C. R. Cockerell's 'Ichnographica Domestica'

SAHGB Publications Limited C. R. Cockerell's 'Ichnographica Domestica' Author(s): John Harris Source: Architectural History, Vol. 14 (1971), pp. 5-29+113-137 Published by: SAHGB Publications Limited Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1568294 . Accessed: 15/06/2014 20:12 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . SAHGB Publications Limited is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Architectural History. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sahgb http://www.jstor.org/stable/1568294?origin=JSTOR-pdf http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp C. R. Cockerell's 'Ichnographica Domestica' by JOHN HARRIS The architecture of C. R. Cockerell was remarkable for its vigorous eclecticism and its freedom from the shackles of convention. His brilliance was based upon a depth of assimilation and a range of observation not known in an architect since 'old Sir Wm Chambers'. Chambers was Cockerell's idol and, like Cham- bers, he left for posterity a daunting mass of papers. Without a single building to his credit these would establish Cockerell as an important architectural writer and theorist. The astonishing variety of his interests is clearly displayed in the diaries which at present belong to Mr and Mrs B. J. Crichton of Plas Trefor, Isle of Anglesey - lineal descendants of S. P. Cockerell. In Richards's Universal Daily Remembrancer, Cockerell wrote an average of 250 words a day plus extensive interpolations often of several thousand words. He maintained this output from 1821 (the earliest surviving diary) to 1827. In 1828 the entries are shorter; between 1829 and 1832 (1831 is missing) they are very brief indeed; and the diary for 1833 is empty. In the 1820s he had time to observe, for these were the years in which his architectural practice was still being established. But in 1829 he was retained by the Westminster Insurance Company and in 1833 began his onerous association with the Bank of England. Time was then at a premium and unlike Rickman he was no manic obsessive when it came to daily diary writing. It is natural to compare these diaries with those of Joseph Farington. On the whole Cockerell's entries are briefer and less carefully phrased. Otherwise they compare very well indeed, although Cockerell never matched the conversa- tional reportage of 'the Dictator of the Academy'. His writings are really the architectural equivalent of Farington's fine art jottings. But here the compari- son must cease, for Cockerell possessed an intellect that makes Farington seem jejeune, and this intellect is applied to an extraordinary range of observa- tion. Everything on God's earth interested Cockerell: spring and daffodils in a park, cast iron vaulting and a prospect of mountains, the quality of a Poussin, Picturesque theory, art sales and thoughts upon contemporary sculpture - his ability to consume everything that his eyes dwelled upon or his ears heard is astonishing. The menu is rich, like a trockenbeerenauslese of ancient vintage. Among the Cockerell papers in the Crichton Collection, which includes Grand Tour correspondence and papers relating to the purchase of the Aegina and Phigalean marbles, is an album entitled Ichnographica Domestica, inscribed Savile Row 1825. This is married to another album titled Ichnosraphica Publica, which contains the preparatory drawings for Cockerell's famous Tribute to Sir Christopher Wren. The first volume is a display of Cockerell's interest in domestic planning, an anthology of plans mostly drawn in situ and either linked to an entry in the diary or physically abstracted from it. A few are neatly drawn This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 14: 1971 records of his own work or buildings with which he was personally connected (e.g. Sezincote or his own house at Westbourne Grove). As a survey of British architectural planning the Ichnographica Domestica can only be compared to the more extensive collection of plans published in the various editions of Vitruvius Britannicus. But whereas the editors of Vitruvius Britannicus confined themselves to a programme of Palladian and Georgian architecture, Cockerell's tastes were more catholic. Any plan of interest, or one that deviates from a known category, or is associated with a singular elevation, or was the magnum opus of an admired or despised contemporary, was drawn or commented upon. The diaries and the Ichnographica together constitute a truly encyclopedic corpus of architectural knowledge. And this catalogue, contain- ing all the significant plans, plus a selection of obiter dicta, is designed to illustrate the range of Cockerell's interests and the nature of his aesthetic opinions. When Cockerell began the Westminster Fire Office in the Strand in 1831 he was already in possession of a new personal style, a novel synthesis, the distilla- tion of twenty-five years' scrutiny of ancient and modern architecture. No longer was there a need for diary writing and the accumulation of observation. What he had assimilated as a young man formed the basis of his achievements in middle age, a long period of rich and rare creation. THE CATALOGUE ABBREVIATIONS BM: British Museum CL: Country Life CRC: Charles Robert Cockerell d: dated Hussey, E C H: 'English Country Houses' series published by Country Life Ichno: Ichnographica Domestica NMR: National Monuments Record Pevsner, followed by county: reference to Buildings of England series PRO: Public Record Office RIBA: Royal Institute of British Architects Vit. Brit: Vitruvius Britannicus, ed. Campbell or Woolf & Gandon ABERGAVENNY (Monmouthshire) Sketch of a small house (Diary, 25 Dec 1825) 'Dormers at side of Pediments look uncommonly well. Looks like Inigo'. In fact, probably a late seventeenth-century house in the style of Artisan- classicism. ALNWICK CASTLE (Northumberland) Site plan (Diary, following 5 Sept 1822) Visited 5 Sept 1822. 'Alnwick Castle has a most rude antique & barbaric magnifi- cence the effect most striking to a stranger, the walls and towers have no cornice but carried up straight with wide Battlements and narrow embrasures, larger stones always at top. They are not very lofty either. On the walls statues in attitudes of offence..,. rooms not large miserably fitted up in mock gothic by Adams. Wretched "colefichets meschine" taste totally devoid of character. 6 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp Rooms put me in mind of Turkish bows and kiosks. Silk hangings in drawing ro: quite thrown away.' CRC may be referring to Adam's gothick interiors c. 1770-80. However, James Paine also created interiors here in a restoration from c.1760 onwards, consider- ed important enough to have a commemorative medal struck by Kirk in 1766. CL lxv (1929), 890, 952; lxvi (1929), 16, 52 AMESBURY ABBEY (Wiltshire) Plan, elevation and detail of entablature (Diary, preceding 19 Dec 1823) [Fig. la] Visited 20 Dec 1823. 'Plan regular and remarkably elegant. Saloon above stairs delightful with handsome dressings to doors, chimney pieces and ceiling - con- trivance of the staircase with backstairs in the newel the most convenient and elegant that can be conceived. Large one abo: 18 x 16 - 8 treads and 7 treads - smaller stairs abo: 7 x 6 inside being oval. Richly ornamented with stucco cieling & well lighted. Ascends only to principal. 4 bed Ro: & 2 dressg Ro: centre being occupied with cieling, back stairs then continue to ascend to lantern & flat at top, which have delightful exterior effect ... Lines of uncom- mon granduer of aspect - the rustic ascends to side of upper windows which is in florentine mode, plain above. The key stones are heavy & the corinthian order is grosso [lano] tho elegantly conceived & placed. The whole exterior from the high plinth of the roof, dormers in the roof, & crowded windows, is not very agreable in point of proportion, but the tower rising above the cupola, corresponding chimney shafts, & projection of the Portico is of the best school & contrivance, and the genius of Inigo is in few examples more conspicuous. What is satisfying is that the proportions are small & yet in the aspect of the whole & especially the Itale stairs, saloon above, there is uncom- mon granduer which fills & occupies the mind. There are offices below as well as abundent bed Ro: above & I consider that for economy of convenience with proportion & effect, it may challange any Ho: in England ancient or modern. In looking at plans of this Ho: in Vit. Bri vol 3 fi 7, I am convinced of what I have thought before, that the plans are not minutely correct, for example the centre stairs are shown round instead of oval.' To Cockerell and his generation Jones was indistinguishable from Webb. The Marquess of Hertford commission- ed Webb in 1661. In 1834 Amesbury was rebuilt by Thomas Hopper for Sir Edward Antrobus. Vit Brit Ill (1725), pl.7; CL xi (1902), 272; RIB A: W13/16,'-5 measured drawings by Wyatt Papworth AM PT HILL PARK (Bedfordshire) Plan of ground floor (Diary, after 28 Aug 1828) Ampthill had been designed by John Lumley for Lord Ashburnham 1704-07. Wings were added, as shown by CRC, by Sir William Chambers, 1768-72, for the Earl of Upper Ossory. J. Harris, Sir William Chambers (1970), 197 A NTR IM (Co Antrim): Town Hall View and detail of Cornice (Diary, between 23 & 24 Oct 1823) [Fig.2] Visited 25 Oct, 1823, when at Greenmount, near Antrim. 