Chemistry Cruncher V6

The Chemistry Cruncher Vol. 1© 18 13 14 15 16 17 Transition Metals [10 Middle Columns] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Halogens Alkali Alkaline Metals Earth STOICHIOMETRY FLOW CHART Start With: Mass (g,kg,etc.) Volume (L,mL,etc.) or # of items (atoms,molec.) of a Given reactant or product 1 M O L E Convert to: Moles of Given Multiply by: Mole Ratio from the Balanced Chemical Equation Convert to: Mass (g,kg,etc.) Volume (L,mL,etc.) or # of items (atoms,molec.) of Unknown reactant or product Diatomic Elements Bromine Chlorine Fluorine Hydrogen Iodine Nitrogen Oxygen HOFBrINCl = atomic mass in grams for an element = formula mass in grams for a compound = 6.02 x 1023 atoms of an element = 6.02 x 1023 formula units of a compound = 22.4 liters of a gas at STP For mole problems call Avogadro’s No.: 6.02 x 1023 Colligative Properties Tbp = Kbp m Tfp = Kfp m H2 O Kbp = .52°C/m Kfp = 1.86°C/m Gases at STP pH = - log [H + ] & pOH = - log [OH-] Diagonal Rule 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p relative/%error Er = |O-A | A Gas Laws Boyles Law: V1 P1 =V2 P2 Charles Law: V1 T2 =V2 T1 Combined Gas Law: V1 P1 T2 =V2 P2 T1 Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT R=.0821 L-atm mole-K # of Liters # of Particles (atoms/molec. etc.) 6.02 x 1023 Moles # of Grams Formula Mass Moles Molarity Liters Moles moles Std. Temperature 0°C 273.16 K 22.4 Moles of Solute Molality kg of solvent Normality Molarity + Oxidation Number Std. Pressure: 1 atm 760 mmHg 101.3 kPa 14.7 lb/in2 760 Torr 1.01 x 105N/m2 s = soluble i = insoluble - = does not exist s/i = partly soluble d = decomposes Solubility Table s s s s s s s s i s d Magnesium s Manganese s Mercury I (ous) s/i Mercury II (ic) s Nickel s Potassium s Silver s Sodium s/i Tin II (ous) Tin IV (ic) Zinc s Aluminum Ammonium Barium Barium Cadmium Calcium Copper I (ous) Copper II (ic) Hydrogen Iron II (ous) Iron III (ic) Lead II (ous) Lead IV (ic) s s s s s s/i s s s s s/i s s i s/i s s i s s/d s s i i i i d s i i i i i i i s i s i s s s s s s s s s s/i s s s s s s s s s s s i s s s s s/i d s s i s s s i s s s/d s s s s s s i s i s i i i HOH s i s i i i - i s i s - s/i i i i s s s i s s i s s i ss i s s s s s s s s s s s s s/d s s s s s s s i s i i i i s i i i i i i i i i d i d i i i i s i i i i s i i i i i/d s/i i s i s i i d Al+3 s s NH4 + i s Ba+2 s i Cd+2 i i Ca+2 i Cu+ d i Cu+2 s s H+ s s i Fe+2 s/i i Fe+3 i i Pb +2 - Pb +4 s d Mg +2 i Mn +2 s i Hg2 +2 i d i Hg+2 i Ni+2 s s i s K+ s ii Ag+ s s Na+ s i Sn +2 s/d i Sn +4 s i Zn+2 Reaction Types Direct Combination or Synthesis A + B -----> AB Decomposition or Analysis AB -------> A + B Single Replacement A + BC ------> B + AC Double Replacement AB + CD -------> AD + CB Combustion of Hydrocarbon C xHy + O 2 ----> CO2 + H 2O Common Acids Sulfuric H2SO4 Nitric HNO3 Hydrochloric HCl Acetic HC2H3O2 Carbonic H2CO3 Phosphoric H3PO4 Perchloric HClO4 Oxalic H2C 2O4 Polyatomic Ions Prefixes 1. mono 6. hexa 2. di 7. hepta 3. tri 8. octa 4. tetra 9. nona 5. penta 10. deca Do what you oughta add acid to watta Ammonium Acetate Arsenate Arsenite Bicarbonate Bisulfate Carbonate Chlorate Chlorite Chromate Cyanide Dichromate Hydroxide NH4 +1 C2 H3 O2 -1 AsO4 -3 AsO3 -1 