Descriptive Occitan Grammar 1

PHONOLOGY AND WRITING • • Alphabet (Alfabet) Pronunciation (Prononciacion) Vowels (Vocalas) Consonants (Consonantas) • Accentuation (Accentuacion) MORPHOLOGY • Noun (Nom) General Notions Feminine (Femenim) Plural • Adjective (Adjectiu) Gender of the Adjectives (Genre dels Adjectius) Adjectives of two forms Adjectives of one form Plural of the Adjectives (Plural dels Adjectius) Degree of the Adjectives (Gra dels Adjectius) Comparative degree (Gra Comparatiu) Superlative degree (Gra Superlatiu) Irregular Degrees (Comparatius e Superlatius irregulars) • Adverb (Advèrb) List of Basic Adverbs Derived Adverbs Degree of the Adverbs (Gra dels Advèrbs) Comparative Degree (Gra Comparatiu) Superlative Degree (Gra Superlatiu) Adverbials (Locucions adverbialas) • Determiners (Determinants) Articles (Articles) Possessive Adjectives (Adjectius Possesius) Demonstrative Adjectives (Adjectius Demonstratius) Interrogative Adjectives (Adjectius Interrogatius) Exclamatives Indefinite Adjectives (Adjectius Indefinits) Negative Adjectives (Adjectius Negatius) • Pronouns (Pronums) Personal and Reflexive Pronouns (Pronoms Personals e Reflexius) Possessive Pronouns (Pronoms Possessius) Demonstrative Pronouns (Pronoms Demonstratius) Relative Pronouns (Pronoms Relatius) Interrogative Pronouns (Pronoms Interrogatius) Indefinite Pronouns (Pronoms Indefinits) Negative Pronouns (Pronoms Negatius) • • • Pronominal adverbs Numerals (Numerals) Verb (Verb) Auxiliary verbs Aver | Téner (Tenir) | Èsser (Èstre) Tenses (Tempses) Reflexive Verbs Irregular Verbs Negation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Prepositions (Preposicions) Conjunctions (Conjonccions) Tematic Glossary welcome family house city transport Post Geography climate nature animal food fruit vegetable body clothes sport colors numbers time day month pronouns question ? Occitan Language General Overview Area of Distribution and Number of Speakers Occitan language (also called Provençal or Languedoc) is a Romance language spoken by about 1,500,000 people in southern France. All Occitan speakers use French as their official and cultural language, but Occitan dialects are used for everyday purposes and show no signs of extinction. The name Occitan is derived from the geographical name Occitania, which is itself patterned after Aquitania and the characteristic word oc and includes the regions of Limousin, Languedoc, the old Aquitaine, and the southern part of the French Alps, all of the populations of which are Occitan-speaking. The name Languedoc comes from the term langue d' oc, which denoted a language using oc for yes (from Latin hoc), in contrast to the French language, the langue d' oïl, which used oïl (modern oui) for yes (from Latin hoc ille). Languedoc refers to a linguistic and political-geographical region of the southern Massif Central in France. The name Provençal originally referred to the Occitan dialects of the Provence region and is used also to refer to the standardized medieval literary language based on the dialect of Provence. Origin and History Occitan's medieval ancestor, usually called either Provençal or Langue d'Oc, was the first literary dialect of high culture in the territory now encompassed by France. It developed, as did Francien (ancestor of modern French), from the Vulgar Latin transmitted by Roman soldiers and traders to local populations. According to Encyclopédie Occitane, Provençal was actually the first Romance language to emerge from the mix of Roman and "barbarian" tongues; the earliest surviving texts in Langue d'Oc can be definitively attributed to the tenth century (a refrain attached to a Latin poem), and the 12th-century Donat provençal was the first grammar of a modern European language. The best-known ambassadors of Occitan were the troubadours, traveling minstrels who created enduring lyric poetry and canso, inventing and disseminating the idea of courtly love. Although Occitania was composed of small feudal polities, the Langue d'Oc benefited in medieval times from a common orthography, serving admirably as a language of philosophy, science, law and the arts, as well as the everyday dialect of its speakers. This usage continued well into the 14th century, and Occitan's eventual decline is closely tied to the evolution of royal power and the French state. Although most of Occitania was added to the territory of the French crown by the 15th century (excepting English holdings), the French language did not begin to supplant Occitan for some time. The Edict of Villers-Cotterêts (1539) made French the official language of government and legal documents, superseding Latin as well as the more than 30 diverse Celtic and Romance local dialects spoken by the majority of the populace This set the stage for the association of French with privilege and power, as bourgeoisie, nobles and courtiers alike were drawn to French, the language of king and government; French also came to be the language of culture for the Occitan elite, lending words of politesse to the Occitan vocabulary. However, the Ancien Régime did not invest much effort in the enforcement of this edict. The official policy of at least the earliest Capetian rulers of Occitania allowed translation of documents on a local level, proving that the royal authority was not bent on imposing its own language.The encroachment of French began slowly, following trade routes and, like the shift from "tu" to "vous" pronoun usage, filtering from highest to lowest elements of society. Courtiers wishing to curry favor with the new crown in Ile-de-France chose to speak French; bourgeoisie, entrepreneurs, and the burgeoning class of governmental functionaries also found French bilingualism to be in their best interest. Dialects The modern dialects of Occitan are little changed from the speech of the Middle Ages, although they are being affected by their constant exposure to French. The dialects are classified in three major groups: • • Northern Occitan, which encompasses the three main dialects of Limousin (higher), Auvergnat (lower), and Provençal Alpine. Southern or Middle Occitan, which is divided primarily into Languedocien with northern, southern, eastern and western dialects, and Provençal to the east with three main subdivisions of Rhodanian around Arles, Avignon and Nîmes, and Provencal Maritime spoken around the Cote d'Azur, and Niçart spoken around Nice. Gascon spoken primarily in southwestern France; it is sometimes considered a distinct language because it differs a great deal from the other, more or less uniform, Occitan dialects. • Occitan is closely related to Catalan, and, although strongly influenced in the recent past by French, its phonology and grammar are more closely related to Spanish than to French. Standardization In spite of the various dialects, attempts were made to create an Occitan standard. One of the earliest and most famous movements was founded by Frédéric Mistral, the region's best-known author, who was awarded the 1905 Nobel Prize in Literature for the poem "Mirèilha" in his native Provençal dialect. Mistral, together with a group of intellectuals known as the Félibrige, proposed in the 19th century a standard based upon modern Provençal (one of the Occitan dialects). The Félibrigians' preoccupation with purity and the past meant that the "corrupted, bastardized form of the frenchified patois of the streets' could not provide a suitable linguistic model for their poetry. That had to be found elsewhere, in the countryside." They re-worked the language, systematically pruning "frenchified"terms and replacing them with "older and more genuine" forms. The Félibrigians are most often accused of passéisme, of wishing to preserve, from the safety of their ivory tower of intellectualism, the picturesque backwardness of Occitania, and of seeking in folkloric traditions a force to unite Occitania. A post-World War II effort at standardization took as its model the Languedocien dialect; like the Félibrigian standard, the choice of one dialect as a model for all could only have overruled dialectical loyalty in a few urban intellectuals whose linguistic ties to the region were more symbolic or political than quotidian and authentic. There have been a confusing array of other standardizations, many of which have suffered in some degree from the crucial gap between urban intellectuals who seek to preserve and standardize Occitan, and rural paysans, the last remaining autochthonous native speakers, whose goals are more concrete and practical. The Félibrigian spelling is still in use, primarily in the Provençal region, but current Occitan texts tend to favor Loís Alibèrt's Languedocien-based Gramatica occitana. His system, based upon the spelling and Latin derivations of historical Langue d'Oc, is sufficiently universal to enable the expression of every Occitan dialect, as well as autochthonic neologisms. The «graphie alibertine» is on its way to unite the dialects of Occitan; transcriptional conventions can now be regularized, and the historical roots of the system lend modern writing historical continuity and even a sense of the prestige of the medieval precedent. In Saussurean terms, Alibert's norms permit both synchronic communication, throughout Occitania, and diachronic communication back to the origins of Occitan culture. Present Situation The situation of present-day Occitan is rather paradoxical. On the one hand, there are people, mainly old, who still use it in every day life as their natural way of communication, at work or at home. Yet those people, for the most, are unable to read or write it as they never learned to do so. On the other hand, due to the movements and associations supporting the revival of minority languages in Europe and in France, Occitan is more and more taught in bilingual associative schools (Calandretas), in state-run primary schools, in high schools and Universities. Yet what is at issue now, is whether those people, who will be able to read and write Occitan, will use it in everyday life. Phonology The main features of the Occitan vocal system are the following (we use French and Spanish examples as references): Features Absence or rarety of closed vowels No diphthongization of Vulgar Latin vowels Maintenance of the Latin stressed a Maintenance of the Latin final unstressed a Latin rosa rose mele(m) honey bene well tres three fede(m) faith cabra goat porta door catêna chain Occitan rose [r z ] mel be tres fe