'Town Ho: at Antrim in the HARRIS: C.R.COCKERELL 7 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 14: 1971 Florentine style (the end 40 f: wide) an excellent character in it, particularly the manner of the roof & the cornice - which has many advantages. The roof has good pitch, but it must be confessed that the dripping of the eaves is expressivly unconventional - the flight of steps at the other end is rendered almost im- passable by the wet.' Dated 1826, much altered, e.g. cupola added 1817, arcades filled in 1836, and further alterations 1841. Ulster Architectural Heritage Society, List of Historic Buildings in Antrim (1969) APLEY PARK (Shropshire) Plan of ground floor (Ichno. 57) [Fig.lb] Possibly visited in Sept 1827, although CRC's presence at Oakley would have made a visit possible on several occasions. The style, CRC observes, is 'taken from Wyats gothic - but less well understood & evinces total ignorance of antiquarian knowledge, as well as construction'. Of 'no effect' was the 'pre- cipitous staircase', and of 'great effect', an old chimney-piece (Elizabethan) in the hall. CRC liked the sashes, 'small not above 1 in, all very well done', and thought it a good idea 'to cola only the small windows above the course'. Always relishing a prospect, he thought that of the Clee Hills from the terrace 'the most delicate imaginable'. Apley was built in 1811 for Thomas Whitemore in Tudor Gothic style. CRC reveals the architect to have been 'Mr. Webb', almost certainly J. Webb who was to be employed at Ombersley Court (Worcs) in 1812 and Ettington Hall (War- wicks) in 1814 Pevsner Shropshire, 60; CL xxi (1907), 738 ASTON HALL (Warwickshire) Plan of the ground and first floors (Ichno, 31) [Fig. 3] Begun in 1618 for Sir Thomas Holte, this was a house admired by CRC, 'of that class.., .which by uniting and incorporating the offices with the whole design forms a striking & extensive effect, without however being overlarge. There is considerable magnificence of accomodation and one discovers some of the great principles of good ichnography in the vistas well perceived & good & handsome access to most of the rooms. Nothing can be more pleasing than the loggia porticoes on either side the chapel, to the winter garden. These rooms be east. I cannot help thinking also that in the pedantic spirit of that day (1618), in the two sham entrances on either side besides the principal door, some alu- sion was intended to the Greek house, represented the front of the Greek Proscenium - in which the centre door was called the Royal door & the doors at the sides those of the Strangers.' CL cxiv (1953), 552, 620, 694 AUDLEY END (Essex) Plan of the ground floor and perspective of the west front (Ichno, 23a-b) [Fig.4a] Visited 6-7 Oct 1825, when CRC expresses disappointment in the house. His plan is puzzling, for semicircular bows to the ends of the wings (towards the east) are neither shown on a 1787 survey, nor are they there today. It is 8 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp possible that such bows were built after 1787 and were restored to the original canted shape during the complicated period of interior installation, 1826-31, when library and sitting rooms were brought from the ground to first floors. Cockerell's plan may also be used as extra evidence that the so-called 'Jacobeth- an' plasterwork above Vanbrugh's staircase is not by Vanbrugh, but belongs to this early nineteenth-century 'Jacobethan' restoration. Pevsner, Essex (1965), 61; J. D. Williams, Audley End: The Restoration of 1712-1797 (Chelmsford 1966); CL lx (1926), 94, 128 BARON HILL (Angelsey) Plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 61a verso) [Fig.21b] Visited 18 July 1825. 'An old House added to by Wyat', says CRC, (and later much added to) not revealing if he knew it to be by Samuel and not by James. It had been built for Lord Bulkeley 1776-79. CRC found the entrance 'well imagined', the rooms 'handsome', especially the 'delightful' octagon saloon which today still survives in mildewed decay. CRC thought the 'violet tint of the hills' were 'not inferior' to Greece. A walk from the house 'by the approach to the south was a picture with Hay making, Trees & the mountains & sea, finer than anything I have seen'. Oxford, Bodleian Library (MS Top. Anglesey a.2): drawings & designs; Watts, Seats (1786) BATH: Argyle Chapel View of street fagade (Diary, following 23 Jan 1823) [Fig.6a] Visited 19 Jan 1823. 'Building at Bath near Pulteney & apparently an entrance to a church tho' not having properly that character. Front 45fsomething pleas- ing and distinguished about it, particularly the Attic order. Looks well . .. by sacrificing a small apace a. a. to give the recess great distinction, may be given at small cost - but whatever the Buildg is there is gross impropriety in having the entrances at the sides. They should have been only under logge in Portico, whereas in back of Portico is a window perched as a surbase. The side doors should have been windows.' This chapel (now Congregational) in Bathwick was originally designed in 1789 by Thomas Baldwin. In 1821 it was extended and refronted by H. E. Goodridge, whose work CRC describes. The top storey was altered in 1852 to give the chap- el its present aspect. BELSAY CASTLE (Northumberland) Plan of the ground floor and elevation of the entrance front (Ichno, 35) [Fig. 5] Date of visit not known. Sir Charles Monck, the owner, with the advice of Sir William Gell and John Dobson, designed this house from 1804 onwards. Hussey, EC H: Late Georgian (1958), 83; CL lxxxviii (1940), 300, 324 BENTLEY PRIORY (Middlesex) Plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 46) [Fig.4b] Dated 5 Jan 1827. No comments, except that the drawing, dining, music and anti-rooms were added by Soane. To the right of the plan CR C shows 'intend- ed' library and billiards rooms in a wing with a canted bay matching the draw- HARRIS: C. R. COCKERELL 9 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 14: 1971 ing room. These additions probably formed part of the work entrusted to Sir Robert Smirke after the 1st Marquess became dissatisfied with William Wilkins. J. Mordaunt Crook, 'The Career of Sir Robert Smirke' (D Phil, Oxford, 376-377) BLANDFORD (Dorset): George Ryves' Almshouses Part elevation and details (Diary, following 3 Feb 1825) Visited 4-5 Feb 1825. 'Chimney shafts contrived with great effect & being regular & in a line have a monumental & striking appearance'. P. Smith, Blandford (Blandford 1968), 226-228 BRAMSHILL HOUSE (Hants) Plans of ground and first floors (Ichno. 25b, c) [Figs7a & b] Visited (dated plan) 12 April 1825. 'The Gallery is a most delightful room & strikingly magnificent & useful in a country house. It is full of Prints & Curiosi- ties.' The drawing room on the first floor was hung with Mortlake tapestry 'finished against the door in the French manner & is discontinued between the windows'. As at Aston Hall, Hatfield, Audley End &c., CRC was obviously attracted by Elizabethan & Jacobean planning and silhouette. CL liii (1923), 758, 799, 818, 852, 886 BRISTOL: St George's church Plan & perspective of supporting columns to galleries, section of galleries, part detail of cupola, two sections of the portico (Diary, following 23 Jan 1823) Visited 20 Jan 1823. CRC refers to this as Clifton church; it is, in fact, Sir Robert Smirke's Doric St George's, Brandon Hill, built in 1821-23 and altered 1871-76 by Sir Arthur Blomfield. Crook, op. cit., 344-345 BRYANSTONE HOUSE (Dorset) Plan of the ground floor (Diary, following 29 April 1824) [Fig.8a] Visited 19 April 1824. CRC writes fully, in several detached parts: 'The archr of this Ho: consists of a corinthian order placed on a lofty rustic Basemt. The East has a pediment, the South [an] order of large windows above is much the prettiest Front. This is a house built for a cty - all the arch' be raised, the lower part looking like a prison, the windows inaccesible, uninviting & no communi- cation whatever with the garden or lawn. There is none of that confidence, that palatial & garden look, so delightful to encounter with the residence of a country gent. Does not spread itself upon a lawn & strike the beholder at once with a feeling of charm, security & elegance which invites to enter & enjoy. There is a cold & old statliness which appales & awes me. Instead of having its roots & wings attaching it to the ground it rises like a great box dropt upon the ground. I think Wyat was the first who moulded these boxes. It is an anom- oly to use a Rustic as a principal floor. The order above was so employed al- ways by the Italians but here it is [ ... ] & the order is divided into two low stor- ies of bed ro: The consequence of his having all the ground floor 18ft high has occasioned every sort of inconvenience. It is a mile up to the bed Ro: which are consequently low abo: 12ft. The staircase is so