Anthropogenic NH3 emissions in europe

Amosphdc EJwroMvnr Vol 21, No 5. pp. 10094022. l981. orn4-6981/87 f3.00+0.00 Pnnted m Cira Britam 0 1987 Pqamon Journals Ltd. ANTHROPOGENIC NH3 EMISSIONS IN EUROPE ED BUIJSMAN*, HANS F. M. MAAS and WILLEM A. H. ASMAN Institute for Meteorology and Oceanography, State University Utrccht. 5 Princetonplein, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands (first received 15 June 1986 and receiuedfor publication 9 October 1986) Abstract-The first ammonia emission survey with spatially detailed information is presented. Sources of atmospheric ammonia considered include livestock wastes, fertilizers and some industrial activities. The countries involved are 26 European and 1 Asian country. The total ammonia emission is approximately 6.4 Mt of NH, a-’ with a major contribution (81%) from livestock wastes. Calculations. showing spatially detailed emission data, are made for the grid elements of the EMEP grid (150 x 150 km’ at 60” N). Emissions in grid elements range from 200 to 4000 kg NH, km-’ a-‘. Key word index: NH,, inventory. INTRODUCTION Until now much attention has been paid to the significance of atmospheric SO2 and NO, and their reaction products, especially in relation to the acid rain problem and the long range transport ofair pollutants. Much less research has been done on atmospheric ammonia, although it is well known that over large areas in Europe acid precipitation is falling in which up to 70% of the original acid is neutralized by NH, (EMEP/CCC, 1984). Furthermore in some places serious acidifying effects have been observed which could be attributed to wet deposition of ammonium ‘and dry deposition of NH, and ammonium aerosol (Van Breemen et al., 1982). Van Breemen et cl. (1982) suggest that nitrification in the soil occurs by Nitrosomas and Nitrobacter bacteria according to the overall reaction: NH,+ +20,42H+ +NO; +H,O. Also NH, is an important substance in cloud and rainwater chemistry. Due to its basic character it influences the oxidation rate of dissolved SO1 which is higher at higher pH-values (Junge and Ryan, 1958; Adewuyi and Carmichael, 1982; Maahs, 1983). In order to assess the role of atmospheric NH, it is important to obtain quantitative information about emissions, at- mospheric concentrations, atmospheric transform- ation rates, transport and the wet and dry deposition flux. In view of the modelling of the long range transport of NH3 it is important to know as precisely as possible the magnitude and the geographical distribution of NH3 sources. The aim of this paper is to describe a NH3 emission inventory for Europe based on the EMEP-grid system (EMEP/CCC, 1980). The emission inventory includes 27 countries: 26 European coun- l Present address: RIVM. P.O. Box I, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. tries, of which of the U.S.S.R. only the W part is considered, plus Turkey. By doing so we covered almost the same area as is done for the EMEP SO1 and NO, emission inventories (Semb and Amble, 1981; EMEP/CCC, 1980). To facilitate the use of the NH3 emission survey for the evaluation of the impact of decisions in environmental policy, emissions for dif- ferent source categories are calculated for each grid element. Calculations for a grid system with smaller elements (approximately 75 x 75 km2) have also been made. Results referring to this grid system (IE-grid) are not discussed here. Details can be found in Buijsman et al. (1985). SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC NH, Important sources of atmospheric NH, are consid- ered to be: animal wastes, fertilizers and some indus- trial activities (BBttger et al., 1978; Bonis et al., 1980; Siiderlund and Svensson, 1976; Cass et al., 1982). Sources of minor importance include: traffic (Harkins and Nicksic, 1967; Bonis et al., 1980), natural soils (Bottger er al.. 1978) coal combustion (Freyer, 1978). cats and dogs (Cass et al.. 1982), human respiration (Larson et al., 1977), sewage sludge (King, 1973; Beauchamp et al., 1978) and wild animals (Siiderlund and Svensson, 1976). A detailed overview of NHS- sources has been published by the National Research Council (1978). Global emission surveys have been presented by Robinson and Robbins (1970). Soderlund and Svensson (1976). Bottger et al. (1978) and MCsdros (198 1). European emissions were calculated by Bonis et al. (1980). while SLiderlund (1977) consid- ered the NW part of Europe. Emission surveys for smaller areas, but with detailed information about the geographical distribution of the sources, were pub- lished by Cass et ol., (1982) for California, U.S.A., and by Buijsman et 01. (1984) for the Netherlands. Although most authors opinions about the absolute 1009 AE 21.5-A 1010 ED BUUSMAN ef al. values of the emissions differ, they all consider animal wastes and fertilizers to be responsible for 90% or more of the anthropogenic NH, emission. Therefore we have focussed our main attention on these sources. NH,-EMISSION FROM ANIMAL WASTES Livestock statistics Livestock statistics were primarily taken from publi- cations of national statistical or agricultural organiz- ations. Otherwise information was taken from FAO (1982a). For all countries involved at least the following animal types were taken into account: cattle, pigs, horses, sheep and poultry. In some countries other animals appeared to be quantitatively important (goats, mules, asses or camels), then these animal types were included as well. The amount of waste produced by animals is dependent on age (or weight); as a consequence the NH, emission is age (or weight) dependent. Thus, we used information about the age or weight distribution within an animal category. When such information in a country for a certain animal category was not available we assumed a standard distribution as given by CEC (1978b). An overview of the total number of different animals is given in Table 1. Sources from which the information was obtained are given in