IBM POWER Systems HMC and Firmware Webinar February 24, 2011 Title: HMC and Firmware Management for POWER5/6/7 Allyn Walsh –
[email protected] © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Agenda – Introduction to Hardware Management Console – Requirements and hardware review • Basic configuration and server connection options – Remote management options – HMC LPAR Wizard overview – Managing HMC Firmware • Three pieces of Power Systems Maintenance • Managing HMC Updates and Upgrades • HMC – Back up and Recovery scenarios – Review enhancements in HMC V7R3 • Highlights for V7R3.1 – V7R3.5 – Overview System Firmware – Firmware Upgrade Policies • OS managed • HMC Managed – Manage your server firmware • Options for obtaining code updates or upgrades 2 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware What is the HMC A user interface for POWER5/6/7 Server Management – External appliance with a ‘locked’ Operating System – Intel based platform - GUI console application – Third party applications locked out – Virtualization and hardware management – Regular refreshes on the hardware technology 7310-C03/4/5/6 or 7042-C06/7/8 monitor & keyboard separate (desktop) Includes console capability for IBM i (5250), AIX 5L and Linux Remote management of HMC functions – WebSM client – remote GUI to HMC for V6.1.3 and all earlier versions – Standard browser for remote GUI access to HMC V7.310 and above – i5/OS 5250 console interface via Telnet client – Secure shell (SSH) access to CLI command line interface POWER6 requires HMC firmware level V7.310 or later POWER7 requires HMC firmware level V7.710 or later – V7.xxx is backward compatible with POWER5 • Support statement: level SF240_299 or later for V7.3 or SF240_358 for V7.7 7310-CR2/3/4 or 7042-CR4/5/6 shown with 1U keyboard & flat panel (rack) HMC Supports: – Max of 48 Servers, up to 254 partitions, (1024 partitions with V7.7) – Max of 2 HMC's per server. 3 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Hardware Management Console - Model refreshes (rack) 7310-C03 7316 Rack mounted display and keyboard 7310-CR2 7310-CR3 7042-CR4 7042-CR5 7042-CR6 Sep 17,2010 7310-C04 (desktop) 7310-C05 7042-C06 7310-C06 7042-C07 7042-C08 7310-CR4 POWER6 servers & new HMC orders will default to models 7042-Cxx preloaded with latest V7R3 code POWER7 servers & new HMC orders will default to models 7042-Cxx preloaded with latest V7R7. code • • • • April 13,2010 HMC function is based on HMC Ver/Rel (not the HMC model) Any 7310-Cxx model can be upgraded to V7R3 (minimum HMC level required for POWER6) 7310-C03 can not be upgraded to V7R7 (V7R7 will install on CR2 and C04) Minimum HMC model for POWER7 management: 7310-CR3 or later model rackmount or 7310-C05 or later deskside © 2011 IBM Corporation 4 IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Currently available HMC’s – 7042-CR5 & 7042-C08 Base configuration CR6 (9/17/2010) 2.53 GHz Intel® Quad-core processor with 8 MB L2 cache 4 GB (2 x 2 GB) of 1333 MHz DDR3 system memory Integrated quad Gigabit Ethernet 250 GB SATA 3.5 inch HDD SATA CD/RW - DVD-RAM Base configuration C08 2.53 GHz Intel® Quad-core processor with 8 MB L2 cache 4 GB (2 x 2 GB) DDR3 system memory Integrated Gigabit Ethernet 250 GB SATA 3.5-inch HDD SATA CD/RW - DVD-RAM Minimum HMC levels: CR6 = V7R7.2, C08 = V7R7.1, Memory upgrades are available for HMCs: 7042-C06/C07, 7310-C06, 7042-CR4, and 7310-CR3/CR4. For any CR3, CR4, C06, or C07 models already installed in the field, 2 GB or 4 GB upgrades can be ordered via MES 5 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware POWER Systems - Logical Partitioning Power Systems virtualization management requires an HMC – Micro-processor partitioning – Improves fault tolerance and lower partition management costs – No primary partition (reduced hardware requirements) – Power Systems support; IBM i, AIX, x86 and Power Linux – PowerVM – Advanced management features: Up to 1024 partitions on V7 HMC •Provides automatic processor balancing with shared processor pools •Per core license management with multiple shared processor pools •Capped or uncapped processor partitions •Dedicated processor assignment with optional ‘Shared dedicated’ on POWER6/7 •Advanced Memory sharing •Advanced memory expansion •Live Partition mobility •Advanced concurrent maintenance actions © 2011 IBM Corporation 6 IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Power Systems LPAR Layout HMC connects to the server FSP. Each FSP has two Ethernet ports. Some servers have dual FSPs. To manage multiple servers or any server with dual FSPs, requires a customer supplied Ethernet switch or Hub to provide a one to multiple connection path. IBM i TIMI AIX LINUX VIOS LIC A | B PFWRTAS PFWRTAS PFWRTAS Power Hypervisor (PHYP) Private Network Flexible Service Processor (FSP) HMC-0 HMC-1 Flash Memory Perm | Temp System Power Control Network (SPCN) Rack Mount HMC TIMI = Technology Independent Machine Interface LIC = System Licensed Internal Code PFW = Partition Firmware RTAS = Run-Time Abstraction Services © 2011 IBM Corporation 7 IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware LPAR on a Power5/6/7 System VIOS PFW A | B IBM LIC i AIX 5L PFW Linux PFW HMC Firmware – Hypervisor Non-Volatile RAM FSP/ASMI HMC-0 HMC-1 Processors Mem Regions I/O Slots Ethernet LPAR Allocation Tables Perm | Temp Server A second HMC, or directly access ASMI from a browser © 2011 IBM Corporation 8 IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Redundant HMCs - example two HMCs managing two servers each with redundant FSPs HMC1 DHCP-SUBNET-1.1.1.1 HMC1 will manage 570-A and 570-B by attaching to HMC0-Port on both Service Processors of each 570 using subnet 1.1.1.x HMC2 will manage 570-A and 570-B by attaching to HMC1-Port on both Service Processors of each 570 using subnet 2.2.2.x NOTE: Dual HMC’s must use different subnets for server management. Switch HMC0 HMC1 Internet FSP 570-A Intra-net Network Switch HMC0 HMC1 FSP Enable a second (or even a third to isolate