasibility report and incident report, writing a proposal, business requests, writing job application, resume writing. Handling Business Meetings Agenda writing, minutes of the meeting, recording and presenting minutes of the meeting, successful written and oral presentation: presentation techniques including collecting and managing material, making and using audio visual aids, handling questions and audiences, attention getting techniques, personal management in presentation, persuasive communication. 23 Effective listening Understanding the concept of effective listening, importance of effective listening, effective listening techniques, barriers in effective listening. Grammar and Composition Understanding the general rules of the grammar. Project Developing and writing an original report. Recommended Books 1. Writing on the Job by Cosmo F. Ferrara 2. Effective Communication by Murphy 24 Fourth Semester 1. FUNDAMENTAL WEAVING ENGINEERING 3-1 Basics of weaving History and scope of weaving, Introduction to weaving technology-loom elements, yarn preparation – warping and its objectives, sizing and its objectives, primary motion of weaving, secondary and ancillary motions of weaving, different shedding systems-merits/demerits, shuttle and shuttle less weft insertion systems. Merits/demerits of different weft insertion systems. Beating-up and its types – Eccentricity ( pros and cons), Fabric take-up and warp let – off, Warp and weft stop motion warp protector motion, weave presentation, repeat, draft, peg plan and reed plan, plain weave and its derivatives, twill weave and its derivatives, construction of satin and sateen weaves. Basics of knitting History and scope of knitting. Introduction to knitting and its terminology, machine knitting elements, beard latch and compound needles. Classification of knitting machines, principles and mechanism of weft knitting, knit tuck and mis loop formation, usage of different knit loops, properties of plain and rib fabrics, properties of purl and interlock fabrics. Introduction to warp knitting, mechanism of loop formation in warp knitting, classification of warp knitting machines, basic warp knitted structures, stitch notation of warp weft knitted structure, End usage of warp knitted structures. Basics of Non-woven fabrics Introduction to non-woven fabrics, web formation, consolidation techniques, properties of non-woven, end usage of non woven fabrics. LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. Weaving Conversion of Yarn to Fabric by P.R. Lord and M. H. Mohd. 2. Principles of Weaving by R. Marks and A.T.C.Robinson 3. Knitting Technology by D.J.Spencer 4. Woven Cloth Construction by A.T.C. Robinson and R. Marks 5. Introduction to Textiles Vol-III by Eurotex 25 2. FUNDAMENTAL WET PROCESSING ENGINEERING 3-1 Introduction Introduction to machinery for cleaning and washing, bleaching and dyeing of fibers in loose stock, yarns and fabrics. Washing and cleaning, bleaching, mercerizing and dyeing of fibers in loose stock. Shearing and singeing of cotton, synthetics and their blends. De-sizing, scouring and bleaching of cotton cloth. De-sizing, scouring and bleaching of synthetics and their blends. Heat-setting of synthetics. Mercerization of cotton cloth. LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. D. J. Hill and Dr. M.E. Hall, ‘Eurotex, an introduction to Textiles’, volume III, 1991 2. Tyrone. L. Vigo, ‘Textile Processing and Properties’ New Oriens, U.S.Deptt. of Agriculture, 1994 3. E.R.Trotman, ‘’Textile Scouring and Bleaching’ published by Griffin London. 1992. 4. Dr. V.A.Shinai, ‘Technology, of Bleaching & Mercerizing’ volume III- 1991. 3. TEXTILE MECHANICS 3–1 Vectors Vectors and scalars, vector and textiles, properties of vectors and scalars, compounding vectors, resolution of vectors and application of vectors. Displacement Introduction, linear, circular, complex predictable and random displacement. Speed and velocity Introduction, uniform linear behaviour of speed and velocity, uniform circular motion and non-uniform motion. Acceleration Introduction, uniform linear acceleration, uniform circular acceleration, nonuniform acceleration. The laws of Motions Derivation of Equation: uniform velocity, uniform acceleration, the distanceacceleration relation, the velocity-acceleration relation, uniform circular acceleration and gravitational acceleration. Measurement of velocity and acceleration. 26 Mass, Force, Momentum, Work, Power Introduction, mass, force, momentum, work and power, energy, interrelationship of: mass and force, time and momentum, work and force, work and energy; power and energy. Impulsive Force: impulse, impulsive force, impacts, powered impact, gravitation impact and textile impact, coefficient of restitution. Electrostatic and electromotive forces: Introduction, effect of electrostatic and electromotive forces on textiles. Gravitational force. Friction The origin of friction: the surface of materials, extraneous matter, molecular features and contact between surfaces. The effects of surfaces, useful friction, inconvenient friction and friction and static electricity. Types of friction: linear friction and coil friction. Measurement of friction: introduction, general methods of measuring co-efficient of friction and measurement of co-efficient of friction in textiles. Changes in Frictional Behaviour: Inherent methods and changes in mechanical conditions. Lubrication Introduction, lubricant action, molecular structure of lubricants and effectiveness of lubrication. Circular Movement Circular movement, equation of circular motion, requirement for maintaining motion, forces acting during circular motion. Application: the conical pendulum and tension in a rotating ring, belt or thread. Non-circular Movement Origin of linear simple harmonic motion (SHM), oscillation in a spring, equations of linear SHM, linear SHM in circular motion. Angular SHM Comparison with linear SHM, exact and approximate angular SHM. PRACTICAL Practical work will be based on the course contents. Recommended Books 1. 