References 1-Gray’s anatomy 2-Human nervous system Noback 3- Basic clinical neuroanatomy Young 4- Head and neck anatomy Berkovitz 5- clinical neuroanatomy.

Slide 1 Slide 2 References 1-Gray’s anatomy 2-Human nervous system Noback 3- Basic clinical neuroanatomy Young 4- Head and neck anatomy Berkovitz 5- clinical neuroanatomy Snell Slide 3 Anatomical division of nervous system  1- CNS brain and spinal cord  2- PNS peripheral nerves ganglions ganglions receptors receptors Slide 4 Slide 5 Slide 6 Cells in this system 1- neuron 2-neuroglia A- Central neuroglia Macroglia (astrocyte,oligodendrocyte) Microglia Ependymal cells B- Peripheral neuroglia Schwann cells Satellite cells Slide 7 Slide 8 Specialist cell 1- produce action potential 2- convey Slide 9 Slide 10 central neuroglia  Macroglia (astrocyte,oligodendrocyte)  Microglia  Ependymal cells Slide 11 Slide 12 Slide 13 Slide 14 Peripheral neuroglia  1- schwann cell  2- satellite cell Slide 15 Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Function of this system Slide 20 Embryology of the nervous system Slide 21 Slide 22 Slide 23 Slide 24 Slide 25 Slide 26 Slide 27 Slide 28 Neural Tube Histogenesis Slide 29 Slide 30 Slide 31 What is the identity of these two cells? Slide 32 Three points about division of neural tube cells 1- Synchronise formation of neuronal and glial cells. 2- Continuous of glial division after stopping of neuronal cell division. 3- Early formation of large neuron in comparison with small neuron. Slide 33 لایه پوشاننده لایه حاشیه ایی لایه اپاندیمی Formation of three layers in the thickness of NEURAL TUBE NEURAL TUBE Slide 34 Slide 35 Neuronal cell migration  1- Gene activation  2- Epigenetic signals (mechanical or contact guidance) Slide 36 Neuronal cell aggregation Morphological appearance Morphological appearance  NCAMs (nerve cell adhesion molecules)  N cadherin Slide 37 Slide 38 Neuroblast differentiation  Apolar neuroblast  Bipolar neuroblast  Unipolar neuroblast  Multipolar neuroblast Slide 39 Slide 40 Slide 41 Neuroblast differentiation Neurotrophic Factors Neurotrophic Factors  1- NGFs ( Nerve Growth Factors)  2- Outgrowth Promoting proteins ( Laminin, Netrin, Fibronectin) ( Laminin, Netrin, Fibronectin) 3-NCAMs 3-NCAMs Slide 42 Cell Programmed Death Apoptosis Apoptosis 30 to 60 percent of cells survive 30 to 60 percent of cells survive Slide 43 Effects of Experience and Activation on neurons Structural Plasticity Structural Plasticity Axonal sprouting Axonal sprouting Changes in the number of Dendritic Spines Changes in the number of Dendritic Spines Amblyopia Disease Amblyopia Disease Slide 44 Reveiw Slide 45 Formation of brain and spinal cord  1- Primary vesicles  2- Flexures Slide 46 Midbrain or Slide 47 Formation of brain and spinal cord  1- secondary vesicles Slide 48 Slide 49 Slide 50 Ventricular spaces and central canal 1-Telencephalon------ lateral ventricals1&2 2-Diencephalon-------third ventricle 3-Mesencephalon----cerebral aqueduct 4- Rhombencephalon--- forth ventricle 5-Spinal cord----- central canal 6- in the end of spinal cord----- terminal ventricle Monro Foramen(interventricular F) Slide 51 Slide 52 Slide 53 Neural crest derivates Slide 54 Slide 55 Slide 56 Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) 1- Spina Bifida Oculta Meningocele Meningomyelocle cystica Rachischhisis Slide 57 Slide 58 occulta meningocele meningomyelocelemyeloschesis Slide 59 10 %of normal people L5 or S1 Slide 60 Slide 61 Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) 1- Cranial Bifida Cranial Meningocele Meningoencephalocele Meningohydroencephalocele Anencephaly Slide 62 Cranial Meningocele Meningoencephalocele Meningohydroencephalocele Cranial Bifida Slide 63 Slide 64