1. METHOD OF CHAINING ON SLOPING GROUNDS There are two methods of chaining onsloping grounds Direct methodIndirect method 2. Direct method In this method the sloping ground is divided into a number of horizontal and vertical strips The lengths of horizontal portions are measured and added to get the totalhorizontal distance 3. Indirect method There are further three types of indirect methodBy using clinometer By applying hypotenusal allowance By knowing the difference of level between the points 4. By using clinometer A clinometer is a graduatedsemicircular protractor We measure the slope of the ground by using clinometer We resolve the sloping distance into its horizontal component by using the formulaHorizontal component =(magnitude of sloping distance )(cos α ) Horizontal component is the required distance 5. By applying hypotenusal allowance In this method the slope of the ground is found by clinometerHypotenusal allowance is made for each step Then hypotenusal allowance is applied on each step until the end of line is reached 6. Knowing the difference of level In this method the difference of level of two points on the slope is measured by a levelling instrumentThen the sloping distances are measuredA triangle will form then by applying pathagorous theorem the horizontal distance is measured