BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. DISTRIBUTION OF MOSQUITOES IN WASHINGTON STATE Author(s): WILLIAM J. SAMES, ANNE DUFFY, FRANCIS A. MALONEY, JILL S. TOWNZEN, JO MARIE BRAUNER, CHAD P. MCHUGH, and JACK LILJA Source: Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 23(4):442-448. 2007. Published By: The American Mosquito Control Association DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/5606.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2987/5606.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOneâs Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/5606.1 http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2987/5606.1 http://www.bioone.org http://www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use http://www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use DISTRIBUTION OF MOSQUITOES IN WASHINGTON STATE WILLIAM J. SAMES,1,5,6 ANNE DUFFY,2 FRANCIS A. MALONEY,1 JILL S. TOWNZEN,3 JO MARIE BRAUNER,2 CHAD P. MCHUGH4 AND JACK LILJA2,7 ABSTRACT. The emergence of West Nile virus in the United States renewed vigilance for mosquito- borne diseases and rejuvenated mosquito surveillance activities in Washington State. As part of these activities, the Zoonotic Disease Program, Washington Department of Health, and the United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine-West collaborated to produce this revision of the distribution of mosquitoes in Washington State. Data from these organizations, the US Air Force, and county surveillance records, as well as published literature and mosquito collections, were used to develop this statewide mosquito distribution checklist. KEY WORDS Distribution, county, Culicidae, mosquito, Washington INTRODUCTION Washington State comprises 39 counties and is located in the northwest corner of the contiguous United States, directly south of British Columbia, Canada. The Cascade Mountains run north-south through the western third of the state and divide it into eastern and western regions that are further divided into 20 and 19 counties, respectively (Fig. 1). Eastern Washington is primarily arid, except for portions along the eastern border of the state and portions of those counties that adjoin the Cascade Mountains. Much of the land is fertile, and irrigation increases agriculture potential. Unfortunately, irrigation practices also con- tribute to increased mosquito densities and potential for mosquito-borne disease outbreaks (Gjullin and Yates 1945) such as the western equine encephalitis outbreak that occurred in eastern Washington during 1939 (Hammon et al. 1942, 1945). St. Louis encephalitis cases have also been reported in eastern Washington (Reeves and Hammon 1943). The presence of large mosquito populations plus the threat of mosquito-borne diseases prompted several counties to establish mosquito control districts. Eastern Washington counties with active mosquito control districts prior to the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into the United States were: Adams, Benton, Grant (3 districts), Ferry, Spokane, Walla Walla, and Yakima. Following the in- troduction of WNV, Chelan and Franklin counties formed mosquito control districts, and Walla Walla County added a second district. In western Washington, the Cascade Moun- tains cool the predominately westerly winds, resulting in high precipitation rates throughout most of the winter to the extent that a significant portion of western Washington is considered a temperate rain forest. Mosquito-borne diseases have not been of great concern in western Washington other than 34 cases of imported malaria between 1935 and 1944, with only one of these cases being suspected as endemic (Stage and Gjullin 1935, Gjullin and Yates 1945). For that reason, mosquito surveillance and control pro- grams were virtually nonexistent prior to the introduction of WNV into the United States. Prior to WNV, Clark, Cowlitz, Skamania, and portions of Island counties had mosquito control programs, and municipalities in King and Pacific counties contracted with professional pest control operators for pest mosquito control on an as- needed basis. With the spread of WNV, county officials burdened by financial issues took a wait- and-see stance, and no new mosquito control districts were formed in western Washington. In response to the WNV threat, the Zoonotic Disease Program of the Washington Department of Health (WA DOH), Olympia, WA, and the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Pre- ventive Medicine-West (USACHPPM-West), Fort Lewis, WA, collaborated on an exchange of mosquito surveillance data, training, and mosquito-identification assistance. This resulted in the compilation of a preliminary ââMosquitoes of Washingtonââ checklist based upon previously published checklists and collection records, and was used in the development of WA DOH mosquito surveillance reports (WA DOH 2002, 2004, 2006). The information presented herein is an update and revision of that work and will provide state and local officials with valuable 5 Present address: 8725 John J. Kingman Road, Suite 2639, Attn: DES-E, Fort Beloir, VA 22060-6221. 6 Permanent Address: PO Box 594, Leakey, TX 78873. 7 Permanent Address: 3028 56th Court SE, Olympia, WA 98501. 