Political Tutelage and Democracy in Turkey: The Free Part and Its Aftermath by Walter F. Weiker Review by: Richard L. Chambers The American Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 4 (Oct., 1975), pp. 1015-1016 Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1867563 . Accessed: 28/06/2014 09:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
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Oxford University Press and American Historical Association are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Historical Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 193.0.146.74 on Sat, 28 Jun 2014 09:54:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=oup http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aha http://www.jstor.org/stable/1867563?origin=JSTOR-pdf http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp Near East 1015 "falsely nationalistic phrases about 'sovereign Ukraine'" (p. 34) while expounding upon the national interest of the Communist party of Eastern Galicia (changed to the Communist party of Western Ukraine in 1923); this, despite the fact that the political and organizational leadership over the party was vested in the Communist Workers' party of Poland by an agreement signed in Moscow on April 12, 1921. In other words, whether in Polish-occupied Western Ukraine or in Soviet Ukraine, the Ukrainian Communist parties were territorial units of the Russian Communist party (Bol- shevik) and were guided, as Vasiuta himself reminds the reader (p. 29), by directions Lenin had set, directions that obviously were not dominated by the national interests of the Ukrainian people. Each of the monograph's four chapters covers a five-year period. This chronological approach lends itself to a repetitive discussion, in each successive chapter, of peasants burning estates, striking, boycotting, and so forth. The study is extensively footnoted with predominantly Soviet sources. It lacks, however, an index and a bibliography, both of which would have been helpful. The abbreviations for several of the state and party archives, for example, are not fully clarified in the footnotes or in the author's introduction. Despite its serious defects, Vasiuta's study shows obvious familiarity with the spontaneous local peasant economic disturbances in Western Ukraine between the two World Wars and with the Communist attempts to organize these into a mass revolutionary movement. It repre- sents, unfortunately, a party-line approach to historical research. BOHDAN P. PROCKO Villanova University NEAR EAST WALTER F. WEIKER. Political Tutelage and De- mocracy in Turkey: The Free Party and Its Aftermath. (Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East, volume 8.) Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1973. Pp. xii, 317. 84 gls. Turkey has been more successful than most "developing" nations in making the transition from an authoritarian to a democratic political system. In this study, growing out of his doc- toral dissertation at Princeton University, Wal- ter Weiker contends that political "tutelage" during the single-party period from 1923 to 1946 was beneficial to both modernization and democracy in Turkey. The focal point is the brief Free party episode of 1930, the abortive attempt by Atatuirk to create a "loyal opposi- tion" as "the culmination of his Revolution" (P. 5). Part 1 summarizes the Ataturk revolution to 1930 and recapitulates earlier Turkish experi- ence with multiparty politics. Part 2 dwells upon the details of the short-lived Free party of 1930 and, in my opinion, constitutes the most substantial portion of the volume. The effects of the Free party experiment upon the " tutelary" role of the ruling Republican Peo- ples party between 193o and 1946, including the reorganization of the party, development of the Kemalist ideology, and mass political education, are treated in part 3. Finally in part 4, the author compares the successful emergence of a multiparty system after 1946 with its failure in 1930 and makes a final as- sessment of the role tutelage played in that suc- cess. He ends on the disturbing note that "tu- toring a nation for democracy seems to be a far different-and perhaps far easier-thing than tutoring it to be able and willing to forge the many new social, economic and political connections which the modern age demands" (p. 303). This is one of those books which stimulates and irritates, enliglhtens and frustrates. The Free party episode does indeed occupy a pivotal position in the political development of mod- ern Turkey, and Professor Weiker deserves our thanks for his thorough study of it as well as for his broader analysis of the relationship be- tween political tutelage and democracy in Tur- key. The question might be raised, however, whetlher the author has not exaggerated the effects of the Free party upon subsequent de- velopments. Even so, my overall impression would have been vastly more positive had the volume not suffered from innumerable and, in most cases, inexcusable minor errors and tech- nical defects. How could the author have al- lowed the name of one sultan to appear in five variant spellings (pp. 11, 36, 38, 79), have used correctly the Turkish dotted i and un- dotted i in lower case but only the undotted form in capital, have overlooked minor errors in quotations and footnote citations (for ex- ample, p. 15, n. 1; p. 36, n. 1), and have per- mitted typographlical errors too glaring and numerous to be missed? It is an interesting and informative book miarred by carelessness in This content downloaded from 193.0.146.74 on Sat, 28 Jun 2014 