Oral Pathology and Microbiology Lecture (3) Ppt

Oral Pathology & Microbiology lecture (3) Prepared by: Dr. Enas Hawari. Immune system • Immune system: Is responsible for providing resistance to communicable diseases. • Communicable disease: Is caused by an infection that can be spread from person to person or through contact with body fluids. • Immunity allows the body to resist disease and prevents foreign bodies from causing infection. • Immunity is classified into:  Naturally acquired immunity.  Artificially acquired immunity. Naturally acquired immunity • Occurs when a person has previously contracted a disease and recovered. • Two types of naturally acquired immunity:  Active immunity.  Passive immunity. • Active immunity:  Occurs when the body was fighting the invading pathogen, it formed antibodies that provide future resistance against that particular pathogen.  It is called active because the body of the host is actively involved in the process. • Passive immunity:  Occurs during pregnancy when the fetus receives antibodies from the mother placenta.  Also occurs when the mother breastfeeds the infant.  It is called passive cause the antibodies are acquired from an outside source. Artificially acquired immunity • When the human body has not been exposed to a disease, it has not developed antibodies and is completely defenseless against the disease. • Antibodies can be introduced into the body artificially by immunization or vaccination. • A vaccine that contains a weakened disease-causing organisms is injected into the body. • Harmful characteristic of the disease are eliminated from the vaccine to make them less likely to cause disease. • The body then forms antibodies in response to the vaccine, resulting in artificially acquired immunity. ORAL PATHOLOGY Oral pathology • Is the study of disease in the oral cavity. • Only a dentist or a physician may diagnose disease conditions. • It is important for the dental assistant to be able to recognize the difference between normal and abnormal conditions that appear in the mouth. • Before you can recognize abnormal conditions in the mouth, you must have a solid understanding of the appearance of the normal tissue. • A dental assistant should understand the terms used to describe pathologic conditions, so that you can communicate effectively with other professionals. Making a diagnosis • Making a diagnosis is much like putting a puzzle together – many pieces are necessary. • To make an accurate diagnosis, the dentist must rely on a variety of types of information. • One piece of information alone is not enough to make a diagnosis. • Eight sources of information can be used to make a final diagnosis. • These includes:  Historical.  Clinical.  Radiographic.  Microscopic.  Laboratory.  Therapeutic.  Surgical.  Differential findings. Historical diagnosis      Personal history Family history. Medical history. Dental history. History of a lesion. • Family history is important because of the genetic disorders. • Medical history can provide information about medication the patient may be taking that could have an effect on the oral tissue. Clinical diagnosis • Is based on the clinical appearance of the lesion, including the:     Color. Size. Shape. Location. Radiographic diagnosis • Radiographs are excellent in providing information about:  Periapical pathology.  Internal resorption.  Impacted teeth. Microscopic diagnosis • When a suspicious lesion is present, tissue is removed from the lesion and is sent to a pathology laboratory, this is called (biopsy). • This procedure is very often used to make the final diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis • Blood chemistries and other laboratory tests, including urinalysis, can provide information that leads to a diagnosis. • Cultures done in the laboratory can be used to diagnose types of oral infection. Therapeutic diagnosis • Is made by providing a treatment and seeing how the condition responds. Surgical diagnosis • A diagnosis made on the basis of findings from a surgical procedure. • Surgically open the area and inspect it if it needs a further treatment. Differential diagnosis • When two or more possible causes of a condition are identified, a differential diagnosis must be made. • The dentist will determine which tests or procedures should be done to rule out the incorrect cause and make a final diagnosis. Thank you