networks even further) Ethernet port on the HMC for open system network connectivity. This will potentially enable HMC to be accessed remotely, allow HMC to HMC communication, HMC to RMC (partition communication for Inventory Scout and DLPAR), enable HMC to access internet (i.e. Call Home, download maintenance updates). HMC0 FSP HMC2 DHCP-SUBNET-2.2.2.2 570-B HMC1 HMC0 HMC1 FSP 9 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Redundant HMCs – with remote control center HMC1 will manage 570-A in LA attaching to HMC0-Port on each of the two Service processors HMC2 will manage 570-B in Dallas attaching to HMC0-Port on each of the two Service Processors By using static IP addressing, either HMC3 or HMC4 located in NYC (one or the other due to two HMC’s per server MAX) can be used to connect and manage 570-A and/or 570-B connecting to HMC1-Port on each of the four Service Processors NOTE: 575, 595 and 795 servers require DHCP services by the HMC HMC3 Rochester Private DHCP-SUBNET-1.1.1.1 HMC1 Switch Static IP address – 9.9.3.99 Static IP address – 9.9.3.1 HMC1 HMC0 570-A FSP HMC0 Static IP address – 9.9.3.2 FSP HMC1 NYC HMC4 Intra-net Network HMC2 DALLAS Private DHCP-SUBNET-2.2.2.2 Static IP address – 9.9.3.88 Switch HMC0 570-B FSP Static IP address – 9.9.3.3 HMC1 HMC0 Static IP address – 9.9.3.4 FSP HMC1 10 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC (V7.x.x) Welcome panel – Browser based interface Task panel, expand functions and tasks Navigation panel – HMC functions grouped by category These HMC references are updated with each new version and provide a good foundation. NOTE: Starting with HMC V7.3.3 the Call home – remote support configuration is moved to a separate wizard under the Service Management category. 11 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Start with the POWER Systems Hardware Info center http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/systems/scope/hw/index.jsp Configuration Checklist http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/systems/scope/hw/index.jsp?topic=/arecq/arecqpreparehmc.htm 12 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Guided Setup Wizard 13 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC Electronic Service Agent: Connections options Document - HMC Connectivity Security for IBM POWER5/6/7 Processor-Based Systems ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/common/ssi/sa/wh/n/psw03007usen/PSW03007USEN.PDF Prior to V7.3.3.0, the Call-Home setup was included in the Guided setup wizard. Now a separate wizard. 14 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware LPAR Creation Wizard AIX, Linux and VIOS task summary looks very similar, however the wizard will enforce rules. For example, VIO can not be ‘suspended’, VIO not allowed as a ‘client’ Virtual SCSI and AIX/Linux will not allow a ‘server’ VSCSI 15 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Setting Processor + Memory – (Min Max & desired) IBM i has different configuration requirements Min & Max setting determine the range (boundaries) allowed by DLPAR Desired Virtual Processor tell the ‘OS’ the number of processors it can dispatch to and this is used to calculate potential processor usage. Multiple Shared pools can be used to managed license compliance. This can be assigned at LPAR creation, or dynamically at any time. 16 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Select IO resource: Desired = eligible to be switchable Required = partition must be able to allocate at activation Consider using VSCSI for sharing resources such as tape or optical across any or all LPARs when on POWER6/7 using VIOS or IBM i 6.1 hosting the resource. 17 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Virtual SCSI – to share tape or optical or virtual storage Note: This would be configured on the server partition that owns the resource (VIOS or IBM i). Can be configured in the partition profiles or completely dynamic using DLPAR Note: Specific to IBM i - Client adapter will must be flagged as REQUIRED if VSCSI is used to provide access to virtual disk where the load source will reside. If the client virtual SCSI will only be used for access to Virtual Optical, NOT flagging this adapter as required will allow the partition to activate even if the server side partition is not available. 18 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Manage your optical resources using VIOS 19 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware 20 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware IBM i hosting partition – multiple optical drives supported 21 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware The 3 Pieces of Power Systems Maintenance Partition Maintenance • IBM i, AIX, Linux Server Firmware i5 Managed System • • • Power Hypervisor Flexible Service Processor (FSP) Power Code (BPC) HMC • Updates and Upgrades 22 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Manage multiple servers POWER5/6/7 from V7.7.1 Summary view of HMC firmware level, serial number and BIOS View and Manage maintenance for HMC and server firmware 23 Multiple Firmware code levels. Notice: 3 identifiers All POWER5 would show as 01SF240 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Old HMC Home page now redirects to Fix Central https://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/hmc/home.html http://www-933.ibm.com/support/fixcentral/main 24 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Fix Central Wizard – cont. This is the new source for all your critical and helpful links In this example, assume my HMC is currently on V7R3.4.0M0 My goal is to get this HMC to the most current level, which is V7.7.1 sp2 The wizard will show me what is needed to get from “Point A” to the target level. 