09:54:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ioi6 Reviews of Books some minor details and a seriously flawed pro- duction. RICHARD L. CHAMBERS University of Chicago MAJID KHADDURI. Arab Contemporaries: The Role of Personalities in Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1973. Pp. x, 255- $8.95- In 1970 Professor Khadduri published an im- portant analysis of the process of political mod- ernization in the Arab world, Political Trends in the Arab World: The Role of Ideas and Ideals in Politics. His newest work, Arab Con- temporaries, is a worthy sequel and companion to the earlier volume. The book treats twelve representative po- litical figures who have played significant roles in Arab politics since World War I. It de- scribes how each of the twelve became involved in politics, the process by which they formu- lated their political goals and styles, and the actual methods they used as they attempted to realize their aims. Personalities who exemplify three avenues of political leadership are con- sidered: military politicians ('Aziz 'Ali al-Misri, Nuri al-Sa'id, Jamal 'Abd al-Nasir); profes- sional politicians (the Grand Mufti Hajj Amin al-Husayni, King Faysal of Saudi Arabia, Habib Bourguiba, Kamil al-Chadirchi, Kamal Junblat, Khalid Bakdash); intellectual politicians (Ah- mad Lufti al-Sayyid, Muhammad Husayn Hay- kal, Michel Aflaq). Moreover, although the author admits that these men defy neat cate- gorization, he identifies their particular ap- proach to political activity as representing either that of the idealist, the realist, or the ideologist. The authority, value, flavor, and interest of the book owes much to Professor Khadduri's informed personal acquaintance witlh each of the leaders whose political per- sonality he analyzes. In a thoughtful final chapter, Khadduri muses on the role of "the great man" in history. He concludes that it is the confluence of the particular qualifications of an individual with the riglht circumstances that allows a person to play a major role in politics: "in other words, it is neither the man nor the circum- stances but the man-in-the-circumstances" that produces a great statesman. It appears that Khiadduri would not count any of the twelve as truly great, althouglh some approached that distinction. Among the enduring monuments of the great Arab culture of medieval times are a number of anthologies that utilize a unique form of biography to personalize and enliven discussion and understanding of abstract philosophical is- sues. Professor Khadduri's work revives that ancient and noble tradition of scholarship. ROBERT G. LANDEN University of Texas, Arlington AFRICA K. INGHAM, editor. Foreign Relations of African States. (Proceedings of the Twentyfifth Sympo- sium of the Colston Research Society held in the University of Bristol, April 4th to 7th, 1973. Colston Papers, volume 25.) London: Butter- worth; distrib. by Shoe String Press, Hamden, Conn. 1974. Pp. xii, 344- $32.50. Since 1948 the Bristol-based Colston Research Society has sponsored symposia on a variety of subjects, ranging from cosmic radiation, hyper- sonic flow, and the fungus spore, to animal health and production. In 1973 the twenty- fifth annual Colston symposium was devoted to the historical origins and present-day mani- festations of African foreign policy and rela- tions. The essays that appear in this book represent the proceedings of that symposium and will be of interest not only to the historian and political scientist, but also, to those con- cerned with contemporary African affairs. The first six papers in this collection attempt to explore the relations between precolonial African societies, a relatively neglected aspect of African history. Topics include diplomacy and diplomats in the Western Sudan (Thomas Hodgkin), Fante diplomacy in the eighteenth century (A. A. Boahen), and the external re- lations of the East African coast (G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville). The remaining essays are more contemporary in nature, dealing with such topics as the colonial partition of Africa by treaty (C. H. Alexandrowicz), modern Tan- zanian foreign policy (T. M. Shaw), the forma- tions of foreign service cadres in black Africa (A. H. M. Kirk-Greene), and the Organization of African Unity (Z. Pervenka). One of the most interesting essays in this Colston collection is Y. Tandon's "Analysis of the Foreign Policy of African States: A Case Study of Uganda." Tandon advances the thesis that postcolonial internal development within many African states, Uganda in particular, has in large part been a reflection of former co- lonial relationships. Concurrently, it is main- tained that the most important determinant This content downloaded from 193.0.146.74 on Sat, 28 Jun 2014 09:54:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp Article Contents p. 1015 p. 1016 Issue Table of Contents The American Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 4 (Oct., 1975), pp. i-ix+859-1220+1(a)-65(a) Front Matter [pp. i-x] Problems of Law and Order during 1790, the "Peaceful" Year of the French Revolution [pp. 859-888] Abolitionists, Irish Immigrants, and the Dilemmas of Romantic Nationalism [pp. 889-912] Women and War in Japan, 1937-45 [pp. 913-934] Reviews of Books General Review: untitled [pp. 935-936] Review: untitled [pp. 936-937] Review: untitled [pp. 937-938] Review: untitled [pp. 938-939] Review: untitled [pp. 939-940] Review: untitled [pp. 940-941] Review: untitled [p. 941] Review: untitled [pp. 941-942] Ancient Review: untitled [p. 942] Review: untitled [p. 943] Review: untitled [pp. 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