cabra (chabra) porta cadena una petita femna sus la finestra French rose [ oz] miel bien trois foi chèvre porte [p chaine [ t] n] Spanish rosa miel bien tres fe cabra puerta cadena Preservation of the unstressed vowels une petite femme sur la fenêtre . No nasalized vowels vinum wine bene well ['yn pë'tit [yn ptit fam sy 'femla fn t ] n sys la fi'nestr ] (6 syllables) (12 syllables) vin vin ben bien Spanish uses words of different etymologies vino bien Grammar Like Old French, from the 9th to the 13th century, Old Occitan preserved the two-case system of Vulgar Latin, subjective and objective, and it seems that until the middle of the 12th century, the written and spoken languages were identical. Then, the distinction between the cases disappeared in spoken usage, though they still persisted in the written texts of the Trobadors. This period can be qualified as the Golden Age or the time of the Trobadors. A second period ranges from the beginning of the 14th century to the middle of the 16th. It is characterized by the dropping altogether of the flexions in witten texts, by the beginning of dialectization, the dropping of courteous vocabulary and the use of learned words borrowed from Latin and Greek to express law, medecine, philosophy and theology. Occitan was no longer a literary language, but it was used to write the deeds, the accounts, the chronicles and the resolutions of local communities. Since the second half of the 16th century to our days, Occitan was banned from written documents, and reduced to oral usage only, mainly by country and working people, in their everyday life, at work or at home. All along its history, Occitan has remarkably retained its fundamental features: plurals marked by the addition of -s or -es , generally preserved in speech, the agreement of adjectives with nouns, and the conjugations of verbs.The latter, like Italian, Spanish, Catalan and Portuguese, but unlike French, do not require any personal pronoun to indicate the persons, the verb endings being pronounced differently to that effect: • canti I sing, cantas you sing, canta he sings; cantam we sing, cantatz you sing, cantan they sing. There are 4 moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and conditional), 4 simple tenses (present, preterite, imperfect, future), and compound tenses. The latter are formed by adding to the infinitive (used as a stem) the present and imperfect indicative endings, respectively, of aver to have. The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect are usually constructed with aver, but some intransitive and all reflexive verbs use èsser (L esse) to be; in this Occitan is quite similar to French and Italian. Yet, some syntaxic features are proper to Occitan like the extensive use of the subjunctive imperfect, no longer used in French, or the expression of progressive aspect by means of the periphrastic form, as in èsser + a + infiniive: Es a legir He is reading (cf. Portuguese estar + a + infinitive). Vocabulary Occitan vocabulary is derived mainly from Vulgar Latin (pistillum => peile lock, mespilam => mèspla medlar), and also from Germanic (bastir to build, fanga mud, tropèl flock, herd), Greek (amètla almond, raumàs cold ), pre-Latin languages (truc summit, top, estalviar to save), especially Gaulish (carri cart, bruga heather). Alphabet (Alfabet) Occitan is written with the Latin alphabet. In the Occitan words are used 23 letters: Letter Phonetic Value Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh [a], [ ] [b], [ß] [s], [k] [d] [ ], [e] [f] [g], [d ], [...] [t ] Pp [p] Qq [k] Letter Phonetic Value Letter Phonetic Value Ii [i] Jj [d ] Ll [l] Mm Nn Oo [u] [m], [n] [n] Rr Ss Tt Uu [y] Vv Xx Zz [z] [ ], [ ], [s], [z] [t] [...] [b], [ß] [gz] Occitan orthography uses acute and grave accents (as in é and è) and a few letter combinations (ch, tg, tj, lh, nh, tz, gn, rr and mp) for some specific sounds. The cedile (,) is used under the letter c to mark its pronunciation as [s] in front of a, o and u. Three other letters -- K, W and Y -- are used in names and words of foreign origin. Pronunciation Vowels Sign Sound a, à a á e, é è i, í o, ó ò u, ú a O O e E i U O y casal tumbledown house annada year veniá he was coming sec dry venguèt he came tiri I pull Tolosa Toulouse aquò that luna moon Examples [ka'zal] farà he'll do [fa'ra] ['kabrO] [farma'sjO] [es'pes] [a'prEs] [a'ki] [y'rUs] ['pOrti] [de'sys] [annadO] cabra she-goat [be'njO] [sek] farmaciá pharmacy espés thick [Ben'GEt] après afterwards ['tiri] [tU'lUzO] [a'kO] ['lynO] aquí here urós happy pòrti I wear dessús above, over Diphthongs Sign Sound ai au ei, éi èi eu èu oi, ói aj aw ej Ej ew Ew Uj paire father laurar to plough veire to see èime [good] sense deute debt nèu snow coire copper Examples ['pajre] [law'ra] ['Bejre] ['Ejme] ['dewte] [nEw] ['kUjre] faire to do, make causa thing créisser to grow pèira stone beure to drink tèune thin conóisser to know ['fajre] ['kawza] ['krejse] ['pEjrO] ['bewre] ['tEwne] [kU'nUjse] òi òu iu Oj Ow iw còire to cook plòure to rain viure to live ['kOjre] ['plOwre] ['Biwre] fòire to hoe mòure to move siure cork ['fOjre] ['mOwre] ['siwre] Consonants Sign Position Sound g g j m n n r v before e, i final all positions final all positions final final all positions dJ tS dJ n n roge red freg cold mièja half f. Examples [r'UdJe] [fretS] ['miEdJO] fum smoke [fyn] fugís he runs away[fu'dJis] puèg hill [puEtS] clarum clearness [kla'ryn] vent wind [ben] [ma[n]] [kan'ta] ['BilO], ['bi-] ... camin way ... [ka'mi[n]] often man hand mute mute b/B cantar to sing vila town professor teacher [prUfe'sU] aver to have [a'Be], [a'be] Consonantic Digraphs Sign Position Sound ch lh lh nh nh tj tz all positions initial & middle final initial & middle final all positions all positions tS L l N n tS ts quichar to press palha straw talh cutting edge vinha vine planh moan vilatjon hamlet dotze twelve Examples [ki'tSa] ['paLO] [tal] ['BiNO] [plan] [bila'tSU] ['dUtse] chòt owl balhar to give telh lime-tree [tSOt] [ba'La] [tel] banhar to bathe, to [ba'Na] wet banh bath [ban] ... cantatz you sing [pl.] ... [kan'tats] Pronunciation of consonnant clusters in final syllables Cluster -rn Sound [rt], [r], [n] or [ø] [ks], [ts], [tS], [s] or [ø] [ts], [tS], [s] or [ø] [ps], [ts], [tS], [s] or [ø] [ns], [s], or [ø] [ns], [n] [ns], [nks], [n] [ls], [j] [ts], [tS], [s] or [ø] [s] or [r] [bEls] or [bEs] [nk] or [n] [nt] or [n] [mp] or [n] [rk] or [r] [rt] or [r] [rp] or [r] Examples carn meat sacs bags cantats sung taps corks pans loaves of bread rams boughs banhs baths embolhs quarrels lachs milks; gaug joys cors lecture; tòrç bent bèls tall or beautiful banc bench; reng row cant song; redond round bomb bound berc notch; larg wide -cs -ts -ps -ns -ms -nhs -elhs -chs, -gs* -rs, -rç -ls -nc, -ng, -nt, -nd, -mp, -mb -rc, rg, -rt, -rd, -rp, -rb, -rv sèrp snake; sèrv serf Note: There is a tendancy to form the plural in -ches, and -ges [laches, gauges] =>[etses], [etSes]. Accentuation The stress position in Occitan may be recognized in spelling according to three simple rules: 1. Words terminated by a vowel, an s or an n (only in conjugation) are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable, cf. mecanica mechanics, voler to want, cantan (they) sing. 2. Words terminated by a consonant (save s) or a diphthong are stressed on the ultimate syllable, cf. gaton cat. 3. All the exceptions are marked by a written accent on the stressed syllable, cf. cuélher, penós. The above rules are almost the same as in Spanish. Noun General Notions Nouns in Occitan are classified as masculine and feminine. The Feminine As a rule, all nouns ending in -a are feminine, and the others are masculine. Note that this final -a is pronounced [ ]. There are however many exceptions: words in -ista can be masculine as well as feminine: ecologista is either a man or a woman; and there are many simple feminine words ending in a consonant, like mar sea, for instance. Generally, the feminine forms of nouns and adjectives are derived by adding an -a at the end of the words (as in Spanish), cf.: • un parent a relative => una parenta; un obrièr a worker => una obrièra; un jogaire a player => una jogaira. The final consonant of the derived feminines is usually voiced, cf.: • un lop a wolf => una loba a she-wolf. lo conhat the brother-in law => la conhada the sister-in-law; un polit nebot a beautiful nephew => una polida neboda a beautiful niece. In some cases the feminines restore a consonant that is vocalized in masculine, or add special suffixes, cf.: • nòu (from L. novus, v => u) new => nova; viu (from L. vivus, v => u) alive => viva; un institutor a male-teacher => una institutritz (from L. institutor : institutrix). Plural Generally, the plural is made by adding -s to the nouns and adjectives. There exist, however, a lot of varieties concerning the different types of word endings as well as the dialects. In the following lines we'll make an overview of the plural forms in the main Occitan dialects, Languedocian (Lengadocian) and Vivaro-Alpine (Central Alpine): • General rule: The suffix -s is added to the words, cf.: òme : òmes color : colors femna : femnas There occur a lot of particularities in dependence of the various word terminations: 1. Words terminated in sg. by -s, -ç, -sc, -st, -x, -xt, -tz, -ch, -g [=Engl. sh], -sh, -z form plural by adding -es, cf.: o mas : mases o ris : rises. Note that according to the rules of the graphic accentuation -às, -és, -ís, -ós, -ús are transformed into -ases -eses -ises -oses -uses, cf.: o o o anglés : angleses, precís : precises, famós : famoses. In some cases the final -s is doubled in plural (-sses), cf.: o o o pas : passes, rus : russes, congrès : congrèsses. According to the rules of the graphic accentuation -às -és -ís -ós -ús become in plural -asses -esses -isses -osses -usses, cf.: o o o movedís : movedisses, grandàs : grandasses, espés : espesses. There occur also the following orthographic modifications in plural: -ç => -ces, cf.: o o o atròç : atròces, brèç : brèces, doç : doces. -sc => -sques, cf.: o o o gigantesc : gigantesques, bòsc : bòsques, risc : risques. -st => -stes, cf.: o o o arbust : arbustes, còst : còstes, gost : gostes. -x => -xes, cf.: o o o o apendix : apendixes, ortodòx : ortodòxes, fax : faxes, fix : fixes. -xt => -xtes, cf.: o o tèxt : tèxtes, mixt : mixtes. -tz => -ses, cf.: o o o calculatritz : calculatrises crotz : croses, prètz : prèses. -ch => -ches, cf.: o o o o romanch : romanches nuèch : nuèches, fach : faches, dich : diches. -g [=E. sh] => -ges, cf.: o o o o o assag : assages, estug : estuges, puèg : puèges, gaug : gauges, baug : bauges. Note that in a few words the final -g is pronounced [k] and then the plural is formed according to the general rule, i.e. by adding -s, cf.: o o o o o larg : largs, long : longs, catalòg : catalògs, estratèg : estratègs, centrifug : centrifugs. -sh => -shes, cf.: o o malgash : malgashes, brush : brushes The words in -sh are rare and are borrowed recently. -z => -zes, cf.: o o merguèz : merguèzes, quirguiz : quirguizes. The words in -z are rare and are borrowed recently; note that the final -z is pronounced [s]. 