25 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Select the HMC ‘target’ level – view compatibility Check compatibility 26 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Moving to V7.7.2 from V7.7.1 note changes in P7 support 27 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware The readme provides extensive details + links 28 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware POWER code matrix http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/power5cm/power6.html 29 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Instructions - upgrade to HMC V7.710 from older releases http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/hmcl/power7/v7.Upgradenotes.html If your target is to get to HMC 7.350 Std upgrade support is N-2 30 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Upgrade procedure using DVD media http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/hmcl/power6/install/v7.Recover_Upgradep6.html 31 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Network install – download images and instructions http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/hmcl/power6/install/v7.Recover_Upgradep6.html 32 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Network install or Upgrade http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/netinstall/home.html Instructions for network install Notes: If your HMC is currently running HMC 6.1.3, you can perform a remote upgrade to HMC 7.3.4.0, 7.3.5.0, 7.7.1.0 or 7.7.2.0 by first applying PTF MH01127 to HMC 6.1.3, and then using the appropriate network images. Without this efix upgrading from HMC 6.1.3 to HMC 7.3.3.0 or later is a two-step process. You must first upgrade to HMC 7.3.2.0 (or HMC 7.3.1.0), and then upgrade to HMC 7.3.3.0 Follow these basic steps. 1. Download the appropriate HMC V7 network images and put them on an FTP server. 2. Verify that the following files have been downloaded: initrd.gz, bzImage, disk1.img, disk2.img, and disk3.img 3. On the HMC, you must first save upgrade data by running the following commands: (or this can be done from the GUI immediately before starting this process): To save data to both DVD and disk: mount /media/cdrom saveupgdata -r diskdvd To save to disk alone: saveupgdata -r disk Next, run the command: getupgfiles -h -u [--passwd ] -d [-s] to copy the files over to the bootable disk partition on the HMC. After the files are copied over, run the following command: chhmc -c altdiskboot -s enable --mode upgrade Now the HMC is ready to be rebooted and automatically upgraded with the code copied to the bootable disk partition. Finally, issue the command hmcshutdown -r -t now to reboot the HMC and start the upgrade. 33 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Sign up for notification on critical topics https://www.ibm.com/systems/support/myview/subscription/css.wss/folders?methodName=listMyFolders Example Notification 34 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Back Up HMC Data • What gets Backed Up • Where can the Back Up be Saved • Performing a Back Up • Restoring Critical Data Those files with a timestamp later than the trigger file are candidates for backup. The data that is backed up can be divided into 2 categories – HMC specific • • • • User Profiles Roles and Tasks Network Configuration Applied Corrective Service Updates In general, Backup HMC Data archives: – Code Changes to the HMC Application(s) since the last install or recovery upgrade – HMC unique configuration changes since the last install or recovery upgrade • • • • • • • User Profiles Network Configuration Service Data Etc. Managed Systems Partition Profiles Etc. – Platform specific information since the last install – HMC operating system • Service packs, eFixes • OS Security update • Info center – HMC operating system updates applied since the last install 35 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Save Critical Console Data ‘renamed’ Save HMC data in V7 vs. Save Upgrade data CCD is not a ‘bootable’ save of the HMC – In a recovery scenario you need: • • BOOT from the HMC Recovery DVD that was used with the install or the last upgrade PLUS – Restore the Save CCD data. DVD-RAM (RAM is the only DVD media supported for write operations) USB flash drive FTP server NFS server – Options to Save to: • • • • Save Upgrade data is NOT the same as CCD – Use this option only IMMEDIATELY before an HMC Upgrade (booting from Recovery Media) • Saves only user modified System configuration, User Profile & Security info, Service information Two methods of HMC software Release Upgrades – Update via corrective service – ‘Update.zip or Update.ISO’ files – Upgrade with new release Recovery CD’s (V5R1 and later uses DVD media) For example upgrading from V7.310 to V7.330 or directly to V7.350 Size matters – could be +2GB saves when the ‘Update’ option is used Save performance is improved when upgrading using Recovery media vs 36 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Why CCD backup can take a while… Two methods of HMC software Release Upgrades – Update via corrective service – ‘Update.zip or Update.iso’ files – Upgrade with new release Recovery DVD’s in Network Install Images – For example upgrading from V7R3 to V7R7 Size matters – could be +1GB Save performance is improved = V7R7 SP3 HMC Recovery DVD set V7.3.4 User data Critical Console Data Backup A HMC Recovery DVD set V7R3.1 Data saved in backup HMC Update packages V7.3.2, V7.3.3 then V7.3.4 User data B Data saved in backup What would be my recovery if I installed my HMC with V7R3 and then updated my HMC from V7R3.3 to V7R3.4 using the MH01109 update media, then applied MH01163 (sp1) followed by MH01162 (sp2) and finally MH01186 (sp3) and perform a Save HMC Data at this point??? 