Frederic P Miller, Agnes F Vandome, John McBrewster 0 Reviews VDM Publishing House Ltd., 2009 - 142 pages A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computer s and holds many of the crucial components of th system, while providing connect ors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as t he main board, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board. It is also sometimes casually shortened to mobo. Title Motherboard Authors Frederic P Miller, Agnes F Vandome, John McBrewster Editors Frederic P Miller, Agnes F Vandome, John McBrewster Publisher VDM Publishing House Ltd., 2009 ISBN 613026528X, 9786130265281 Length 142 pages Subjects Computers / Information Technology Science / Life Sciences / Biology / General J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, invented the EDVAC, perhaps the firs t computing machine with the "stored-program" architecture typical of modern CPU s. That architecture is called the "von Neumann architecture" after John von Neuman n, who write a widely distributed paper about the EDVAC. Some people incorrectly believe that Intel, as a company invented the first CPU. While it is true that the people at Intel built the first microprocessor (a CPU on a single chip), the 4004, in 1971, which was a great achievement at the time, there were a variety of other, previous CPUs built out of a few dozen integrated circuits, a few thousand individual transistors, or a few thousand vacuum tubes . The first commercially available computer was the 1951 Ferranti Mark 1, designed by Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn at the University of Manchester. IBM sold about 20,000 of the refrigerator-sized IBM 1401 CPUs first introduced i n 1959. Robert Heath Dennard, of the IBM TJ Watson Research Center in 1968 invented RAM What do you mean by RAM? Do you mean solid state integrated circuit chips conta ining RAM, or do you mean any form of rewritable memory that a computer could us e to store data. Before IC's (the chips you see on that card); memories were implemented in discr ete transistor circuits; and before that in magnetic core memory (these were mil lions of little ferrite loops, with wires running through them that could magnet ise the loops, or could read the magnetic polarity of the loop); and before that there were a myriad of different technologies from valves, to mercury tubes, to various delay devices. A computer cannot be anything but a fancy calculating machine until you have som e memory, there had l engine, had some so from the design of the first general purpose programmable computer to be some form of memory involved (even Charles Babbage's differentia although it was never constructed in his lifetime, I assume would have idea of writeable memory in the design). In terms of integrated circuit memory, memory (in the form of RAM) was some of t he first medium or large scale integrated circuits that were developed (there we re smaller scale integrated circuits that were simply logic gates, and although the did include latches, which could be considered memory of a sort, but they we re not on a large enough scale to be used on a large scale). RAM is relatively easy to fabricate because it is just the same design copied over and over on the same chip (unlike a microprocessor that needs lots of different bits of circuit doing different things). Since the design of the circuit in an IC is in princi ple (at least for the earliest integrated circuits) little more than building in to a single chip that which was previously built using discrete transistor circu its, so as soon as companies such as Intel, Fairchild, Texas Instrument, Motorol a, etc., understood how to make sufficiently complex single chip integrated circ uits, it was fairly straight forward to build a RAM chip. Ofcourse, the specific memory you are showing there is a DDR DIM (not sure if it is DDR or DDR2 or DDR3). This is designed for Intel/AMD processors running in PCs, so the standards for these things tend to be designed by Intel or AMD, and the memory producers just follow suite. As I recollect (but me memory may be fa ulty), when the first standard of DDR came out, there was a tassle between the D DR design by AMD and the RAMBUS standard by Intel, but in the end Intel lost. Dr. Robert H. Dennard, a Fellow at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center crea ted the one-transistor DRAM in 1966. Dennard and his team were working on early field-effect transistors and integrated circuits, and his attention to memory ch ips came from seeing another team's research with thin-flim magnetic memory. Den nard claims he went home and within a few hours had gotten the basic ideas for t he creation of DRAM. He worked on his ideas for a simpler memory cell that used only a single transistor and a small capacitor. IBM and Dennard were granted a p atent for DRAM in 1968. RAM stands for random access memory, memory that can be accessed or written to r andomly -- any byte or piece of memory can be used without accessing the other b ytes or pieces of memory. There were two basic types of RAM, dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM (SRAM). DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which makes it faster. Both types of RAM ar e volatile -- they lose their contents when the power is turned off. In 1970, Fa irchild Corporation invented the first 256-k SRAM chip. Recently, several new ty pes of RAM chips have been designed. A hard disk (also known as HD or HDD) drive is common data storage for computers . Hard disks use magnets to store information. So who invented hard disk? The hard disk was invented on September13, 1956 by IBM team led by Rey Johnson ( considered as "father" of the disk drive). Earlier hard disk drives were large a nd cumbersome devices. A 5 or 20 megabyte hard disk capacity was considered larg e in early 70 and 80's. There are several different types of interface for hard drives. The most common is the IDE or SATA interface, which is found on most home desktop PC's. For high-end applications and business the SCSI or SAS interface is very popular . Again, there are several types of SCSI interface. In order to safeguard agains t data loss or corruption and to improve performance you need to use RAID (there are many different configurations to choose from). HDDs (introduced in 1956 as data storage for an IBM accounting computer)[6] were originally developed for use with general purpose computers. During the 1990s, the need for large-scale, reliable storage, independent of a particular device, led to the introduction of embedded systems such as RAID systems, network attach ed storage (NAS) systems, and storage area network (SAN) systems that provide ef ficient and reliable access to large volumes of data. In the 21st century, HDD u sage expanded into consumer applications such as camcorders, cellphones (for exa mple the Nokia N91),digital audio players, digital video players, digital video recorders, personal digital assistants and video game consoles. Mathew Roper invented the QWERTY keyboard in 1875 when he produced the first com mercial typewriter. The invention of the computer keyboard (QWERTY keyboard) starts with the typewri ter. The inventor of the typewriter is Christopher Sholes who also designed the arrangement of characters of keyboard which is called QWERTY keyboard. The name of QWERTY derives from the first six characters on the top alphabetic line of th e keyboard. Who Invented the Computer Mouse? In 1963, Douglas Engelbart invented the first mouse prototype. He worked at Stan ford Research Institute, and he developed the mouse prototype with one of his co lleagues, Bill English. Engelbart developed the idea, but Bill English was responsible for actually buil ding the mouse. The mouse earned its name because of its appearance. The long wi re that extended out the back of the device looked like a tail. The smaller size of the device with the tail that extended out of it reminded users of a mouse. Thus, the device was named mouse. Engelbart's Projects The mouse was actually only a small part of Engelbart s larger project. His larger project concentrated on increasing human intellect. In 1972, Bill English impro ved on the Engelbart version and created the ball mouse. The ball mouse improved upon the original invention. The external wheels of the mouse were replaced with a singular ball. This singular ball had the ability to rotate in any direction, which made the mouse more convenient for users. Inside the mouse, the design uses two rollers that roll against the two alternat e sides of the ball. One roller is used to detect the forward-backward motion of the mouse, and the other roller is used to detect the left-right motion of the mouse. The signals are then sent to the computer through the wire that comes out the ba ck of the mouse. This ball mouse was the predominant model that was used with pe rsonal computer throughout the late eighties and the nineties. Adding Buttons The first mouse only had a singular button. This was the mouse that was created by Engelbart. The next version of the mouse had three buttons, but this was soon reduced to two buttons. In 1984, Macintosh reintroduced the mouse that only had one button to the market . However, users preferred the mouse with two buttons. Thus, the mouse with two buttons held the greatest amount of market share in the late eighties and early nineties. On many two button mice, however, there will often be a scroll button in between the buttons. Other Types of Mouse Devices Since the creation of the ball mouse, there have been numerous other types of de vices that have been created. The SpaceMouse, a type of 3D mouse, was created in the early nineties by the company Logitech. The 3D mice usually use ultrasound to move, and provide three different degrees of freedom. Recently, Wii released their own 3D mouse called the Wii Remote. The Wii remote can determine its orientation and direction of movement, as well as detect its s patial position. In 2008, the company Motion4U launched a 3D mouse add-on that w as called the OptiBurst. This additional feature lets users work with six degree s of freedom. This means that the mouse moves with natural and organic movement. Ads by Google HP Desktops for Business - High-Performance and Excellent Cost Efficient Desktop for Businesses!www.HP.com/PH Sell Home Computer - Phils' Top Marketplace For Home Computers. Find Great Barga ins Nowwww.AyosDito.ph Rat Mouse Blood Pressure - Blood Pressure data accurate as Telemetry, one to 24 animal systemsiitcinc.com Optical Mice The optical mouse was created in the nineties. These mice differ from mechanical mice because optical mice do not have any rolling parts within them. However, t hese mice usually use more power than mechanical mice. On the other hand, optical mice have definite advantages. Optical mice tend to o utperform mechanical mice on certain surfaces, such as uneven surfaces, slick su rfaces, soft surfaces, and even sticky surfaces. This is particularly important if you do not have a mouse pad. In operation, optical mice use an image that the infrared diode illuminates to properly move. This image detects movement undern eath it. Thus, now that you know the history behind the computer mouse, who invented the computer mouse, and some of the different types, you can truly appreciate this t echnology! Author: Christy Rakoczy