HCO3 -1 HSO4 -1 CO3 -2 ClO3 -1 ClO2 -1 CrO4 -2 CN-1 Cr2 O7 -2 OH-1 IO3 -1 NO3 -1 NO2 -1 C2 O4 -2 ClO 4 -1 PO 4 -3 SO4 -2 SCN-1 S2 O3 - Common Molecular Masses (g/mole) NaCl Al2 O3 58.45 101.96 HC2 H3 O2 60.05 HCl 36.46 HgO CuSO4 KMnO4 216.61 159.61 158.04 NaOH 40.00 HNO3 63.01 Ca(OH)2 74.10 H3 PO4 98.00 Fe2 O3 159.70 H2 SO4 98.08 AgNO3 169.89 KClO3 122.55 Conversions 1.0 in. = 2.54 cm 1.0 lb = 454 g 1.0 qt = 0.9463 L 1.0 km = 0.6214 mi 1 cal = 4.184 J Temp. conversions: Iodate Nitrate Nitrite Oxalate Common Anions & Cations Fe Cu Al Cd Au +2,+3 +1,+2 +3 +2 +1 Pb +2,+4 K +1 Mg +2 Li +1 Ni +2 Zn Ag Sn Hg Co +2 Na +1 +1 Ba +2 +2,+4 Ca +2 +1,+2 Sr +2 +2,+3 H +1 F Cl Br I O -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 °C = °F-32 1.8 F = (1.8) (°C) + 32 K = °C + 273.16 Density = mass volume A = r2 C= d Vsphere= 4/3 r3 Vcyl. = r2 h V=lxwxh Permanganate MnO4 -1 Perchlorate Phosphate Sulfate Thiocynate Thiosulfate } Neutralization: Acid + Base ---> Salt + Water HCl + NaOH ---> NaCl + H2 O H___ ___OH ___ HOH acids start with H bases end with OH salts do neither water does both } System International Prefixes [SI] Prefix tera giga mega kilo hecto deka ----deci centi milli micro nano pico abbr. T G M k h da -d c m µ n p means Trillion billion million thousand hunderd ten base unit 1 tenth 1 hundredth 1 thousandth 1 millionth 1 billionth 1 trillionth multiplier * 1012 109 106 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 Bohr radius Physical Constants Avogadro’s number Boltzmann constant Faraday constant gas constant NA ao k F R = 6.0221 x 1023 /mole = 5.292 x 10-11 m = 1.381 x 10-23 J/K = 9.649 x 104 C/mol e– = 8.206 x 10-2 L·atm/mol·K = 62.4 L·torr/mol·K = 8.314 J/mol·K = 8.314 L·kPa/mol·K = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s = 0 K or – 273.15 °C = 1.6605 x 10-24 g = 1.6605 x 10-27 kg = 9.807 m/sec2 = 22.414 L/mol = = = = = = = = = 2.998 x 108 m/s 2.998 x 1010 cm/s –1.602 x 10-19 C 9.1096 x 10-28 g 0.00054580 amu 1.67265 x 10-24 g 1.007277 amu 1.67495 x 10-24 g 1.008665 amu Planck’s constant absolute zero amu gravitational const. molar volume at STP speed of light electron charge electron rest mass proton rest mass h u g Vm c –e me mp mn * replace prefix with multiplier, eg. 5.92 µg = 5.92 x 10 -6g SI Base Units Quantity length mass time amount of substance temperature electric current luminous intensity Metric English Equivalents [length] 1.000 mi = 5282 ft 1.000 in = 2.540 cm 1.000 ft = 30.48 cm 1.000 yd = 0.9144 m 1.000 mi = 1.609 km 1 Å = 10–10 m = 0.1 nm 1.000 cm = 0.3937 in 1.000 m = 39.37 in 1.000 m = 1.094 yd 1.000 km = 0.6214 mi Unit meter kilogram second mole kelvin ampere candela abbr. m kg s mol K A cd Apparatus ruler balance stopwatch ------------thermometer ammeter light meter neutron rest mass Phase Diagram T Hfus Solid pH Hvap Vapor BP MP Heat Supplied Liquid Metric English Equivalents [mass ] 1 lb = 16 oz 1.000 oz = 28.23 g 1.000 lb = 453.6 g 1.000 lb = 0.4536 kg 1 metric ton = 1000 kg 1.000 g = 0.03527 oz 1.000 kg = 35.27 oz 1.000 kg = 2.205 lb Metric English Equivalents [volume] 1 ft 3 = 1728 in3 1 yd3 = 27 ft3 = 46656 in3 1.000 in 3 = 16.39 cm3 1.000 ft 3 = 28.32 dm 3 1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3 1.000 cm 3 = 0.06102 in3 