37 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC Management panel 38 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Example backup – V7.720 (upgraded) from 7.710 I missed getting the time capture, something greater that 15 minutes, but less than 30 minutes 39 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Customize User Management – Tasks and Roles Enhanced Password policies allow for – – – Policies to be applied system wide. Administrator specified password requirements. Replication of password policies to other slave HMCs CLI only – – – – lspwdpolicy mkpwdpolicy rmpwdpolicy chpwdpolicy See man pages for documentation 40 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware First - Create Managed Resource and task roles After creating the Resource and task roles, create a user profile restricted to these roles. Limit resource access and tasks to a specific subset Limit resource access to a single server (ATS_750) and two partitions on that server. Limit Task access to console management on 1 server and two partitions. 41 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Assign roles to a user ID In this example, user ID ‘Console’ has very limited authority. It is NOT allowed to sign on to the HMC GUI, but can sign on through the 5250 emulation and start or join a console session for one IBM i partition. This enables or prevents GUI access to the HMC 42 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware View and manage signed on users – active tasks 43 © 2011 IBM Corporation sensitive IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware to get deails HMC V7 provides an improved partition overview The server partition view shows much more detail upfront versus earlier HMC versions Next we will look at server properties – review server resources, where are they CURRENTLY assigned. What functions is this server capable of. Then we wil look at Attention indicators or Serviceable Events. 44 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Server Properties – shows current resource assignments If you use DLPAR to move, add or remove resource, i.e. memory, processor units or IO slots, this is where you will find current assignments. 45 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Server Properties continued Server CAPABILITIES is set by the Virtualization Engine Technology (VET) code. PowerVM edition will affect the features that are enabled 46 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Capacity On Demand - panels 47 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC R7V3.1.0 – Web UI, Browser Support Remote access disabled by default – Task to enable/disable remote access – User Profiles task to enable for specific users Security – Certificate based SSL security for encrypted communications – Certificate Management task Browser Compatibility Linux Windows 1.5.x + 1.5.x + 6.x + 16 logical ports allowed per port group: MCS = 1 8 logical ports allowed per port group: MCS = 2 4 logical ports allowed per port group: MCS = 4 2 logical ports allowed per port group: MCS = 8 1 logical ports allowed per port group: MCS = 16 Several variations of physical, external ports – – – Dual 1 Gbit copper, supporting 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T Quad 1 Gbit copper , supporting 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T Dual 10 Gbit fiber, supporting 10GBASE-SR or 10GBASE-LR Up to 32 logical ports, but can also be configured as 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 logical ports Controlled by parameter called “Multi-Core Scaling Value” (MCS) © 2011 IBM Corporation Mozilla Firefox Microsoft IE Integrated Virtual Ethernet (aka HEA) What’s in a Name – – Integrated Virtual Ethernet (IVE) – External name in marketing & other documentation Host Ethernet Adapter (HEA) – Name used on user interfaces Integrated on most POWER6/7 systems (all but the POWER6 595 & POWER7 795) Provides accelerated Ethernet connectivity – – Essentially, a system with HEA has several integrated Ethernet adapters, called logical ports. Can be assigned to one or more partitions. Logical Ports – – – 48 At one IVE per system enclosure IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC V7 – is required to configure the HEA adapter Assign at partition creation, modify partition profile and activate partition from the HMC, or simply DLPAR (Add) logical port To change the MCS value requires a full server IPL to activate change. 49 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC V7R3.1.0 – Shared Dedicated Capacity - before 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 0.5 Uncapped 2 0.5 Uncapped 1 Wasted Dedicated 1-way Dedicated – – – Consider a 2-way server with 1-way dedicated partition with variable workload (between 0% and 100%). Add two evenly weighted 1-way uncapped partitions that are CPU bound. Each uncapped partition will share the remaining physical processor even though each can consume an entire processor. – The excess capacity on the dedicated processor is wasted. After enabling Shared Dedicated 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 – – With the new support, dedicated partitions with unused cycles will donate those unused cycles to the uncapped partitions. • Donated cycles do not increased a (shared processor) partition’s entitled capacity. 0.5 Uncapped 2 0.5 Uncapped 1 Wasted Dedicated 1-way Dedicated – The uncapped partitions will share all the available cycles: • • They consume an entire processor if available (when dedicated at 0%) and Split a processor when the dedicated processor is fully utilized. – The total processor capacity in the system is better utilized. Dedicated proc LPs still maintain their perf characteristics and predictability © 2011 IBM Corporation 50 IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC R7V3.1.0 – HMC Management Enhancements New monhmc command – Can gather disk space usage and system memory usage – Some specific processes on the HMC are monitored Clickable SRCs – The new browser-based interface allows a user to click on an SRC or Progress Code and popup a description of the SRC. Data replication – This is an application from System z HMC that allows customer call-home configuration to be replicated between HMCs 3rd party certificates – A customer can now install their own 3rd party certificates to use with remote connections to the HMC. Selectable VPN – Allow choice of IP interface to use for the VPN connection back to IBM. 51 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Enhancements – functions added with V7R3.2.0 Server Management – Redundant Service Processor for Power 570 – Enabled at firmware EM320 – Requires HMC V7R3.2 – Discovery / Inventory of I/O Devices (aka Hardware Discovery) – Enhanced System Plan Tool integration • Uses Hardware Discovery • OS round-tripping (HMC generated sysplan can be exported/imported with SPT) – Energy Scale (Active Energy) Support – Scheduled Operations for Utility Capacity on Demand Virtualization Management – Partition Mobility (between servers managed by same HMC) – Multiple Shared Processor Pool Support HMC Management – User Authentication via Kerberos – Enhanced HMC Monitoring – Ongoing HMC Performance Improvements 52 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC V7R3.2.0 – Hardware Discovery Overview 320 level system firmware (or newer) Functional improvements: – Provides capability to collect I/O device information before partitions and OS’s are configured or booted to make configuration easier. Provides HMC users more detailed view of slot contents especially child devices. • Can view storage device information (what’s on the SCSI bus). • Can view Ethernet MAC addresses and FibreChannel WWN’s via HMC. • Can even be done before partitions are configured. Provides more detailed inventory to System Plan Tool to verify system configuration and validate customer orders. Hardware Discovery CLI lssyscfg –r sys displays new cec capability for IOR, hardware_discovery_capable chsysstate –r sys includes new option onhwdisc lssyscfg –r lpar displays new lpar definition state for IOR in the lpar_env and lpar_type attribute. lssyscfg –r lpar displays new VSP definition state for IOR in the state attribute lssyscfg –r prof displays new lpar definition state for IOR in the lpar_env attribute lshwres –r io -–rsubtype includes new type slotchildren to list IOR slot information – – Hardware Discovery can be performed three ways 1. 2. Initial Power On (after system leaves IBM): Hardware Discovery performed automatically. • • Only when system is in non-partitioned mode and IO data hasn’t already been collected. I/O data collected for both assign and unassigned I/O. New Power On “Hardware Discovery” option. • • • Existing LPs booted into Hardware Discovery; later returned to (bootable) state. Special LP used to collect I/O data for unassigned I/O. System left in Operating state (no auto-boot of partitions). 3. 53 Initiated by Create System Plans tool. © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware RMC set up requirements System Plans provide more detail when RMC is enabled/configured – Requirements for inventory gathering on the HMC – http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/powersys/v3r1m5/index.jsp?topic=/p7hc6/iphc6invscoutreqs.htm VIOS, IBM i, and AIX (IBM offerings) do RMC by default Power Linux (SLES, RHEL) need additional RPM – https://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/lopdiags/installtools/home.html 54 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC V7R3.2.0 – HW Discovery, New Power On option At platform Power On User initiated Hardware Discovery from the HMC. System Powers On and collects IOR data utilizing service partition. System left in “Operating” state upon completion. Partition auto-boot settings not enforced on this type of power on (are persisted for future). When to use this option: After repair and verify. After attaching new expansion unit. After firmware upgrade. Checkbox appears with managed systems that are Hardware Discovery Capable Or on a running system © 2011 IBM Corporation 55 IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Hardware Discovery partition at platform power on 56 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware View HMC generated System plan from the HMC 57 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware System plan from the HMC with device level information Slot level (PCI) card assignments HMC Generated System Plan at V7.330, on POWER6 can see more of the device level details. This example shows Disk details 58 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Export System from HMC – (export / import for SPT) Click on plan name The System Planning Tool (SPT) is free, it runs on a stand-alone workstation and enables the user to design a new system. Select the Machine Type and Model, processors, memory and IO hardware, and design the partitions. This can be sent to IBM order processing and manufacturing can build to the plan specifications. The SPT output can also be imported by the HMC and the DEPLOY option can automatically create the partitions. Download from: http://www-304.ibm.com/systems/support/tools/systemplanningtool/ 59 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Download the latest SPT – Subscribe for update notification http://www-947.ibm.com/systems/support/tools/systemplanningtool/download.shtml Get email notification Online user manual 60 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Open an HMC generated System Plan using SPT 61 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Convert the HMC generated System Plan for SPT New reporting section that identifies hardware that will not migrate to POWER7 62 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware More on HMC V7R3.2.0 – Energy Scale Capabilities HMC / ASM provides a small subset of the EnergyScale features. – – – Enable / Disable of Power Saver Mode Schedule Operation for Power Saver Mode Pass through channel for PowerExecutive / Director With power saver capable systems, users can enter static power save through the power saver mode configuration task PowerExecutive / Director provides the complete set of EnergyScale functions. – PowerExecutive was originally a power management plugin for System x. It is now the official management console for EngeryScale feature With power saver mode enable, the processing utilization reporting might not be accurate if the OS does not have the proper support. Commands for power saver