1 USACHPPM-West, ATTN: MCHB-AW-ES, Box 339500, MS 115, Fort Lewis, WA 98433. 2 Washington Department of Health, PO Box 47825 Olympia, WA 98504-7825. 3 Environmental Sciences, Oregon State University, 2046 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331. 4 Air Force Institute for Operational Health, 2513 Kennedy Circle, Brooks City-Base, TX 78235. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 23(4):442â448, 2007 Copyright E 2007 by The American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. 442 information on which to base mosquito-control and disease-prevention programs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data sources included published literature re- lated to the distribution of mosquitoes in Wash- ington, surveillance data from WA DOH (2002, 2004, 2006), unpublished data from WA DOH (A.D.), USACHPPM-West (unpublished Army data from 1973â2005 [F.M.]), United States Air Force records (Lang et al. 1981, McHugh et al. 1991), unpublished Air Force data from 2002â 2006 (C.M.), individual county surveillance rec- ords (not reported to the state), and museum collections at the Oregon State Arthropod Collec- tion (OSAC) at Oregon State University and at Washington State University were used as data sources. Bruce Eldridge (personal communication) confirmed that the following were found at both of the Washington collection sites reported in Schutz and Eldridge (1993): Ochlerotatus hexodontus Dyar, Oc. implicatus Vockeroth, Oc. nevadensis Chapman & Barr, and Oc. pullatus (Coquillett). Voucher specimens for these collections were deposited in the Bohart Museum at the University of California, Davis. Also, Ken Lorenzen and Jason Chan (Bohart Museum, University of California, Davis) reviewed the Ralph Barr and L. T. Nielsen collection records for distribu- tion records of Washington mosquitoes, and we incorporated these as appropriate into the check- list. During our literature review for this checklist, we observed that previously published checklists inaccurately reported some of the information from the original source. Therefore, to eliminate these discrepancies and hopefully provide an accurate checklist, we used the data from the original documents rather than data from the checklists unless the authors explained why the information in the original article should be changed (e.g., taxonomic name changes). The checklist in this study follows the controversial elevation of Ochlerotatus to genus (Reinert 2000), and other name changes (e.g., synonyms) found in older literature are annotated and explained in the results and discussion below. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This study culminated in the creation of county checklists for eastern and western Washington mosquitoes (Tables 1 and 2). These tables include Fig. 1. Washington State county map with arrows depicting the division between the regions of western and eastern Washington. DECEMBER 2007 MOSQUITOES IN WASHINGTON STATE 443 the source of the earliest collection information for each listed species, and the discussion below provides background for our decisions on the county distributions of four species. Culex stigmatosoma Dyar Myklebust (1966) lists this species as Cx. peus, but Strickman (1988) revised this to Cx. stigma- tosoma. Eldridge and Harbach (1992) reported that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature suppressed the name Cx. peus, and it is no longer a valid name; the names Cx. stigmatosoma and Cx. thriambus were conserved for species in North America. These names were used by Darsie and Ward (2005). Culiseta morsitans Theobald and Culiseta minnesotae Barr Myklebust (1966) and later publications citing this reference may confound records for Cs. morsitans and Cs. minnesotae. Barr (1957) de- scribed Cs. minnesotae as a new species and suggested that it was the western representative of Cs. morsitans. Based on this information, Mykle- bust (1966) appears to have renamed the previous Cs. morsitans records found in Snohomish and Yakima Counties (by Boddy [1948] and Reeves and Hammon [1943], respectively) as Cs. minne- sotae. Descriptions (Carpenter and LaCasse [1955] for Cs. morsitans and Barr [1957] for Cs. minnesotae) and identification keys (Darsie and Ward 2005), show that the adult females are distinctly different morphologically. Unfortu- nately, specimens from those earlier findings were not available for confirmation. However, based on recent surveillance reports from WA DOH (2002, 2004, 2006) and unpublished data from WA DOH (A.D.), the Army (F.M.), and the Air Force (C.M.), both species are present in Washington State, and our data suggests that Cs. morsitans may be collected more frequently than Cs. minnesotae. Tables 1 and 2 reflect our proposed distribution for these species. Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus (Theobald) In 2001, Oc. japonicus was found in Benton County as part of the WA DOH surveillance for introduced species in containers of ââLucky Bamboo.