68 6a to be: past simple, There was / There were , time expressions Learn it! Read and complete. Ο ➜ past simple είναι ο χρόνος piου μας βοηθάει να μιλήσουμε για το piαρελθόν. Το ρήμα be στον past simple είναι piολύ εύκολο να το μάθεις. Στα piρόσωpiα I/he/she/it γίνεται was (ήμουν, ήταν), ενώ στα piρόσωpiα we/you/they γίνεται were (ήμαστε, ήσαστε, ήταν), pi.χ. I was at school. My baby brothers were at the toy shop. Για να σχηματίσουμε την άρνηση piροσθέτουμε τη λέξη not μετά το was ή το were . A� rmative Negative full form short form I was here. You were there. He was happy. She Greek. It was hot. We were at home. You were sad. They were at the zoo. I was not here. You were not there. He was not happy. She was not Greek. It was not hot. We were not at home. You were not sad. They were not at the zoo. I wasn’t here. You weren’t there. He wasn’t happy. She wasn’t Greek. It wasn’t hot. We weren’t at home. You sad. They weren’t at the zoo. Questions Short answers a� rmative negative Was I here? Were you there? Was he happy? Was she Greek? Was it hot? Were we at home? Were you sad? Were they at the zoo? Yes, you were . Yes, I was . Yes, he was . Yes, she was . Yes, it was . Yes, we / you . Yes, we were . Yes, they were . No, you weren’t . No, I wasn’t . No, he wasn’t . No, she wasn’t . No, it wasn’t . No, we / you weren’t . No, we weren’t . No, they weren’t . Where were you this morning? You weren’t at home. I was at the zoo! M06A_COSK_GB_1GRC_7310_U06.indd 68 25/10/11 19:20:31 69 Ο σύντομος τύpiος είναι wasn't και weren't , pi.χ. Sue wasn't at the supermarket. The children weren't at the museum. Στην ερώτηση βάζουμε ➜ Was/Were + το piρόσωpiο . Στην καταφατική σύντομη αpiάντηση βάζουμε Yes + piρόσωpiο + was/were , pi.χ. Were you at the post o� ce? Yes, I was. Στην αρνητική σύντομη αpiάντηση βάζουμε No + piρόσωpiο + wasn't/weren't , pi.χ. Were they at home? No, they weren't. Το ➜ there was και το there were μας βοηθούν να piούμε τι υpiήρχε σε κάpiοιο μέρος. Αν υpiήρχε ένας μόνο άνθρωpiος, ζώο ή piράγμα χρησιμοpiοιούμε There was , pi.χ. There was a dog in the park . Αν υpiήρχαν δύο ή piερισσότεροι άνθρωpiοι, ζώα ή piράγματα χρησιμοpiοιούμε There were , pi.χ. There were a lot of people at the bank. Μpiορούμε να χρησιμοpiοιήσουμε χρονικές εκφράσεις όpiως τα ➜ in January, on Monday, on Saturday afternoon, yesterday, yesterday evening, last night, last week, last year, three days ago, two weeks ago με τον past simple για να piούμε piότε έγινε κάτι, pi.χ. We were at the cinema last night. Sue and Mark were at the beach last week. A� rmative Negative There was a match yesterday. There were a lot of people at the concert. There wasn’t any fruit in the fridge. There weren’t many people in the shop. Questions Short answers a� rmative negative Was there a mountain on the island? Were there a lot of statues in the museum? Yes, there was . Yes, there were . No, there wasn’t . No, there weren’t . in in January, in February, etc. We weren’t in Paris in December. on on Monday, on Tuesday, etc. There were a lot of people at the cinema on Friday. last last night, last week, last month, etc. I was ill last week. ago three days ago, a week ago, a minute ago, etc. My dog was here a minute ago ! Where did he go? yesterday yesterday, yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon, etc. He wasn’t at the match yesterday afternoon. Do it! 1 Match. 1 Was John at school today? f a Yes, I was. 2 Was your sister at the cinema? b Yes, it was. It was €1,000! 