precipitous as to be fearful & alarming. The library in which they live has no snugness - in a country House I0 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp this should be a Stately room or two, but one likes the throne of state even if one is an emperor & a comfortable fire side snug as the bar of an inn. I think Vanbrugh & Wren never did this, it is a total mistake. It is not unjust to say Wyat has shown himself an arrant carpenter & no artist nor a gentleman nor a man of feeling in any way, much less of learning in his art.' And in another passage C RC writes, 'delighted to have seen this famous House by so famous a man. It proves to me that Wyat is a secondary star, first man of his day, but hardly to be counted among the genii of England - a carpenter & excellent joiner.' Designed in 1778 for H. W. Berkeley Portman, this was perhaps James Wyatt's grandest house. In Watts' Seats (1786) there is a view. It was replaced by Norman Shaw's house in 1890. BUCKENHAM TOFTS HALL (Norfolk) Plan of the ground floor and plan of the stables (Diary, following 28 Feb 1827) [Fig.6b] Visited 12 Aug 1827. In the 'defective modern system' of having extensive offices attached to the main block. CRC noted the older part of the house as having been built c.1730, and later additions (dining room &c.) added by an 'injudicious hand'. He did not remark upon the splendid galleried staircase passing through two stories. Buckenham, in chastely-plain brick, has been demolished, the quadrangular stable block remains. NMR photographs CA M DEN HOUSE (Gloucestershire) View of the house set on its terrace between two pavilions (Ichno, 27) [Fig.13b detail] This house, in Chipping Camden, was built soon after 1609 and demolished in the seventeenth century, although one of the terrace pavilions remains. CRC's note explains: 'recollection of the Noels' House at Camden from a drawing [said to be in the BM ref. NMR] of Richard Lane's, painter in the Town'. C R C would have seen this when staying at nearby Sezincote, a house in the Anglo- Indian style which also has a central bulbous dome. CASSIOBURY PARK (Hertfordshire) Plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 47) [Fig.8b] Visited 29 Oct 1825. 'Wyat & Bernasconi have operated for Cassiobury. The old rooms are of good proportion & these have not been much deffaced. A fine cieling above stairs is thrown away in a bed Ro:, none of the lower ceilings except the boudoir are worth a farthing, possibly done plain in order to paint them at future time. The gothicising a mansion of the Italian taste is attended with many incongruities of course. The symetry of the one, at variance with the total & affected irregularity of the other, which sets all symetry at defience. However, this is productive of many practical conveniences & charming acci- dents - nothing can exceed the library for delight, the cabinets & music Ro: The gallery copied from that at Goodwood well contrived, very light & agree- able & giving a motive as the Earl was pleased to suggest to me of a charming mode of living having bed rooms & dress R: in suite with the Gallery. Amongst HARRIS: C. R. COCKERELL II This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 14: 1971 the novelties is the low wall dividing the gardens & park most agreeably, the gravel pits & cut hedges. Amongst the mistakes is that of giving the semblance of a lofty chapel divided within by various floors.' In diary under date 'Also a window for Lord Essex'. J. Britton, The History... of Cassiobury Park (1837); CL xxviii (1910), 392; RIBA: K8/11'-6: working drawings dated 1801-02 CASTLE BROMWICH HALL (Warwickshire) Site plan and gardens, and plans of ground and first floors (Ichno, 29, 29b) [Figs 10a & b] This plan shows the Jacobean house and gardens before remodelling by Thomas Rickman in 1825. CL cxi (1952), 1408 CASTLETOWN (Co Kildare) Plan of the ground floor and detail of staircase balustrade (Ichno, 65) [Fig. 9a] Visited 8 Aug 1825. 'Belonging to Col. Conolly eldest son of Admiral Packen- ham. The site is flat but wch is disposed as a park: & a long avenue from the Town. The House is of excellent architecture & shows a most imposing front . . of that liberal & handsome style so long exploded. It is throughout great & simple & tho deficient in the refinements of modern times seems very conven- ient... the Hall is decorated with a lofty Ionic order, above is an attic with fanciful Square pilasters diminished at bottom with basket caps containing flowers, at the end are magnificent arched corridores 10ft wide paved with mar- ble. The staircase is extremely handsome & the geometrical steps the boldest lightest & best I believe to have seen. The brass balustrade completes the whole giving an effect of elegance quite new to me.' William Conolly acquired designs from Alessandro Galilei c. 1718; these were modified in execution c.1722 by Sir Edward Lovett Pearce who was responsible for some interiors. The fabric was completed in 1732, although Sir William Chambers made substantial decorations from c. 1759. CL cxlv (1969), 722, 798, 882 CHIPPING CAMDEN (Gloucestershire) View of almshouses (Diary, following 3 Feb 1825) Built by Sir Baptist Hicks in 1612. DALMENY (Linlithgowshire) Plan of ground floor (Diary, 28 Aug 1822) Visited 28 Aug 1822. A Tudor-style house built by William Wilkins for the Earl of Rosebery 1814-17. RIBA: CC7/11: John Buckler's view, 1825 THE DEEPDENE (Surrey) Plan of the ground floor and perspective of entrance front (Ichno, 71) [Fig. 11] Visited 16 Aug 1823. 'Original House single with bow. Part towards entrance front added, also new hots & conservatory & statue projecting diagonally in order to preserve the view from the windows, & this deformity is never per- 12 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ceived. In this, and the placing the offices in a low ground & showing the roofs of an agreable form with occasional points & pinnacles, the genius loci is re- markably recalled. In the descent a dairy is contrived & above it as a pediment to conceal the roof, is a pergola a italienne with vines & flowers. This immediate- ly opposite the Entrance is the happiest thought turning a deformity into a beauty, for the roof could not but have been a deformity. A small Terrace on the sloping lawn with pots & flowers & steps on either side is charming - also the road of approach passing by means of hollow road & gothic arch and a publick road, is ingenious & gives occasion for a pleasing circumstance. The view of the Tower in the approach is fanciful & delightful. The front of the House is altogether wood & reminds me of the ancient villas of Pompeii. The whole has an elevated style instead of the low spread - the larva tho' not cor- rectly applied (being only used in Tombs anciently) yet have a pleasing effect & classic association. The screen of pilasters looks well & the little staircase leading from Mr Hope's rooms over the bridge. The instance of having bow windows in the lower floor gives novelty & a certain value to the windows above. Inside, the Hall well imagined. Giving cols: inside to support wall porch of entrance & balcony above. Application of marble slabs as looking glasses ingenious, form- ing panels in manner used in building of lower times. This kind of work formed in drain tiles is a very cheap & pretty mode of enlivening the attic & doing with- out balustrade. The papier mache capitals are useful hint-applied to consoles can [ ... ] & things of weight they are well worthy consideration.' And from the diary (16 Aug 1823): 'walked over the house. Saw new Library Statue Gallery statue Theatre. Conservatory - Lunched - saw Flaxman's beautiful drawings many different compositions of Iliad rejected by him and not published. Very precious. Talked of Churches of early Xtians founded on Tombs of Martyrs, altar or communion Table being the Tomb - dined. Talked of Ghost stories looked over Mr. Hope's vols: of sketches 10 or 12 small volumes. Nicely done in ink... Novelty has a vast effect in archtr. We are sick to see the same thing repeated & over again what has been seen anytime these 100 Yrs. The Deepdene attracts in this respect exceeding but if the Pompeian style can be so cultivated as to practice well it may supercede the Templar style in which we have so long worked.' Hope acquired Deepdene in 1807. Not much was done then, but following Hope's foreign travels (1815-17) extensive works were embarked upon, more or less complete by 1826, the date of John Britton's manuscript History of the Deep- dene. CR C's most interesting comment is that the front (presumably the entrance front) of the house was of wood - a comment that does not agree with visual documents which indicate stone or stucco. D. Watkin, Thomas Hope (1968), passim; J. Britton, History of the Deepdene (1826) (MSS RIBA Library and Minet Library) DERRY ORMONDE (Cardiganshire) Plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 85) [Fig. 12a] Visited John Jones to supervise design, Dec 1824. Photographs in NMR show the house more or less as shown on this plan. The porch made use of the order from the Temple of Apollo at Delos. HARRIS: C. R. COCKERELL 13 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 14: 1971 DODINGTON PARK (Gloucestershire) Plan of the ground floor and the church (Ichno, 37) [Fig.9b] 'J. Wyat's last work, perhaps one of his best, being a beautful plan, & chaste & highly considered in the Exterior. 