1.000 dm3 = 61.02 in3 1.000 m 3 = 35.31 ft3 stronger base Neutral acid stronger pH 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Electroneg. Differfence 0.0-0.4 0.4-1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0 Si 1.8 Zn 1.6 Pd 1.9 Ir 2.2 P 2.1 Ga 1.6 Ag 1.9 Pt 2.4 Type of Bond Covalent [NP] Covalent [MP] Covalent [VP] Ionic S 2.5 Ge 1.8 Cd 1.7 Au 2.4 Cl 3.0 As 2.0 In 1.7 Hg 1.9 H 2.1 K 0.8 Se 2.4 Sn 1.8 Tl 1.8 Li 1.0 Ca 1.0 Br 2.8 Sb 1.9 Pb 1.8 Be 1.5 Sc 1.3 Rb 0.8 Te 2.1 Bi 1.9 B 2.0 Ti 1.5 Sr 1.0 I 2.5 Po 2.0 C 2.5 V 1.6 Y 1.2 Cs 0.7 At 2.2 N 3.0 Cr 1.6 Zr 1.4 Ba 0.9 Fr 0.7 O 3.5 Mn 1.5 Nb 1.6 Hf 1.3 Ra 0.9 F 4.0 Fe 1.8 Mo 1.8 Ta 1.5 Na 0.9 Co 1.8 Tc 1.9 W 1.7 Mg 1.2 Ni 1.8 Ru 2.2 Re 1.9 Al 1.5 Cu 1.9 Rh 2.2 Os 2.2 Table of Electronegativities The Element List Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hahnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Ha Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Mercury Molybdenum Neilsbohrium Neodyium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praeseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thullium Tin Titanium Tungsten Unnilhexium Ununnilium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Hg Mo Ns Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W Unh Uun U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr Activity Series (Metals) Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H Sb Bi As Cu Hg Ag Pt Au Electronegativity Increases Metallic Properties Decrease Shielding is Constant Periodic Trends Ionization Energy Increases Atomic Radius Decreases Rules for Significant Figures Significant figures are the digits in any measurement that are known with certainty plus one digit that is uncertain. Rule 1: In numbers that do not contain zeros, all the digits are significant. 3.1428 [5] 3.14 [3] 469 [3] Rule 2: All zeros between significant digits are significant 7.053 [4] 7053 [4] 302 [3] Rule 3: Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit serve only to fix the position of the decimal point and are not significant 0.0056 [2] 0.0789 [3] 0.000001 [1] Rule 4: In a number with digits to the right of a decimal point, zeros to the right of the last nonzero digit are significant 43 [2] 43.0 [3] 43.00 [4] 0.00200 [3] 0.40050 [5] Rule 5: In a number that has no decimal point, and that ends in zeros (such as 3600), the zeros at the end may or may not be significant (it is ambiguous). To avoid ambiguity express the number in scientific notation showing in the coefficient the number of significant digits. Buret Selected Constants for H2 O molar mass......................18.0153 g/mol normal freezing point.........0.00 °C normal boiling point.........100.00°C average specific heat, Cp .....2.06 J/g·°C, solid 4.18 J/g·°C, liquid 2.02 J/g·°C, gas heat of fusion, Hf............334 J/g heat of vaporization, Hv ...2260 J/g molal fp depression, Kf......1.853 kg·°C/mol molal bp elevation, Kb .......0.515 kg·°C/mol Rounding Rules XY--------> X When Y > 5, increase X by 1 When Y < 5, don’t change X When Y = 5, if X is odd, increase X by 1 if X is even, don’t change X Oxidation Loss of egain of O Reduction Gain of e loss of O Heat Equations Q = mHv Q = mc T Q = mHf H = Hf(products) - Hf(reactants)