mode: chpwrmgmt and lspwrmgmt HMC displays 2 capabilities for power saver mode: – Firmware power saver capable – Whether the firmware running on the server is capable for power saver mode Hardware power saver capable – Whether the hardware supports the power saver mode. Scheduled Operation for Power Saver Mode – HMC User Interfaces: – – GUI (Managed system properties panel) and Command line (lssyscfg -r sys) 63 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC V7R3.2.0 – Multiple Shared Processor Pools Terminology Active Dedicated Processor LP1 VSPP Pool 0 (default pool) Dedicated Processor LP2 VSPP Pool 1 VSPP Pool 2 Physical Shared Processor Pool One Physical Shared Processor Pool (PSPP) – Spans all VSPPs Comprised of all of licensed CPUs that are – – – Not assigned to an active dedicated processor partition Assigned to active dedicated processor partition that is capable of donation Assigned to inactive dedicated processor LPs and system administrator has chosen to make CPUs available for shared processor work when the LP is powered off VSPP Capacity Maximum Pool Capacity Maximum CPU cycles that can be consumed by the partitions in a VSPP (whole number of proc units). Additional capacity assigned to a virtual pool for the purpose of reserving uncapped cycles for the VSPP’s use. Must be less than Maximum Pool Capacity. Cannot be stolen by the HMC during partition activation. The units are processor units and for HMC users the granularity is 0.01 processor units. A computed quantity – not user specified. This is the number of CPU cycles guaranteed to be available to the set of partitions in the virtual pool. It is equal to the sum of the entitled capacities of the partitions in the VSPP (pending processor units of the active and inactive partitions) plus the Reserved Pool Capacity for the VSPP. Must always be Equal to or smaller than Maximum Pool Capacity. The units and granularity are the same as Reserved Pool Capacity. Reserved Pool Capacity Entitled Pool Capacity 64 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Configure Shared Processor Pools (16-way 570) My goal is to limit my license compliance at 3 processors for my five IBM i partitions (even though they = 5 virtual processors 65 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC V7R3.3.0 – User Data Replication Data Replication only available via GUI (no CLI) Only hmcsuperadmin users allow to configure data replication Enable Data Replication Data which can be replicated – – – – – – Customer information data • Administrator, System, Account information Group data • All user-defined group definitions. Modem configuration data • Configure modem for remote support. Outbound connectivity data User Profile data Kerberos, LDAP configuration data Select Replication Source HMC Management => Manage Data Replication Select Replication Data Types Synchronize the replicated data Save the configuration 66 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC V7.3.4 required - Active Memory Sharing Minimum Requirements 67 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC V7R3.4.0 – Active Memory Sharing (AMS) PowerVM Virtualization Active Memory Sharing http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp4470.pdf 68 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC V7R3.5.0 – NPIV support 69 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC V7R3.5.0 – NPIV support - more Redbook - IBM PowerVM Virtualization Managing and Monitoring http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg247590.pdf 70 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware POWER5/6/7 Firmware Components Service Processor - SP Closed OS Linux based, i/p convergence Provides diagnostics, initialization, configuration, AIX Linux i5/OS I/O PFW PFW PHYP Processor Subsystem LIC/TIMI run-time error detection & correction Power Hypervisor - PHYP Based on iSeries (SLIC) hypervisor, enhanced for converged i/p design Provides VLAN, virtual I/O, sub-processor partitioning, Partition Firmware - PFW Rewritten to work with PHYP HMC SFP (OF/RTAS) Supports pSeries RPA interface Service Processor Firmware SPCN SP Hardware BPC Firmware Bulk Power Hardware Management Console - HMC / Serviceability Provides converged platform configuration, management, and service user interface System Power Control Network - SPCN Interfaces with bulk power for power monitoring and control Bulk Power Controller (BPC) Firmware Controls each bulk power assembly (BPA) in CEC and towers. Currently unique to the 595, 590 and p575 systems Firmware Components 71 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Why change firmware or upgrade to new level? New systems will ship with current level of firmware (at time of manufacture) – HMC is a firmware component and must be at compatible level – Ongoing corrections and enhancements (routine maintenance) Software and service support – For example POWER5 only remaining supported level is eFW240 = (SF240_xxx) Upgrades – moving from POWER5 to POWER6 or POWER7 – LPAR migration may require a minimum firmware level on POWER5 – Mix of POWER5 and POWER6 management under a single HMC • HMC compatibility (HMC V7R3 required for POWER6 / HMC V7R7 required for POWER7) • Minimum POWER5 firmware level SF240_299 required for V7R3 HMC compatibility, SF240_382 for V7R7 New hardware may require firmware enablement – Example, April 2009 introduced new high performance solid state disk • Requires POWER6 • Requires firmware level eFW340 at specific Service Pack (SP) level How will you know if new changes are required? – Work with your Business Partner / IBM team – Identify feature codes / MTM for new hardware – Review PreReq / CoReq database to identify minimum Firmware, OS and HMC requirements: • https://www-912.ibm.com/e_dir/eServerPrereq.nsf 72 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware CoReq – PreReq details example – IBM i FC SSD https://www-912.ibm.com/e_dir/eServerPrereq.nsf 73 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Understanding