122 by 110. The whole is wrought & finished with the utmost study & expence. Cieling of the Hall in square pannels gilt. The pavement in marbles English & Scotch, the black & gray from quarries of his own. The joints are in brass. Staircase rather dark but exceedingly handsome & habitable. A fire on first landing makes it exceedingly so. The galleries to bed Rome round open into it. The small delicate cols have every agreable effect. So again in staircase to Picture Gallery. Give notion of revival period. Vestibule to garden most pleasing. The cants in the angles with niches having guilloche all round within in Florentine manner with best possible effect. Looking thru this from garden, water fine and landing of staircase delightful. Also visto thru drawg Ro: library & vestibule. Doors double & are high. Grey & gold, much expence throughout. Mahogany & gilt eldorado sashes. The agre- able proportions of the windows; tho without architraves and the Piers & the way in which they fall with the building singularly agreable & remarkable. The architrave is of that kind which may be called [...}; not having its full members. The architrave over cols: of Portico is single & very flat, the entabla- ture very low, without modillions or dentils. I should say the Portico was much too magnificent being sing cols: with 2 at either end with recess for a mansion. The cieling is imitated after the Pantheon, but what is very happy is the balcony with balusters in recessed cols: & with iron balustrade to other parts. It gives that habitable cheerful appearance belonging to a Palace Villa. The Young ladies rooms give on to the balcony. I should say it is very injudicious to have scagliola oriental granite & gilt capitals & cielings in the Hall. If you begin thus, what can you end in? Nothing you can put in the drawg: Ro:ms & others can ever keep pace with such a commencement. The conservatory is sharp on the Ho: & is evidently an afterthought. Wyat liked to meet with those difficulties & accidents from which agreable circumstances of effect might be derived, said they were much better than anything to be revealed in ones own [...]. Would stay 6 weeks with Sir R C contriving his drawgs, his letters remaining unopened. When recommended to do so, would say, no they can wait. Would make any no: of drawgs & destroy them for others with pleasure. If with advantage to the work, would knock down whole cielings if not pleasing to him, without remorse. Always doubtful & uncertain of himself - would sit whole evenings wrapt in consideration of his plans. Conversed agreably but always followed & enriched rather than lead conversation. Much anecdote. Sir R C himself a draftsman. The Dairy is scagliola, also in the chapel much scagliola & black & red marbles, paving &c. Agreable cross with very pretty effect. cols: porphry & Italian cornices. Stables are neat & considerable, but nothing is yet quite finish- ed. I should have guessed that the whole must have cost hard on 40 to 50,000. Lady's Tent room in imitation of a Tent in J.' C RC is mistaken in reference to 'Sir - C'. The builder of the house was Christo- pher Codrington who commissioned Wyatt in 1797. At Wyatt's death (in a coach accident with Codrington) in 1813 the house was incomplete, and indeed it was never finished or fully furnished according to original intentions. Hussey, EC H: Late Georgian (1958), 41; CL cxx (1956), 1176, 1230 14 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp DUBLIN: King's Inns View of main front and detail of a decorative motif (Diary, 23 Aug 1823) Built 1795-1808, completed to Gandon's designs by Baker & Johnston. J. Gandon & T. J. Mulvany, The Life ofJames Gandon (1856, ed. M. J. Craig, 1969) E DINBU R G II: Hope Town Rooms (68-73 Queen Street) Plan (Diary, 17 March 1828) Visited 17 March 1828. 'Breakfasted with Mr. Hamilton - saw his high school - to cost 19000. Saw his Hope Town Rooms 90 x 37 admirably disposed.' Later Assembly Rooms of Mary Erskine School. Demolished 1967. EDI N B UR R II: New Club House (Prince's Street) Plan of hall and vestibule (Diary, 4 Aug 1822) Visited 4 Aug 1822. 'It is very small but the Portico is very agreeable, Ionic fluted & in that proportion & size which may be called the precious.' This was the easternmost third of the building which became the New Club in 1834. The bow window became a canted bow. EDINBURGH: University Plan and section of the Museum (Diary, following 22 Aug 1822) Visited Aug 1822. 'Saw Mr Playfair's Museum 90 x 30 22 high, below a doric room. . nonsense to put doric entablature wh. is the outside representation of beam ends, inside Ro:, never done by ancients I believe - as usual the example is folowed as far as it leads & then blank we can go no further. I would have shown the beams & so made an ornamental & reasoned cieling as did the ancts ... 80,000f has built whole of North side (not NW angle) Museum the apartments towards the street which had got the dry rot Mr Playfair judiciously adopted a style which had the greatest affinity to Adams.' ERSKINE HOUSE (Renfrewshire) Plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 69) [Fig. 12b] Visited March 1828(?) when in Edinburgh. Erskine House was built in 1828 to designs by Sir Robert Smirke for Sir Robert Walter Stuart, 11th Lord Blantyre. Its style is Tudor Gothic. Crook, op. cit., 270-271 FONTHILL ABBEY (Wiltshire) Plan of the ground floor (Diary, following 28 Aug 1823) [Fig.13c] Visited 30 Aug 1823, coinciding with the publicity of the pending sales, when both John Britton and John Rutter published their guides to the Abbey. 'I was agreably surprised at Fonthill not finding it as I had supposed a monstrous caprice. The system of the plan seems to me judicious, as you arrive by the vestibule at once into the centre, which is the means of communication to & from the various apartments of the House, which lies ... round it. How much preferable is this to the quadrangle as at Blenheim, Wooburn or even as at Blenheim, Luton (& my Wellington Plan) when there are two small courts as at Kedleston. In the history of ichnography Fonthill ranks as highly interesting HARRIS: C. R. COCKERELL I5 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 14: 1971 example, as novel & excellent in many respects, the considerable plan offering great cheerfulness, light, and greatest possible facilities of communication. It is evident that the prospect is not much consulted, the whole is designed for a sort of studious abstraction for persons living indoors delighting therefore in that respect, which these habits do not lead them to in the open air - hence these vistas of 330 feet, this octagon Hall 130 feet high - this bold elevation & vastness - it is evidently the production of a sedentary literary person - a poet & composer of Vathek who proposed to pass his life in the Cloister Gallery of 300 feet & in the contemplation of this vast tower. The objection to a windmill plan would be the ragged elevation it would make.' Built for William Beckford from 1796 and modified and added to after 1800. The tower collapsed in 1807. J. Wilton-Ely, 'A model for Fonthill Abbey', The Country Seat, ed. H. Colvin & J. Harris (1970), 199; CL cxi (1966), 1430 GAYTON RECTORY (Northamptonshire) Plan of ground floor (Diary, 24 April 1827) Existing, but no longer the Rectory. Now called 'Wendover'. HACKWOOD PARK (Hampshire) Plan of ground floor, study of chimney-piece and overmantel, and entrances to the quadrant wings (Ichno, 49b) [Figs 13a & 25c] Visited 12 March 1825 ('passed an hour there'). 'House of considerable extent much encreased by late Sam Wyat & continued by Lewis Wyat. The whole cemented except col: & cornices. The external archr is by no means recommen- dable; heavy, ill proportioned & totaly deficient in style. The original house seems to have consisted of the 6 centre compartments, date abo: 1670. Probably by Jones or Wren & all here is noble. Salon, which is abo 22 or 25 ft high very imposing with the two fireplaces. This has much of Gibbons' carving in rich festoons & pendants on either side of the fireplaces, game fish &c ... the dining Ro: is a low ill proportioned foolish ro: evidently designed by a carpenter & joiner, belabored with ornaments ... this room has porphry cols: bronze caps, sienna frieze - the drawing ro is a light sea green, the dancing Ro: coleur de rose.' Traditionally attributed to Lewis Wyatt 1805-13. Samuel died in 1807. This is therefore Samuel's last great country house and may be compared to Tatton Park, Cheshire, also completed by Lewis. C. F. Prosser, Select Illustrations of Hampshire (1833); CL xxxiii (1913), 706, 742 HATFIELD HOUSE (Hertfordshire) Plan of the first floor (Ichno, 19) Visited 7 Nov 1821. 