2. The words terminated in sg. by -as, -es, -is, -os, -us and stressed on the penultimate syllable remain unchanged in plural, cf.: o autofòcus : autofòcus, o còsmos : còsmos, o virus : virus, o tènis : tènis, o iris : iris. 3. A few adjectives and pronouns form irregular plural by -es, cf.: o qualqu'un : qualques unes, o certan : certanes, o aquel : aqueles, o plan : planes, o tant : tantes, o cèrt : cèrtes, o o o un : unes, tot : totes, el : eles. The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Central Provençal (Rhodanian and Maritime) General rule: plural is derived by adding -s to the words, cf.: femna : femnas, òme : òmes, color : colors, bòsc : bòscs, tèxt : tèxts, fach : fachs. 2. The words terminated in singular by -s -ç -tz -x -z remain unchanged in plural, cf.: o precís : precís, o virus : virus, o brèç : brèç, o crotz : crotz, o fix : fix, o merguèz : merguèz. o o o o o o 1. The feminine adjectives in -a and the adjectives in -e, when in front of a noun, develop into: 1. -ei (pronounced [ej] or [i]) before a consonant, cf.: granda femna : grandei femnas, brave garçon : bravei garçons. 2. -eis (pronounced [ejz] or [iz]) before a vowel, cf.: granda illa : grandeis illas, brave amic : braveis amics. Note that when the adjective follows the noun, it forms plural according to the general rule, cf.: femna granda : emnas grandas, amic brave : amics braves. 1. A few adjectives and pronouns have an irregular plural in -ei(s), cf.: o o o o o o tot : totei(s), cèrt : cèrtei(s), certan : certanei(s), aqueu : aquelei(s), eu : elei(s), un : unei(s), o quauqu'un : quauqueis unei. The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Rhodanian and Maritime Provençal In both dialects, the nouns are invariable. The qualificative adjectives are invariable when placed after the nouns; when they are placed in front of the nouns, the plural is formed with -ei / -i (for Maritime and Rhodanian, respectively) regardless the gender (masculine or feminine), cf.: • • la brave chato => lei bràvei chato / li bràvi chato, la chato bravo => lei chato bravo / li chato bravo. The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Gascon, Limousin, Auvergnat General rule: plural is made by adding -s to the words, cf.: o o o o o o o o rota : rotas, acte : actes, color : colors, bòsc : bòscs, tèxt : tèxts, romanch : romanchs, malgash : malgashs. 2. The words terminated in singular by -s, -ç, -tz, -x, -z remain unchanged in plural, cf.: o precís : precís, o virus : virus, o braç : braç, o crotz : crotz, o fix : fix, o merguèz : merguèz (in Limousin merguez : merguez). In Limousin and Northern Auvergnat the plural mark -s is mute, but it modifies the pronunciation of the final syllable, cf.: • • rota ['òutO] : rotas ['òutà], òme [O'me] : òmes [O'mej], etc. Some Vivaro-Alpine dialects form plural in the same manner as Limousin and Auvergnat. Some others are influenced by Provençal, Pieedmontese and Ligurian. The Gascon of Val d'Aran forms feminine plural in -es (rota : rotes) and some masculine plurals in -i (which corresponds to -es in Languedocian, cf. aranés : aranesi versus Langedocien aranés : araneses). The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Niçois dialect 1. General rule: plural is made by adding -s to the words, cf.: o o o o o o femna : femnas, òme : òmes, color : colors, bòsc : bòscs, tèxt : tèxts, fach : fachs. 2. The words terminated in singular by -s, -ç, -tz, -x, -z remain unchanged in plural, cf.: o precís : precís, o virus : virus, o brèç : brèç, o crotz : crotz, o fix : fix, o merguèz : merguèz. 3. The feminine adjectives in -a form plural in -i, cf.: o o granda frema : grandi fremas, frema granda : fremas grandi. Note that: 1.after a, è, u is written -ï to be marked the hiatus, cf.: famoa : famoï, europèa : europèï, assidua : assiduï; 2.the finale -ça, -ja, -tja, -ga, -ca give -ci, -gi, -tgi, -gui, -qui, cf.: fugaça : fugaci, roja : rogi, ferotja : ferotgi, larga : largui, magica : magiqui. 2. A few masculine adjectives and pronouns form plural in -u or -i, cf.: 1.aqueu : aquelu, aquest : aquestu, eu : elu; 2.tot : toi, pichon : pichoi. Adjective (Adjectiu) As in the other Romance languages (and unlike in English), the adjectives in Occitan agree in gender and number with the nouns they refer to, cf.: • • dròlle educat educated boy : dròlles educats educated boys; dròlla educada educated girl : dròllas educadas educated girls. Gender of the Adjectives (Genre dels Adjectius) As a rule, the feminine of the adjective is obtained by adding -a to the masculine, cf.: • • • • novèl : novèla new; fresc : fresca fresh, cool; sord : sorda deaf; tardièr : tardièra late. Adjectives of two forms Adjectives ending in the masculine by -e or -èu change -e or -u to -a to form their feminine, cf.: • • nòble : nòbla noble; contemporanèu : contemporanèa contemporary. Adjectives ending in the masculine by a voiceless consonant voice that consonant before adding -a to form their feminine, cf.: • • • • • pesuc polit mut cortés mièg : pesuga heavy : polida beautiful : muda dumb : cortesa courteous : mièja half Some adjectives ending in the masculine by -u change that -u to -v before adding -a to form their feminine, cf.: • • • nòu : nòva new; suau : suava mild; viu : viva alive. Some adjectives have a suffix for either gender -dor, -doira, -tor, -tritz, cf.: • • volador : voladoira which can fly; conductor : conductritz conductive. Adjectives of one form Some adjectives have only one form for masculine and feminine. Except for the adjectives ended by -a, the majority of the other uniform adjectives was inherited in Occitan from the Latin adjectives of the third declension. They are no longer productive, and are only to be found in compound substantives, place names, or isolated adjectives. Masculine • partit comunista communist party • òme jove young man • Feminine organizacion comunista communist organization femna jove young woman carrièra màger high street ostal màger big(ger) house aigardent brandy, spirits La Parròquial place name Plural of the Adjectives (Plural dels Adjectius) Termination Plural vowel + -s consonant + -s stressed vowel + -es Examples nòble : nòbles ; polida : polidas grand : grands; volador : voladors anglés : angleses; gos : gosses dogs; tròç : tròces pieces See for more details Plural of the Nouns. Degree of the Adjectives (Gra dels Adjectius) Comparative Degree of Superiority of Equality of Inferiority . Formation mai (plus) + ADJ + que tant + ADJ + coma mens + ADJ. + que Examples Es mai bèl que Joan. He is taller than Juan. Es tant biaissuda coma sa maire. She is as quick as her mother. Soi mens inteligent que tu. I am less inteligent than you. Superlative Degree Absolute Synthectic Formation sobre-, subre- + ADJ. (Literary usage) plan, fòrça, mai que mai + ADJ. reduplication of the ADJ. Examples sobrebèl very big, very beautiful subrenaut very high plan grand very big fòrça mal very bad mai que mai pèc very stupid pichòt pichòt very small Aquò es lo mai vièlh It is the most ancient. Foguèt la mai biaissuda She was the most skilful. Foguèt la mens biaissuda She was the least skilful. Absolute Analytical Relative of Superiority Relativo of Inferiority DEF. ART. + mai (plus) + ADJ. DEF. ART. + mens + ADJ. Irregular Degrees (Comparatius e Superlatius irregulars) Comparative Regular Irregular melhor pièger màger mendre superior inferior Adjective bòn good mal bad Superlative Regular Irregular plan bon fòrça mal mai que mai grand manit manit fòrça alt plan bas ---mínim (rare) suprèm (rare) ínfim (rare) mai bòn mai mal mai grand, mai grand, bèl big bèl manit little mai manit alt high mai alt bas low mai bas Adverb (Advèrb) List of Basic Adverbs Time ara in this moment, now antan the last year passat ièr the day before yesterday abans previously, preferably encara yet, still ièr yesterday quand when despuèi after puèi then ongan this year uèi today jamai never lèu soon deman tomorrow mentre while, whilst sempre , totjorn ever tard late d'ora, lèu early pasmens still, yet ja already, by now, yet Place enbàs, aval below, downstairs aicí here, over here, this way ailà thither, there dedins in defòra outside aquí there, yonder ailà there ailà there, yonder abans before aicí here amont above, on top, overhead, upstairs près, prèp close, near, nearby abans ahead, formerly, previously dedins inside darrièr behind, after ont where ennaut above, on top, upstairs en fàcia de in front of defòra outside luenh away Manner exprès intentionally, on purpose naut aloud aviat, lèu-lèua fast, quickly, swiftly atal like this, so, that way, thus bas silently ben plan well gaireben, quasiment almost, nearly clar clearly coma as, like, such as rai see note (1) plan planet slowly dur hard excèpt exceptedly mal badly lèu soon fòrt strongly rude brutally tirat, levat with the exception of suau calmly See also Derived Adverbs. Quantity gaire some, not much apenas barely, hardly, only just pro enough gairebenalmost tant as much (many) Affirmation atal thus segur certainly, sure òc, òi yes tamben also de verai really, actually Negation jamai never ni neither non no tampauc also not, neither tròp too, much pro enough, sufficiently mai more mens less fòrça a lot of, much, ver pauc little tant, de tot tant that much Doubt benlèu maybe, perhaps, possibly bensai maybe, perhaps, possibly saique maybe, perhaps, possibly Exclusion apenas barely, hardly, (only) just tirat, levat but, except, save titat, levat but sol only tampauc also not Inclusion de mai moreover apasmens still, yet fins a till, until meteis even tamben also, too Order après after Designation òu behold! see! there! here! Interrogation ont? to where? d'ont? where? coma? how? quand, quora? when? quant? how much (many) perqué, perdequé? why? §1. Rai, mainly in aqùo rai or rai d'aquò, can be loosely rendered by "It's OK!" or "No problem(s)!". It is used in the same way in Catalan: "Això rai!" Go back to => Derived Adverbs A lot of adverbs are derived regularly from the feminine forms of the adjectives by adding the suffix -ment (this pattern appeared in the Vulgar Latin), cf. • • • clar : clarament bèl : belament trist : tristament These adverbs correspond to the English adverbs formed by -ly. The derived adverbs are of: • • • • • • manner (mainly): clarament clearly etc.; affirmation: efectivament effectively; doubt: possiblament possibly, probablament probably; exclusion: exclusivament exclusively, simplament simply, solament solely, unicament uniquely; order: primierament first, ultimament ultimately; etc. Some adverbs are formed from the adjectives by the way of conversion (in other words their forms coincide with the masculine forms of the adjectives), cf.: • • • clar clear adj.; clearly adv. dur hard adj.; hard adv. lent slow adj.; slowly adv. • • gaire few adj.; some adv. etc. Degree of the Adverbs (Gra dels Advèrbs) Comparative Degree (Gra Comparatiu) Normal tristament rapidament ben,plan mal fòrça pauc Superiority mai tristament que mai rapidament que melhor (mai bon) piéger (mai mal) mai mens Comparative Equality tant tristament coma tant ben tant mal - Inferiority mens tristament que mens ben mens mal - tant rapidament coma mens rapidament que Superlative Degree (Gra Superlatiu) Superlative Normal tristament rapidament ben, plan mal fòrça pauc Absolute Synthetic Analytic tristament rapidament fòrça, plan tristament fòrça, plan rapidament fòrça, plan bon fòrça, plan mal - Relative Superiority Inferiority lo mai tristament lo mens tristament lo mai rapidament lo mens rapidament lo mai lo mens - Adverbials (Locucions adverbialas) Time Place Manner d'ara endavant hereafter de vèspre tonight de davant beforehand de jorn in the day de lanuèch al matin overnight de tantòst afternoon, p.m de matin since the morni de nuèch at night de còps, de fes sometime fin finala at last, finally passat ièr the day after tomorrow per ara presently per campèstre overland a l'ostal home a drecha , a man drecha to the right a esquèrra, a man esquèrra to the left debàs downstairs d'ara endavant henceforward de cap a fons downwar Quantity per lo mens at least per lo mai at most de fòrça of much de pauc of some de tot of all gaire mai (de) aproximately a palpas, a òrbas blindly a cavalhons piggyback a tustas e a bustas disorderly d'escondons secretely a pès junts stubbornly a tòrt e a travèrs disorderly d'amagat silently, dins l'escuresina in the dark a la galaupada in full speed a la bobosa disorderly d'ont from here, from a la moda modish where al contrari just the opposite endedins de within, de grat of good will inside, indoors sul còp suddenly, fast endacòm somewhere de ressabuda, offhand a l'ostal at home per bona espècia intentionally ont que siá anywhere de mal esquiç unwillingly en luòc nowhere de racacòr unwillingly endacòm mai aviat fast elsewhere sul pic suddenly per tot everywhere subte, subran suddenly per aquí this way de badas in vain en luòc no where en general in total, in general Affirmation / Negation por malastre unfortunately a pus près aproximately a de bon sure subre tot above all, especially de segur sure de verai sure segur of course ben segur of course d'acòrdi in agreement de segur certainly, sure d'efièch de facto, in fact res a faire in no way de verdad verily, really en correcto estado OK d'efièch in effect segurament certainly als uèlhs vesents apparently de segur of course sens dobte undoubtedly Determiners (Determinants) Articles (Articles) Definite Article Basic Forms lo (l') la (l') los las Contracted Forms a al als de del dels per pel pels sus sul suls - Indefinite Article Singular Plural m f m f un una de (d') de (d') The apostrophized forms d' and l' are used in front of words beginning with a vowel. The form de is the true undefinite form for plural; unes, unas rather mean some, a few. For example: • Fau de còcas. I am cooking cakes. Fau unas còcas. I am cooking a few cakes. Dialect variations Gascon has slightly different forms for the indefinite articles: • un, ua [y ], ø, ø. The forms of the definite articles are more diversified: • In the area between Toulouse, Foix e Carcassonne, the masculine forms are le, les. These should not be regarded as French influences, since they occur in documents previous to the French presence in this area. They should rather be seen as the evolution of Latin demonstrative ille => le, whereas the evolution has been illum => lo elsewhere. In some Pyreneans valleys (Coseran, Comenges and Bigorre), the forms are quite different: eth, era; eths, eras. In the northern areas, la, las may be sounded [l , l s], along with the general trend to turn non-stressed [a] into [ ] in this area. • • Possessive Adjectives (Adjectius Possesius) One owner singular mon mas ton ta son sa tos tas sos sas plural Many owners singular nòstre nòstra vòstre vòstra lor plural nòstres nòstras vòstres vòstras lors Person 1st 2nd 3rd masculine feminine masculine feminine masculine feminine Dialect variations Possessives in Maritime: • • • • • • moun (ma, mèi) toun (ta, tèi) soun (sa, sèi) noueste (nouesto, nouesti) voueste (vouesto, vouesti) soun (sa, sèi) Possessives in Rhodanian: • • • • • • moun (ma, mi) toun (ta, ti) soun (sa, si) noste (nosto, nosti) voste (vosto, vosti) soun (sa, si) Demonstrative Adjectives (Adjectius Demonstratius) Indeterminate distance --Ço --=Sg. Short Distance m Sg. f n m Pl. f n Aiceste / Aqueste Aicesta / Aquesta Eiçò / Aiçò Aicestes / Aquestes Aicestas / Aquestas =Sg. Long distance Aquel Aquela Aquò (Aco) / Ailò Aqueles Aquelas =Sg. The following variations also occur in the speech. • aquest (aquesto, aquésti); • aquéu (aquelo, aquélei / aquéli). Interrogative Adjectives (Adjectius Interrogatius) Variable Singular Masculine quant? how much? Feminine quanta? Masculine quants? Plural Feminine quantas? qui? que? qual? quin? who? what? Invariable qual? quala? what? which ? quales? qualas? Exclamatives Qual, quin, quant what a, what, can be either adjectives or pronouns, and agree with number and gender: • quant (polit) animal! what a (beautiful) animal! quantas nécias! what foolish women! Que (de) ... so much ..., so many ... ! • que de mond! so many people! que d'aiga! so much water! Indefinite Adjectives (Adjectius Indefinits) Variable Singular Masculine autre other un one cadun, every one, each one mantun several tant (tan) as much tot all, the whole... Feminine autra una caduna mantuna tanta tota Plural Masculine autres unes some, few -mantuns Feminine autras unas -mantunas Invariable un pauc de a little gaire few, little pro enough fòrça, plan (de) many, much cada every, each qualque (quauque) some, a few qualques (quauques) tant, tantes tant, tantas totes every totas Negative Adjectives (Adjectius Negatius) Variable Singular Masculine degun nobody Plural Feminine deguna Invariable -cap (de), ges (de) no, none Masculine Feminine -- Pronouns (Pronoms) Personal and Reflexive Pronouns (Pronoms Personals e Reflexius) Number Person 1st 2nd mf mf m Subject ièu I tu you el he ela she el it -nosautres / nos we Direct Object me (m') me te (t') you lo (l') him la (l') her o it se him/her/itself Indirect Object without preposition me to me te to you with preposition a ièu to me a tu to you a el to him li / to him, to her a ela to her a el to it se to him/her/itself a el to him/herself Sg. 3rd f n reflex. m 1st f m 2nd nos us nosautras / nos we vosautres / vos you vos you f m vosautras / vos you eles they elas they -los them nos to us a nosautres (as) to us vos to you Pl. a vosautres (as) to you a eles to them li / lor to them a elas to them se themselves a se to themselves 3rd f reflex. las them se themselves ... Note: nos and vos, 1st and second person plural subject forms, are polite forms only. ... Possessive Pronouns (Pronoms Possessius) One owner Singular m 1st person f n m 2nd person f n m 3rd person f n lo mieu la miá / mieuna çò mieu lo tieu la tiá / tieuna çò tieu lo sieu la siá / sieuna çò sieu Many owners Singular lo nòstre la nòstra çò nòstre lo vòstre la vòstra çò vòstre lo lor, lo sieu la lor, la sieuna çò lor / çò sieu Plural los mieus las miás / mieunas -los tieus las tiás / tieunas -los sieus las siás / sieunas -- Plural los nòstres las nòstras -los vòstres las vòstras -los lors, los sieus las lors, las sieunas -- ... These forms can also be adjectives, for insistance: lo mieu paire my father. ... Demonstrative Pronouns (Pronoms Demonstratius) Variable Singular Plural Invariable Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine (Neuter) aiceste this aqueste this / that aquel that lo de... (1) the one of... aicesta aquesta aquela la de aicestes aquestes aqueles los de aicestas aquestas aquelas las de aiçò this l'autre the other l'autra los autres las autras aquò this, that aquò that ... §1. Aquel can es lo de mon paire. That dog is my father's (that of my father): the definite article has retained its original demonstrative value. ... Relative Pronouns (Pronoms Relatius) Variable Singular Masculine lo que (he)who lo qual (he)who dont, que whose Plural Feminine la que la quala dont, que Invariable Masculine los que los quales dont, que Feminine las que las qualas dont, que que who , whom qui who, whom ... Interrogative Pronouns (Pronoms Interrogatius) Variable Singular Masculine Feminine Plural Masculine Feminine Invariable qui, qual ? who? (de) qué? what? quant? how much / many? quanta? qui, qual ? (de) qué? quantes? quantas? que? who? what? ... Indefinite Pronouns (Pronoms Indefinits) Variable Singular Masculine Feminine Plural Masculine Feminine Invariable qualqu'un (quauqu'un) somebody qualques uns qualques unas qualqu'una (quauques uns) (quauqu'una) (quauques some, few unas) tota tanta una caduna totes tantes unes -qual que sián que que sián totas tantas unas -òm someone quicòm something tot all tant as much un (some)one, everyone cadun (some)one, everyone qual que siá whoever que que siá whatever ... Negative Pronouns (Pronoms Negatius) Invariable Persons degun nobody Things res nothing Pronominal adverbs ... ... Occitan uses the adverbs en and i in pronominal functions. This phenomenon occurs in many other contemporary Romance languages. NOTE: In Occitan grammars en and i are usually referred adverbial pronouns. ... The pronominal adverb en It has four distinct forms: • • • • full: ne reduced: ’n reinforced: en elided (before vowels or h-): n’. The