how POWER firmware is delivered OS Managed maintenance, including upgrades – Packaged for i5/OS in PTF format using MHxxxxx PTF identifiers. HMC Managed, maintenance is delivered as ‘ Service Packs’. – i.e. 01SF240_299_201 where 299 = concurrent Service pack and 201 is last disruptive level – POWER6 follows a similar format: Unique code streams for POWER6 by platform MTM: – EL3xx – Power Systems 520 & 550 – EM3xx – Power Systems 560 & 570 – EH3xx – Power Systems 595 – ES3xx – Power Systems 575 – EA3xx – Power Blades First code stream to support Power Systems POWER7 GA in Feb 2010 – 01AL710_099_043 (750 & 755) – 01AL720_082_066 (710 – 740) – 01AM720_084_064 (770 & 780) – 01AH720_082_064 & AB720_079_064 (795) Updates and upgrade packages use the same packaging format: – Format for Firmware Version/Release/maintenance level: • PPNNSSS_FFF_DDD and will have a corresponding MHxxxxx marker PTF: – PP = package identifier; 01 = managed system and 02 = power subsystem. – NN = machine type model group; SF = POWER5 (5+) system firmware and BP = POWER5 bulk power. – SSS = VRM indicator, i.e.., a code level (e.g., 240) – FFF = fixpack number for current fixpack level – DDD = fixpack number for the last disruptive fixpack level 74 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware System Firmware Upgrade methods Two options for applying firmware maintenance – OS managed – “In Band” • Not an option when HMC is required – POWER5: 590, 595 or 570 with Dual FSP – POWER6 HMC is required on 560, 570, 575 and 595 – POWER7 HMC is required on 770, 780 and 795 – HMC managed – Out of Band • This is the default for managing system firmware when HMC is attached 75 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Viewing existing firmware levels http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/iseries/v6r1m0/index.jsp?topic=/rzahc/rzahcverifyingfirmwarerequirements.htm 76 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Firmware Updates and Upgrades via HMC Download directly from Service website and Install, download install images and burn to CD media or order media, then use media on HMC as installation source. Download to a FTP server accessible from the HMC IBM i VIOS AIX Linux Intranet or Internet HMC Private Network OR Public Network 01AL720_082_066 Firmware-PHYP Perm | Temp Out of band Update **** default with HMC © 2011 IBM Corporation 77 IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Types of Fixpacks Updating firmware involves two steps: – Apply the firmware (update what is in flash) – Activate the firmware (cause the new firmware to be running in memory on the system) Not all fixpacks can be activated concurrently – Concurrent – Apply and activate with partitions running – Deferred – Concurrent apply but contains fixes which affect IPL path – which are not activated until next IPL • The portions of the fixpack which can be activated concurrently are activated as described above – Disruptive – Platform is IPL required to activate • None of the fixpack contents are activated until next IPL 78 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Checking installed firmware from HMC V7.310 or later Note – the Updates panel automatically shows firmware level for each managed server. Also, note that a single HMC can manage both POWER5 and POWER6 79 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware HMC V7R3 Update example – using Advance Features • Advance features provides several options. • Retrieve allows download & store on the HMC hard drive or on DVD for future use. •Install & Activate will update the server in a two-step process, store on HMC & update the server firmware • Remove & Activate - Switches from temp copy and activates perm copy from flash memory on the FSP • Accept – Make the Perm copy the same as the Temp copy • Remove Fix – deleted Temp copy and makes Perm & Temp the same on FSP • Disruptive Activate - Forces a FSP reboot – This might be used if the SP is concurrent but includes ‘deferred fixes’ that are needed right away. 80 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware After retrieve – view firmware level on HMC hard drive 81 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Or - Select a specific level – Retrieve & Activate NOTE: a copy of the firmware is ALWAYS written to the hard drive first. 82 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Down load and apply the “selected” service pack 83 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware After retrieve and update – verify new SP level 84 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Apply newer SP if previous has deferred updates pending? Yes, you can apply another concurrent SP even with deferred updates pending. Or, what if you need to ‘remove’ the 95 SP from TEMP. NOTE: Permanent (Accepted level) is still at 75. This can also be done concurrently. 85 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Remove SP 095 – back to 075 – view to confirm 86 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Upgrade procedure is nearly identical 87 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Fix Central review http://www-933.ibm.com/support/fixcentral/main/ The current strategy that IBM has implemented is to redirect most maintenance activities from the web, relating to POWER6/7, directly to Fix Central This approach uses a Wizard to help determine maintenance targets and compatibility considerations. 88 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Power Systems – Recommended Firmware http://www-912.ibm.com/s_dir/slkbase.nsf/ibmscdirect/E58D7BBF0EAC9A2786256EAD005F54D8 Wizard to help determine compatible HMC & Firmware levels 89 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Maintained by the Support Center team 90 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Informational website https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wikis/display/WikiPtype/Home https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wikis/display/WikiPtype/Home 91 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware The End Thank You ! 