'General plan like that recommended by Bacon.' Visit precedes P. F. Robinson's Vitruvius Britannicus plan of 1833, which itself just precedes the fire of 1835 which gutted the west wing. Although remodelling took place soon after the fire, and again between 1869 and 1880, CRC's plan suggests that the 2nd Marquess of Salisbury commanded alterations soon after he succeeded in 1813. H. Avray Tipping, English Homes III, vol.ii (1927), 303 et seq. 16 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp HILLSBOROUGH (Co Down) View of the Market House (now Court House) (Diary, between 23 & 24 Oct 1823) [Fig. 2] Visited 24 Oct 1823. 'Looks remarkably well. The Upper part [... ] Palladian with excellent effect - a roof quite square & not exceeding large is [... ] to look well, the hip giving a graceful inclination to the roof & having a simple breadth & expression of squareness.' Built c. 1780 and attributed by Mr C. E. B. Brett to James McBlain although W. Forsythe made drawings (PR O, Belfast), cf. Archaeological Survey Volume, County Down (1960), 411 (ex. inf. Mr C. E. B. Brett). KILRUDDERY (Co Wicklow) Plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 63) [Fig.14a] Probably visited Aug 1823. 'Presents 2 granite fronts in the fantastic style of Q: Elizabeth, the two fronts so: & East seem to be additions to an old House and it is adroitly done & with considerable effect, in particular the vestibule & Hall to which you ascend by 12 or more steps seeing the [... ] and ceiling 40 ft high & a gallery beyond & round - lighted from the court. The offices & gardens are of this date apparently which recalls the style.' C R C saw Kilruddery recently revamped in Tudor Gothic by Sir Richard Morrison for the Earl of Meath. This house has been partly demolished. Morrison's splendid saloon and dining-room remain, as do the famous late seventeenth-century and early eighteenth-century formal gardens. M. Craig & Knight of Glin, Ireland Observed (1970), 73 LONDON: Ashburnham House Plan and section of staircase (Diary, following 28 Feb 1822) 'Staircase said to be built by Inigo Jones at Dr Bells residentiary & Prependary of Westminster. On entering the view of the 3rd flight & the cieling Pierced oval & gallery above vastly agreable, & when on the 3rd flight the landing divided into two by the single ionic col is surprising & delightful & what is admirable is that all this is contrived in so small a space as abot 14 by 21 f. Mr Gwilt has drawn & measured this. There is a fine room also by Inigo Jones. Mr Soane exhibited this for a long time without telling whence he got it.' Built soon after the Restoration, probably to the design of William Samwell, who was the architect of The Grange, Eaton Hall and the King's House at Newmarket. CL xciv (1943), 420 LONDON: Barber Surgeon's Hall Plan of hall and adjacent dining-room and office, and perspective into apse of hall (Diary, precedes 5 April 1822) [Fig.15a] Visited 3 April 1812. 'Chiefly remarkable for its fine proportions & the conveni- ent & picturesque arrangement of the upper end of the Hall... to the right a dining Ro: of fine proportion, somewhat low however, the chimney piece is well composed & in the centre of the room is a lantern considerable, oval, with very rich plasterer's work. Cheerful elegant effect & serving as a excellent vestibule.' CRC also remarked upon a copy of a portrait of Inigo Jones, and HARRIS: C. R. COCKERELL 17 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 14: 1971 that 'here was formerly an oval Theatre for surgical operations by Inigo Jones now pulled down'. Jones designed the Anatomy Theatre in 1636. The Court Room or hall was, however, built about the Restoration. Its cupola raised upon columns was similar to Samwell's at Ashburnham House (q.v.). LONDON: 45 Berkeley Square (Lord Powis's) Rough plan (Diary, 3 April 1823) 'Mode of getting under entablature by omitting architrave [referring to col- umns & staircase]... Ld P. always walked down back stairs - tatted with the servants, slept in a hole, wore his hat on one side.' Built by Flitcroft and extensively altered by Sir William Chambers for 1st Lord Clive, 1763-67. CL lxxxi (1937), 14 LONDON: British Museum Plan of Smirke's proposals (Diary, following 7 Aug 1823) 'The new Museum is to surround a quadrangle abo: size of Hanover Square the side to be built is to contain the Books...it is part of a great plan to be new built.' While designing the British Museum Smirke took advice from Cockerell, his most distinguished pupil. Cockerell's thumbnail sketch of the great colonnade is a crucial item of evidence in the dating of Smirke's grand design. J. Mordaunt Crook, The British Museum (1972), ch.4 LONDON: Mr Gandy's plan Plan of ground floor (Diary, follows 29 June 1826) 'Mr Gandy's scheme for Ho: adjoining to Chambers.' Probably John Peter Gandy (later called Gandy-Deering), rather than Joseph Michael Gandy. LONDON: Lady Holland's house Plan of ground floor (Diary, precedes 30 June 1826) LONDON: Lincoln's Inn Fields: Royal College of Surgeons Plan and section of gallery (Diary, 29 May 1823) Visited 29 May 1823. 'The Ionic portico the gravest I have seen & most severe, ill applied to the thin paper - front of a Ho: with which it has no connection ... what is now most essential is to appropriate the greek style & graft it on our wants & recast it for our necessities, the Italian archtre did this particularly Palladio. Hunterian Museum ab: 110 by 40 well contrived for depositing great no: of specimens & well lighted the contrivance well conceived for its area, particularly its gallery & lower recesses, but the task is that of a carpenter, the interesecting of the domed coves & segment are here producing most unpleas- ant architectural effect, the most unstable & unsubstantial thing possible as unlike the Portico as can be conceived, the eyes formed by the intersection of the segments & domes distressing - same defects in Ld Lansdowns Ro: The front line in front of gallery C which has too much breadth of light generally was most judeceously broken forward in railing which had charming effect & 18 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp besides is served to place objects on top of them. Museum kept in great order the Theatre near is an elypsis of the [... ] form & the rusticated lines of [...] effect, but the form is not ill adapted to the preface.., .monsters preserved turned my stomach. I think it cannot be doubted Callot must have passed much time in such museums to find out that assemblage of disquiting figures. There is a cast from a black man in life, very good the most perfect statue - it was Hunter's intention to have cast all the different tribes of the human figure. Vast expence pain & trouble prevented it.' CRC saw the building that had been reconstructed by George Dance the Younger and James Lewis, 1806-13. Serious structural defects necessitated a competition for rebuilding in 1833, won by Charles Barry, who retained Dance's portico in rearranged form. CL cxxx (1961), 134, 352 LONDON: Montague Street: General Airey's Rough plan (Diary, 14 Sept 1824) Visited 14 Sept 1824. The house was on the corner of Montague Square. CRC went there with 'JN' (!John Nash). LONDON: Pall Mall: Marlborough House Plan of the ground floor and view of a bookcase (Ichno 67) [Fig.25b] Visited 6 Jan 1824. CRC approved of the 'considerable dignity and parade in this House & of that granduer which the old masters knew how to impress in their works'. He found the architecturally-treated bookcase 'very unusual and pleasing', and although not very 'judicious in style', of a delightful 'novelty and grace'. Built by Sir Christopher Wren 1709-11 for the Duke of Marlborough, interior decorations and raising of attic for 4th Duke by Sir William Chambers, 1771-74. Later much altered. Wren Soc. vii, 225-229; CL lxxxi (1937) 439, 476 LONDON: Portland Place: Mr Hibbert's View of staircase (Diary, following 16 May 1822) LONDON: Regent's Park: Ugo Foscoli's cottage Plan of ground floor (Diary, following 20 Nov 1823) 'Foscoli's cottage called Digamma. Something pretty in combination small hall lighted from above & agreable entrance. Something [uniform] in spread & peaceful about it. Balconied from So: windw looking over canal, small garden. Observe that chimney shafts are in exterior... this cottage & another close by cost... 3000 - Foscoli professes fondness for architecture... amuses himself with plans.' Foscoli, the Italian poet, lived in a row of cottages on the bank of the Regent's Canal. In one of them, called Alpha Cottage, lived C. H. Tatham. LONDON: Regent's Park: Grove House Plan (Diary, following 20 Nov 1823) 'Mr Greenough's house situation beautiful on Regents Canal well managed HARRIS: C. R. COCKERELL 19 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HIS TORY 14: 1971 that visto from Library looks on conservatory & range of walling ... divided to hide offices stables &c & Portland Town beyond it - an opening left with a patch of planting beyond really well contrived - conservatory has an elegant form but looks as fragile as a blubber. Most expensively built & ornamented being wholly architectural - if it has not cost onto 10,000 I am much mistaken. Cols: in vestibule of White's cement looks beautiful & caps well executed. New mode of lighting library, but there is a portico before it of no use.. . nasty oval in