2. Slater, K., “ Textile Mechanics” Vol.1, 1977. Morton, W. E. and Hearle, J. W. S., “Physical Properties of Textile Fibres” 3rd edn, The Textile Institute, Manchester, UK, 1993 27 4. FIBRE SCIENCE 2-1 Introduction Textile Fibres; Requirements for fibre formation, constitution of fibre forming substances. Structure Of Fibres Crystalline and non-crystalline materials, structure of crystals, polymer crystals, X-Ray Diffraction and crystallinity, assessment of crystallinity, microstructure and macrostructure of natural fibres; cotton and other vegetable fibres, silk wool and other animal fibres, micro and macro structure of synthetic fibres; polymer crystallization from the melt solution, fibre formation, microstructure of manmade fibres. Fibre Cross-section and Linear Density Fibre linear density, fibre cross-sectional shape and surface area, variability in fibre denier, measurement of denier, maturity of cotton; measurement of maturity using optical microscopy, differential dyeing as a test of maturity, measurement of maturity by air-flow method. Moisture Absorption and Swelling of Fibers Equilibrium absorption of water, humidity and relative humidity, relation between regain and relative humidity, comparative curves for various fibres, heat of sorption, effect of evolution of heat swelling of fibres, axial swelling, transverse swelling, measurement of swelling, theories of sorption, effect of hydrophilic groups, absorption in crystalline and non crystalline regions, hysteresis – a molecular explanation, structural effects in rayon fibres, structural effects in other fibres, theories of time dependence. Dielectric Properties Definition of dielectric properties, effect of frequency, effect of moisture, effect of temperature, static electricity, influence of moisture on resistance, measurement of static charge, and static problems in textile. Optical Properties Refractive index and birefringence, measurement of refractive indices, absorption and dichroism, reflection and luster. Mechanical Properties Tensile properties; true stress, specific stress, tenacity, breaking length, elastic and plastic deformation, Hooke’s law, Poisson’s ratio, stress-strain curves, elastic recovery. Torsion of fibres, bending, compression. Strain rate and temperature dependence, creep and stress relaxation. Thermal Properties Heat capacity, thermal conductivity, decomposition and degradation, co-efficient of thermal expansion. 28 Fibre Friction Fibre friction, effect of fibre friction and lubrication. PRACTICAL Observation of amorphous and crystalline regions. Observation of surface structure by using high power optical microscope. . Observation of crosssession of different fibres by employing high power optical microscope. Measurement of fibre denier. Measurement of micronaire value of cotton. Measurement of cotton fibre maturity. Measurement of fibre diameter. Measurement of staple length of different fibres. Measurement of moisture content in different fibres. Determination of swelling of fibres. Determination of static charges developed in fibres during processing. Measurement of refractive indices of fibres. Determination of fibre tenacity and elongation. Determination of bending strength of fibres. Determination of fibre friction. Recommended Books: 1. Warner, S. B., “Fibre Science”, Prentice-Hall, Inc, USA, 1995. 2. Morton, W.E. and Hearle, J. W.S., “Physical Properties of Textile Fibres” 3rd enn, Textile Institute, Manchester, 1993. 3. Slater, K., “Chemical Testing and Analysis”, Vol.25, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1993. 5. THERMODYNAMICS 2-1 Introduction to thermodynamics Heat, work, and the system, temperature and heat, the state of the working fluids. First law of thermodynamics Conservation of energy, the non-flow equation the flow equation. Working fluid and Cycles. Liquid vapour and gas, the carnot cycle, constant pressure cycle, the air standard cycle, the Otto cycle, the Diesel cycle, the dual combustion cycle, Ranking's cycle. Boiler's and steam turbines Boiler's and steam generators, steam condensers, efficiency of Boiler, Dryness fraction of wet steam, steam for heating and for Textile process, classification of steam turbines, turbine blade height, losses in steam turbines, stage efficiency, overall efficiency, reheat factor, turbine governing flow, the radial flow turbines, steam engines, Gas turbines, application towards field of textile processing. 29 Nozzles Nozzle shape, critical pressure ratio, maximum mass flow Nozzle efficiency, the steam nozzle, approximations for the steam nozzle, super saturation, total head or stagnation condition, flow measurement. Combustion Introduction, basic chemistry, fuels, combustion equations, chemically correct, air/fuel ratio, exhaust and flue gas analysis, calorific value, Air and fuel vapour mixture. Compressors Reciprocating compressors, isothermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, multistage compression, single and double acting, compressor centrifugal and axial compressors, uses of compressor in the textile mills. Internal combustion Engines. Four stroke cycle, two stroke, engine efficiency spark ignition and compression ignition, air/fuel ratio and volumetric efficiency, super charge. Modern development and applications of power plants, in the textile mills. LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. Khurmi. R.S. “ Thermodynamics” Khana’s Book Publishing Co., India 1990. 2. J. Holman “ Heat Transfer” 1980 3. Burghardt, “Engineering Thermodynamics with applications” 4. R. Jhon. & Howel Richard “Fundamentals of Thermodynamics” 6. PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 2-0 Production Management and Systems Introduction to production management; system concept, functions management, managerial decision-making, models as decision aids of Plant Location and Plant Layout Selection of region, selection of community, site selection, location factor dependence, sources of assistance, plant location trends, quantitative analysis and plant layout, product and process layout analysis and comparison, material handling considerations in layout. 30 Production Planning and Control Formalized production planning, production planning methods, master scheduling, MRP, MRP inputs, MRP outputs, product structures, types of MRP, capacity planning and control, production control systems, scheduling techniques. Planning and Control Techniques Inventory control, types of inventory, inventory costs, independent versus dependent demand, EQQ/EPN models, types of control systems, selective inventory control, inventory system development, project planning CPM/PERT, network development, determination of activity times, establishment of critical path, probabilistic statements. Method Study Definition, objectives, procedure, process chart symbols, outline process chart, flow process charts, multiple activity chart, two handed chart, critical examination, principles of motion economy, case studies and application. Work Measurement Definition, objectives, techniques of work measurement, stop watch time study, timing methods, performance rating, standard timing, allowance factors. Work sampling, confidence level, determination of samples size, making random observations, scope of work sampling. Predetermined time standards, definition, advantages and criticisms, motion classification, TMU, use of PTS systems. Recommended Books 1. 