pronominal adverb en has two main functions: • replacing direct object of a verb (the direct object must not be preceded by a determiner): As comprat de lach? Have you bought milk? N'as comprat? Have you bought (of) it [milk]? replacing a phrase introduced by the preposition de: Ara que és morta, òm parla ben de la Carme. Since she’s dead, everyone speaks well about Carmen. Ara que ess morta, òm ne parla ben. Since she’s dead, everyone speaks well [about her]. • ... The pronominal adverb i The pronominal adverb i (fromthe Latin ibi here) is a location adverb: • I vau. I go there. In the spoken language, it can replace the pronoun li: • O li dirai. I'll tell it to him. => O i dirai. ... Idiomatic uses The pronominal adverbs en and i may occur also in many idiomatic expressions: • Me’n vau. I’m leaving. • I a un dròlle aquí. There is a boy here. Numerals(Numerals) Numerals (Arabic) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 30 31 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 200 300 Cardinal un, una dos,doas tres quatre cinc sièis sèt uèch (uéit, uòch) nòu dètz onze dotze tretze quatorze quinze setze dètz-e-sèt dètz-e-uèch dètz-e-nòu vint vint-e un trenta trenta un quaranta cinquanta seissanta setanta ochanta, oitanten nonanta cent cent un dos cents tres cents Ordinal primièr, primièra segond, a tèrç, a (tresen, a) quart, a (quatren, a) quint, a (cinquen, a) seisen, a seten, a ochen, a (oiten, a) noven, a desen, a onzen, a dotzen, a etc. Multiplicative (1) simple doble triple quadruple quintuple sextuple septuple octuple nonuple decuple Fractions (2) -mitat tèrç quart cinquen seisen seten ochen noven desen . . . . . . detz-e-noven, a vinten, a etc. . . . . . . . . . centen, a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centuple . . . . . . . . . vinten vint-e-unen trenten etc. . . . . . . . centen etc. . . . . . . . . . 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000 1 000 000 000 quatre cents cinc cents sièis cents sèt cents uèch cents nòu cents mila, mil dètz mila cent mila un milion un miliard . . . . . . milen . . milionen miliarden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Verb (Verb) The Occitan verbs fall in three conjugational pattern discerned by the endings of the present infinitive. I conjugation: -ar amar to love comprar to buy hablar to speak passar to go, pass II conjugation: -ir dormir to sleep sentir to hear pedir to ask finir to finish III conjugation: -re, , -er, -r batre to beat tèner to hold far (faire) to do, make dever (deure) must There is a wide variety of compound tenses. The one most used is the present perfect, constructed with the auxialiaries èstre (èsser) or aver and the past participle. As a general rule, transitive verbs have aver as an auxilliary verb, whereas untransitive and pronominal verbs have èstre. Unlike French and Catalan, èstre is its own auxilliary: soi estat versus French j'ai été and Catalan he estat. Another particularity of Occitan conjugation is the use of surcompound tenses to indicate that an action was done at least once in the past, at an indeterminate time, yet which left an impact in the mind of the speaker: • • Aquel òme, l'ai agut vist dins la carrièra. I happened to see him that man in the street. => I think I could recognize him. D'estruci, n'ai agut manjat. I've had the opportunity to eat ostrich-meat. => I know what it tastes like. As in Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, and contrary to French, the subjonctive imperfect is still a living tense: it is widelly and commonly used. Auxiliary verbs Aver The verb aver to have has retained its semantic usage and is (with èsser) an auxiliary for constructing compound tenses, cf.: • Ai acabat. I have finished. It is also used in a fundamental construction i aver there is, there are, cf.: • • I a tres dròllas que nos agachan There are three girls looking at us. Se venon pas, ii aurà (de) problèmas. If they don’t show up, there will be problems. ... Téner (Tenir) The verb téner to hold may be used as an auxiliary in the periphrastic construction téner de + past participle with the meaning of continuity, cf.: • Ten sas fenèstras de barradas. He keeps his windows shut. ... Èsser (Èstre) The verb èsser to be has various functions: • • • • • it links a noun or noun group to a predicative, i.e., a word group indicating a quality, state or condition, cf.: o Aquestes persècs son los melhors que ai manjat. These peaches are the best ones I have eaten. it is used as an auxiliary for constructing the compound tenses of the intransitive verbs, cf.: o Soi anat a Marsilha. I have gone to Marseilles. it forms the passive voice of the transitive verbs, cf.: o El rei es aimat per son pòble. The king is loved by his people. it is used in the periphrastic construction èsser per + infinitive, which indicates an action in the future, cf.: o Es pas per morir. He is not going to die. it is used also in the construction èsser a + infinitive to denote an action in progress, cf.: o Èra a se passejar. He (she) was taking a walk. Aver • • • Meaning: to have. Origin: L. habeo, habui, habitus, habêre (2) to have. Cognate verbs: Cat. haver to have, F. avoir to have, It. avere to have, Port. haver to have, Sp. haber to have, Ven. aver to have. Present Indicative Imperfect Indicative aviái aviás aviá aviam aviatz avián Future Indicative Imperfect Conditional auriái auriás auriá auriam auriatz aurián -aja -ajam ajatz -Past Simple Indicative aguèri aguères aguèt aguèrem aguèretz aguèron Present Imperative ai as a avem avètz an aurai auràs aura aurem auretz auràn Present Subjunctive aja ajas aja ajam ajatz ajan Imperfect Subjunctive aguèsse aguèsses aguèsse aguèssem aguèssetz aguèsson Past Passive Participle agut, aguda Present Active Participle avent Tener (Tenir) • • • Meaning: to hold. Origin: L. teneo, tenui, tentus, tenêre (2) to hold, have. Cognate verbs: Cat. tenir to hold, F. tenir to hold, It. tenere to hold, Port. ter to have, possess, Sp. tener to have, possess, Ven. tegner to hold, to resist. Present Indicative teni tenes ten tenèm tenètz tenon Present Subjunctive que tenga que tengas que tenga que tenguem que tenguetz que tengan Future Imperfect Indicative Indicative tendrai teniái tendràs teniás tendrà teniá tendrem teniam tendretz teniatz tendran tenián Imperfect Present Subjunctive Imperative que tenguèssi -que tenguèsses ten! (tengas que tenguèsse pas!) que tenguèssem -tenguem! que tenguèssetz tenguetz! -que tenguesson Past Simple Indicative tenguèri tenguères tenguèt tenguèrem tenguèretz tenguèron Gerund tenent ... Past Participle tengut, tenguda ... Èsser (Èstre) • • • Meaning: to be. Origin: VL. essere from L. sum, fui, futurus, esse (3) to be. See the conjugation of the verb. Cognate verbs: Cat. ésser (ser) to be, F. être to be, It. essere to be, Port. ser to be, Sp. ser to be, Ven. èser to be. • Present Indicative soi ès (sès) es sèm sètz son Future Indicative serai seràs serà serem seretz seràn Present Subjunctive siá siás siá siam siatz sián seriái seriás seriá seriam seriatz serián èri èras èra èrem èretz èran Imperfect Indicative Past Simple Indicative foguèri foguères foguèt foguèrem foguèretz foguèron Present Imperative -siá -siam siatz -Past Passive Participle estat, estada ... Present Active Participle essent ... Imperfect Conditional Imperfect Subjunctive foguèsse foguèsses foguèsse foguèssem foguèssetz foguèsson Verbal Tenses in Occitan Simple tenses (Tempses simples) Non-Finite Verbal Forms • • • • Present Infinitive (Present de Infinitiu) Present Active Participle (Participi Present) The Gerund (Gerondiu) Past Passive Participle (Participi passat) Compound tenses (Tempses compausats) Non-Finite Verbal Forms • Compound Infinitive (Infinitiu Compausat) Compound Gerund (Gerondiu Compausat) • Finite Verbal Forms • • • • • • • • Present Indicative (Present de Indicatiu) Future Indicative (Futur de Indicatiu) Imperfect Indicative (Imperfach de Indicatiu) Past Simple Indicative (Preterit de Indicatiu) Present Subjunctive (Present de Subjonctiu) Imperfect Subjunctive (Imperfect de Subjonctiu) Imperfect Conditional (Condicional Present) Present Imperative (Present de Imperatiu) Finite Verbal Forms • • • • • • Present Perfect Ind. (Passat Compausat de Indicatiu) Future in the Past Ind (Futur Anterior de Indicatiu) Pluperfect Indicative (Plus que Perfach de Indicatiu) Past Perfect Ind. (Preterit Compausat de Indicatiu) Perfect Subjunctive (Passat de Subjonctiu) Pluperfect Subjunctive (Plus que Perfach de Subjonctiu) Perfect Conditional (Condicional Passat) • Simple Tenses (Tempses Simples) Non-Finite Verbal Form (Formas Impersonalas) _ The Present Infinitive The Present Active Participle The Gerund (Gerondiu) The Past Passive Participle I group amar to love amant loving amat loved dormir to sleep dormint sleeping dormit slept II group with suffix w/o suffix sentir to feel sentent feeling sentit felt batre to beat batent beating batut beaten III group Finite Verbal Forms (Formas Personalas) Present Indicative (Present de Indicatiu) _ Sg. 1. ami 2. amas 3. ama Pl. 1. amam 2. amatz 3. aman I group with suffix dormissi dormisses dormís dormissèm dormissètz dormisson II group w/o suffix senti sentes sent sentèm sentètz senton bati bates bat batèm batètz baton III group Future Indicative (Futur de Indicatiu) _ I group with suffix Sg. 1. amarai 2. amaràs 3. amarà Pl. 1. amarem 2. amaretz 3. amaràn dormirai dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormiretz dormiràn II group w/o suffix sentirai sentiràs sentirà sentirem sentiretz sentiràn batrai batràs batrà batrem batretz batràn III group Imperfect Indicative (Imperfach de Indicatiu) _ I group with suffix Sg. 1. amavi 2. amavas 3. amava Pl. 1. amàvem 2. amàvetz 3. amavan dormissiái dormissiás dormissiá dormissiam dormissiatz dormissián II group w/o suffix sentiái sentiás sentiá sentiam sentiatz sentián batiái batiás batiá batiam batiatz batián III group Past Simple Indicative (Preterit de Indicatiu) _ I group with suffix Sg. 1. amèri 2. amères 3. amèt Pl. 1. amèrem 2. amèretz 3. amèron dormiguèri dormiguères dormiguèt dormiguèrem dormiguèretz dormiguèron II group w/o suffix sentiguèri sentiguères sentiguèt sentiguèrem sentiguèretz sentiguèron batèri batères batèt batèrem batèretz batèron III group Present Subjunctive (Present de Subjonctiu) _ I group with suffix Sg. 1. (que) ame 2. (que) ames 3. (que) ame Pl. 1. (que) amem 2. (que) ametz 3. (que) amen (que) dormisca (que) dormiscas (que) dormisca (que) dormiscam (que) dormiscatz (que) dormiscan II group w/o suffix (que) senta (que) sentas (que) senta (que) sentam (que) sentatz (que) sentan (que) bata (que) batas (que) bata (que) batam (que) batatz (que) batan III group Imperfect Subjunctive (Imperfach de Subjonctiu) _ I group with suffix Sg. 1. (que) amèsse 2. (que) amèsses 3. (que) amèsse Pl. 1. (que) amèssem 2. (que) amèssetz 3. (que) amèsson II group w/o suffix (que) batèsse (que) batèsses (que) batèsse (que) dormiguèsse (que) sentiguèsse (que) dormiguèsses (que) sentiguèsses (que) dormiguèsse (que) sentiguèsse III group (que) dormiguèssem (que) sentiguèssem (que) batèssem (que) dormiguèssetz (que) sentiguèssetz (que) batèssetz (que) dormiguèsson (que) sentiguèsson (que) batèsson Imperfect Conditional (Condicional Present) _ I group with suffix Sg. 1. amariái 2. amariás 3. amariá Pl. 1. amariam 2. amariatz 3. amarián dormiriái dormiriás dormiriá dormiriam dormiriatz dormirián II group w/o suffix sentiriái sentiriás sentiriá sentiriam sentiriatz sentirián batriái batriás batriá batriam batriatz batrián III group Present Imperative (Present de Imperatiu) _ Sg. 1. -2. ama 3. -Pl. 1. amem 2. amatz 3. -I group with suffix -dormís -dormiscam dormissètz --sent -sentiam sentètz -II group w/o suffix -bat -batam batètz -III group Compound Tenses (Tempses Compausats) The compound tenses are formed with the auxiliary aver and the past passive participle; the participle remains invariable. A few intransitive verbs (as anar, morir, nàisser, venir etc.) are conjugated with èsser (èstre), like in French and Italian; the participle in this case do agree with the subject in gender and number. The reflexive verbs, however, are conjugated in the compound tenses with aver. List of the Compound Tenses Non-Finite Verbal Forms Compound Infinitive (Infinitiu Compausat) Compound Gerund (Gerondiu Compausat) Amar aver amat avent amat Anar èsser anat èssent anat Finite Verbal Forms Past Compound Indicative (Passat Compausat de Indicatiu) Sg. 1. ai amat 2. as amat 3. a amat Pl. 1. avem amat 2. avètz amat 3. an amat soi anat ès (sès) anat es anat sèm anats sètz anats son anats serai anat seràs anat serà anat serem anats seretz anats seràn anats Future in the Past Indicative (Futur Anterior de Indicatiu) Sg. 1. aurai amat 2. auràs amat 3. aura amat Pl. 1. aurem amat 2. auretz amat 3. auràn amat Pluperfect Indicative (Plus que Perfach de Indicatiu) Sg. 1. aviái amat 2. aviás amat 3. aviá amat Pl. 1. aviam amat 2. aviatz amat 3. avián amat èri anat èras anat èra anat èrem anats èretz anats èran anats foguèri anat foguères anat foguèt anat foguèrem anats foguèretz anats foguèron anats que siá anat que siás anat que siá anat que siam anats que siatz anats que sián anats que foguèsse anat que foguèsses anat que foguèsse anat que foguèssem anats que foguèssetz anats que foguèsson anats seriái anat seriás anat seriá anat seriam anats seriatz anats serián anats Past Perfect Indicative (Preterit Compausat de Indicatiu) Sg. 1. aguèri amat 2. aguères amat 3. aguèt amat Pl. 1. aguèrem amat 2. aguèretz amat 3. aguèron amat Perfect Subjunctive (Passat de Subjonctiu) Sg. 1. que aja amat 2. que ajas amat 3. que aja amat Pl. 1. que ajam amat 2. que ajatz amat 3. que ajan amat Pluperfect Subjunctive (Plus que Perfach de Subjonctiu) Sg. 1. que aguèsse amat 2. que aguèsses amat 3. que aguèsse amat Pl. 1. que aguèssem amat 2. que aguèssetz amat 3. que aguèsson amat Perfect Conditional (Condicional Passat) Sg. 1. auriái amat 2. auriás amat 3. auriá amat Pl. 1. auriam amat 2. auriatz amat 3. aurián amat Reflexive Verb Note that the reflexive verbs are normally conjugated in the compound tenses with the auxiliary aver. ... Verb beginning with consonant Simple tense Compound tense Imperative se levar to get up Simple tense me lèvi te lèvas se lèva nos levam vos levatz se levan Compound tense Imperative -lèva-te -levem-nos levatz-vos -- Infinitive Gerund Past Participle Infinitive se levar Gerund Past Participle ... The reflexive forms are: me, te, se, nos, vos, se. In front of a vowel they become m', t', s', nos,vos, s'. Irregular Verbs Anar • • • Meaning: to go. Origin: unknown, maybe ad + nadar to swim towards. Cognate verbs: Ast. andar to go, Cat. anar to go, It. andare to go, Port. andar to go, Sp. andar to go, Ven. ndar (nar) to go. Future Indicative anarai anaràs anarà anarem anaretz anaran Present Subjunctive que ane que anes que ane que anem que anetz que anen Present Imperative -vai! que ane! anem! anetz! que anen! Present Indicative vau vas va anam anatz van Venir • • • Meaning: to come. Origin: L. venio, vêni, ventum, venîre (4) to come. Cognate verbs: Cat. venir to come, F. venir to come, It. venire to come, Port. vir to come, Sp. venir to come, Ven. vegner to come, to become. Present Indicative veni venes ven venèm venètz venon Future Indicative vendrai vendràs vendrà vendrem vendretz vendran Imperfect Indicative veniái veniáis veniá veniam veniatz venián Past Simple Indicative venguèri venguères venguèt venguèrem venguèretz venguèron Present Subjunctive que venga que vengas que venga que vengam que vengatz que vengan Imperfect Present Gerund Subjunctive Imperative que venguèssi venent -que venguèsses ... vèni! (vengas que venguèsse Past Participle pas!) que venguèssem -vengut, vengam! que venguèssetz venguda vengatz! ... vingan! que venguesson Caler [ka'le] • • • Meaning: it is necessary that. Origin: L. caleo, calui, calîtus, calere (3) to be warm. Cognate verbs: Cat. caldre it is necessary that, Sp. caldear to enliven. Present Indicative --cal ---Future Indicative Imperfect Indicative --caliá ---Present Imperative ------Past Simple Indicative --calguèt ---Gerund calent ... Past Participle calgut ... --calrà ---Present Imperfect Subjunctive Subjunctive --que calguèsse ---- --que calga ---- Faire (Far) • • • Meaning: to do, make. Origin: L. facio, fêci, factus, facere (3) to do, make. Cognate verbs: Cat. far to do, make, F. faire to do, make, It. fare to do, make, Port. fazer to do, make, Sp. hacer to do, make, Ven. far to do. Present Future Imperfect Past Simple indicative fau fas fa fasèm fasètz fan Present Subjunctive que faga que fagas que faga que fagam que fagatz que fagan Indicative Indicative Indicative farai fasiái faguèri faràs fasiás faguères farà fasiá faguèt farem fasiam faguèrem faretz fasiatz faguéretz faran fasián faguèron Imperfect Present Gerund Subjunctive Imperative que faguèssi -fasent que faguèsses fai! (fagas pas!) ... que faguèsse Past Participle que faguèssem fagam! fagatz! fach, facha que faguèssetz -(fait, faita) que faguèssen -- Present Forms of Other Important Verbs anar to go vau vas va anam anatz van deure must devi deves deu devetz devèm devon paréisser to appear aver to have ai as a avèm avètz an dire to say disi dises ditz disetz disèm dison ploure to rain beure to drink bevi beves beu bevèm bevètz bevon escriure to write escrivi escrives escriu escrivèm escrivètz escrivon poder to be able caçar to hunt caci caças caça caçam caçatz caçan èstre to be soi sès, Ès ss sèm sètz son prene to take caler to be necessary conéisser creire to know to believe coneissi coneisses coneis coneissèm coneissètz coneisson metre to put meti metes met metèm metètz meton cresi creses crei cresèm cresètz creson nàisser to be born naissi naisses nais naissèm naissètz naisson saber to know --cal ---far to do fau fas fa fasèm fasètz fan recebre respondre to receive to answer pareissi pareisses pareis pareissèm pareissètz pareisson téner to hold teni tenes ten tenèm tenètz tenon --plou ---valer to be worth vali vales val valèm valètz valon to pòdi preni pòdes, pòs prenes pòt prend podèm prenètz podètz prenèm pòdon prenon veire to see vesi veses vei vesèm vesètz veson vendre to sell vendi vendes vend vendèm vendètz vendon recebi recebes recep recebèm recebètz recebon venir to come veni venes ven venèm venètz venon respondi respondes respond respondèm respondètz respondon viure to live vivi vives viu vivetz vivem vivon sabi sabes sap sabetz sabèm sabon voler to want vòli vòls vòl volètz vòlem volon Negation The basic negation is pas, which follows the verb. Its translation is not (yes is said òc and no is said non). • • Parli pas. lit. I speak-not. = I don't speak An pas parlat. lit. (They) have not spoken. = They haven't spoken. Pas may be combined with other negative words: • • • • I vesi pas res. lit. I-see-not-nothing. = I don't see anything. Lo tròbi pas enluòc. lit. Him-find-not-nowhere. = I don't find him anywhere. Sortís pas jamai. lit. Goes out-not-never. = He never goes out. Degun es pas vengut. lit. Nobody-is-not-come. = Nobody came. Prepositions (Preposicions) a to, toward davant before, in the presence abans before, in the presence of of de of; from; about a cò de + possessive at, to dejós below, beneath, under al lòc de instead of despuèi from, since amb with detràs behind, after après after, afterwards dèus towards cap towards dins in, inside, within contra against; in exchange for en cò de + possessive at, to entre between fins till, until darrièr behind daus towards jos below, beneath, under per for, to, in order to segon according to sens without sobre over, above; about sota below, under, beneath sus over, above; about tras behind, after vèrs towards ... The prepositions a, de, jos, per, sus, have contracted forms with the masculine definite article el: al, del, jol, pel, sul. Conjunctions Coordination • adounc • car • dounc • e • ni • mai • o • pamens • Subordination • dou tèms que • enterin que • quand • quouro • Cause • • • per ço que perqué que tre que que Selected List of Function words Occitan A costat de A mon vejaire A pro pena Aladonc Alara Alavetz Amb, ambé, amé Atal Baste que Benlèu Cada Cal Cap Cap e tot Çaquelà, pr'aquò Coma Coma cal Cossn que sib Cossí? D'arrèu Darrièr Davant De contunh De còps Dejós Deman Despuèi Dessús Dins D'ora En çò de X Encara Endacòm Endacòm mai Endacòm mai Entre tot English Near In my opinion Not easily So, then So, then So, then With Thus, like this Provided that Perhaps Each, every It's necessary No, not any Totally However As, like Properly In any case, anyway How? Following Behind In front of Non-stop Often Below Tomorrow Since Above Into Early At X's home Again Somewhere Besides Elsewhere In the main French A côté de A mon avis Non sans peine Alors Alors Alors Avec Ainsi Pourvu que Peut-être Chaque Il faut Aucun Tout à fait Pourtant, cependant Comme Comme il faut De toute façon Comment A la suite Derrière Devant Sans arrêt Souvent Dessous