cieling - no means of entering drawg Ro: but thro liby unless near chimY: P. this room has neither proportion [nor] shape ... no comfort. In Portico circular entrance, embarrassed small anti Ro: lost space go thro the end of it & find fire close to the right. Better to have thrown this anti R: into the Hall. Will not bear reasoning on for a moment. Mode of introducing chimneys in acroteria & ornaments worth considering because essential in this country. In Elizabeths' time they contrived the same thing.' Grove House was built for J. B. Greenough by Decimus Burton, 1822-24. CL cxliv (1968), 22, 84 LONDON: 3 Soho Square: Richard Payne Knight's Sectional view of Library and plan of vaulted ceiling (Ichno, 95) [Fig. 15b] 'Memn of Payne Knight's Library in Soho Square designed & built by Mr Andrews builder - July 22 1809. The Library is built over a kitchen vaulted with a 9" arch 18 ft span, it is really a semicircle - the Library above is divided into 3 compartments each with a dome 18 ft span & abot 3 ft rise to crown of arch. The whole of the cielings of cast iron; the circle is cast in one & the ribs BB are revetted into it being cast in separate pieces. The space between was filled in with cast iron plates cast specially, tho with some difficulty as the corner and ends of the plates when cooling were found to twist - a sphere was therefore prepared on which the iron plates were laid as soon as cast, & then confined with several Casts. The back of the ribs were rebatted to receive the plates thus [diagram] The lower plates were 3 ft long and 1/9 thick. It would have been desirable to have had the ribs between the domes cast thus to act as a tie. That prevention not having been taken the wall has bulged at the springing in a a small degree - the whole is covered with an even surface of Lord Stanhope's composition which proves to be little less expensive than lead: and so offensive in the preparation that while that work was going on, the neighbourhood molested Mr Knight several times.' Knight was rated here from 1808 until 1824. The house was demolished in 1903. Survey of London xxxiii (1966), not mentioning this gallery LONDON: York (later Stafford) House Plan of ground and first floors (Diary, following 15 Dec 1826) Visited 15 Dec 1826. 'Vestibule dark. Staircase extravagantly large proportions magnificence dull from the nature & construction of the lantern ... the taste of the interior such as might be expected from the exterior the worst of Louis 14th.' After the Duke of York had commissioned Smirke for designs c. 1820, royal jobbery had him replaced by Benjamin Wyatt, whose house was begun in June 1825. A month after CRC's visit the Duke was dead, and at the end of 1827 the 20 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp house was sold to the Marquess of Stafford. It is clear from CRC's comment that, contrary to opinion, within eighteen months of beginning the house, French 'Louis' interiors had been installed. The Marquess died (a Duke) in 1833. The gilded interiors have been generally considered the work of Wyatt's second phase after 1833, but some must have been earlier. H. M. Colvin, 'The Architects of Stafford House', Arch. Hist. i (1958); CL cxliv (1968), 1188, 1257 LONDON: Westbourne House Plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 81) [Fig. 14b] This was CRC's home. It had been acquired by S. P. Cockerell and had been built in 1742 by Isaac Ware for himself. It was at Westbourne Green, Paddington, and was demolished in 1846. Ware's house is shown in an early nineteenth- century watercolour to have had the centre three bays between the canted bows rising above the cornice as an elevated attic. The room with screened apses is coloured differently and may be an alteration by either S. P. or CRC. LONDON: Duke of York's Headquarters Plan (Diary, following 27 June 1822) Visited 25 June 1822. 'Military school attached to Chelsea Hospital' that cost ?80,000 and where 800 boys and 400 girls 'do all the service of the house cooking cleaning &c'. A 'fine building' with 'some character', designed by J. Sanders, 1801. See also Sandhurst: Royal Military College. Lo N GBo ROUGH (Gloucestershire): Church of St Nicholas Plan and section of roof (Diary, following 9 Jan 1823) 'In the old language was called a compass-roof.' LONGFORD CASTLE (Wiltshire) Plan of ground floor, two elevations and details (Diary, following 29 May 1823) Probably visited 30 May 1823. 'Front looks much better than I expected from Vitruvius Brit. Towers rich & bold & intermediate front pierced looks light & well. View in the angle less assured than I had imagined it might be, it is in- geniously contrived to give much frontage without covering much space & gives great convenience in central situation.. . some delightful rooms arise from this combination [of plan] ... abo: 1815 the present Lord meant to extend plan to make pentagon &c &c by Alexander - a work half done & much mistak- en. Alexander was ignorant of the style made something vulgar fanciful of his own nasty invention - there is nothing military in Elizabeth's domestic archt'", an architect must be an antiquary when he builds additions & affects an old style of whatever period, otherwise he falls with gross errors hateful to good sense & disgraces himself & his employers ... In looking at Vitruvius Brits I find some errors in his respecting chapel for instance - & some misconceptions of mine - but greater reason to admire this singular combination of plan & to esteem it one of the most curious examples of ichnography.' Sir Thomas Gorges built Longford by 1591. Altered in the middle decades of the eighteenth century, it again underwent alterations 1802-17 when D. A. HARRIS: C. R. COCKERELL 21 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 14: 1971 Alexander proposed to enlarge the triangular plan to a hexagon. He rebuilt one tower and started two sides. Then, in 1870-78, the castle was thoroughly restor- ed by Anthony Salvin. CL lxx (1931), 648, 679, 696, 715, 724 LONGLEAT (Wiltshire) Plan of house and stables (Diary, following 18 Dec 1823) Visited 20 Dec 1823. CRC saw the house as restored by Sir Jeffry Wyatville in 1801-11. CL cv (1949), 798, 826, 926, 990 LOUGHTON HALL (Essex) Rough sketch of front (Diary, 25 Oct 1829) A seventeenth-century 'artisan' house with an extensive superimposed pilaster- ed elevation, somewhat in the Althrop manner. Possibly the Loughton Hall to which Princess Anne of Denmark retired in 1688. LOUGHCREW (Co Meath) Plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 83) [Fig. 16a] Visited 25-30 July 1825, but plan probably made subsequently. CRC designed the house for J. L. Naper, 1822-29. Twice damaged by fire, it is now a ruin. A gate lodge with Delian order remains. Victorian photographs are in the possession of the Knight of Glin. LOWTHER CASTLE (Westmorland) Plan of the ground floor (Diary, following 30 Oct 1823) [Fig. 16b] Visited 31 Oct 1823. 'The affection of the old English baronial residence is founded on aristocratical feeling & associations of acnt descent, but I cannot help attaching an idea of ridicule to these mock castles which can never fulfill the notions one has of the times in which they were built or bear any com- parison (with all their [... ] granduer) to the remains of buildings of that kind, as Warwick Castle, & others - they are an anomoly affecting all the air of fort- ress they are pervious on all sides. It is an affectation of builds: suited to insecure times, at a period the most peaceful & secure. It would have been as ridiculous to build an English drawg: Ro: residence at Suli or in Morea - such follies do not bear reasoning upon & I think it lamentable that men of taste, Adams, Wyat, Smirke, should give into such miserable affectations which can really only arise in family pride of possessions & in nonsensical fanciful notions drawn from novels or blue books. If such a thing were excusable it seems to be it would be in some romantic site amidst Hills & lakes & precipices in which a vantage ground might be taken commanding some striking eagle view over crags & cliffs - terraces & surprising hardie effects might be produced from a suite of rooms easily accesible from courts at back. I would use the rough walling thrown together in thick walles producing grand masses - all the expence of finishing reserved for inside. The approach should be thro courts in which should be the offices, producing all that effect of vast establishment essential to convey the just idea of these castles & prefacing you thro a village of offices for the mansion itself. The anct houses were invariably so & the present resi- 22 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp dences of the Pashas &c in Turkey are so. In Turkey you approach the chief thro a host of defendants having passed thro 1 & 2 courts in which you find his horses saddled & kitchens active you come to a great gallery or coridore filled with guards some ready to start on distant errands, some a body guard, some for the entertainmt of the Chief musicians priests clients &c, thro these you reach the Lord - but how different the economy & habits of this country where a few