2. 3. Operations Management by Krajew Ritzman Productivity Management by Agarwal Textile Objective measurement and automation in Garment Manufacture by George Stylios 31 Third Year Fifth Semester 1. YARN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING 3-1 Introduction Introduction to various yarn manufacturing processes. Ring Spinning Working principle of ring frame: drafting, twisting and winding. Conventional and compact spinning. Design of ring frame and creel. Design of drafting arrangement: influence of drafting arrangement on quality and economics, design concepts in the structure of the drafting arrangement, top roller and its classifications, top roller weighting. Fibre guiding devices: lappets, balloon control rings, separators. Design of rings and their types. Design of different types of travellers and their function. Design of spindle: thread path, spindle mounting, influence the spindle on spinning, classification of spindle drives. Structure of cop: the cop building, builder motion. Doffing: manual and automatic. Automation of ring frames. Spinning geometry: concepts, spinning triangle, inclination of the drafting arrangement, roller overhang, wrap of yarn on thread guide, balloon height. Optimum spinning conditions. Yarn faults and their remedies. Atmospheric condition for ring department. Ring calculation: spindle speed; draft: actual, mechanical, break draft, main draft, total draft, draft constant; traveller speed, winding speed, twist contraction, linear density of yarn, yarn diameter, lay constant, twist, twist equation, twist constant, twist factor, coils per unit length, draft change wheel, twist change wheel, lifter wheel, builder wheel, efficiency and production. Doubling Study of doubling machine, types of doubling machines and utility of doubled yarns. D/S characteristics of double yarn, cabled yarn manufacturing, reeling principle and types, end uses, Coning Auto coning and auto coner machines, comparison of different types of corner, especially mach coner, design of cams, shafts and gears, yarn measurement system, clearing device. 32 Twisters Working principle and design of two for one type twisters; calculation for winding, doubling and twisting. LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Practical Guide to Ring Spinning Vol.4, by Klien W., The Textile Institute, Manchester, UK, 1987. Cotton Ring Spinning by Merril G. R., GRM associate, Island, 1959. Textile Mathematics” ,Vol.II , by Booth, J,E, The Textile Institute, Manchester, UK,1975. Spun Yarn Technology by Oxtoby,E. Short Staple Ring Spinning, Vol.12, by Shaw J., The Textile Institute, Manchester, UK, 1982. The Principles and Theory of Ring Spinning by De Barr, A. E. Vol. V, The Textile Institute, Manchester, UK, 1965. Woollen and Worsted Yarn Manufacture by Radcliff, J. W., Emmott & Co. Ltd., Manchester, UK, 1953. 2. FABRIC MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING 3-1 Woven Fabrics Types of standard and commercial woven fabrics made from staple spun and multifilament yarn. Development of designed fabrics made with the help of dobby and jacquard machines. Common faults in fabrics. Grading of fabrics. Different types of selvedge of woven fabrics Study of Special Fabrics Towels, handkerchiefs, laces, tapes and braids, upholstery and tapestry fabric, natural and artificial silk fabric, blankets: wool and manmade fibres. Knitting Knitting mechanisms, construction of knitted fabric, technique of loop formation and its types, comparison of knitting with weaving, jacquard mechanism, classification of knitted fabric, knitting calculation. 33 Felted and Non-Woven Fabrics Felted Fabrics: felt process, type of felt, properties of felt, use of felt. Non-Woven Fabric: method of manufacturing, web formation, bonding the web, type of web bonding, needle punching, the web, finishing of the nonwoven fabrics, characteristics and use of non-woven fabrics. Weaving Calculations Factor involved in cloth contraction, cloth geometry, determination of diameter of yarn, fractional cover and cover factor, cloth setting rules, production planning for weaving process, weight of warp and weft per running yard/meter, weight of warp and weft per square yard/meter, weight per yard when using different counts and different material, weight of fabric and wastage calculation, weight of cloth with reference to picks and ends, yarn requirement for a particular quality and quantity of cloth, yarn quantity for a particular width and length of cloth, production planning and machinery requirements for certain quality and quantity of cloth in specific period, economic evaluation of different machines, cost of production and profitability calculation, material cost calculation, labour cost & total cost calculation, calculation of moisture regain and moisture content. Atmospheric condition in weaving shed i.e. relative humidity and temperature LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1 Weaving Calculation by Sen Gupta 2 Weaving Machine, Mechanism & management by Talukdar 3. MECHANISM OF TEXTILE MACHINES 3-1 Mechanism of Spinning Machines Study of different parts and working principle of spinning machines (from blow room to winding machines). Mechanism of Weaving Machines Study of different parts and working principle of weaving machines (from preparatory process to fabrics manufacturing i.e. all type of looms) Mechanism of Knitting Machines Study of different parts and working principle of all types knitting machines 34 Mechanism of Wet Processing Machines Study of different parts and working principle of wet processing machines (from desizing to finishing machines including machines used for processing knitted fabric) LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. Weaving Mechanism by J.E.Fox 2. Weaving Mechanism by N.N.Banerjee 3. Practical Weaving Course by Jarvis 4. Weaving Calculation by Sen Gupta 5. Machine Mechanism & Management by Talukdar 4. TEXTILE TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL –I 3-1 Reasons for Textile Testing Checking raw material, monitoring production, accessing the final product, investigation of faulty materials, product development and research. Standardization of Textile testing. Variation in the Material and Variation Caused by the Test Method. Sampling Various