Demain Depuis Dessus Dans Tôt Chez X Encore Quelque part D'ailleurs Ailleurs Dans l'ensemble Spanish Al lado de A mi parecer Difícilmente Entonces Entonces Entonces Con Así Ojalá Quizás Cada Hace falta Ninguno Totalmente Sin embargo Como Como hace falta De toda manera ¿Cómo? Después de Detrás Delante Sin parar A menudo Abajo Mañana Desde Encima Dentro Temprano A casa de X Todavía, aún En algún sitio Por otra parte En otro sitio Globalmente Espèra qu'esperaràs Far a son sicap Fin finala Fins a Gaireben Ièr Jamai Jos L'èime Lèu Lèu-lèu Lo biais By dint of waiting To do as one pleases Finally As far as, till Almost, virtually Yesterday Never Under The (good) sense Quick, soon Quickly The way A force d'attendre Faire à sa guise A fuerza de esperar Hacer a su gusto Finalement Finalmente Jusqu'à Hasta Presque Casi Hier Ayer Jamais Jamás, nunca Sous Bajo Le bon sens El buén sentido Vite, bientôt Rápido, pronto Bien vite Rápidamente La manière, la La manera façon Lo mai The most Le plus Lo más Lo mens The less, the least Le moins Lo menos Luènh Far Loin Lejos M'agrada I like Cela me plaît Me gusta Mai que mai Above all Surtout Sobretodo Mai…que More…than Plus…que Más…que Marrit Bad Mauvais Malo Mas But Mais Pero Mas que Provided that Pourvu que Ojalá Mens…que Less…than Moins…que Menos…que Meteis, -ssa Same Même Mismo, -a Mièg, Mièja Half Demi Medio, -a Ne vòls aquí n'as! More than you En veux-tu en voilà! ¡Más que hoped esperabas! Ni mai Neither Ni Ni Ni pauc ni pro In no way D'aucune façon De ninguna manera Ont? Where? Où? ¿Dónde? Pas vertat? Isn't it? (question N'est-ce-pas? ¿No es verdad? tag) Pasmens However Pourtant, Sin embargo cependant Per astre Fortunately Par chance Por suerte Per malastre Unfortunately Par malheur Por desgracia Per subrepés Moreover Par dessus le Por añadidura marché Perque Perqué? Plan Prèp Pro Puèi Qualqu'un Quant? Que no sai Que te sabi? Qué? Quicòm Quicòm atal Rai Ren, res S'avisar Segur Solide Sonque Sovent Sul pic Sus Tan Tan…coma Tanben Tanpauc Tant val dire Totara Totjorn Tre que Uèi Un pauc Un tròç de Since, because Why? Well, very Puisque, parce que Pourquoi? Bien, très, beaucoup Near Près Enough Assez Then Puis Someone Quelqu'un How much/many? Combien? I don't know how Je ne sais combien many I dunno! Que sais-je? What? Quoi? Something Quelque chose Something like that Qqch de ce genre What does it matter Peu importe Nothing Rien To be aware of Se rendre compte sthg Sure, certainly Sûr, sûrement Certainly Sûrement Only Seulement Often Souvent Immediately Immédiatement On Sur As Aussi As…as Autant…que Too Aussi, également Neither, not either Non plus One might as well Autant dire say In a little while Tout à l'heure Always Toujours As soon as Dès que Today Aujourd'hui A little, some Un peu A kind of (pej.) Une espèce de (péj.) Porque, ya que ¿Por qué? Bien, mucho Cerca, próximo Bastante Entonces Alguién ¿Cuánto? No sé cuántos ¿Yo qué sé? ¿Qu?? Algo Algo as? ¡Qué importa! Nada Darse cuenta Seguramente Seguramente Sólo A menudo Al instante Sobre Tanto Tanto…como También Tampoco Tanto vale decir Luego, más tarde Siempre En cuanto Hoy Un poco Una especie de (pej.) Glossary encantat / encantada - enchanté(e) occitan bonjorn bon ser al reveire adieu-siatz lo subrenom lo prenom lo nom d'ostal Dòna Sénher Cossí vas ? Va plan se te/vos plai mercé Soi occitan(a) Compreni pas desolat / desolada français bonjour bonsoir au-revoir adieu le surnom le prénom le nom de famille Madame Monsieur Comment vas-tu ? Ça va bien s'il te/vous plaît merci Je suis occitan(e) Je ne comprends pas désolé(e) English good morning/afternoon good evening see you goodbye nickname first name last name, family name Miss Mister How are you ? I am fine please thanks I am Occitan I don't understand sorry macarèl ! macanicha ! miladieus ! d'acòrdi òc non tanben tanpauc zut ! mille Dieux ! d'accord oui non aussi non plus I agree, OK yes no also, as well l'ostal - la maison - house occitan la bastida lo jardin l'òrt la chiminièra lo teulat lo granièr lo plafon lo ponde lo sòl la cava français la villa de campagne le jardin le (jardin) potager la cheminée le toit le grenier le plafond le plancher le sol la cave garden vegetable garden chimney roof attic ceiling English floor basement lo mur, la paret la terrassa lo balcon la fenèstra la cortina la pòrta lo verrolh clau lo corredor lo vestibul l'escalièr l'estatge lo salon la chiminièra lo burèu la bibliotèca la lampa lo lum la ràdio la tèle, television le mur, la paroi la terrasse le balcon la fenêtre le rideau la porte le verrou, la serrure clé, clef le couloir le hall l'escalier l'étage la salle de séjour la cheminée le bureau la bibliothèque la lampe la lumière la radio la télévision wall terrace balcony window curtain door lock key corridor stairway storey living-room chimney desk library lamp light radio television l'ordenador la cambra lo lièch la taula de nuèch lo tapís la cosina lo mòble lo vaisselièr la vaisseladoira l'aguièr lo refrigerador lo forn la sala per manjar lo sopador la taula la cadièra la grandcadièra, lo cadieral lo canapè la sala de banh lo miralh la banhadoira l'ordinateur la chambre (à coucher) le lit la table de nuit le tapis la cuisine le meuble le buffet le lave-vaisselle l'évier le "frigo, frigidaire" le four la salle à manger computer bedroom bed bedside table carpet kitchen furniture cupboard dish-washer sink refrigerator oven dining-room la table la chaise le fauteuil la canapé, divan la salle de bain le miroir la baignoire table chair armchair couch bathroom mirror bathtub la docha lo lavamans, lavabo lo bidet lo comun, lo "cagador" la bugada la bugadoira lo fèrre d'estirar l'escoba, la balaja l'esponga lo bordilhièr la douche le lavabo le bidet les toilettes le linge le lave-linge le fer à repasser le balai l'éponge la poubelle shower wash-basin bidet toilet, W.C. laundry washing-machine iron broom sponge dustbin lo transpòrt - transport occitan l'aeropòrt l'avion lo pòrt lo batèl la gara lo tren français l'aéroport " le port le bateau la gare le train airport airplane port, harbour, haven boat train-station train English lo pargatge la rota l'autopista la gasolina lo tregin la gara rotièra l'estacion de bus l'autobús, lo bus l'autocarri, lo carri la veitura las ròdas la mòto la bicicleta, lo vèlo lo trepador "parking" la route l'autoroute l'essence le camion la gare routière la station de bus l'autobus, le bus l'autocar, le car la voiture les roues la moto la bicyclette, le vélo le trottoir car-park road motorway, highway gasoline truck, lorry, van bus-station bus car wheels motorcycle bicycle, "bike" pavement, sidewalk géographie - geography occitan aicí aquí ailà amont ici là là-bas en haut français here there there top English aval sus / subre jos / sota dins fòra esquèrra drecha darrièr, detràs davant al mitan, al centre a costat de en bas sur sous dans hors gauche droite derrière devant au milieu de, entre à côté de bottom on under in out left right behind in front of between, at center besides montagnes des Pyrénées nature occitan français English lo campèstre la tèrra la flor la ròsa l'arbre la selva lo pargue lo fuòc lo volcan la montanha la valièra lo pont lo lac lo riu la campagne la terre, le sol la fleur la rose " la forêt le parc le feu le volcan la montagne la vallée le pont le lac la rivière le fleuve la mer la plage le sable countryside earth, soil flower rose tree forest park fire volcano mountain valley bridge lake river la mar la plaja l'arena, lo sable sea beach sand lo formatge le fromage : cheese la mangisca la nourriture - food occitan lo repais lo dejunar lo dinnar lo sopar la sopa bon apetís ! français le repas le petit-déjeuner le déjeuner le souper, dîner la soupe bon appétit ! meal breakfast lunch dinner soup good appetite ! English occitan français English l'escudèla, la sieta lo culhièr la forqueta lo cotèl la botelha la garrafa lo gòt, veire la tassa la toalha lo toalhon l'assiette la cuillère la fourchette le couteau la bouteille la carafe le verre la tasse la nappe la serviette (de table) plate spoon fork knife bottle decanter glass cup tablecloth napkin la bevenda - la boisson - drink occitan l'aiga (minerala / gasosa) la cervesa, bièrra lo vin blanc / rosat / roge l'alcòl l'armanhac français l'eau (minérale / gazeuse) la bière le vin blanc / rose / rouge l'alcool l'armagnac English water beer white / red wine alcohol Armagnac lo conhac lo pastís, la pastagà lo chuc de frucha l'iranjada la limonada lo tè la menta lo chocolat lo cafè lo lach l'encop lo burre lo formatge l'òli lo vinagre la mostarda lo pebre lo pebrièr la sal la salièra l'uòu le cognac le pastis le jus de fruit l'orangeade la limonade le thé la menthe le chocolat le café le lait yaourt le beurre le fromage l'huile le vinaigre la moutarde le poivre la poivrière le sel la salière l'œuf Cognac Pastis fruit juice orange juice lemonade tea mint chocolate coffee milk yoghurt butter cheese oil vinegar mustard pepper salt egg la moleta lo fetge gras lo bolh lo bolhabaissa la brandada de merluça l'omelette le foie gras le bouillon la bouillabaisse la brandade de morue le cabillaud le cassoulet le ragoût la ratatouille le pain sandwich omelet " broth " cod " " " bread sandwich lo caçolet lo ragost la ratatolha lo pan l'entrepan lo dessèrt - dessert occitan la còca lo pastisson lo clafotís la tarta la tòsta français le gâteau la pâtisserie le clafoutis la tarte la tartine English cake apple-pie tart toast lo glacet lo sucre lo mèl la confitura la crème glacée le sucre le miel la confiture ice-cream sugar honey jam lo còrs - le corps - body se n'es mancat d'un pel ! il s'en est fallu d'un cheveu ! occitan lo pel la pèl cran lo cap, la tèsta lo front la cara las aurelhas l'uèlh / los uèlhs lo nas la mostacha français le poil, le cheveu la peau le crâne la tête le front le visage les oreilles l'œil / les yeux le nez la moustache hair skin skull head forehead face ears eye(s) nose m(o)ustache English la barba la gauta la labra la boca las dents la lenga lo menton còl la garganta lo còr lo sang lo pitre lo sen, la popa lo ventre l'estomac lo "cuol" l'òs / los òsses l'esquina lo braç / los braces lo coide la barbe la joue la lèvre la bouche les dents la langue le menton cou la gorge le cœur le sang la poitrine le sein le ventre " le "cul" (les fesses) l'os / les os le dos, "l'échine" le / les bras le coude beard cheek lip mouth teeth tongue chin neck throat heart blood chest breast belly stomach "ass" (buttocks) bone(s) back, spine arm(s) elbow ponh lo ponhet la