ch15test

CHAPTER 15 The Policy-Making Process MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 435 1. All of the following would argue that a political system always operates in more or less the same way except a. b. c. d. e. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 435 2. the text. Marxists. pluralists. Weberians. C and D. Which of the following would be most likely to argue that the American political system operates to serve corporate interests? a. b. c. d. e. Elitists Marxists Weberians Pluralists C and D Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual E 436 3. Which of the following is an inevitable part of the political agenda, according to the text? a. b. c. d. e. taxation crime social programs discrimination A, B and C Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 436 4. Compared to the political agenda in the 1930s, today's political agenda—the issues that politics chooses to address—is a. b. c. d. e. much longer. slightly longer. about the same. slightly shorter. much shorter. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 504 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 436 5. At any given time, what determines the legitimacy of government's actions? a. b. c. d. e. the bureaucracy the U.S. Constitution the legislative branch the president certain, shared beliefs Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 436 6. Which of the following do not contribute to the legitimacy of government action? a. b. c. d. e. shared political values technological innovations customs and traditions crises such as wars depressions Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 436 7. Which of the following do not contribute to the legitimacy of government action? a. b. c. d. e. shared political values technological innovations customs the actions of political elites traditions Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 436 8. "If many people believe that crime is the result of individual failure rather than social forces, then there is no reason for government." This statement illustrates one factor that affects the legitimacy of government actions, namely, a. b. c. d. e. the weight of custom. changes in the way in which political elites think and talk about politics. shared political values. the impact of critical events. the weight of tradition. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 436 9. In this country, the scope of things that government may legitimately do has, over time, a. b. c. d. e. increased steadily. stayed about the same. decreased slightly. decreased greatly. rarely been an issue of importance or concern. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 505 Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual A 436 10. An interesting psychological characteristic associated with the concept of legitimacy is that most people a. b. c. d. e. accept what government does as legitimate. challenge as illegitimate much of what government does. are unaffected by most of what government does. have little concept of what is best for them. have little concern for personal rights and liberties. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 436 11. The actions of Republican Presidents Eisenhower and Nixon illustrate the fact that the expansion of government a. b. c. d. e. can be controlled. is closely tied to party affiliation. is avoidable. is a nonpartisan process. is not likely, if a president truly desires otherwise. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 436 12. The president under whom federal payments to farmers grew to six times what they had been a decade before he took office was a. b. c. d. e. Franklin Roosevelt. Ronald Reagan. Lyndon Johnson. Richard Nixon. Jimmy Carter. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 436 13. Which of the following is incorrect? a. b. c. d. A Republican, Richard Nixon, imposed peacetime wage and price controls. A Republican, Richard Nixon, proposed a guaranteed annual income for every family, working or not. A Republican, Dwight Eisenhower, sent federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, to enforce school-desegregation. Under the administration of Ronald Reagan (a Republican), federal payments to farmers grew six times larger than they had been in the 1970’s. None of these. e. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 436 14. Which of the following occurred during a Republican presidential administration? a. b. c. d. e. president-imposed peacetime wage and price controls. a presidential proposal for a guaranteed annual income for every family, working or not. a presidential order for federal troops to go into Little Rock, Arkansas, to enforce school-desegregation. an increase in federal payments to farmers that was six times larger than they had been in the previous decade. all of these. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 506 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 437 15. Popular views on the legitimate scope of government action are affected by crises such as wars and depressions. Why should this be the case? a. b. c. d. e. because crises such as these tend to weaken the influence of shared political values because crises such as these tend to weaken the power of political elites because during times of crisis people will accept what government has customarily done because during times of crisis people expect government to take action because courts rarely interfere with the political process in such times and Congress is stifled Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 437 16. Both occupational safety and urban poverty legislation were enacted at a time when a. b. c. d. e. the problems treated had been getting better. the public perceived a crisis at hand. the public was unaware of the crisis at hand. the problems treated had been growing steadily worse. both were considered top priorities by the American public. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 437 17. The difference between the expansion of government in general during the depression years of the 1930s and the expansion of government regulation of car safety after 1966 is that a. b. c. d. e. the economy was improving in the early depression years. car safety had been improving and there was no public demand for action. advertisers shifted their attention to car safety in 1966. surprisingly, there was little popular concern over the economy in the 1930s. car safety problems became more severe and the government only acted because of public demand. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 438 18. In an effort to understand why the government adds new issue to its agenda and adopts new programs when there is little public demand, the text looks to a. b. c. d. e. groups. institutions. the media. all of these. none of these. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 507 Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 438 19. Organized labor favored federal legislation for safety in the workplace in the 1970s because it a. b. c. d. e. knew that the situation was getting worse. was unaware that the situation was getting better. was experiencing a sense of relative deprivation. needed a popular cause to put on its agenda. had data to support widespread public support for its cause. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 438 20. The text notes that a remarkably large number of the blacks who rioted in U.S. cities during the 1960s were a. b. c. d. e. poorly educated. unemployed. recent migrants from the South. A and B. None of these. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 438 21. A generally (but not completely) accurate explanation of why government adds new programs to its agenda, despite the absence of public demand for them, is the a. b. c. d. e. effect of cost-benefit studies. role of individual, far-sighted entrepreneurs. behavior of special-interest groups. political culture. the lack of a conscious agenda. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 438 22. A situation once thought normal but now viewed as intolerable, despite improving conditions, is called a. b. c. d. e. optimism. incongruity. relative deprivation. frustration. reciprocity. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual E 438 23. Riots by blacks during the mid-1960s, in which a large percentage of rioters were employed and relatively well educated, illustrate the principle of a. b. c. d. e. teleological suspension. shared political values. the professionalism of reform. client politics. relative deprivation. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 508 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 438 24. To have a change in policy toward previously accepted conditions of relative deprivation, there must be a. b. c. d. e. a major economic upheaval such as a depression. improving economic standards. a new generation of voters. a general change in people's beliefs. decreased awareness of social circumstances. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 439 25. Which of the following institutions has not played an increasingly important role in the agenda-setting process in government? a. b. c. d. e. the Senate the House the mass media the courts All of these Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 438 26. The courts can play an important role in policy making because a. b. c. d. e. courts have the power to set new standards for public and private institutions. courts are less impartial and more activist than other policymaking institutions. judges are especially well educated and their power is loosely defined. courts are more impartial and less activist than other policymaking institutions. judges are compelled by oath to remain impartial and free from partisan bias. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 438 27. The courts can play an important role in policy making because a. b. c. d. e. courts make decisions that force action by other branches of government. courts are less impartial and more activist than other policymaking institutions. judges are especially well educated and their power is loosely defined. courts are more impartial and less activist than other policymaking institutions. judges are compelled by oath to remain impartial and free from partisan bias. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 439 28. The bureaucracy has acquired new power in policy making because a. b. c. d. e. bureaucrats are highly public-spirited. it has the confidence of the people. now it frequently acts as an independent source of policy proposals. it responds well to problems identified by others. it is rarely inefficient or slow moving. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 509 Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 439 29. Daniel Patrick Moynihan has described the new role of the bureaucracy in policy making as a. b. c. d. e. the creation of demands. the codification of flux. the logic of collective action. entrepreneurial politics. the professionalization of reform. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 439 30. The Great Society programs, unlike the New Deal programs, were developed primarily by a. b. c. d. e. the president. nongovernmental experts. Congress. bureaucrats. courts. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 439 31. During what period did the Senate serve as an important incubator of liberal national policies? a. b. c. d. e. prior to 1960 only in the 1960s only in both the 1960s and 1980s in the 1980s only in the 1990s only Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual A 439 32. What would be the most likely response of the Founders to the growing importance of the Senate as a source of political innovation and change? a. b. Surprise—they saw the Senate as a moderating rather than an innovating force. Surprise—they thought that constitutional limits on senatorial power would prevent any attempts at activism on the Senate's part. No surprise—they saw the Senate as a force for change rather than moderation. No surprise—they expected each branch of government to play a major role in political change. No surprise—they assumed the Senate would generally dominate American politics. c. d. e. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 439 33. The media plays a major role in the creation of public policy by a. b. c. d. e. creating new programs. leading by example. choosing which of thousands of proposals to cover. choosing government activists as reporters. choosing government activists as editors. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 510 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 439 34. The media can help determine the nation's political agenda. One way they do this, according to the text, is by a. b. c. d. e. choosing government activists as reporters. forming alliances with senators and their staffs. serving as a major source of political innovation and change. publicizing those issues placed on the agenda by others. choosing government activists as editors. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 439 35. The text observes a “close correlation” between Senate attention to new safety standards for industry coal mines and automobiles and the amount space devoted to those questions in a. b. c. d. e. Congressional Quarterly. The Washington Times. Presidential Studies Quarterly. Legislative Studies Quarterly. the New York Times. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 439 36. Compared to mass attitudes, elite attitudes to the political agenda tend to be a. b. c. d. e. more consistent. less significant. less ideological. more volatile. less partisan. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 439 37. Which of the following factors is least likely to bring about a change in the nation's political agenda? a. b. c. d. e. changes in popular attitudes critical events such as a race riot elite interests customs and traditions A and C Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 440 38. One likely cost of a program to put an end to homelessness in the United States would be a. b. c. d. e. a shift in taxation from the federal to the local level. probable monetary satisfaction, such as a genuine tax reduction. money taken away from other worthwhile social programs. an increase in the number of homeless who vote in elections. an increase in the number of homeless candidates for elective offices. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 511 Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 440 39. Which of the following would be an example of a benefit of a proposed government policy? a. b. probable monetary satisfaction, such as a genuine tax reduction a nonmonetary satisfaction that people erroneously think they will enjoy, such as the satisfaction of driving communists out of Central America an illusory monetary advantage, such as displacing taxes onto corporations, which will recoup them by raising prices to consumers all of these none of these c. d. e. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 440 40. Essential to the definition of a benefit of a proposed policy is that the program must a. b. c. d. e. bring satisfaction to someone. involve a monetary gain by some group. involve a contract to some group. contribute to the nation's general welfare. involve a payment or subsidy to some group. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 440 41. When considering the costs and benefits of a policy, it is important to remember that it is usually the ________ that most affects politics. a. b. c. d. e. actual dollar amounts of costs and benefits perception of costs and benefits degree of guilt or pleasure involved influence of special-interest groups influence of iron triangles Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 440 42. Why was government's provision of financial aid to women and orphans in the early twentieth century not controversial? a. b. c. d. e. because it was considered legitimate for those groups to benefit because it was considered politically advantageous to support these two groups because so few citizens were aware of economic costs of this aid because no special-interest group stepped forward to support this aid because the aid was not solicited and involved relatively little money Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual E 440 43. Aid to mothers with dependent children is controversial today, whereas earlier in the century it was not. This shows that people take into account not only who benefits from a program, but also a. b. c. d. e. who actually pays for a program. the effect of a program on the nation’s economy. how many other groups benefit from a program. how the money is actually paid out for a program. whether it is legitimate for that group to benefit. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 512 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 441 44. The text argues that ideas are at least as important as interests in determining political outcomes because a. b. c. d. e. ideas must be examined before they can be enacted. interests by themselves tend to be self-defeating. most interests follow explicit ideologies. beliefs about the rightness of policies are matters of opinion. interests are rarely as solidified as ideas. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual E 441 45. An astute politician seeking election promises programs to people in a way that suggests that the programs a. b. c. d. e. are in the national interest. will distribute costs evenly across the working people. will be self-supporting and self-renewing. will distribute costs evenly among all the constituents. will benefit the constituents but be paid for by others. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 441 46. Which of the following types of proposed programs is most likely to receive the greatest popular support? a. b. c. d. e. those whose benefits are both vital and long term those whose costs are immediate rather than remote in time those whose costs are borne by someone else those that are proposed in response to a crisis those that are widespread and expensive Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 441 47. Politicians are most likely to support programs whose costs are a. b. c. d. e. accurately estimated. small. immediate. borne by everybody. large. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 441 48. Politicians are most likely to support programs whose costs are a. b. c. d. e. accurately estimated. remote in time. immediate. borne by everybody. large. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 441 49. Politicians are most likely to support programs whose costs are a. b. c. d. e. accurately estimated. borne by someone else. immediate. borne evenly by everybody. large. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 513 Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual A 441 50. A high rate of crime can be categorized as a a. b. c. d. e. widely distributed cost. narrowly concentrated cost. widely distributed benefit. narrowly concentrated benefit. None of these. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 441 51. Requiring all couples applying for a marriage license to pay to be tested for AIDS would be an example of a. b. c. d. e. concentrated benefits. widespread costs. widespread costs and benefits. concentrated costs. None of these. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 441 52. Which of the following best illustrates a program that offers narrowly concentrated benefits? a. b. c. d. e. a program that increases aid to families living below the poverty level a program that subsidizes farmers for producing fewer cattle a program that increases funds available to fight drug trafficking a program that places restrictions on doctors participating in the Medicare program A and D Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual A 441 53. Which of the following best illustrates a program that offers widely distributed benefits? a. b. c. d. e. a program that increases funds available to fight drug trafficking a program that places restrictions on doctors participating in the Medicare program a program that subsidizes farmers for producing fewer cattle a program that protects the automobile industry from competition from foreign car manufacturers C and D Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 441 54. Which of the following statements about the perceived distribution of costs and benefits of a proposed program is most likely to be true? a. b. c. d. e. It will determine who wins and who loses the battle to enact the program. It will equate well with the actual costs and benefits of the program. It will shape the kinds of political coalitions that form around the program. It will be immune from the influence of the media and courts. It will be immune from the influence of the legislature. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 514 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 441 55. A proposed environmental protection program offers benefits and costs that will be shared by a large number of people. The type of politics that will most likely be involved is a. b. c. d. e. entrepreneurial politics. client-centered politics. interest group politics. majoritarian politics. egalitarian politics. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 441 56. Interest groups do not generally play key roles in the enactment of majoritarian policies because of a. b. c. d. e. the expenses involved. their lack of political power. the free-rider problem. their preference for entrepreneurial politics. their narrow focus and intense opposition. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 441 57. The free-rider problem described by the text refers to the reluctance of people to a. b. c. d. e. support policies and programs whose benefits will be enjoyed by everybody. join an interest group if the policy that group supports benefits everybody. support policies and programs whose costs will be shared by everybody. join an interest group if the policy that group supports benefits a narrow constituency. join an interest group if there are no costs and a low level of perceptible benefits. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 441 58. The politics of a majoritarian issue is usually conducted by a. b. c. d. e. finding compromises among conflicting interest groups. appealing to a mass-membership interest group. appealing to nonvoters. appealing to large blocs of voters. appealing to legal scholars. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 441 59. Controversies that arise in majoritarian politics are most likely to be a. b. c. d. e. between rival interest groups. over who should benefit. over matters of cost or ideology. over the legitimacy of client claims. between special interests with institutional support. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 515 Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual A 441 60. Controversies that arise in majoritarian politics are most likely to be over matters of cost or ideology rather than between rival interest groups. Why? a. b. c. d. e. because of the free-rider problem because costs and benefits are generally long term because benefits are widespread and costs are narrowly concentrated because interest groups have difficulty getting media attention because of laws which restrict interest group activity Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual E 442 61. Interest group politics must involve a. b. c. d. e. benefits to small groups, costs to large groups. costs to small groups, benefits to large groups. legal conflicts without specific benefits. widespread costs and benefits. two or more small, identifiable groups. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 442 62. An example of interest group politics is a. b. c. d. e. a vote on a Social Security payment increase. a march by U.S. Nazis through a Jewish neighborhood. the debate over military aid to El Salvador. the campaign to abolish smoking in all public places. A and D. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 442 63. Of the following, the best example of interest group politics is a. b. c. d. e. a vote on Social Security payment increases. a fight over automobile imports from Japan. the debate over military aid to El Salvador. the campaign to abolish smoking in public places. the debate over aid to the former Soviet Union. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual E 442 64. What sort of issue is most likely to involve interest group politics? a. b. c. d. e. one in which cost and ideology are the prevailing concerns one in which costs are widespread and benefits are narrowly concentrated one in which benefits are widespread one in which benefits are widespread and costs are narrowly concentrated one in which certain small groups benefit while others pay Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 443 65. What distinguishes client politics from interest group politics? a. b. c. d. e. the fact that ideology plays a larger role in client politics the fact that client politics does not involve interest groups the fact that only one group benefits in client politics the fact that costs are widely distributed in client politics the fact that client politics are rarely partisan Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 516 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual A 443 66. What distinguishes client politics from interest group politics? a. b. c. d. e. the absence of an organized, opposing interest group the absence of narrowly concentrated benefits the absence of government involvement the absence of ideological and cost considerations the fact that client politics are rarely partisan Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 443 67. The clients in client politics might be any of the following except a. b. c. d. e. farmers seeking price supports. airlines seeking regulation. the public seeking tax relief. localities seeking new roads. trucking companies seeking regulation. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 443 68. An example of client politics is a. b. c. d. e. agricultural price supports. Social Security policies. environmental protection legislation. a national health insurance program. All of these. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 443 69. “Logrolling” is the equivalent of saying, a. b. c. d. e. “what goes around comes around.” “carry a big stick.” “more is better.” “forgive, but do not forget.” “you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours.” Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 443 70. An example of client politics is a. b. c. d. e. social welfare. labor legislation. a dairy subsidy. antitrust legislation. None of these. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 443 71. A proposed agricultural support program will benefit the lumber industry but increase the cost of paper nationwide. What type of politics is most likely to be involved? a. b. c. d. e. entrepreneurial politics client-centered politics interest group politics majoritarian politics egalitarian politics Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 517 Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 443 72. An example of pork-barrel politics is when Congress a. b. c. d. e. chooses committee chairmanships on the basis of seniority. enacts election laws that favor incumbents. passes laws that distribute benefits and costs to the great majority of the people. enacts a program that benefits a single member's district. enacts a program that benefits a group of Senators but not the entire Senate. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 443 73. When Congress enacts a program that benefits a particular member's district, it is an example of a. b. c. d. e. entrepreneurial legislation. pork-barrel legislation. a trustee project. logrolling. legislative courtesy. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 443 74. A proposed highway bill gathers enough votes in Congress to pass because the pet projects of so many individual members of Congress are included in the bill. This is an example of a. b. c. d. e. entrepreneurial legislation. pork-barrel legislation. a trustee project. logrolling. legislative courtesy. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 443 75. The process by which legislation can be enacted only for projects (such as new dams or irrigation systems) affecting several congressional districts is called a. b. c. d. e. entrepreneurial politics. social welfare. economic rationality. legislative courtesy. logrolling. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 443 76. Welfare recipients cost the typical taxpayers a(n) ______ amount each year. a. b. c. d. e. small moderate moderately large very large exceptionally large Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 518 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 444 77. Tobacco price supports are less popular today than they were thirty years ago primarily because of a. b. c. d. e. increased costs of such supports. increased international competition. decreased need for supports. decreased support for tobacco growing. increased support for agriculture. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual A 444 78. A proposed bill that would abolish tariffs on imported cheese, thereby hurting the dairy industry while benefiting U.S. cheese eaters, would most likely involve a. b. c. d. e. entrepreneurial politics. client-centered politics. interest group politics. majoritarian politics. plutocracy politics. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 444 79. A proposed bill that would force producers of alcoholic beverages to place additional medical warning labels on their bottles would most likely involve a. b. c. d. e. entrepreneurial politics. client-centered politics. interest group politics. majoritarian politics. plutocracy politics. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 444 80. The Founders decreased the likelihood of successful entrepreneurial politics when they a. b. c. d. e. denied legitimacy to policy entrepreneurs. fostered a participatory political culture. enabled minorities to block legislation. created a federal system of government. created a dual court system. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 444 81. A key figure in the adoption of policies that benefit a large number of people a small amount, but that place their costs on a single small group, is the a. b. c. d. e. politician with new ideas. academic economist. policy entrepreneur. corporation executive. part-time legislator. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 519 Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 444 82. Policy entrepreneurs may or may not represent the wishes of the general public, but they do have the ability to a. b. c. d. e. shift costs from interest groups to the public. assume power and redirect resources. appear nonpartisan. assume the leadership of an existing majority. dramatize an issue convincingly. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 445 83. When is entrepreneurial politics possible without one or more policy entrepreneurs? a. b. c. d. e. never when a president steps in to fill the void when the populace is inattentive to an issue when voters suddenly get upset about the cost of a benefit in almost any circumstance, or set of circumstances Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 444 84. Which of the following statements about entrepreneurial politics is correct? a. b. c. d. e. It is of greatest use to liberals attacking conservative special interests. It almost non-existent in today’s political environment. It is of greatest use to conservatives attacking liberal special interests. It has become less common in recent years. It can be used by either liberals or conservatives. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 444 85. A consumer advocate who is a good example of a policy entrepreneur is a. b. c. d. e. John Sherman. Thurman Arnold. Karl Marx. Ralph Nader. Edward Barth. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 445 86. The Superfund program illustrates entrepreneurial politics in action concerning the issue of a. b. c. d. e. the cost of gasoline. the effects of smog. hazardous wastes. beach erosion. the effects of television violence. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 520 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 446 87. One reason that entrepreneurial politics has become more important in recent years is a. b. c. d. e. the relaxation of many federal regulations. increased competition among special-interest groups. the enlarged political role of the media. the declining role of consumer activists. decreased competition among special-interest groups. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 446 88. One reason that entrepreneurial politics has become more important in recent years is a. b. c. d. e. the relaxation of many federal regulations. increased competition among special-interest groups. the decentralization of Congress. the declining role of consumer activists. decreased competition among special-interest groups. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 446 89. One reason that entrepreneurial politics has become more important in recent years is a. b. c. d. e. the relaxation of many federal regulations. increased competition among special-interest groups. a change in the attitudes of many citizens. the declining role of consumer activists. decreased competition among special-interest groups. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 446 90. The very existence of large corporations may be a threat to popular rule for all the following reasons except that a. b. c. d. e. wealth can be used to buy influence. politicians and business leaders come from similar backgrounds. elected officials must defer to corporate leaders to keep the economy healthy. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests. A and C. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 446 91. The very existence of large corporations may be a threat to popular rule for several reasons. One reason cited by the text is that a. b. c. d. e. corporations typically have unfair access to media. majoritarian politics gives corporations the advantage in decisions involving the distribution of costs. corporate wealth can be used to buy influence. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests. government is rarely sensitive to the interests of corporations. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 521 Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 446 92. The very existence of large corporations may be a threat to popular rule for several reasons. One reason cited by the text is that a. b. c. d. e. corporations typically have unfair access to media. majoritarian politics gives corporations the advantage in decisions involving the distribution of costs. politicians and business leaders come from similar backgrounds. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests. government is rarely sensitive to the interests of corporations. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 446 93. The very existence of large corporations may be a threat to popular rule for several reasons. One reason cited by the text is that a. b. c. d. e. corporations typically have unfair access to media. majoritarian politics gives corporations the advantage in decisions involving the distribution of costs. elected officials must defer to corporate leaders to keep the economy healthy. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests. government is rarely sensitive to the interests of corporations. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 446 94. Business leaders are most likely to believe that a market economy and ________ are necessary to each other. a. b. c. d. e. personal freedom tariffs big government labor unions commercial restraints Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 446 95. Business leaders often fear that politicians will try to curry votes by a. b. c. d. e. arguing that politics is subservient to economics. moving political appointees into key union positions. advising against government regulation. blaming business for all social and economic ills. attacking unions with economic concerns. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 446 96. The Grange was an organization of outspoken a. b. c. d. e. big businessmen. factory workers. school teachers. lawyers. farmers. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 522 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 446 97. The Sherman Act of 1890 was an example of a. b. c. d. e. entrepreneurial politics. interest-group politics. majoritarian politics. client politics. plutocratic politics. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 446 98. Antitrust legislation is an example of an attack on corporations by a vague majority without much opposition. This type of politics is called a. b. c. d. e. entrepreneurial politics. client politics. majoritarian politics. interest group politics. plutocratic politics. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 446 99. A criticism of the Sherman Act of 1890 cited by the text is that it a. b. c. d. e. was too specific in its definitions of monopolization. was too specific in the industries it covered. failed to make restraining or monopolizing trade a crime. was too specific in its definition of restraint of trade. failed to deal with the issue of enforcement. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 447 100. Why did corporations not fight harder to prevent adoption of the Sherman Act of 1890? a. b. c. d. e. because the act applied to so few industries because the act was so vague because enforcement of the act was left to local government, which was controlled by the corporations because the act covered only price discrimination and not restraint of trade because the act applied to so few practices Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 447 101. What piece(s) of legislation substantially strengthened the Sherman Act of 1890? a. b. c. d. e. the Taft-Hartley Act the Hale-Hess Monopoly Act the Wagner Act the Federal Communications Act the Federal Trade Commission Act and Clayton Act Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 447 102. Which of the following is NOT an example of anti-trust legislation? a. b. c. d. e. the Federal Trade Commission Act the Hatch Act the Sherman Act the Clayton Act C and D Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 523 Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 447 103. When the Clayton and the Federal Trade Commission Acts came before Congress, they were a. b. c. d. e. passed by slim majorities. passed by large majorities. narrowly defeated. overwhelmingly defeated. delayed, then defeated. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 447 104. Antitrust politics has not been dominated by interest groups because a. b. c. d. e. businesses are not unified either for or against antitrust measures. businesses are so strongly and uniformly opposed to antitrust legislation. interest groups lack the financial resources to tackle antitrust politics. so little money is involved in antitrust politics. so little money is wielded by groups who are interested in antitrust politics. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 447 105. The amount of money that the federal government devotes to antitrust enforcement and the direction of those efforts are determined primarily by _______ than interest group pressures. a. b. c. d. e. political ideology personal convictions court orders flexibility in statutes A and B Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 447 106. The Reagan administration decided to pursue the breaking up of a. b. c. d. e. both AT&T and IBM. IBM but not AT&T. AT&T but not IBM. neither AT&T nor IBM. AT&T, at first, and then IBM. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 447 107. The fact that the Reagan administration elected to pursue the breaking up of AT&T but not IBM illustrates the importance of ________ in antitrust enforcement decisions. a. b. c. d. e. client politics interest group pressures Federal Trade Commission (FTC) provisions political ideology and personal convictions PAC money and court orders Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 524 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 448 108. Labor-management conflict best illustrates ________ politics. a. b. c. d. e. entrepreneurial client majoritarian interest group oligarchic Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 448 109. The Wagner and the Taft-Hartley Acts were examples of a. b. c. d. e. majoritarian politics. entrepreneurial politics. client politics. interest group politics. oligarchic politics. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 448 110. As with is the case with most majoritarian politics, antitrust regulation tends to reflect _____________ more than interest group activity. a. b. c. d. e. neo-institutional constraints individual experiences legislative procedure limitations of the executive branch broad philosophies of governance Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 448 111. In Congress, winners and losers in labor legislation are largely determined by a. b. c. d. e. business expenditures. labor expenditures. labor caucuses. the partisan composition of Congress. business caucuses. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual A 448 112. A major determinant of the outcome of the congressional struggles over the Wagner, Taft-Hartley, and Landrum-Griffin Acts was the a. b. c. d. e. partisan composition of Congress. overriding influence of majoritarian politics. involvement of numerous consumer-activist groups. fear of court action if the laws were not passed. demands of the federal bureaucracy. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual A 448 113. A major determinant of the outcome of the congressional struggles over the Wagner, Taft-Hartley, and Landrum-Griffin Acts was the a. b. c. d. e. existence of economic conditions that affected public opinion. overriding influence of majoritarian politics. involvement of numerous consumer-activist groups. fear of court action if the laws were not passed. demands of the federal bureaucracy. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 525 Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 448 114. Which of the following statements is correct with respect to the struggles over the Wagner, Taft-Hartley, and Landrum-Griffin Acts? a. b. c. d. e. Republicans tended to support business. Southern Democrats tended to support business. Northern Democrats tended to support labor. All of these. None of these. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 448 115. On assuming office, a president cannot replace the entire National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) because a. b. c. d. e. members serve five-year terms. the Senate must confirm all nominations. management and labor each appoint one member to the NLRB. the NLRB is not part of the executive branch. the NLRB is appointed by the Speaker of the House. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 448 116. A decision by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) would be influenced most strongly by whether a. b. c. d. e. a large or small business is affected. a public-sector or private-sector union is involved. a Democratic or Republican president made a majority of the appointments to the NLRB. the interests on either side are concentrated or distributed. a northern or a southern state is affected. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 448 117. Unlike antitrust policy, labor legislation is dominated by interest group activity because a. b. c. d. e. business gets low-wage workers and labor gets cheap products. the media focus primarily on major corporations. consumers benefit directly. this is the fairest way to decide labor-management disagreements. business bears direct costs and unions get direct benefits. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 448 118. The winning interest on the debate over the creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was a. b. c. d. e. the health-care lobby. management. labor. government. state government. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 526 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 449 119. President Reagan's replacement of President Carter's appointee as head of the labor-created Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) changed the agency's policies accordingly. This illustrates a. b. c. d. e. majoritarian politics. interest group politics. client politics. entrepreneurial politics. reciprocal politics. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual E 449 120. Agency capture is most likely when a(n) a. b. c. d. e. agency faces no well-organized opponent. agency is suspected of disorganization. policy benefits many at the cost of a few. agency is caught in an interest group crossfire. policy benefits a few at the cost of many. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 449 121. An example of a business regulation that directly benefits existing businesses is a. b. c. d. e. health legislation. the licensing of taxi drivers. malpractice legislation. labor legislation. safety legislation. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 449 122. An example of a business regulation that directly benefits existing businesses is a. b. c. d. e. safety legislation. the licensing of beauticians. malpractice legislation. labor legislation. health legislation. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 450 123. The 1996 plan to lure farmers into a free market economy was met by ____________ in farmer subsidies from 1996 to 2001. a. b. c. d. e. a substantial decrease a slight decrease a stabilization an increase a complete halt Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 450 124. In 2002, President Bush signed a new farm bill which did away with the 1996 law and a. b. c. d. e. brought a complete halt to subsidies. offered billions of dollars in new subsidies to farmers. provided subsidies only for wheat farmers. provided subsidies only for cattle farmers. ensured that only the “little farmers” would receive subsidies. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 527 Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual E 450 125. The text suggests farm subsidies are a byproduct of a. b. c. d. e. a fair assessment of the market. tradition, or the legacy of the Great Depression. the fact that most Americans are farmers. politics, since farmers are key and changeable voters. B and D. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 450 126. The Dairy Division of the Agriculture Marketing Service was created to stabilize the dairy industry by a. b. c. d. e. controlling the price of milk. limiting the supply of milk. expanding the expertise of dairy farmers. marketing dairy products nationally. all of these. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 450 127. Efforts in Congress to cut milk subsidies and lower milk prices have been a. b. c. d. e. never seriously mounted. completely unsuccessful. only partially successful. quite successful. been consistently squelched. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 450 128. Although dairy-industry legislation drives up the costs that consumers pay for dairy products, consumers have been slow to organize in opposition because a. b. c. d. e. the costs are borne by relatively few people. consumers generally sympathize with farmers. the costs cannot be estimated. the overall cost is quite low. consumers see milk as a necessity. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 450 129. Sugar from Brazil and the Philippines is cheaper than sugar from Louisiana, yet quotas are set on imported sugar, and U.S. consumers are forced to buy the higher-priced domestic product. Why don't they complain? a. b. c. d. e. because of their sympathy for domestic sugar producers because they are unaware of the nonregulated price of sugar because the overall cost to consumers is quite low (less than $20 million annually) because of the higher quality of domestic sugar because domestic sugar producers are not organized Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 528 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 451 130. Consumer- and environmental-protection laws were passed during the 1960s and 1970s largely as a result of ________ politics. a. b. c. d. e. majoritarian interest group client entrepreneurial flexible-option Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 451 131. Which of the following statements about policy entrepreneurs is correct? a. b. c. d. e. Their motives may be self-serving. They typically represent small, special-interest groups. They are bureaucrats. The policies they embrace are always good. They are members of Congress. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 451 132. Which of the following statements about policy entrepreneurs is correct? a. b. c. d. e. The policies they embrace may be bad. They typically represent small, special-interest groups. They are bureaucrats. Their motives must be public spirited. They are members of Congress. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 451 133. All of the following laws are examples of entrepreneurial politics except a. b. c. d. e. the Securities and Exchange Act. the Sherman Act. the Pure Food and Drug Act. the Clean Air Act. C and D. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual E 451 134. Which of the following is most likely to make the job of the policy entrepreneur easier? a. b. c. d. e. a president who enjoys majority support in Congress the aid of a powerful, economic interest group a client with deep pockets and access to the media a client with deep pockets some crisis or scandal that focuses attention on the issue Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 451 135. Public support for automobile-safety measures in the 1960s increased greatly when a. b. c. d. e. Ralph Nader announced highway fatality figures. automobile prices increased sharply. Lyndon Johnson entered the battle. General Motors was caught in an attempted frame-up. gasoline prices rose and automobile accidents increased. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 529 Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 451 136. Passage of the Meat Inspection Act was spurred by a policy entrepreneur and by the book a. b. c. d. e. You Are What You Eat. Octopus. The Jungle. An American Tragedy. Parerga and Paralipomena Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 452 137. Policy entrepreneurs are most likely to portray their adversaries as devils because the a. b. c. d. e. adversaries stand for undesirable values. entrepreneurs lack interest group support. entrepreneurs lack sophistication. media expect such behavior. media are resistant to fair characterizations. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 452 138. What transpired when, in the early 1970s, Ralph Nader attacked Edmund Muskie's air-pollution bill as not being tough enough? a. b. c. d. e. Muskie ignored him. The bill was toughened. Muskie retaliated in kind. The antipollution lobby failed. Nader lost influence on the issue. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 452 139. To overcome business opposition to his air-pollution bill, Senator Muskie a. b. c. d. e. entered into logrolling activities with business. relied on fellow party members. made use of environmental catastrophes to dramatize his position. portrayed business in moralistically hateful terms. produced data to support a dispassionate position. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 452 140. The greatest risk faced by successful policy entrepreneurs is that a. b. c. d. e. their new laws will never be enforced. the courts may restrain their behavior through mandates. their new laws will be reversed by later Congresses. the courts may rule against them. the agency in charge will be captured by the regulated industry. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 530 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 452 141. An agency that is captured is one in which a. b. c. d. e. the agency falls victim to the partisan politics of Congress or the president. reciprocal politics results in overly rigid enforcement of rules by those who are without knowledge or expertise. bureaucratic red tape makes the enforcement of agency regulations tedious and inefficient. client politics shifts the focus away from enforcement and toward internal politics. the agency develops an uncritical relationship with the industry it is supposed to be regulating. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 452 142. Some critics consider newer consumer and environmental protection agencies to be especially vulnerable to capture by those they regulate. One reason this may not be the case is that a. b. c. d. e. new agencies have much more discretion in adjusting standards and postponing deadlines than older agencies have. new agencies regulate many different industries. many public-interest lobbies have recently been weakened through legislation. many public-interest lobbies have recently lost their sympathetic allies in the media. new agencies have a narrow focus and little power. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 452 143. Some critics consider newer consumer and environmental protection agencies to be especially vulnerable to capture by those they regulate. One reason this may not be the case is that a. b. c. d. e. new agencies have much more discretion in adjusting standards and postponing deadlines than older agencies have. public-interest lobbies have recently been strengthened. new agencies regulate a single industry. many public-interest lobbies have recently lost their sympathetic allies in the media. new agencies have a narrow focus and little power. Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 452 144. Some critics consider newer consumer and environmental protection agencies to be especially vulnerable to capture by those they regulate. One reason this may not be the case is that a. b. c. d. e. new agencies have much more discretion in adjusting standards and postponing deadlines than older agencies have. public-interest lobbies have recently acquired many sympathetic allies in the media. new agencies tend to regulate a single industry. many public-interest lobbies have recently been weakened through legislation. new agencies have a narrow focus and little power. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 531 Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 452 145. Some critics consider newer consumer and environmental protection agencies to be especially vulnerable to capture by those they regulate. One reason this may not be the case is that a. b. c. d. e. new agencies have much more discretion in adjusting standards and postponing deadlines than older agencies have. it has become easier for groups to use the federal courts to put pressure on the regulatory agencies. new agencies tend to regulate a single industry. many public-interest lobbies have recently been weakened through legislation. new agencies have a narrow focus and little power. Type: Ans: Page: Factual E 452 146. What have public-interest groups used most effectively to bring pressure on agencies to regulate businesses stringently? a. b. c. d. e. the Justice Department Congress state supreme courts their own research facilities the federal courts Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 453 147. What constitutes benefits and costs is a matter of opinion. Which of the following is most likely to be true because of this? a. b. c. d. e. Controversial policies can rarely be categorized. Benefits and costs tend to be defined strictly in monetary terms. Objective political science sets opinions aside. Designations of costs and benefits are changeable. Benefits are rarely as popular as costs. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 453 148. A struggle to make one definition of costs and benefits prevail over another describes, in large measure, a a. b. c. d. e. power transfer. majoritarian issue. political conflict. class interest. jurisprudential debate. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 453 149. Conflict over some policy may involve any or all of the following except a. b. c. d. e. conflicting decisions. conflicting beliefs. conflicting interests. differing perceptions of costs and benefits. B and D. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 532 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 453 150. When people react to proposed policies, they tend to give the greatest weight to the anticipated a. b. c. d. e. costs. benefits. utility maximization. marginal utility. winning minimum coalition. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 453 151. Most people view the results of a program in terms of their perception of a. b. c. d. e. the long-term advantages of the program. who loses rather than who wins. symbolic rather than material costs. current costs and benefits. the minimum winning coalition. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual A 453 152. Users of natural gas who discount the future are likely to a. b. c. d. e. care more about current prices than future shortages. place their self-interests over their beliefs. display conflicting perceptions of costs and benefits. favor immediate deregulation of natural gas. B and D. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual E 454 153. Most people are strongly opposed to a tax on imported oil even if the benefit gained will be to reduce our dependence on foreign oil. The text calls their argument the a. b. c. d. e. here-and-now argument. reflex argument. capture argument. partisan argument. cost argument. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual C 454 154. Whites who say that they want to see increased opportunities for blacks are most likely to be expressing their a. b. c. d. e. perceptions. sense of costs. values. beliefs. All of these. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 454 155. Citizen attitudes toward opportunities for blacks and conditions in Central America are most influenced by a. b. c. d. e. interests. information. values. costs. data. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 533 Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual D 454 156. To state that notions of right and wrong are central to politics is to qualify the view that politics are about a. b. c. d. e. the allocation of values. the pursuit of the good society. the quest for legitimacy. who gets what. the attainment of class leisure. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual E 454 157. Government regulation of airlines, trucking, and long-distance telephoning represented classic cases of a. b. c. d. e. mandate politics. entrepreneurial politics. interest group politics. majoritarian politics. client politics. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual A 454 158. Deregulation of airlines, trucking, and long-distance telephoning represented a challenge to iron triangles and to a. b. c. d. e. client politics. entrepreneurial politics. interest group politics. majoritarian politics. mandate politics. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 454 159. The impetus for government deregulation of several industries, including airlines, came from a. b. c. d. e. government bureaucrats. Congress. regulatory agencies. academic economists. retired bureaucrats. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 454 160. An important factor that contributed to the political support for deregulation of several industries, including trucking and airlines, was a. b. c. d. e. the perceived costs of deregulation. the unpopularity of these industries. opposition to deregulation on the part of academic economists. public concern with safety. public concern with inflation. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 534 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 454 161. An important factor that contributed to the political support for deregulation of several industries, including trucking and airlines, was a. b. c. d. e. the perceived costs of deregulation. the support of regulatory agencies and consumers. opposition to deregulation on the part of academic economists. public concern with safety. public concern with inflation. Type: Ans: Page: Factual C 455 162. The factor that played the largest role in the reduction of subsidies to tobacco growers was a. b. c. d. e. the increasing costs of these subsidies. opposition to these subsidies by northern Democrats. public opposition to smoking. the media campaign against these subsidies. opposition from newspaper columnists. Type: Ans: Page: Conceptual B 455 163. Recent revisions in the federal tobacco-subsidy program best illustrate a. b. c. d. e. the triumph of interest group politics over client politics. how widely held beliefs can defeat narrow interests. the limit of the power of ideas to effect changes in policy. how deregulation can occur without wide public support. how special interests can sway public opinion. Type: Ans: Page: Factual D 455 164. Steps to bring governmental regulation under closer review were taken by a. b. c. d. e. Gerald Ford. Jimmy Carter. Ronald Reagan. all of these. none of these. Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 455 165. To a considerable extent, the move toward deregulation reflects changes in the a. b. c. d. e. ideas of key political elites. ideas of regulated industries. structure of regulatory agencies. structure of public opinion. structure of the media. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 535 Type: Ans: Page: Factual B 455 166. Rules aimed at improving consumer or worker safety and reducing environmental damage are part of what is called a. b. c. d. e. social deregulation. process regulation. social subsidization. secondary costs. proprietary regulation. TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS Ans: Page: False 436 167. Environmental and consumer protection have been active items on the country's political agenda since early in this century. Ans: Page: True 436 168. Prior to the 1960s, people would have been astonished if they had been told that the national political agenda included environmental and consumer protection. 169. Far more debate about the legitimacy of a proposed government policy occurs today than occurred in the 1920s and 1930s. Ans: Page: False 436 Ans: Page: True 436 170. Many items that are considered legitimate governmental concerns today would not have been legitimate fifty years ago. Ans: Page: Ans: Page: Ans: Page: True 436 True 436 True 437 171. The scope of what is considered “legitimate” government action is always getting larger. 172. Expansion of government has been a nonpartisan process. 173. Popular views on the legitimate scope of government action are often changed by events such as wars and depressions. Ans: Page: False 437 174. Decisions on which issues are considered within the legitimate scope of political action are influenced by changing public opinion rather than external events. 175. Sometimes going to the streets with an issue is the best way to get it onto the agenda. Ans: Page: True 437 Ans: Page: False 437 176. Intense, unorganized groups that take to the streets are almost never successful in having their demands put on the national agenda. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 536 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Ans: Page: True 438 177. Black rioters of the 1960s were characterized by relative rather than absolute deprivation. Ans: Page: False 438 178. A sense of absolute and intolerable deprivation characterized black rioters the 1960s. Ans: Page: True 438 179. The courts have become the favorite method for doing things for which there is no popular majority. Ans: Page: False 439 180. The federal bureaucracy today reacts primarily to events in society or to demands from segments of society. Ans: Page: True 439 181. Today, the federal bureaucracy has become an initiator of policy concerns. Ans: Page: True 439 182. The Senate is a major source of political change. Ans: Page: Ans: Page: Ans: Page: False 439 False 439 False 439 183. The Senate first became an incubator for developing new policies and building national constituencies in the 1940’s. 184. As the Senate became more conservative, in the 1980’s, it ceased to be a source of significant change in policy. 185. The Founders intended the Senate to be a major source of political change. Ans: Page: False 439 186. Most of the measures of Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" in the 1960s were devised by non-government experts and intellectuals. Ans: Page: False 439 187. The media reacts to the creation of a political agenda rather than actually participating in the process. Ans: Page: True 439 188. The media can play a critical role in setting the political agenda by picking and choosing which of thousands of proposals it will cover. Ans: Page: False 439 189. Perceptions about the costs of a program determine its legitimacy. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 537 Ans: Page: True 440 190. Values as well as costs and benefits help determine a program's legitimacy. Ans: Page: False 440 191. Politics is adequately defined as the process of deciding who gets what. Ans: Page: True 440 192. Politics is largely about deciding both who will benefit from a program and who ought to benefit. Ans: Page: True 440 193. Perceived costs and benefits are often not enough to determine who wins or loses policy struggles. Ans: Page: False 441 194. The perceived distribution of costs and benefits determines who wins and who loses. Ans: Page: False 441 195. Majoritarian politics is typically dominated by the pull and haul of conflicting interest groups. Ans: Page: Ans: Page: False 441 False 441 196. Majoritarian politics are rarely controversial with respect to costs or ideology. 197. Social Security is a good example of majoritarian politics at work because everyone benefits but only a few have to pay the costs. Ans: Page: True 442 198. Once a new majoritarian policy is adopted, chances are it will continue and grow. Ans: Page: True 442 199. Interest group politics can involve either tangible or intangible issues. Ans: Page: False 442 200. Interest group politics often produces decisions about which the public is highly informed. Ans: Page: False 442 201. Farm subsidies are an example of interest group politics. Ans: Page: True 443 202. Farm subsidies for certain crops (e.g., wheat and corn) have been replaced with direct cash payments to farmers that they can use for anything, including not farming. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 538 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Ans: Page: True 443 203. Farm subsidies are an example of client politics because only farmers benefit directly, whereas all consumers must pay the costs. Ans: Page: True 443 204. The "client" in client politics is usually a special-interest group that tends to benefit if a policy is adopted. Ans: Page: False 443 205. Successful client politics depends on a well-organized and motivated majority. Ans: Page: False 443 206. Client politics, where one group benefits at the expense of a larger group, must by nature involve economic interests. Ans: Page: True 443 207. Client politics affects not just economic interests but political interests as well. Ans: Page: True 443 208. Interest groups can gain and lose legitimacy depending on public attitudes about the issues they represent. Ans: Page: False 443 209. Client politics, unlike other forms of politics, is largely immune from issues of legitimacy. Ans: Page: False 444 210. Policy entrepreneurs generally work on behalf of special-interest groups. Ans: Page: True 444 211. Policy entrepreneurs act on behalf of the unorganized or indifferent majority. Ans: Page: Ans: Page: Ans: Page: False 444 True 444 True 444 212. The text suggests the Founders deliberately arranged things so it would be easy to pass a new law. 213. Thanks to the Founders, determined minorities usually have an excellent chance of blocking new policies. 214. The key to successful policy entrepreneurship is dramatizing the issue. Ans: Page: False 444 215. With entrepreneurial politics, both benefits and costs are widely distributed. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 539 Ans: Page: True 445 216. The mutual advantages of logrolling are not found in entrepreneurial politics. Ans: Page: False 445 217. Entrepreneurial politics frequently involves logrolling. Ans: Page: False 445 218. Most political entrepreneurs are liberals. Ans: Page: True 445 219. Conservatives as well as liberals are known to play the role of political entrepreneurs. Ans: Page: False 445 220. The role of the policy entrepreneur is to represent fairly and accurately the interests of the public at large. Ans: Page: True 445 221. Entrepreneurial politics has become more common in recent years. Ans: Page: True 446 222. The kind of policy toward business that government adopts largely determines the kind of politics involved. Ans: Page: False 446 223. Business policies enacted by government often bear little relationship to the type of politics involved. Ans: Page: False 446 224. Antitrust legislation is characterized by majoritarian politics, whereas labor-management regulation is characterized by client politics. Ans: Page: True 447 225. Enforcement of antitrust legislation is considerably more stringent today than when the laws were passed. Ans: Page: True 448 226. Political ideology rather than interest group pressures seems to determine the amount of money that the federal government devotes to antitrust legislation. 227. Interest group pressures have determined the amount of attention the federal government devotes to antitrust enforcement. Ans: Page: False 448 Ans: Page: True 448 228. Labor-management issues are usually characterized by interest-group politics. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 540 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process Ans: Page: True 448 229. All presidents try to affect the direction of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) through their appointments to the NLRB. Ans: Page: False 448 230. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) has been largely unaffected by changes in administrations since the basic labormanagement legislation was enacted. 231. A regulation may benefit an industry. Ans: Page: True 448 Ans: Page: True 449 232. Legislation regulating entry into an occupation or seeking to control abuses often results in enabling those who are regulated to charge higher prices than they might have otherwise. 233. Legislation regulating the entry into an occupation also tends to hold down costs to the consumer. Ans: Page: False 449 Ans: Page: False 449 234. The relationship between the dairy industry and the Agriculture Marketing Service is one of entrepreneurial politics. Ans: Page: True 449 235. The dairy industry is a client of the Agricultural Marketing Service because the latter helps keep the price of milk up. Ans: Page: Ans: Page: Ans: Page: False 450 False 450 True 450 236. Between 1996 and 2001, federal subsidies to farmers decreased significantly. 237. Most of the money from President Bush’s 2001 farm bill will go to “the little farmer.” 238. Client groups struggling to keep their benefits increasingly rely on "insider politics"—that is, on dealing with key Washington decisionmakers and not on building widespread public support. 239. Client politics programs that send money to "special interests" are on the increase. Ans: Page: False 450 Ans: Page: True 450 240. Client politics can use regulations instead of cash to help groups. Ans: False 241. Effective policy entrepreneurs typically come from outside Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 541 Page: 451 government. Ans: Page: True 451 242. The motives of policy entrepreneurs may be either self-serving or public spirited. Ans: Page: False 451 243. A good example of client politics is the role that Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle played in the passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Ans: Page: True 451 244. The role of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle in encouraging federal food legislation exemplifies the play of entrepreneurial politics. Ans: Page: False 451 245. To be successful, entrepreneurial politics must depend on some kind of dramatic event, such as a political scandal or crisis. Ans: Page: True 451 246. Policy entrepreneurs led the way in passage of environment- and consumer-protection legislation during the 1960s and 1970s. Ans: Page: True 452 247. Newer environmental- and consumer-protection agencies have relatively little discretion in enforcing laws that impose specific standards. 248. Government agencies are more vulnerable than ever to agency capture by the industries they are supposed to be regulating. Ans: Page: False 453 Ans: Page: True 453 249. Both perceptions and values play distinctive roles in politics. Ans: Page: False 453 250. A perception and a belief are basically the same thing. Ans: Page: True 453 251. Political conflict is largely a struggle to make one set of beliefs about costs and benefits prevail over another. Ans: Page: False 453 252. The cost argument used by politicians to sell their policies suggests that what happens in the near future is more important to people than what happens in the distant future. 253. The here-and-now argument suggests that people react more sharply to what they will lose if a policy is adopted than to what they may Ans: Page: False 453 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 542 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process gain. Ans: Page: False 453 254. The term interests refers to our conceptions of what is good for our community or our country. Ans: Page: True 454 255. Our interests are affected not only by our perceptions and beliefs but also by our values. Ans: Page: True 454 256. The airline, trucking, and long-distance telephoning industries have all been deregulated. Ans: Page: False 454 257. Deregulation of several key industries, including the airline and trucking industries, was accomplished primarily through client politics. 258. Recent deregulation of certain industries started with the ideas of government bureaucrats. Ans: Page: False 454 Ans: Page: True 455 259. Under the original tobacco-subsidy program, tobacco growers were able to borrow money against unsold tobacco and not pay back the loan. 260. Public concern with the economic costs of tobacco subsidies finally brought an end to these subsidies. Ans: Page: False 455 Ans: Page: True 455 261. Some industries in recent years have favored deregulation because they stood to gain from it. Ans: Page: False 455 262. Not all industries favor deregulation; some fear that it would leave consumers inadequately protected. Ans: Page: False 456 263. Subsidies to dairy farmers have been terminated. Ans: Page: True 456 264. Sugar subsidies are still being paid for by taxpayers. Ans: Page: False 455 265. Process regulation includes rules aimed at improving the efficiency of the bureaucracy. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 543 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 266. "He who decides what politics is about runs the country." Explain why this statement is of considerable significance. Answer a. b. c. Shared beliefs determine legitimacy. Legitimacy is affected by shared political values, customs, and traditions. It illustrates the impact of events, changes in political elites. Page: 435-439 267. Explain why the government adds new issues to its agenda and adopts new programs when there is little public demand. Answer a. b. c. Groups enlarge the scope of government by their demands Institutions, especially the courts, bureaucracy, and Senate, have forced the hand of other branches Opinions of political elites in the media place new matters on the agenda or publicize matters placed there by others Page: 436-439 268. Explain why people sometimes accept the fact that they are paying more than the real market value of goods, whereas at other times they organize and fight to change the costs or prices. Answer a. b. c. Majoritarian versus client politics Some costs are just too diffuse, whereas other costs affect people directly Pork-barrel projects versus Social Security measures Page: 439-444 269. Explain the meaning of majoritarian politics, giving at least one example of a majoritarian issue. Answer a. b. c. Widely shared costs Widely shared benefits Social Security Act of 1935 Page: 441-442 270. Explain why politicians are ordinarily least motivated to engage in the type of politics here labeled entrepreneurial. What does it often take to get them into it? Answer a. b. c. Widely shared and generally insignificant or symbolic benefits—so no one is very grateful Narrowly focused costs—so enemies are created A policy entrepreneur to sell the issue to them Page: 444-446 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 544 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process ESSAY QUESTIONS 271. The text concludes that client politics is harder to maintain today free of challenge. Discuss the reasons for the decline of client politics. Provide examples where appropriate. Answer a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Two reasons for decline in client politics: power of new ideas and actions of recent presidents to place regulatory power under centralized control. The power of ideas has influenced perceptions and beliefs about where interests lie as well as the values that are beneficial to society. Example: airline deregulation (academics galvanized support for the ideas that regulation hurts and that it has kept prices artificially high). Example: reduction in subsidies to tobacco growers (studies alerted public to harm of smoking). President Ford: required that regulations must assess their inflationary impact. President Carter: required that agencies must consider alternative ways of achieving the goals of a regulation. President Reagan: required that no regulation could be imposed if Office of Management and Budget (OMB) determines the cost of the regulation outweighs its social benefit. Page: 443-446 272. Why are the new consumer and environmental protection agencies less vulnerable to "capture"? Answer a. b. c. d. e. Little discretion: these agencies enforce laws that impose specific standards by timetables. New agencies regulate numerous industries and do not face unified opponents. Public-interest lobbies were strengthened by creation of agency. Lobbies can now call on sympathetic allies in media. It is now easier for groups to get to court to pressure agency. Page: 449-451 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.