terms. Fiber sampling from bulk. Fiber sampling from lap, sliver, roving and yarn. Yarn and fabric sampling Textiles and Moisture Introduction. Effect of moisture on physical properties. Atmospheric moisture and its measurement. Regain and moisture content. Regain-humidity relation of textiles. Factors affecting regain. Methods of measuring regain. Correct invoice weight. Control of testing atmosphere. Fiber Dimensions Fiber fineness, fineness measurement by various methods including cotton fineness by airflow method. Cotton Maturity Maturity and its Measurement by Various Methods 35 Fiber Length Various methods for measurement of fiber length including comb sorter, fiberograph and HVI (High volume instrument). Cotton Grading. Yarn Testing Linear density. Measurement of linear density of single and folded yarns. Linear density of yarn removed from fabric sample. Twist Measurement of twist for single and plied yarns. Yarn Evenness Measurement of yarn evenness by visual examination, cut and weigh method and by uster evenness tester Tensile Strength Introduction and various definitions such as breaking strength, stress, specific stress, tenacity, breaking length, elongation, strain, extension percentage and gauge length. Units for various parameters. Force elongation curve. Yield point, modulus, work of rupture, time dependence and elastic recovery. Factors affecting tensile testing. Measurement of single fiber and fiber bundle strength. Single yarn strength testing and lea strength testing. Simple testing of fabric strength. Quality Control What is quality? What is quality control? Objectives of quality control. General requirement of quality control department. Activities of quality control department. Inspection. Textile testing. Objectives of textile testing. General requirements of textile testing. Types of textile testing. Latest quality control schedules for weaving. LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. Physical Textile Testing by Textile Institute, U.K. 2. Handbook of Textile Testing and Quality Control by Grover. 3. Principles of Textile Testing by J.E.Booth 36 5. DYE STUFF CHEMISTRY 2-1 General Introduction to dyes, History of Dyes, Configuration and chemical nature of dye molecule, Auxochromes and Chromophores, Characteristics of Dyes, Physical forms of dyes, organic pigments, fluorescent brightening, pigment dyeing, Classification of dyes, classification according to solubility, Classification according to method of application, Classification according to chemical constitution, Criteria for the selection of dyes, Dye absorption isotherms, FiberDye interactions, Reactive Dyes Introduction to reactive dyes, First commercial reactive dyes, Further development of reactive dyes, Chemistry of reactive dyes, General properties of reactive dyes, Classification of reactive dyes, Application of reactive dyes by different methods of dyeing, Different auxiliaries used in dyeing with reactive dyes, Suitable fiber substrate for reactive dyes, Stripping of Reactive dyes, Fastness properties of Reactive dyes, Direct Dyes Introduction to Direct Dyes, Classification of direct dyes, Configuration and chemical nature of Direct dyes, Application of Direct dyes by different methods of dyeing, Different auxiliaries used in Dyeing with Direct dyes, After Treatment of direct dyes, Stripping of direct dyes, Fastness properties of Direct dyes Suitable fiber substrate for direct dyes, Vat Dyes Introduction to vat dyes, History of vat dyes, Chemistry of Vat dyes, Application of vat dyes with different methods of dyeing, Different auxiliaries used in dyeing with vat dyes, Stripping of vat dyes, Fastness properties of vat dyes Suitable fiber substrate for vat dyes Sulphur Dyes Introduction to sulphur dyes, chemistry of sulphur dyes, application of sulphur dyes, stripping of sulphur dyes, fastness properties of sulphur dyes, Suitable fiber substrate for vat dyes, 37 Acid Dyes Introduction to acid dyes, chemistry of acid dyes, Application of acid dyes, Mechanism of dyeing protein fibers with acid dyes, Different types of acid dyes, Acid milling dyes, Acid leveling dyes, Neutral dyeing acid dyes, Premetallized acid dyes, Stripping of acid dyes, Fastness properties of acid dyes, Basic Dyes Introduction to basic dyes, Chemistry of basic dyes, application of basic dyes, Stripping of basic dyes, Fastness properties of basic dyes, Mordant Dyes Introduction to mordant and mordant dyes, Different methods of dyeing with mordant dyes, Chrome-mordant method, Meta-chrome method, After-chrome method, Disperse Dyes Dyeing with Disperse dyes, Commercial forms of disperse dyes, Dyeing hydrophobic fibers with disperse dyes, Chemical characteristics of disperse dyes, Classification of disperse dyes, Use and chemistry of carriers in dyeing with disperse dyes, Stripping of disperse dyes, Fastness properties of disperse dyes, Suitable fiber substrate for disperse dyes, Azoic Dyes Introduction to azoic dyes, Configuration and chemistry of azoic dyes, General properties of azoic dyes, Application of azoic dyes by various methods of dyeing, Stripping of azoic dyes, fastness properties of azoic dyes, Suitable fibre substrate for azoic dyes. LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. The Dyeing of Textile Fibers, Theory and Practice by Joseph R., 2. Technology of Dyeing by Dr. V.A. Shinai, Sevak 6. Industrial Internship 0-0 38 Sixth Semester 1. WET PROCESSING ENGINEERING 3–1 Theory of Dyeing: The effect of Fiber Structure on Dyeing and factors responsible for attachment of dye Molecules to Fibers, Kinetics of dye adsorption, Adsorptin and retention of dyes. Dyeing Machinery/Equipments Fiber and yarn cloth-jigger, winch, padder, jet and continuous dyeing plants-padsteam. Direct dyes: Structure and properties of direct dyes, dye structure and dyeability of cellulosic fibers, application, batch-wise, semi-continuous and continuous methods, after treatment and significance. Selection of dyes for dyeing cellulosic fibers: Principles of evaluation, influence of colour and dyeing properties on selection, selection b/w dye classes according to substrate and fastness requirement, factors governing choice with major dye classes. Dyeing with various dyes Introduction to printing and printing machinery. Types of printing finishing, different finishes and their characteristics. Engineering of different textile material. Recommended Books 1. Theory of Coloration of Textile Fibers by Alan Johson 2. Cellulosics dyeing by Jhon Shore, Soc. Of dyers 3. Chemistry of dyes and principles of dyeing by shenai 4. Technology of dyeing by Shenai 5. Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibers by Trotman 6. J.S.D.C., 1943-1998. 2. TEXTILE MACHINE DESIGN 2-0 Design Consideration in machine Parts Loads, strains, stress-stream diagram, different moduli, factor of safety, allowable stresses, bearing pressure intensity, bending, torsion, eccentric loading, combined stresses, designing for impact loads, design of members subjected to impact torsion, stress concentration, effect of repeated application of a load, fatigue life determination by short term testing, light weight and minimum dimensions, thermal stresses. 39 Cotter and Knuckle Joints. Introduction, design of cotter joints, cotter, connection of a piston rod to a cross head, cotter foundation bolts, design of knuckle joint, joint of suspension links, design of a coupler or turn buckle drawings of all designed parts. Shafts, Keys and Couplings Introduction, design of axles, design of spindles, design of shafts on the basis of strength, design of shaft on the basis of rigidity, design of hollow and non circular shafts, types of keys, design of (Sunk keys, Tyler pins feather keys and splinted shafts), force and shrink fits, sleeve or muff couplings, clamp or compression couplings, flange coupling, flexible couplings, (bushed pin, bobby leather pad), old ham's couplings, Universal coupling, safety couplings, flexible shafts, drawing of all above design elements. Design of Bearing Introduction, bearing area, sliding bearings, solid Journal bearing, divided journal bearing, plumer block, Hydrodynamics theory of lubrication, oil grooving, designer procedure for hydrodynamics journal bearings, design of bearing caps and bolts foot step or pivot bearings, collar bearings, antifriction bearings, ball bearing, roller bearings, bearing loads, carrying capacity and life relationship between load and life, influence of high temperatures on load carrying capacity, permissible misalignment, sleeve bearings, drawing of all design bearings. Belts Pulleys and Chain Drives Introduction, design of belt, design procedure for flat belt, design of V-drive, types, of pulleys design of cast iron pulleys, steel pulleys, wooden pulleys, fast and loose pulleys, speed cones, design of cone pulleys, gravity idlers, special tension adjusting belt drives, roller chain drives, design of chain drives drawing of all design parts. Gears Introduction, design of spur gears, general characteristics accuracy of gears, allowable stresses in gears, design considerations, strength of gear teeth, Lewis equation, dynamic tooth load, design for wear, gear wheel proportions, internal gears, racks, design of helical gears, design of helical gear teeth, rating of machine cut spur and helical gears, design of bevel gears, strength of bevel gear teeth, bearing load, design of worm gear, worm gear nomenclature, strength of worm gear teeth, bearing loads on the shafts, drawing of all types of gears. 40 Levers Introduction, general procedure for design of levers, hand lever, foot lever, Cranked lever, lever of a lever loaded safety valve, rocker arms, angular levers, design of over hung cranks, design of crank pin, drawing of designed components. Welded Connections Introduction, typed of welded joints, working stress in welds, special cases of fillet welds, eccentric loads on welded connections, design procedure, fillet welds under varying loads. Recommended Books 1 Machine Design by R S Khurmi 3. AUTOMATION AND CONTROL 3-0 Automation Automation defined, types of automation, reasons for automation, arguments for an against automation. Production Operation and Automation Strategies Manufacturing industries, types of production, functions in manufacturing, organization and information processing in manufacturing, plant layout production concepts and mathematical models, automation strategies. Automative Type Automation Automated flow lines, methods of workpart transport, transfer mechanism, buffer storage, control functions, automation for machining operations, design and fabrication considerations. Analysis of Automated Flow Lines General terminology and analysis of transfer lines without storage, partial automation, automated flow lines with storage buffers, computer simulation of automated flow lines. Linear Feedback Control Systems Process model formulation, transfer functions and block diagrams, laplace transforms, control actions, linear system analysis, Root-locus method, system design. 41 Optimal Control Structural model of a manufacturing process, steady state optimal control, adaptive control, on line search strategies. Computer Assisted Optimal Control Structural model of a manufacturing process, steady state optimal control, adaptive control, on line search strategies. Computer Process Control The computer process interface, interface hardware, computer process monitoring, types of computer process control, direct digital control, supervisory computer control, programming for computer process control. Recommended Books 1. Collett, C. V. and Hop, A. D., “Engineering Instrumentation”, 2. Haslam, J. A. et al, “Engineering Instrumentation and Control”, 3. Grady, P. L. et al, “ Automation in the Textile Industry”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1995. 4. FLUID MECHANICS 3-1 Properties of Liquids and Gases Ideal and real fluids, fluid pressure Fluid Static’s (Equilibrium) Bulers conditions of equilibrium. Pressure in a fluid under gravity, homogenous fluid, several fluids of specific weights, interconnected vessels, constant velocity rotation of a liquid around fixed axis. Fluid under pressure neglecting gravity, force on containers wall force on flat surfaces, force on curved surfaces, buoyancy of fluid at rest, stability of a floating body, surface tension and capillary tubes. Fluid Dynamics One dimensional inviscous flow (flow filament theory), equation of continuity, Euler’s equations of motion, beruouili’s equation, inputs and momentum. Onedimensional viscous flow; generalized bernoulli’s equation, laminar and turbulent flow in circular pipes, pipe flow problems. Dimensional Analysis Buckingham Pi Theorem, Reynold’s law of similitude. 42 Fluid Measurements Measurements of static pressure, stagnation pressure, flow velocity and flow rate. Fluid Machinery Pumps, turbines, similarity laws for turbo machinery LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. Slater, K., “ Textile Mechanics” Vol.2, Textile Institute, Manchester, 1987. 2. Morton, W. E. and Hearle, J. W. S., “Physical Properties of Textile Fibres” 2nd Edition, The Textile Institute, Manchester, UK, 1975 3. Booth, J,E , “Textile Mathematics” ,Vol.II, III , The Textile Institute, Manchester, UK,1975. 5. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 3-0 Introduction History and development, Modern definition and function of Industrial Engineering. Material, Purchase and Store Management Introduction to material management, Functions and objectives of Materials management, Purchasing or procurement, Introduction, objectives of purchasing department. Activities/duties of purchasing department. Purchasing. Organization buying Techniques, Store Management, Functions of Store department, and duties of the store keeper, Location and layout of stores, Receipt, & issue of material, store record, store ledger. Financial Management Concept and definition, Types of capital, sources of finance, Reserves, Surplus, financial Accounting and Book Keeping, System of Book keeping (Single Entry and Double Entry System). Assets and liabilities. The journal & ledger, Trial balance, financial statement, profit & loss accord, Balance sheet. 43 Cost Accounting and Control Introduction, Elements of control, types of control, Depreciation, causes of Depreciation, Methods of calculating Depreciation, Breaks even Analysis, concept, Importance and scope, calculation of Break even point, Break even chart. Work Study Method study, Procedure of conducting method study, work measurement, synthesis and analytical estimating, PMTS (MTM1, MTM2, MTM3) and ready work factor (R.W.F), system Manual time study, Rating Technique. Network Analysis Introduction, Techniques, Terms related to Network planning Method, PERT, CPM, and Application of network techniques to simple Engg. Problems. Recommended Books 1. R. B. Gupta. “Industrial Engineering” 2. K.C.Jain & L.N.Aggrawal “ Production Planning/Control & Industrial Engg. Management. 3. T.R.Range & S.C.Sharma. “Industrial Organisation & Engineering Economics” 4. Richard C. Vaghun “Industrial Engineering” 6. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS & C++ PROGRAMMING 2-1 Information Technology & Computer Science History of computer, Data processing and Data processing cycle, types of Computers, Hardware and software, Input and Output devices, Central processing unit and storage devices. Operating Systems DOS and Windows. Internet Tools and Applications. C++ Programming History, IDE, Basic structure, Compilation, data types, Declaration and initialization statements, Input / out put statements, Operators (Arithmetical, relational and Logical), control statements (Decision making and iterative statements), Casting, Arrays, Structures and unions, pointers, Functions, Filing, Data Structure, Graphics and Loops. 44 PRACTICAL Practical work will be based on the contents of course Books Recommended 1. Robert Lafore, Object Oriented Programming in C++, Howard W, Sons & Comp: 1990 2. Deiliet & Delite, How to programming with C++. 3. Urooj Anwar Zaidi, Comprehensive Computer Studies, Gaba Sons, and Karachi: 1995. 45 Fourth Year Seventh Semester 1. ADVANCE TEXTILE ENGINEERING 3-1 Spinning Modern spinning techniques, reasons for their development. Comparison of ring spun yarn with the yarn prepared on modern systems. Study of open-end spinning system, air vortex, friction , self twist, repco spinning system etc. Weaving New development in weft insertion system, multiphase weaving, multi-shed weft insertion system, monitoring and control systems on loom. Modern knotting and drawing system, leno devices. Specialty fabric forming methods. CAD/Cam in weaving. Dyeing, Printing and Finishing Latest systems used for dyeing, printing and finishing of woven and knitted fabric. LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. Grosberg, P. and Iype C., “Yarn Production: Theoretical Aspects”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1999. 2. Tomer, G., “Rotor Spinning” Milland, Germany, 1999. 3. Rohlena, V. et al, “Open-End Spinning”, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York 1975. 4. Basu, A., “ Progress in Air-Jet Spinning”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1999. 5. Jhatial, R. A. “Advance Spinning”, Jhatial Scientific Book Publishing Co. Ltd., Jamshoro, 2002. 6. Lawrence, C. A. and Chen, K. Z., “Rotor-spinning” The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1984. 7. Klien, W., “New Spinning Systems”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1993. 46 2. TEXTILE MILL PLANNING 3-0 Selection of Site Factors and criteria in selecting a site. Soil testing, water testing, availability of civic amenities. Availability of gas and electric facilities. Selection of Machinery Consideration of price and quality of the machinery, availability/training of the worker to run the selected machines. After sale service. Maintenance cost of machines. Efficiency of machines. Quantification of machines as per required production. Selection of humidification, air-conditioning and ventilation system. Requirement compressed air. Building and Lighting System Calculating the covered area as per layout of the machinery. Selection and fixation of lighting systems. Calculating the thermal conductivity of walls. Environmental and safety factors. Considerations about the environment issues and safety for the personnel involved in running/ maintaining the plant. Recommended Book 1. Ormerod, A., “Textile Project Management”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1992. 3. TEXTILE TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL – II 3-1 Fabric Strength Testing Tensile testing by strip and grab method. Testing of tearing strength of fabrics by various methods including Elmendorf method. Testing of bursting strength of fabric. Stretch and recovery properties. Seam strength. Serviceability of Fabrics Introduction. Snagging. Testing for pilling. Testing for abrasion resistance and factors affecting abrasion resistance. Objective Evaluation of Fabric Handle Definition of handle. Bending length. Shirley stiffness testing. Hanging loop method. Fabric drape. Crease recovery, testing of fabric thickness. Fabric friction. 