man lo det l'ongla la camba lo genolh la cavilha lo pè l'artelh le poing le poignet la main le doigt l'ongle la jambe le genou la cheville le pied l'orteil fist wrist hand finger nail leg knee ankle foot toe occitan lo mètge lo farmacian lo "potingaire" las potingas français le médecin, "docteur" le pharmacien English doctor pharmacist les médicaments medication arcolan arc-en-ciel rainbow las colors - les couleurs - colors occitan negre / negra marron gris(a) blanc(a) jaune / jauna ròsa iranjat / iranjada roge / roja violet(a) blau / blava verd(a) français noir(e) " gris(e) blanc / blanche jaune rose orange rouge violet / violette bleu(e) vert(e) English black brown grey, gray white yellow pink " red purple blue green lo temps - le temps - time occitan Quina ora es ? Quant es d'ora ? l'ora la minuta la segonda lo matin la matinada lo jorn la jornada lo miègjorn la mièja jornada lo tantòst la tantossada lo vèspre la vesprada lo ser la serada la nuèch la nuechada mièjanuèch français English Quelle heure est-il ? What time is it ? l'heure la minute la seconde le matin la matinée le jour la journée le midi la mi-journée hour minute second morning day midday l'après-midi afternoon la fin d'après-midi afternoon le soir la soirée evening la nuit night minuit midnight ièr uèi deman l'avenidor la setmana la dimenjada mes lo trimèstre la sason l'an l'annada lo cap d'an l'anniversari Nadal Pascas las vacanças lo sègle lo calendièr hier aujourd'hui demain l'avenir, le futur la semaine la fin de semaine le mois le trimestre la saison l'an l'année le premier de l'an l'anniversaire Noël Pâques les vacances siècle calendrier yesterday today tomorrow future week week-end month quarter season year birthday Christmas Pascha, Easter holidays century calendar occitan abans aprèp français avant après English before after pronoms - pronouns occitan ieu tu el ela nosautres nosautras vosautres vosautras eles elas français je " il elle I you he she English nous we vous you ils elles they la familha - la famille - family occitan los grands français les grand-parents English grandparents lo grand, papet la grand, mameta los parents lo paire, papà la maire, mamà lo marit la molhèr l'òme la femna lo jovent la joventa l'oncle la tanta la tatà lo nebot la neboda lo cosin la cosina lo dròlle la dròlla lo filh la filha lo fraire la sòrre l'enfant le grand-père la grand-mère les parents le père, papa la mère, maman l'époux, le mari l'épouse l'homme la femme le jeune homme la jeune femme " la tante la tatie le neveu la nièce le cousin la cousine le garçon la fille le fils la fille (de) le frère la sœur " grandfather grandmother parents father, dad mother, mom husband wife man woman young man young woman uncle aunt auntie nephew niece cousin boy girl son daughter brother sister child lo nen / la nena nenet / neneta l'amic l'amiga lo vesin la vesina las gents le bébé baby l'ami l'amie le voisin la voisine les gens friend neighbour people la vila - la ville - city occitan lo vilatge lo baloard l'avenguda la carrièra lo centre-vila la plaça la Comuna la glèisa l'escòla le village le boulevard l'avenue la rue le centre-ville la place la Mairie l'église l'école français village boulevard avenue street downtown square city/town Hall church school English l'institutor, lo mèstre d'escòla l'institutritz l'escolièr lo collègi lo licèu l'Universitat lo professor la professora l'estudiant(a) lo libre l'ostalariá lo restaurant lo manjalèu cafè la beveta lo sirvent la sirventa la botiga l'instituteur, le maître d'école l'institutrice l'écolier le collège le lycée l'Université teacher schoolboy college lyceum University le / la professeur professor l'étudiant(e) le livre l'hôtel le restaurant le restaurant-rapide le café, bar la buvette le serveur la serveuse la boutique le magasin le marché le marchand la marchande student book hotel restaurant fast-food coffee-house waiter waitress shop store market lo mercat lo mercand la mercanda merchant lo vendeire la vendeira la fornariá lo fornièr la pastissariá lo pastissièr l'especiariá l'especièr la peissonariá lo perruquièr lo musèu lo teatre lo cine, cinèma la banca lo banquièr l'argent l'èuro lo chèc la carta bancària la Polícia le vendeur la vendeuse la boulangerie le boulanger la pâtisserie le pâtissier l'épicerie l'épicier la poissonnerie le coiffeur musée le théâtre le cinéma la banque le banquier " l'euro le chèque la carte bancaire la Police salesman saleswoman bakery baker pastry shop grocery shop grocer fish-monger hair-dresser museum theater cinema bank banker money euro cheque, check credit card Police la Gendarmariá la Gendarmerie Gendarmery La Pòsta - La Poste - Post occitan lo factor la factritz la carta la letra l'envolopa lo paquet, còlis lo sagèl, timbre l'estilo la pluma lo boligraf lo gredon lo fuèlh de papièr l'adreiça lo corrièr lo corric internet français le facteur la factrice la carte postale la lettre l'enveloppe le paquet, colis le timbre (postal) le stylo le stylo-plume le stylo à bille le crayon la feuille de papier l'adresse le courrier le courriel " English postman, mailman postcard letter envelope parcel (postage) stamp pen fountain pen ballpoint pen pencil sheet of paper address mail email " l'ordenador lo telefòn lo numèro l'annuari l'apèl telefonic Digatz ! l'ordinateur le téléphone le numéro de téléphone l'annuaire téléphonique l'appel téléphonique Allô ! computer phone phone number phone directory phone call Hello ! lo clima - le climat - climate occitan la luna las estelas lo solelh la lutz l'aire lo cèl las nívols la nèbla lo vent l'auratge français la lune les étoiles le soleil la lumière l'air le ciel les nuages le brouillard le vent l'orage, la tempête English moon stars sun light air sky clouds fog wind storm lo tron lo lamp lo pericle l'arcolan la pluèja parapluèja lo gèl la nèu la granissa le tonnerre l'éclair la foudre l'arc-en-ciel la pluie le parapluie le gel la neige la grêle thunder flash rainbow rain umbrella freezing snow hail occitan caud English hot, warm cold fresh français chaud froid frais freg montreur d'ours (Ariège) l'animal - animal occitan lo gat / cat la gata / cata lo can / chin la canha / china l'ase lo caval la cavala lo taure lo buòu la vaca lo vedèl lo moton français le chat la chatte le chien la chienne l'âne le cheval la jument taureau le bœuf la vache le veau le mouton English cat dog ass, donkey horse mare bull ox cow calf sheep l'anhèl la cabra pòrc lo conilh l'aucèl lo galinet la galineta la mandra lo lop l'ors / orsa l'agneau la chèvre porc, cochon le lapin l'oiseau le coq la poule la renarde le loup l'ours / ourse lamb she-goat pig rabbit bird rooster, cock hen fox wolf bear occitan lo peis la trocha l'ustra lo muscle l'aurelha de sant-Jacme français le poisson la truite l'huitre la moule la coquille saint-Jacques English fish trout oyster mould scallop shell la frucha - fruit occitan la poma la pera la persega l'albricòt l'irange lo limon l'uva la cerièra la majofa la fragosta lo melon français la pomme la poire la pêche l'abricot l'orange le citron le raisin la cerise la fraise la framboise le melon English apple pear peach apricot orange lemon grapes cherry strawberry raspberry melon la pastèca la pastèque water-melon "mongetat" : plat de haricots lo legum - légume - vegetable occitan l'alh la ceba lo jolverd lo pisto l'api la carchòfa lo pòrre l'esparga la pastenaga lo rafe (negre) lo camparòl l'ensalada l'ail l'oignon le persil le pistou (basilic) le céleri l'artichaut le poireau l'asperge la carotte le radis (noir) le champignon la salade français English garlic onion parsley basil celery artichoke leek asparagus carrot radish mushroom salad la laitue la cogordeta la merinjana lo pebron los peses la mongeta la patana la courgette l'aubergine le poivron les petits pois le haricot la pomme de terre la "patate" la tomate l'olive (verte / noire) lettuce zucchini eggplant bell pepper peas bean potato la tomata l'oliva (verda / negra) tomato olive paire de sabots (à Bethmale) lo vestit le vêtement - clothes L'as pagat lo capèl ? Tu l'as payé le chapeau ? occitan lo capèl lo bonet las lunetas lo mantèl l'eissarpa la carbata lo tricòt la camisa la camiseta la cencha las bragas lo shòrt la rauba la gipa sac la culòta l'eslip français le chapeau le bonnet lunettes le manteau l'écharpe la cravate le tricot, "pull" la chemise le "Tee-shirt" la ceinture le pantalon le "short" la robe la jupe sac la culotte le slip hat bonnet glasses coat scarf (neck)tie pullover shirt T-shirt belt pants, trousers shorts dress skirt bag English briefs las caucetas las cauçaduras las bòtas les chaussettes les chaussures les bottes socks shoes boots la petanca : la pétanque l'espòrt - sport occitan lo rugbi lo balon lo fotbòl l'estadi lo tenis la piscina français le rugby le ballon, la balle le football le stade le tennis la piscine English rugby ball football stadium tennis swimming-pool occitan pescar caçar la corrida français pêcher chasser " English fishing hunting bull-fighting lo jòc - le jeu - game occitan las quilhas las bòchas français les quilles les boules English bowling lo nombre - le nombre - number occitan 0 zèro 1 un, una 2 dos français zéro un, une deux English zero one two 3 tres 4 quatre 5 cinc 6 sièis 7 sèt 8 uèch 9 nòu 10 dètz 100 cent 200 dos cents 1 000 mila 2 000 dos mila trois " cinq six sept huit neuf dix cent three four five " seven eight nine ten hundred mille thousand los jorns de la setmana les jours de la semaine - days of the week occitan diluns dimars dimècres dijòus français lundi mardi mercredi jeudi English Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday divendres dissabte dimenge vendredi samedi dimanche Friday Saturday Sunday mes - mois - month occitan genièr febrièr març abril mai junh julh agost setembre octobre novembre decembre français janvier février mars avril " juin juillet août septembre octòbre " décembre English January February March April May June July August September October November December las sasons les saisons - seasons occitan la prima l'estiu l'automne l'ivèrn français le printemps l'été " l'hiver English spring summer autumn winter question ? occitan Qui ? Qual ? Quin(es) ? Quina(s) ? Qu'es aquò ? Que ? Qué ? Perqué ? Perque ... Cossí ? Quant ? Quora ? Quand ... français Qui ? Quel(s) ? Quelle(s) ? Qu'est-ce ? Que ? Quoi ? Pourquoi ? Parce-que ... Comment ? Combien ? Quand ? Quand ... English Who ? Which ? What is this ? What ? What ? Why ? Because ... How ? How much ? When ? When ... Ont ? Où ? Where ?