ââ This was done in response to reports of mosquito-infested imports of Lucky Bamboo in California (Madon et al. 2002). This finding was at a nursery, and no further collections of Oc. japonicus have been made from Benton County; therefore, it is not listed in Table 1. In contrast, Roppo et al. (2004) and Sames and Pehling (2005) report established and spreading populations of this species in King, Pierce, and Snohomish Counties. The distribution for Oc. japonicus in Darsie and Ward (2005) highlights portions of Jefferson and Mason County, Washington, when it should have highlighted King County, which is across the Puget Sound. However, because this species was found to be spreading in western Washington (Sames and Pehling 2005), its spread may have extended to these and other counties. Further surveillance and reporting is warranted to monitor the distribution of this species in the Pacific Northwest. Forty-four species are listed in Tables 1 and 2, and an additional 8 species are listed below. These 8 species have been reported for Washing- ton based on one or two county records and in some cases one or few specimens. Until more information is obtained, we consider these species as potential misidentifications, endemic but un- common or rare, or incidental, nonestablished introductions. Changes in environmental condi- tions such as climate may be a factor in the discovery of previously nonendemic species in this region, or perhaps with the threat of WNV increased surveillance resulted in collecting mos- quitoes and generating data on species that have been established for a much longer time than the collection data suggests. Culex erythrothorax Dyar Pierce County (F.M., unpublished data, 1974; 5 males). This species was collected only once in a New Jersey Light Trap over 30 years ago. This species is usually found much further south, and we consider this reporting to be a very unusual circumstance or a potential misidentification. Culex restuans Theobald Island County (WA DOH 2004). This repre- sents the first reporting of this species from Washington State, and a species record for Island County is far outside the distribution range for this species as depicted in Darsie and Ward (2005). Island County receives a large amount of out-of-state tourism traffic (automobile and boat), and multiple major port cities are in close proximity. It is, therefore, feasible that this species may have been accidentally introduced into Island County, but it may not have become established. Further surveillance and reporting is warranted to determine if this species is estab- lished in western Washington and, if necessary, to determine its distribution. Culex salinarius Coquillett Pierce County (F.M., unpublished data, 2002; 1 female), Spokane County (C.M., unpublished data; 2004, 7 females; 2005, 11 females). Darsie and Ward (2005) show this species to have a focal distribution in Idaho and Wyoming, and the 444 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 23, NO. 4 T a b le 1 . E a st er n W a sh in g to n m o sq u it o sp ec ie s b y co u n ty .1 DECEMBER 2007 MOSQUITOES IN WASHINGTON STATE 445 T a b le 2 . W es te rn W a sh in g to n m o sq u it o sp ec ie s b y co u n ty .1 446 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 23, NO. 4 occurrence of Cx. salinarius in Washington may be another example of this focal distribution. Environmental conditions may also have changed at these sites and allowed the introduction and establishment of this species. Ochlerotatus pionips Dyar Ferry County (Gjullin and Eddy 1972). This species is on the distribution edge depicted by Darsie and Ward (2005), and we consider this species to be rare or at least uncommonly collected in Washington. Ochlerotatus provocans Walker Stage et al. (1952) and Gjullin and Eddy (1972) recorded Aedes trichurus Dyar (synonym of Oc. provocans) from Skamania and Pend Orielle Counties, respectively. The OSAC contains speci- mens from Pend Orielle County, and it also has a specimen from Yakima County collected by Gjullin in 1935. All specimens in the OSAC are listed as Ae. trichurus. Even though Darsie and Ward (2005) show the distribution of this species to be all over Washington State, it has been collected and reported only a few times. Like Oc. pionips, we consider this species to be rare or at least uncommonly collected in Washington. Ochlerotatus punctor Kirby Myklebust (1966) and Gjullin and Eddy (1972) reported Oc. punctor from Chelan and Pend Orielle Counties, respectively. In the Washington State University insect collection are Oc. punctor specimens collected in May and June 1962 by R. J. Myklebust from Glacier View and Zufalls in Chelan County. Wood et al. (1979) reports on the difficulty of distinguishing the adults of this species from the adults of Oc. aboriginis Dyar and Oc. hexodontus. These species are distinguish- able as larvae, so a larval survey targeting these species in eastern Washington should provide better data. Ochlerotatus trivittatus (Coquillett) Yakima County (F.M., unpublished data, 2004; 1 male, 2 females). These data suggest a rare occurrence, perhaps a seasonal introduc- tion only. Orthopodomyia signifera (Coquillett) Jefferson County (Gjullin and Eddy 1972). Although this species lines up with its distribution in Darsie and Ward (2005), this collection is about 300 km further north and should be considered an unusual occurrence until more data is collected on this species in Washington. 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