Pesticide Groups So what is a pesticide?. Pesticide Groups Insecticides – kills insects Herbicides – kills weeds Fungicides – kills fungi Rodenticides.

Slide 1Pesticide Groups So what is a pesticide? Slide 2Pesticide Groups Insecticides – kills insects Herbicides – kills weeds Fungicides – kills fungi Rodenticides – kills rodents Bactericide – kills bacteria Molluscicide – kills snails and slugs Nematicide – kills nematodes Slide 3Pesticide Groups Avicide – kills birds Ovicide – kills eggs Acaricide/miticide – kills mites Termiticide – kills termites Piscicide – kills fish Repellants – repels or discourages pests Attractants – attracts pests Hormones – plant growth regulators & juvenile growth regulators Slide 4Insecticides Used to kill insect pests Enters insect as contact, stomach or systemic poisons Physical toxicants Protoplasmic poisons Neural poisons Cytolytic poisons Muscle poisons Slide 5Herbicides Used to kill weed pests Physical toxicants Auxin-like effects Metabolic inhibitors Photosynthesis inhibitors Slide 6Rodenticides Used to kill rodent pests Anticoagulants Benzenamines – affects liver and kidneys Botanicals – derivatives of plants Slide 7Rodenticides Slide 8Fungicides Used to control fungal pathogens Electron transport chain inhibitors Enzyme inhibitors Nucleic acid metabolism inhibitors Protein synthesis inhibitors Sterol synthesis inhibitors The Killer Fungus Slide 9Repellants Intended to repel pests Chemical repellants Efficacy varies Pest specific Can also include various devices Slide 10Attractants Intended to attract pests Usually used for trapping Pheromones, baits, other chemicals Slide 11Variations on a Theme Pesticides can be: synthetically produced organic chemicals naturally occurring organic chemicals naturally occurring inorganic chemicals microbial agents Slide 12Variations on a Theme Some chemicals not commonly thought of as pesticides: chlorine – added to swimming pools kills algae household disinfectants insect repellants plant growth regulators Slide 13A Few Words About Toxicity Slide 14Toxicity The capacity of a chemical to cause injury Can be referred to as “potency” By their nature – pesticides are toxic They are intended to destroy pests Not all pesticides present the same hazard The more toxic – smaller doses are required Slide 15Toxicity Toxicity to humans Oral exposure (ingesting) Dermal exposure (skin contact) Slide 16Toxicity Chronic toxicity long term exposure Acute toxicity immediate exposure Slide 17Lethal Dose – LD 50 Necessary amount of pesticide to kill 50% of a test population Oral and dermal LD 50 measured in mg/kg that’s milligrams of pesticide per kilogram of target body weight Remember – 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds Slide 18Lethal Dose – LD 50 Ex. LD 50 = 2 2 mg of pesticide per kg of body weight can be lethal Determine: Body weight in kilograms LD 50 Slide 19Lethal Dose – LD 50 Next: Multiply body weight by LD 50 Ex. For a person weighing 220 lbs and an LD 50 = 2 or 2 mg/kg of pesticide (2mg/kg) (100kg) = 200mg or 0.2 grams Slide 20Lethal Concentration – LC 50 Concentrations measured in air or water micrograms/liter Slide 21Adjuvants Materials added to pesticides for various reasons, inc.: mixing & application enhancement reduce surface tension extend the life buffers & acidifiers Slide 22Adjuvants Continued: reduce drift compatibility reduce foaming attractants colorants deodorizers Slide 23Pest Groups Slide 24Pest Identification Proper identification To which category does the pest belong? Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Monera Kingdom Fungi Viruses, viroides, and MLOs Slide 25Pest Identification Common names reflect the host organism Lists of “acceptable common names” Weed Science Society of America Entomological Society of America Most pesticide labels refer to the “common name” Slide 26Invertebrate Pests Animals without backbones Includes insects spiders, mites and ticks mollusks nematodes and worms etc. Slide 27Invertebrate Pests What do these have in common? Insects, mites & ticks, centipedes, millipedes, sowbugs, scorpions, etc. Arthropods – large group of invertebrates Arthropododa – “jointed foot” Small, w/jointed legs and body parts, external skeleton Microscopic to several inches Slide 28Class Insecta Slide 29Life Cycles Insect life cycles fall into two categories Simple metamorphosis Complete metamorphosis Slide 30Simple Metamorphosis Young – nymphs or instars Nymphs resemble adults Molting increases size Wings are bud-like and fully form at last molt Nymphs and adults live in same habitat Slide 31Simple Metamorphosis Slide 32Slide 33Complete Metamorphosis Adults and juveniles differ in form Larvae often worm-like Larvae similar in appearance but increased in size after each molt Wings develop in final molt Larvae typically have chewing mouthparts Adults tend to have sucking mouthparts Slide 34Complete Metamorphosis Pupa forms at final molt Pupa often covered by a cocoon Adult emerges form pupa at final molt Pale in color, wings short and soft upon emergence Color develops Wings extend and harden Slide 35Complete Metamorphosis Slide 36Slide 37Spiders Class Arachnida Two distinct body parts - Cephalothorax - Abdomen Beneficial Nuisance indoors Few are dangerous Slide 38Mites and Ticks Class Arachnida Two distinct body parts - Gnathosoma - Idiosoma Some mites are beneficial Ticks are pests and can vector disease Two-Spotted Mite Slide 39Mite Pests & Locations Some common mite pests - Fuchsia Gall Mites - Two-Spotted Mites - Citrus Mites - Persea Mites Locations of mite pests - Undersides of leaves - Vegetative and flower buds - On fruit Slide 40Mite Damage & Controls Damage Sucks juices from plant cells Stippled appearance to foliage Russeting on fruit skin Can cover plants with fine webbing Controls Miticides or Acaricides Predaceous mites Maintenance of plants Use low N fertilizers Reduce dust Control ants Slide 41Insects Class Insecta Three distinct body parts - Head - Thorax - Abdomen Wings (if present) Slide 42Insect Anatomy Slide 43Insect Mouthparts Vary by species Used to identify species Chewing insects damage by chewing or boring - Caterpillars, grasshoppers, various beetles Piercing-sucking suck juices from plants Aphids, leafhoppers, scale, thrips, mites, mealybugs, true bugs, etc. Slide 44Insect Mouthparts Slide 45Insect mouthparts: a, antennae c, compound eye lb, labrium lr, labrum md, mandibles mx, maxillae Slide 46Order Orthoptera Slide 47Grasshoppers and Allies Order Orthoptera Characteristic – spiny hind legs Includes grasshoppers, crickets, katydids Life cycle – simple metamorphosis Found just about everywhere Chewing mouthparts Damage to foliage and new growth, roots Difficult to control in the landscape Slide 48Two-Stripped Grasshopper Slide 49Long-Horned Grasshopper Slide 50Crickets Field Cricket Slide 51Jerusalem or Sand Cricket Slide 52Cockroaches Order Blattaria Closely related to Orthoptera Divided into two groups Spiny hind legs Simple metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Mostly an indoor pest Contaminate food stores Spreads disease Controls Various insecticides Traps Bait stations Boric acid Diatomaceous earth And…. Slide 53Cockroaches