well dressed powdered & overfed servants in shoes & stockings supply the place of this hardy dirty defendants - these mighty halls are empty, mourn- fully silent, one discovers no obvious purpose in this magnificence for the mis- uce of cash & for employment, ennui & mistaken taste. After all I think I have seen nothing so well designed as Mr Tracy's House in style of monastic archtr - next ranks Eastnor from the beauty of the site, but the last of all I have seen is Lowther Castle. Lowther Castle was built to Smirke's designs for the Earl of Lonsdale, 1806-11. Dismantled in 1957, the building is now a Picturesque ruin. Crook, op. cit., 235-242 LUTON HOO (Bedfordshire) Plan of ground floor (in extra illustrated copy of Vitruvius Britannicus, coll. B. Weinreb, London) Visited 20 Aug 1821, when plan copied from Robert Adam's engraved plan. Designed by Robert Adam in 1766, the house was completed by Sir Robert Smirke c. 1814-42, refurbished by Sydney Smirke in 1843 and largely reconstruct- ed by Mewes & Davis in 1903. Crook, op. cit., 367-369 MISSENDEN ABBEY (Buckinghamshire) Plan and view of the ice house (Diary, following 14 Nov 1822) Communicated to CRC by Mrs Palmer, Dec 1822. Missenden had been gothi- cized in 1787 for James Oldham. In CRC's day it belonged to George Carring- ton. This ice house was built from a design supplied from the USA. For infor- mation as to the special qualities of American ice houses see F. W. B. Yorke, 'Ice Houses', Ancient Monuments Soc., Trans. n.s. 4 (1956). NORTHWICK PARK (Worcestershire) Rough study of the entrance front (Diary, 12 March 1821) Visited when staying at nearby Sezincote. As Professor Wittkower shows ('Lord Burlington at Northwick Park', The Country Seat, ed. H. Colvin & J. Harris, 1970, 121-130), Burlington designed the east front and remodelled the interior for Sir John Rushout, c. 1730. OAKLEY PARK (Shropshire) Plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 87) and plan of the stables (Ichno, 89) [Figs 17a & b] Visited to draw stables 14 Aug 1825, but plan of house possibly drawn 9-10 April 1823, when CRC records in diary 'Conservatory & staircase for Ld Clive'. However, although the conservatory is shown on this plan in a different colour (the staircase is not), and is traditionally ascribed to CRC's invention, an entry HARRIS: C. R. COCKERELL 23 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 14: 1971 in his diary under 12 Aug 1825 might imply that he did not design it: 'Mr Clives saw the House with great interest & on the whole satisfaction. Conservatory very classical looks like a Pompeian painting: but somethings are objectionable & not in the pretty classical taste, which after all should be sought as the best'. C RC was concerned with altering Oakley from c. 1820. His plan shows the house built c. 1748 by William Baker, plus later additions, particularly those of the 1780s by J. H. Haycock. Hussey, ECH: Late Georgian (1958), 151; CL cxix (1956), 380, 426 PLAS NEWYDD (Anglesey) Site plan with house and stables and plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 61, 61b) [Fig. 18] Visited 18 July 1825, when CRC 'made out Ld Anglesey's plan'. With the excep- tion of minor changes in room use, the plan is as today, after the transforma- tions by James Wyatt and others from c. 1783 and the alterations to the vestibule &c. completed c. 1825 by Joseph Potter for the 1st Earl of Uxbridge. CL cxviii (1955), 1198, 1252 PLYMOUTH (Devon): Royal Victualling Yard View of project (Diary, 11 Sept 1823) Rennie's Royal Victualling Yard at Stonehouse, Plymouth, was not started until 1826, so what CRC sketches here may well have been taken from Rennie's preliminary designs. A. E. Richardson & C. L. Gill, Regional Architecture of the West of England (1924), 60-63 PrOWERSCOURT (Co Wicklow) Plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 59) [Fig.21a] Visited Oct 1823. CRC was as impressed by the 'finest view of mountain & vale that can be imagined' as by the 'most striking and palatial aspect' of the house, built by Richard Castle for Viscount Powerscourt from 1728. The so- called Egyptian Hall CRC thought 'too much like a church'. His plan shows that the present dining-room in the south-west angle was formed out of two rooms after 1823, and not in the eighteenth century. Powerscourt was much altered in the nineteenth century by Burn and others. CL c (1946), 1062, 1158, 1206 PYT HOUSE (Wiltshire) Plan of ground floor (Diary, following 3 March 1825) CR C was more interested in the 'prodigiously fine' Luca Giordano of Theseus and Ariadne, than in the house that had been built in 1805 to the design of its owner, John Benett. SANDHURST (Surrey): Royal Military College Schematic ground plan of main building and surrounding pavilions (Diary, following 27 June 1822) Visited 27 June 1822. CRC remarked upon the Theseion portico and thought the building to have been designed by Smirke, and he writes 'built by Copland 24 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp 1802'. He was, however, mistaken, for the architect was John Sanders and it was built from 1807. He correctly surmised that Alexander Copeland, who built Smirke's Covent Garden Theatre in 1809, was the contractor. CL cxlv (1969), 1662-1666 SEZINCOTE (Gloucestershire) Plans of the ground and first floors (Ichno, 40, 41) [Figs 19a & b] C RC obviously visited Sezincote many times, for his uncle, Sir Charles Cocker- ell, had built it from c. 1805 and his father was the architect. Documents in the Crichton Papers show that CRC carried out some alterations, which may or may not be related to an entry in his diary under 21 Sept 1827, 'at Sezincote saw building & gave Coles some hints'. CL lxxxv (1939), 502, 528 SHANE S CASTLE (Co Antrim) Plan of ground floor (Diary, 23-24 Oct 1823) [Fig.2] Visited 26 Oct 1823. 'On Lough Neagh seat of the O'Neils. Built abo' time of Elizabeth abo: 1500-16. Resembles Longford Castle in mode of the rooms in circular towers. Commands views of the lake & surrounding scenery. Rooms small & low, also characteristic of that date. Built in brick & roughcast. The centre 35 feet. Had done great sham roof. Chimney shafts in Elizabeth's manner. Nash built a terrace here of 3 to 400 ft long all on vaulted arches which with burning of the Ho: ruined his Lordship.' Shane's, said to have been rebuilt by Nash c. 1812, was burned in May 1816. C RC's plan suggests that Nash did little to the sixteenth-century castle. Irish Houses and Landscapes (exhib. cat.), Dublin & Belfast 1963, 6, 66 & pl.5; cf. also T. Milton, Seats and Desmesnes (1783), pl.xii SHERBORNE (Gloucestershire) Details of estate cottages (Diary, following 28 July 1825) STANMORE PRIORY: see Bentley Priory STRATTON PARK (Hampshire) Plan of ground floor and elevation of the portico front (Ichno, 51a) [Fig.22a] Visited 25 Jan 1823. 'The House as possessed by D: of Bedford see Vitruvius Bria is hardly recognizable, it has nearly been pulled down & rebuilt. It was 220 feet front. Gallery flank abo: 110. It was put into its present state by Dance. The front is plain but good, it wants point & elevation, something in the Barrack fashion. Portico does not accord with the lines & is evidently post- [erior] the end windows ought to have had projected balconies for grace ex- terior as well as convenience & charm within. The Hall is handsome, stone rustic (french) below cornice, porphry pillars & bronze entablature above - this latter is bad taste. The cornice not agreable seen so much under, the order somewhat high, would have been better on pedestals, little too overhanging. I esteem the order of rooms to the right most convenient & graceful, of very handsome proportions also nothing more convenient cheerful & handsome. The bridge at C to the garden an agreable appendage to Drawg: Ro: & looks HARRIS: C. R. COCKERELL 25 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 14: 1971 well from dining Ro: Windows. The suites range well I think a staircase for servants at M would save much tramping of servants for service of Library & Drawg: Ro & Breakfast Ro. I think this system of House with a story 10 ft high below & the noble story raised above it abo 18f: high with a small advantage over the prospect still the means of reaching the garden agreably, most delight- ful, it lends much to the grace of exterior & looks nobly. The lower apartments serve very well for ground Bed Ro:s, for studies, rooms of business, school rooms, near cielings here, you step from windows into garden. They are snug warm & very comfortable - on entering you descend a few steps under cols of Hall into a corridore leading to these Rooms - which looks well. Lord Elgins House Broom Hall is in this system ... a corridore from the stable ... is faced from drying yard with wine in a large mash to keep off the fellows. The sashes are all french against which they complain that they do not keep out the wet, tho ever so well contrived. Also you cannot proportion the admission of air. John Sanderson designed Stratton for the Duke of Bedford in 1731 (Vitruvius Britannicus IV (1767) - dated engraving, coll. J. Harris) and it was remodelled for Sir Francis Baring 1803-06 (designs in Soane Museum). Now demolished except for portico. SUMMERHILL (Co Meath) View of entrance front and schematic plan (Ichno. 