3 Was Shrek on television last night? c No, they weren’t. 4 Were the children in the playground? d No, it wasn't. 5 Was your laptop expensive? e Yes, she was. 6 Were you at the bank this morning? f No, he wasn’t. 6a there was, there were Time expressions M06A_COSK_GB_1GRC_7310_U06.indd 69 25/10/11 19:20:31 70 Sunday 5 th – Sunday 12 th Holiday! Monday 13 th John’s house Tuesday 14 th Wednesday 15 th Party! 9 pm Thursday 16 th In bed – ill Friday 17 th Saturday 18 th 9 am – park 4 pm – football 10 pm - cinema Sunday 19 th David was busy this week! A week 1 , he was on holiday. 2 Monday, he was at his friend’s house. On Tuesday, he was at school, but on Wednesday 3 , David and his friends were at a party. Then, three days 4 , on Thursday, David was ill in bed! 5 morning, he was at the park. Yesterday 6 , he was at football, and 7 night, he was at the cinema! 6a 2 Write was or were . 1 Your friend was here a minute ago. 2 The children at the party very shy. 3 You sleepy in class yesterday. Why? 4 There a good programme on television last night! 5 That puzzle di cult. 6 There some actors at the theatre on Wednesday. 7 This morning, James in the toy shop with his dad. 8 My sister and I at the train station yesterday morning. 3 Choose the correct answer. 1 a before b ago 2 a On b In 3 a morning b evening 4 a ago b last 5 a Yesterday b Last 6 a afternoon b noon 7 a yesterday b last 4 Write the negatives. Use short forms. 1 I was at home. I wasn’t at home. 2 You were at school. 3 My dad was at the post o ce. 4 The programme was good. 5 There were a lot of girls in the playground. 6 The sandwiches were nice. 7 We were cold. 8 There was a dog on my towel! M06A_COSK_GB_1GRC_7310_U06.indd 70 25/10/11 19:20:32 71 5 Write was , were , wasn’t or weren’t . Mark: There 1 was a great party at Eva’s house on Saturday. Sam: Really? 2 there a lot of people? Mark: Yes, there were 20 or 30 people. And of course, Eva 3 there with her sisters. Sam: And 4 Eva’s parents there? Mark: No, they 5 . They 6 at the cinema. Sam: 7 there food? Mark: No, there 8 , but there was music. It was fantastic! 8 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences or questions. 1 night / at / home / wasn’t / I / last I wasn’t at home last night. 2 ago / was / a / here / My / phone / minute 3 December / test / in / Was / the ? 4 you / at school / morning / yesterday / Were ? 5 children / three / class / the / in / were / There 6 Monday / was / late / for / school / Jane / on 7 was / night / There / party / last / a 8 there / on / yesterday / television / Was / football ? 6 Write questions. Use the past simple of be . 1 (the boy / in front of / the house / yesterday) Was the boy in front of the house yesterday ? 2 (you / at / the post o ce / this morning) 3 (your mum / at / the bank / three days ago) 4 (there / children / in / park) 5 (there / a car / in / the car park) 6 (Ellie and Alex / on / their bikes / there) Time to talk! 9 Ask and answer questions. Use the past simple and time expressions. your (birthday) party the supermarket school the museum the café a lot of people your friend your brother(s) / sister(s) / cousin(s) / uncle(s) /aunt(s) / parents music food drinks dancing games Were your cousins at your birthday party last night? Yes, they were. Was there music? Was there music? No, there wasn’t. 6a 4 Was Natalie at the train station? 5 Were Jim and Tom at the café? 6 Was the dog in the cinema? 7 Write the answers. Then ask and answer with a friend. 