47 Quality Control Definitions of quality. Types of quality control. Quality assurance. ISO 9000, data, tabular form, construction of tables/essentials for tables. Quality control charts, basis of control charts, control limits/action limits, specification limits. State of statistical control. Types of variation of quality assessed from quality control charts, variation due to chance, and variations due to assignable causes. Advantages of using quality control charts, types of quality control charts, x-bar charts (day to day i.e. subgroup to subgroup variation), r-bar charts (within day i.e. within subgroup variation), p-bar charts (percent defective), how and when corrective action is taken by using Q.C. charts. Yarn Testing Evenness, advance details of evenness testing with help of UT-3 and UT-4 testing devices. Testing of hairiness of yarn with the help of various devices, Friction, Measurement of yarn friction. Yarn Strength, Advance details of testing comparison of single yarn testing and yarn lea testing. LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. B. P. Saville, “Physical Testing of Textiles”, The Textile Institute, Manchester,1999. 2. Bona, M., “Textile Quality : Physical Methods of Product and Process Control”, Eurotex, Italy, 1994. 3. Bona, M., “Statistical Methods for the Textile Industry”, Eurotex, Italy, 1993. 4. Leaf, G., “Practical Statistics for the Textile Industry: Part I & II”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1984. 5. Steadman, R. G., Cotton Testing”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1997. 6. Barella, A., “ The Hairiness of Yarns”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1993. 7. Slater, K., “Yarn Evenness”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1986. 4. MANUFACTURING OF MANMADE FIBERS 3-0 Manmade Fibers Latest techniques for producing manmade fibers used in textile industry. 48 Filament Yarns Modern methods of manufacturing filament yarns used in woven /knitted fabrics and carpets. Systems of texturizing filament yarns. Recommended Books 1. Goswami, B. C. and Martindale, J. G., “Textile Yarns: Technology, Structure and Applications”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1977. 2. Wilson, D. K. and Kullo, T., “The Production of Textured Yarns by the False-Twist Technique”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1989. 3. Wilson, D. K. and Kullo, T., “The Production of Textured Yarns by Methods Other than False-Twist Technique”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1989. 4. Wilson, D. K., “Monitoring and Testing of Manufactured Fibres”, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1998. 5. AIR-CONDITIONING IN TEXTILES INDUSTRY 2-0 Air-conditioning: Physical Properties of air; composition of air, air pressure, air temperature, air humidity, heat contents of air, measurement of humidity. Principles of airconditioning, comfort and industrial air-conditioning. Basic heat transfer and mass transfer, application to textile industry. Refrigeration equipment, primary and secondary refrigerants, Psychometric chart and its use, calculation of requirements, complete calculation of the simple air-conditioning system. Air distribution systems, duct design, distribution equipment. Design of an airconditioning plant for a textile industry. Humidification: Humidity, measurement of humidity, automatic temperature and humidity control; pneumatic, electric and hydraulic systems. Dehumidification. Equipment selection and design, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, fans and diffusers, prevention of noise and vibration, cooling towers. Ventilation: Hygienic aspects of ventilation; aims of ventilation, Industrial health hazards (dust, high temperature, high humidity, deleterious gases, and liquids), types of ventilation: general air change ventilation, local ventilation, cleaning air of suspended matter: dry cleaning, wet cleaning. system of air change in textile mill ventilation: upper-level delivery, low-level delivery, active system of delivery, dustless system of delivery, features of air delivery and removal from windowless buildings. Equipment. Ventilating, humidifying and air conditioning installations employed in textile mills processing different fibres 49 Illumination: Introduction, requirement of illumination in the different sections of textile industry, effect of illumination on working efficiency. PRACTICAL Practical work will be based on the contents of the course. Books recommended 1. Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Heating in Textile Mills, by N. Sorokin. 2. Modern Air Conditioning Practice, by, Norman C. Harris 3. Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, by Althouse, Turnquist and Bracciano. 4. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, by Wilbert F. Stocker and Jerold W. Jones 50 Eighth Semester 1. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 3-1 Sources of Energy Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy, recovery of waste heat, applicable principles Atmospheric Pollution Its origin and prevention, emission and control technology, industrial air pollution, air quality pollution and criteria setting. Noise and Noise Control General consideration, environmental noise sources evaluation, methods and techniques to control and reduce noise level. Solid Waste Management Composition of textile wastes, collection systems and alternatives for treatment and reuse. Health and Industrial Safety ESSA requirements related to the safety of workers, OHSA standard. ISO 14000 EMS (Environment Management System). Environmental Aspects Identification. Tracking environmental laws and regulations. Setting objectives and targets. Scheduling for EMS action plan. Documentations and communication (internal and external parties) EMS auditing. LAB: Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course. Recommended Books 1. Environmental Chemistry by A.K. Dee 2. Environmental Science, the way the world works by B. J. Nebel, 1990. 3. Environmental impact of chemical industry, A. Hursthouse in “ An introduction to industrial chemistry” by Ed. By Alan Heaton 4. Environmental Engineering by Gerard Kiely 51 2. MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING 3–1 Basic Principles Basic principles of preventive and scheduled maintenance, inspection, cleaning, servicing, lubrication, replacement, repair, factors necessitating regular maintenance, maintenance personnel, schedule and procedures. Types of Maintenance Equipment and Maintenance Electrical equipment, electrical motors and generators, electrical controls, electrical brakes, batteries, mechanical equipment: bearings, clutches, brakes, couplings, power transmission gear drives, wear and tear of most likely components of textile machines, overhauling criteria. Environmental effects on the performance of different textile machines. Record Keeping Accuracy/ efficiency testing charts, routine maintenance charts and log sheets, performance, reports, histories, job order forms scheduling. Repairing of different machines components Main methods, welding, machining and replacement. Maintenance costs Major components, personnel, material, storage, downtimes, reassembling. Calibration Introduction, calibration and ISO, calibration standards, primary and secondary standards, traceability of standards, calibration of balances, dimensions, pressure gauges, load cells, thermometers and thermocouples, temperature gauges and indicators, volumetric gauges, documentation and record keeping for standards and calibrated equipments. Spares Storage Criteria for storage of parts, care during storage. Safety Precautions, installation, testing and replacement of safety warning equipment, alarms, shut-off procedures, evacuations. PRACTICAL As per course outline Recommended Books: 1. Lewis, B. T., “Management Hand Book for Plant Engineers”, McGrawHill. 