55a, 55b, detached from diary, 29 July 1825) Visited 8 Aug 1825, but not described in diary probably because of constipation: he tells us that he was 'much moved by the caster oil' the following day. This house, built for Hercules Rowley from 1731, was probably designed by Sir Edward Lovett Pearce. It has been demolished. Knight of Glin, 'Summerhill', The Country Seat, op. cit., 131-139 SWAN SEA (Glamorgan): Place House Plan, view and roof section (Diary, following 29 July 1824) [Fig.20a] W. C. Rogers, article in South Wales Evening Post, 6 June 1953 SWANSEA: Church of St Mary Section, d. 11 July 1824 (Diary, following 29 July 1824) D. Walker, St Mary's Church, Swansea (1959) SWANSEA: Market Section and details (Diary, following 29 July 1824) [Fig.20b] N. L. Thomas, The Story of Swansea's Markets (privately printed, 1959) Place House was sometimes known as Y Plas or Plas House. It was built c. 1489 by Sir Matthew Cradock and was demolished in 1840. Swansea church was rebuilt following a collapse of the roof in 1739. That is probably the period when the Swansea Market was built, unless this is indeed the covered market built in 1652, in which case it would be remarkable for its date. It was demolished some- time in the 1820s. 26 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp TODDINGTON MANOR (Gloucestershire) Rough plan (Diary, 29 Dec 1821) Designed by Charles Hanbury-Tracy for himself and built 1820-35. As CRC commented 31 Oct 1823 apropos Lowther Castle, 'I have seen nothing so well designed as Mr Tracy's house in style of monastic archtr'. J. Britton, Graphic Illustrations ... of Toddington (1840); D. Verey, Gloucestershire, ii (1970), 387; CL lxxxii (1937), 374 WALCOT HOUSE (Shropshire) Plan of stables (Ichno, 89) [Fig. 17b] Visited 14 Aug 1825. The stables were designed by Sir William Chambers for Lord Clive, 1764-67. J. Harris, op. cit., 250; CL lxxxvi (1939) 388 WANSTEAD GROVE (Essex) Plan of ground floor (Diary, 6 June 1822) Visited 8 June 1822. 'Miss Rushout's vulgar building & plan ... had good Trees in the antique garden. Vulgar bow. no room in proportion. Front divided by fascias like a chest of Drawers. Cannot cost less than 15000 being 78 x 60 & offices 40 x 48.' On cover of his diary for 1826, CRC notes 'Thomas Wodard, Clerk of works superintended Mrs Rushout's work at Wanstead'. WARDOUR CASTLE (Wiltshire) Plan of ground floor (Diary, following 3 March 1825) Built for Henry, 8th Lord Arundell 1770-76 by James Paine (cf. James Paine, Plans... of... Houses 11, 1783, 30-41) Hussey, EC H: Mid Georgian (1956), 119; CL lxviii (1930), 646, 676 WATERFORD (Co Waterford) Plan of the Town Hall, the Roman Catholic cathedral and a glass house in a Waterford Glass factory (Diary, following 16 Oct 1823) [Fig.23] Visited 16 Oct 1823. 'Town Hall Theatre & assembly Ro' built abo: 90 by Mr Roberts archt. who also built Cathedral church. Bishops Palace Roman Catho- lic Church Waterford. A very beautiful buildg. Over entablature whc is square & isolated on each col: is an arched & groined cieling. The windows at sides accord with these arches. Has a grave like theatrical effect. Glass Ho: Waterford. 8 boilers of glass vessels abo 3/3 diam: 24 ins deep. Containing abou 15 cwt of glass each - makes reciever pay by the Dozen. Fuel ash, red lead, saltpetre, sand, manganese to give it color.' CL cxl (1966), 1560, 1626, 1695 WILLEY HALL (Shropshire) Plan of the ground floor (Ichno, 53) [Fig.22b] Visited 17 Aug 1825. 'In this Front one is struck with the size & height of the offices compared with the House, they seem a second house vying with the chief one. If all this... was necessary in addition to the accomodations afforded HARRIS: C. R. COCKERELL 27 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 14: 1971 by the House why not have enlarged the first scheme & incorporated it with the House, thus to have a more imposing whole, rather than two parts connected - this would also have greatly contributed to what is evident enough in the elevation of the House viz the display & magnificence of its aspect. The same reproach might have been thrown on Lough crew, were it not that Mr N. could scarcely be prevailed on even to build the House with its necessary decor- ations & it is only on the encrease of his family that he has been persauded to add the offices - perhaps this may be the case at Ld Foresters.' And in the diary under 21 Aug 1825 CRC comments: 'Ld Forester said it was a very convenient House & Mr Wyat a very civil man. I think the Hall must have cost more than any Hall in my knowledge - built of late years.' The house was built for Cecil Weld-Forester, 1st Lord Forester, by Lewis Wyatt, 1812. Hussey ECH: Late Georgian (1958) 115-121; CL xlix (1921), 215 WILTON HOUSE (Wiltshire) Rough sketch of cloister (Diary, 26 June 1829) Visited 28 June 1829. 'I could not approve Wyats operations' and 'Wyats cloister should have been thus, the angles made into bows, the picturesque effects would have been doubled. I think in Hotel de Ville at Paris this is so.' James Wyatt's alterations, 1799-1810, included the installation of a cloister in the old courtyard for the display of statuary. CL cxxxiv (1963), 206, 264, 314 WINCHESTER COLLEGE (Hampshire) Plan (Diary, following 23 Jan 1823) Visited 21 Jan-1 Feb 1823. 'Very perfect & intact in all its parts' and 'its general arrangement resembles that of New College - one recognises the same tasteful hand in all the architecture.' WITLEY COURT (Worcestershire) Plan of the ground floor and perspective of the east front, and perspective from the north (Ichno, 33, 43) [Figs 24 & 25a] CRC's plan records the house after the remodelling by Nash c. 1805 and before the extensive Italianizing by Dawkes c. 1860. A Jacobean house with towers had been rebuilt after 1683 by Thomas Foley III. This was probably extensively altered by the 1st Lord Foley between 1712 and 1732, when it was given a Palla- dian air. It was Foley who planned the rebuilding of the church, executed by his widow and consecrated in 1735. Nash added the garden and court porticoes. CRC writes that the dining-room, library and Lady Foley's room were added by Nash, 'red Etruscan, & bronze & marble in very coarse and vulgar taste, cov- ed rooms with large Etruscan heroes, chariots & ill drawn, hot & disagreeable in color & proportion'. The two towers and the portico on the court front he thought 'villa-like, Italian', but generally his adjectives about this house are 'disagreable', 'bad', 'dreadful', 'vulgar', 'disgusting' and 'useless'. 28 This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp w OBURN ABBEY (Bedfordshire) Plan of entrance archway to south drive (Diary, following 28 Aug 1828) Visited 9 Sept 1828 when noting Ampthill Park. Part of Henry Holland's work for the 5th Duke of Bedford in the 1790s. D. Stroud, Henry Holland (1966), pl.85 WORCESTER Elevation of a small Palladian pattern-book house on the banks of the River Severn (Diary 12 Aug 1821) HARRIS: C. R. 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"' , '-;;??'r- `:i?%, j'-'-:?tj??:-:;!: ,::, I .p . ??'A ?"' , M-9, ... !# :."t") p i t . . Fig. 23 Waterford, Ireland: Town Hall, Roman Catholic cathedral and Glass House This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp .. . ..... .• X.: :"• •1N.. Q •Jn % p . . . . . . . . . . 9 . ..6 TA A ?" ... ..... .M : .% NX . . .. .. . N. . X-. ... .~m .. ... . ..n ':X X!! !•! i ! .M-....-:... . ........ . 60 ,U This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp ;:x ;%i i4A i".UsOm M R 4 4 Z: ig:ix? . .. . ...... ..... jX. M i;n tH.. 7:: . . ....... . ........ iiJ z mm sg % k,.?,Kj ":.;,& mm ?ig W . -.7 0.: ..... ..... 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Fig.25a Witley Court, Worcestershire . ............ a 4m .. . ? . . ow. •: - z.. .. Fig. 25b London: Marlborough House, a bookcase . ............ ..... .....:.A . . . . . . . ..-. .. ........ ....... .:..:.. ........ . . .... ...... ............ Fig. 25c Hackwood Park, Hampshire, the saloon This content downloaded from 195.34.79.208 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:12:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp Article Contents p. 5 p. 6 p. 7 p. 8 p. 9 p. 10 p. 11 p. 12 p. 13 p. 14 p. 15 p. 16 p. 17 p. 18 p. 19 p. 20 p. 21 p. 22 p. 23 p. 24 p. 25 p. 26 p. 27 p. 28 p. 29 p. [113] p. [114] p. [115] p. [116] p. [117] p. [118] p. [119] p. [120] p. [121] p. [122] p. [123] p. [124] p. [125] p. [126] p. [127] p. [128] p. [129] p. [130] p. [131] p. [132] p. [133] p. [134] p. [135] p. [136] p. [137] Issue Table of Contents Architectural History, Vol. 14 (1971), pp. 1-152 Front Matter [pp. 1-4] C. R. Cockerell's 'Ichnographica Domestica' [pp. 5-29+113-137] Nicholas Stone's Goldsmiths' Hall: Design and Practice in the 1630s [pp. 30-39+138-141] Plans of the New Town of Edinburgh [pp. 40-52+142-148] Samuel Wyatt and the Albion Mill [pp. 53-73+149-152] Architects, Sculptors, Designers and Craftsmen 1770-1970 Whose Work Is to Be Seen in Chester Cathedral [pp. 74-109] List of Illustrations [pp. 111-112] Back Matter