1 Were the children at the hospital? No, they weren’t. They were at the train station. 2 Was Anthony at the supermarket? 3 Were Mr Jones and Steven in the school? M06A_COSK_GB_1GRC_7310_U06.indd 71 25/10/11 19:20:33 72 6b can and can’t for ability and permission Learn it! Read and complete. A� rmative I can run fast. You can go to the party. He can swim very well. She can have some chocolate. It can close its eyes. We can play a game. You can sing . They can come in now. Negative full form short form I cannot run fast. You cannot go to the party. He cannot swim very well. She cannot have any chocolate. It cannot close its eyes. We cannot play a game. You cannot sing . They cannot come in now. I can't run fast. You can't go to the party. He can't swim very well. She can't have any chocolate. It can't close its eyes. We play a game. You can't sing . They can't come in now. Questions Short answers a� rmative negative Can I run fast? Can you go to the party? Can he swim very well? Can she have some chocolate? Can it close its eyes? Can we play a game? Can you sing ? Can they come in now? Yes, you can . Yes, I can . Yes, he can . Yes, she can . Yes, it can . Yes, we / you can . Yes, we . Yes, they can . No, you can’t . No, I can’t . No, he can’t . No, she can’t . No, it can’t . No, we / you can’t . No, we can’t . No, they can’t . Be careful!Be careful! Cannot is one word, not two. Be careful! Cannot is one word, Cannot is one word, Cannot Stop! The shop assistant says I can play the piano. You can play the piano but you can't play the piano. What do you mean? What do you mean? You've got permission, but you haven't got the ability! M06A_COSK_GB_1GRC_7310_U06.indd 72 25/10/11 19:20:35 73 Το ρήμα ➜ can (μpiορώ) στα Αγγλικά μας βοηθά να μιλήσουμε για αυτά piου μpiορούμε να κάνουμε ή για να δώσουμε την άδεια σε κάpiοιον να κάνει κάτι. Είναι piολύ εύκολο να το μάθεις. Χρησιμοpiοιούμε ➜ piρόσωpiο + can + το ρήμα για κατάφαση . Το ρήμα piαραμένει ίδιο σε όλα τα piρόσωpiα, pi.χ. Jonathan can ride a horse. (ικανότητα) You can have a picnic in the park . (άδεια) Η άρνηση είναι ➜ cannot , είναι όμως piιο συνηθισμένο να χρησιμοpiοιούμε το σύντομο τύpiο can't , pi.χ. I can't drive. (δεν έχω την ικανότητα) You can't go swimming today . (δεν έχεις την άδεια) Για να ρωτήσουμε αν κάpiοιος μpiορεί να κάνει κάτι ή για να ζητήσουμε την άδεια κάpiοιου βάζουμε ➜ Can + το piρόσωpiο + το ρήμα . Στην καταφατική σύντομη αpiάντηση χρησιμοpiοιούμε ➜ Yes + piρόσωpiο + can , pi.χ. Can William play the piano? Yes, he can. (ικανότητα) Στην αρνητική σύντομη αpiάντηση χρησιμοpiοιούμε No + piρόσωpiο + can't , pi.χ. Can the children go � shing in the river? No, they can't. (άδεια) Do it! 1 Write A (for ability) or P (for permission). 1 Can you help me? A 2 Can you swim? 3 Mum says we can go out tonight. 4 Can your brother play football well? 5 The teacher says we can take photos for this project. 6 My mum can’t drive. 7 No, you can't take my mp3 player. 2 Write can or can’t . 1 It’s dark in here. I can’t see. 2 Karen is from France. Of course she speak French! 3 I go out tonight – I’ve got lots of homework. 4 Please I go out and play football with my friends? 5 I read your comic? 6 I understand this question. Can you help? 3 Match. 1 I’ve got a cold. Can I go home? f a No, they can’t. 2 I don’t know the answer. b No, he can’t. 3 I can make spaghetti. d Yes, I can. 4 Can you help me with this question? c I can’t! 5 Can your brother drive a car? e I can tell you! 6 Can the children play football? f Yes, you can. All about you! 4 Complete the sentences about what you can and can’t do. Ability 1 I can play football . 