92 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware For more information http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/systems/scope/hw/index.jsp 93 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware New wiki for key links to the most current information IBM i wikis https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wikis/display/WikiPtype/IBM+i 94 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Support for HMC – on POWER Systems - References • Fix central – for download hmc, server firmware PTFs etc: http://www-933.ibm.com/support/fixcentral • New HMC HOME page http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/hmcl/home.html •HMC / Firmware Supported Combinations http://www-933.ibm.com/support/fixcentral/firmware/supportedCombinations • HMC Version 7 Installation and Configuration Guide for the Hardware Management Console http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/systems/scope/hw/index.jsp?topic=/iphai/iphai_parent.htm • HMC Version 7 Cumulative PTF History and Readme http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/hmcl/power6/install/v734.Readme.html Includes PTF-specific information, including verification information for package downloads and installation. Also includes general information on HMC Version 7 fixes, enhancements, known issues and education. • Hardware Management Console V7 Handbook http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg247491.pdf • HMC V7 R3.4.0 Command line specification http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/hmcl/power6/related/hmc_man_7.3.4.pdf • IBM service strategy and best practices http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/best/home.html • Various white papers on best practices, including HMC. • HMC function and hardware prerequisites for HMC Version 7 http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/hmcl/power6/related/hmcprereqs.pdf Lists the supported functions, servers, and HMC hardware for each Code Level for HMC for IBM Systems with POWER6 processors. • IBM System Planning Tool http://www-947.ibm.com/systems/support/tools/systemplanningtool/ The IBM System Planning Tool (SPT) is the next generation of the IBM LPAR Validation Tool (LVT). It contains all of the function from the LVT and is integrated with the IBM Systems Workload Estimator (WLE). System plans generated by the SPT can be deployed on the system by the Hardware Management Console (HMC). 95 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Additional Reference Material Server firmware Fixes - starting page http://www-912.ibm.com/supporthome.nsf/document/34252843 Server firmware download http://www912.ibm.com/s_dir/slkbase.nsf/c32447c09fb9a1f186256a6c00504227/604992740f846a49862 56fd3006029b5?OpenDocument Download system firmware for IBM System p5, eServer p5, eServer pSeries, eServer http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/firmware/gjsn Hardware Management Console Support for i5, p5 and OpenPower http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/hmc/home.html HMC Function and Hardware Prerequisites - summary table http://techsupport.services.ibm.com/server/hmc/power5/tips/hmcprereqs.pdf InfoCenter Topics on Server Firmware Management http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/eserver/v1r2s/en_US/info/ipha5/fixesserverfirmware. htm 96 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Information Centers, Redbooks and more The POWER Systems Hardware Info Center http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/eserver/v1r2s/en_US/index.htm HMC Best Practices – https://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/best/hmc_best_practices.pdf iTC class room education – http://www-03.ibm.com/servers/eserver/iseries/service/itc/educ.html LPAR Redbook – http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks.nsf/RedpieceAbstracts/sg248000.ht ml?Open 97 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware Support Web Sites for HMC and Firmware IBM iSeries™ Hardware Management Console Frequently Asked Questions – http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=nas148859a914db132a586256f42006003a7&rs=110 HMC - Support for UNIX servers and Midrange servers – http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/hmc/home.html iSeries Recommended Fixes - Server Firmware: Update Policy Set to Operating System – http://www912.ibm.com/s_dir/slkbase.nsf/c32447c09fb9a1f186256a6c00504227/604992740f846a4986256fd30060 29b5?OpenDocument iSeries Recommended Fixes - Server Firmware: Update Policy Set to HMC – http://www-912.ibm.com/s_dir/slkbase.nsf/ibmscdirect/E58D7BBF0EAC9A2786256EAD005F54D8 98 © 2011 IBM Corporation IBM ATS - Skills Transfer – HMC and Power Systems firmware © IBM Corporation 1994-2009. 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Some information in this presentation addresses anticipated future capabilities. Such information is not intended as a definitive statement of a commitment to specific levels of performance, function or delivery schedules with respect to any future products. Such commitments are only made in IBM product announcements. The information is presented here to communicate IBM's current investment and development activities as a good faith effort to help with our customers' future planning. Performance is based on measurements and projections using standard IBM benchmarks in a controlled environment. The actual throughput or performance that any user will experience will vary depending upon considerations such as the amount of multiprogramming in the user's job stream, the I/O configuration, the storage configuration, and the workload processed. Therefore, no assurance can be given that an individual user will achieve throughput or performance improvements equivalent to the ratios stated here. Photographs shown are of engineering prototypes. Changes may be incorporated in production models. 99 © 2011 IBM Corporation