2. Higgins, L. R. and Morro, L. C., “Maintenance Engineering Hand Book”, McGrawHill. 52 3. COLOR PHYSICS 2-0 Introduction Definitions, nature of light, waves, electromagnetic waves, spectrum, wavelength range of light, assignment of color in visual spectrum, monochromators, prism, diffraction grating, light sources, continuous sources, daylight, incandescence, tungsten filament, black body radiators, color temperature, line sources, gas discharge lamps, fluorescent lamps, triphosphor lamps, The Human Eye Convex lens, rods, cones, photopic & scotopic curves, luminance, fovea, ganglion cell, optic nerve, brain, theories of color vision, color deficiency, color vision tests, eye brain effects, Color Reflection Absorption of light by dyes and pigments, reflectance and transmission, reflectance curves, fluorescence, metamerism, Color Mixing Additive, portative, subtractive, color reproduction, color description, hue, lightness, and saturation, Color systems Color order systems, Munsell system, NCS, Pantone, deficiencies of color atlases, the CIE System, color differences, color and concentration, Color Measurement Principle of color measurement, color measuring instruments: colorimeters and spectrophotometers, anatomy of spectrophotometers, comparison visual and instrumental color assessment, and system selection. Computer Color Matching Introduction to computer color matching, components of color matching system, color matching software, lab procedures and database preparation, recipe prediction by computer, recipe evaluation and correction. Color and Quality Control in Production Assessment of color difference, perceptibility and acceptability, assessment of whiteness, problems in color matching, metamerism, dichroism, strength analysis of dye solution, relative dye strength and tone analysis, shade sorting, instrumental assessment of color fastness, on-line color and quality control, reproducibility. 53 Recommended Books 1. Kurt Nassan, “The Physics and Chemistry of Colour”, John Willy’s & Sons, 2001 2. Hans G. Volz, “Industrial Colour Testing”, Willy’s-VCH, 1995 3. Rodricick McDonald, “Colour Physics for Industry”, Society of Dyers & Colorists, 1997. 4. TEXTILE MARKETING 2-0 Overview to Marketing Understanding marketing and the marketing process, basic concepts and definitions, marketing in changing world, marketing process, marketing environment Analysis of Target Markets Consumer marketing and consumer buying behavior, business marketing and business buying behavior, marketing segmentation, targeting, positioning and demand forecasting for competitive advantage. Marketing Mix Product Designing Essentials for product design, products Vs customer needs and wants, brand packaging and services, new product development and product life cycle. Product Pricing Pricing essentials and factors, pricing approaches, pricing strategies Product Placement Understanding the need of placement / distribution, nature of distribution channels, channel behavior and organization, retailing and whole selling Product Promotion Advertising, sales promotion and public relation, personal selling, managing sales force, principles of personal selling Managing marketing Efforts Competitors analysis, competitive strategies, balancing, retaining customers and competitors Orientation 54 Recommended Books 1. Principles of Marketing by Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong 2. Marketing in Action by Richard 5. GRADUATION THESIS 0–4 RECOMMENDATIONS 1. A four-year BE/BSc Textile Engineering programme should have at least 134 credit hours. In order to impart more knowledge to the students, universities may increase the number of credit hours keeping in view the availability of faculty and teaching facilities. Each academic year should have two terms/semesters and each term/semester should spread over a period of 16 working weeks. The finalized curriculum should be circulated among the related universities for adoption after getting approval through their respective bodies. The class rooms should be provided with modern teaching aids like overhead projector, multimedia projector etc. Higher Education Commission should provide adequate funds for upgrading the laboratories of the universities. The testing laboratories of the universities should be accredited. Refresher courses may be arranged for faculty members in collaboration with Higher Education Commission, textile industry, national and foreign universities. Higher Education Commission should provide adequate funds for faculty members to participate in relevant national and international industrial fairs / conferences. Higher Education Commission should organize training courses in teaching methodologies for teachers on regular basis. Linkages between the universities and industry should be established. The academic institution should work as solution providers for technical problems faced by industry. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 55 10. 11. 12. The experts in the field should deliver lectures on various areas of specialization in the universities. The universities should have strong contacts with the alumni and alumni bodies should be encouraged / patronized by the universities. Industrial internship is important for the students. It creates interest/awareness about the engineering processes. The students should undertake internship for a period of 4-6 weeks in the third year. The industrial internship should be made compulsory for the award of BE/BSc degree. There should be a separate meeting of two days to develop the curriculum for ME/MSc. Textile Engineering. 13. _______-sd-___________ Dr. Mumtaz Hassan Malik Convener _________-sd-______________ Prof. Dr. Rafique Ahmed Jhatial Secretary _______________-sd-_______________________ Wing Commander Syed Badar-u-ddin Hashmi ® Member 56