2 I can . 3 I can’t . 4 I can’t . Permission 5 I can go to the cinema on Saturday . 6 I can . 7 I can’t . 8 I can’t . 6b M06A_COSK_GB_1GRC_7310_U06.indd 73 25/10/11 19:20:36 74 6b must and mustn’t for obligation Learn it! Read and complete. A� rmative Negative full form short form I must go home now. You must do your homework. He must be quiet. She must eat her carrots. It must sleep in its cage. We must listen to the teacher. You must clean your teeth. They must have a bath. I must not leave rubbish here. You must not shout in class. He must not get up late. She must not ride her bike. It must not eat chocolate. We must not run in the street. You must not write on the desk. They must not break their toys. I mustn't leave rubbish here. You mustn't shout in class. He mustn't get up late. She ride her bike. It mustn't eat chocolate. We mustn't run in the street. You mustn't write on the desk. They mustn't break their toys. Questions Must I go home now? Must you do your homework? Must he be quiet? Must she eat her carrots? Must it sleep in its cage? Must we listen to the teacher? Must you clean your teeth? Must they have a bath? Το ρήμα ➜ must (piρέpiει) μας βοηθά να μιλήσουμε για αυτά piου είμαστε υpiοχρεωμένοι να κάνουμε και για κανόνες (rules). Χρησιμοpiοιούμε ➜ piρόσωpiο + must + το ρήμα για κατάφαση . Το ρήμα piαραμένει ίδιο σε όλα τα piρόσωpiα, pi.χ. I must clean my teeth every day. She must put the rubbish in the bin. Για να σχηματίσουμε την άρνηση piροσθέτουμε ➜ not μετά το must . Ο σύντομος τύpiος mustn't είναι piιο συνηθισμένος, pi.χ. You mustn't swim after lunch. We mustn't play football in class. Για να σχηματίσουμε την ερώτηση χρησιμοpiοιούμε ➜ Must + piρόσωpiο + το ρήμα . Η καταφατική σύντομη αpiάντηση είναι ➜ Yes + piρόσωpiο + must , pi.χ. Must I do my homework now? Yes, you must. Η αρνητική σύντομη αpiάντηση είναι No + piρόσωpiο + mustn't . Do it! 1 Circle the correct words. 1 You must / mustn’t run in the school. 2 You must / mustn’t be late for school in the morning. 3 You must / mustn’t do your homework carefully at home. 4 You must / mustn’t play games in the lesson. 5 You must / mustn’t wear clean clothes to school. 6 You must / mustn’t listen to your teacher. M06A_COSK_GB_1GRC_7310_U06.indd 74 25/10/11 19:20:36 75 6b 2 Complete. Use must or mustn’t and these words. pick put break listen eat shut 1 Students must listen carefully to their teacher. 2 Υou … owers. 3 You gates after you. 4 You food in the classroom. 5 People rubbish in the bin. 6 You my new laptop! 3 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences. 1 desk / write / the / on / mustn’t / You You mustn’t write on the desk. 2 parents / We / nice / be / to / must / our 3 on / party / Sunday / miss / mustn’t / We / the 4 stop / You / at / must / light / the / red 5 street / mustn’t / We / in / the / cycle 6 do / homework / my / I / must / now 4 Write Andy's rules at home. Use I + must or mustn’t . 1 do homework after school ✓ I must do my homework after school. 2 listen to Mum and Dad ✓ 3 give food to the animals ✓ 4 have a shower every day ✓ 5 play on the balcony ✗ 6 get up late for school ✗ 7 break my baby brother’s toys ✗ 8 leave the doors and windows open ✗ Time to talk! 5 Ask and answer. can / can’t (ability) ride (a bike / a horse) drive make (dinner / a † re, etc.) speak (English, etc.) swim go out (on my bike / with my friend, etc.) watch television go to (a party / the supermarket, etc.) listen to music have (a sandwich / glass of water, etc. ) can / can’t (permission) Can you ride a bike? Can I go out with my friend? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. Yes, you can. But you must be careful / you mustn’t be late. No, you can’t. You must fi nish your homework fi rst. M06A_COSK_GB_1GRC_7310_U06.indd 75 25/10/11 19:20:37 76 6c Adverbs of manner Learn it! Read and complete. Να και κάτι piου θα μας βοηθήσει να εμpiλουτίσουμε το λόγο μας ακόμα piερισσότερο. Χρησιμοpiοιούμε ➜ adverbs of manner (τροpiικά εpiιρρήματα) για να piεριγράψουμε τον τρόpiο με τον οpiοίο κάνουμε κάτι, pi.χ. I can run quickly . Μpiαίνουν μετά αpiό το ρήμα και είναι piολύ εύκολο να μάθεις να τα φτιάχνεις. Για να σχηματίσουμε τα piερισσότερα εpiιρρήματα αpiλώς piροσθέτουμε την κατάληξη ➜ -ly στο εpiίθετο, pi.χ. slow – slowly . Υpiάρχουν κάpiοια εpiιρρήματα των οpiοίων η ορθογραφία αλλάζει. Οι piαρακάτω κανόνες θα σε βοηθήσουν ➜ να τα μάθεις εύκολα. • Όταν το εpiίθετο τελειώνει σε -y , αφαιρούμε το -y και piροσθέτουμε την κατάληξη -ily , pi.χ. The children are singing happily. • Οταν το εpiίθετο τελειώνει σε -le , αφαιρούμε το -le και piροσθέτουμε την κατάληξη -ly , pi.χ. That man is speaking horribly to the children. D A N G E R O U S L Y C R O L L O A N T L Y F G A M A Z I N G L Y N B O U R L Y P O D L O U H A P P I L Y T Q I T P A R Y L I L A U S I Q U I E T L Y A I I L I S A L L Y D N C L Y L B U S I L Y P K Y S Y B O L L Y S E L U H U N G R I L Y L Y Do it! 1 Find eight adverbs. Then complete the table. -ly -ily 1 dangerous 2 quiet 3 quick 4 amazing dangerously 5 noisy 6 hungry 7 busy 8 happy noisily quiet → quietly careful → She talks quietly . He drives carefully . horrible → horribly I never speak horribly to people. happy → happily hungry → The kids are playing happily together. The cat is looking hungrily at the food. This is great! I drive brilliantly! No, Sid. You drive quickly and very dangerously. M06A_COSK_GB_1GRC_7310_U06.indd 76 25/10/11 19:20:39 77 6c 2 Write the words. 1 Please don’t drive dangerously through our town. S L Y R O A D G E N U 2 Benny is looking at the sweets! G R I L H U N Y 3 Finish this exercise . Y I C K L U Q 4 The thief came in . L Y I Q U E T 5 That woman speaks to her children. B L I Y H O R R 6 I don’t understand – can you speak ? W O S L LY 3 Match. 1 He always speaks nicely e a quietly in class. 2 The children are writing quickly because b dangerously and very quickly. 3 She eats healthily and c noisily! Please close your mouth! 4 Simon always sits d she never has sweets. 5 Tom drives e to his teacher. 6 Don’t eat so f there isn't much time. Time to talk! 5 Make sentences. Take turns. Alex rides his bike quickly. My mum sings amazingly. Here we are in the school playground. That’s Danny with a cake. He’s eating 1 quickly . You can see Helen there. I quick don’t think she’s hungry because she’s eating very 2 ! slow That’s Paul on his bike. He’s riding 3 in the playground. dangerous That’s why Dina is looking 4 at him. Thomas isn’t angry talking to the other children – he’s just playing 5 with happy his cars. Regina and Helen are talking 6 and Lydia busy is dancing 7 . beautiful 4 Complete. Use adverbs. Person Verb Adverb Alex Ellie My mum My dad My brother My sister You I We ride do make talk swim walk listen read sing write look quietly hungrily quickly horribly amazingly brilliantly noisily dangerously busily slowly strangely happily M06A_COSK_GB_1GRC_7310_U06.indd 77 25/10/11 19:20:41