Appendix I. In view of our aim to calculate emissions in grid elements we used, as far as available, statistics that showed the most detailed geographical distribution of the animals. The number of animals in an area was then redistributed over the appropriate grid elements pro- portional to the areas occupied by the different grid elements. N-production by animals Animals excrete nitrogen by way of faeces and urine. This nitrogen is a potential source of NH,. In our calculations we made a difference between nitrogen produced during the housing of animals and nitrogen produced when the animals are at grass. This was done while during housing often mixtures of faeces, urine and sometimes straw are obtained; N-losses differ therefore considerably from those from pure faeces and urine. Data about the total N-production (NJ during housing were taken from CEC (1978a, 1978b) for most countries. For the U.K. we used the informa- tion of Nielsen (1984), for Denmark, Norway and Sweden we used the information of Sommer et al. (1984) Table 1. Total number of animals in the European countries Cattle Pigs Poultry Horses Sheep Year Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark F.R.G. Finland France G D.R. Greece Hungary Ireland Jtaly Luxemburg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey U.K. U.S.S.R.* Yugoslavia Europe 478 1 125 2536 3920 3025 5040 17969 3808 5131 7126 2873 9317 i 5.098 22,478 1719 1475 23,599 11,711 5690 12,107 8318 1107 1922 9035 6908 1031 a734 a928 221 68 5241 10.254 971 687 11,912 19.471 1173 2448 6303 12,464 4495 11.263 1902 2677 1954 2071 16.983 q 11 13.155 7975 42.200 33,100 5474 7867 192.324 207.474 484 43 11,371 35 29,327 30 41,096 120 49,212 44 16,296 41 83,033 369 7763 20 234.131 278 51,356 ai 29.846 420 45,391 120 9903 68 137,999 273 121 1 88,174 59 5571 25 67,244 1734 4143 23 109,244 566 42,824 242 11,393 57 6188 45 59.660 784 i30,oJa 140 385.000 1556 65690 573 i,724.484 1747 914t 1981 3265 1980 120 1982 11,271t 1981 990 1982 58 1982 1172 1982 14.::,, 1982 1982 22208 1982 12.669 5 1981 3183 1982 3323t 1980 10.4978 1980 3- 1982 1210 1982 1999 3899 28119 17.7485 16,543t 437 336 70,093 t 32,888 2l.oooP 7384 238.544 1979 1982 1981 1981 1982 1983 1983 1981 1982 1982 1980 All data in 1000 heads. l Part of the U.S.S.R., includes the U.S.S.R republics Ukra’ine, White Russia, Georgia, Azerbajdzjan, Lithunia, Moldavia. t Jncludes asses, goats, mules. § Includes goats. i Jncludes asses, goats. 1 Includes buffaloes. Anthropogenic NH, emissions in Europe 1011 The total amount of N produced during housing is generally given as N produced by way of solid or liquid manure. Furthermore, N, is referred to as N present at the moment of applicating the manure, i.e. 2 months after production (CEC, 1978a). Before that a certain amount of N has been lost through nitrification, run- off and NH,-emission. To account for these losses a correction should be made as proposed by Sommer et al. (1984), thus obtaining a figure which refers to the actual amount of N produced during the housing of animals (NJ. Cattle and horses are at grass during a part of the year; sheep very often almost a year. Then N is produced separately by way of faeces (N r) and urine (NJ. This N production is estimated by Kolenbrander and de la Lande Cremer (1967) for cattle and horses and by CEC (1978b) and Taiganides (1977) for sheep. In modern agricultural practice, i.e. intensive livestock breeding, most of the poultry and the pigs are housed during their complete lifetime. Thus, for these animal types only N production during housing is considered. Average N productions for different animal types are given in Table 2. These values are weight (or age) weighted means and should be regarded as indications. NH, emission jactors N in faeces, urine and manure is partly lost as NHX. Other possible N losses include leaching of nitrate and ammonium, emission of dinitrogen and dinitrogen oxide. Unfortunately only few experiments have been carried out which focussed particularly on the NH, emission. Most research has been devoted to study the fate of N in the soil. Emission losses, including NHa, in most cases are a closing entry to balance input and output of N in the soil system. Sommer et a/. (1984). having evaluated scarce older experiments in which NH3 losses from manure during storage were examined, propose NH:, emission fac- tors ranging from 10 to 20% of N,,,. Vanderholm (1975) has summarized available literature about losses in relation to different storage methods. Losses re- ported for aerated systems were 30-90 % of N,,,, while anaerobic storage gave rise to losses from IO to 75 7;. As no sufficient information is available about the storage systems in use throughout Europe we have assumed for the time being a conservative emission factor of 10 y0 for liquid manure (cattle, pigs), 20 “/, for solid poultry manure and 15 “/:, for solid horse manure. The diflerent factor for poultry manure is based on the findings of Giddens and Rao (1975). They found losses of up to 50 % in the case of airdrying of manure, which is a common practice in modem layingchicken farms. More information is available about the NH, emission during and after applying manure to land surfaces. However, emission factors derived from experiments under realistic field conditions differ widely, mainly because of differences in the many variables influencing the emission: kind of manure (liquid/solid), temperature, wind speed, soil and manure pH, surface application or incorporation of manure in the soil. On the other hand there is agreement that most NH3 is emitted in a time span of l-2 weeks after applying manure and that the primary source of NH3 in this period is the mineral part of nitrogen (N,) in manure. The mineral part is generally assumed to be N in chemically simple forms, like urea, ammonium, nitrate and simple organic N-substances (CEC, 1978a). In general it holds that N, is 40-50 % of N, (CEC, 1978a). Adrian0 et al. (1974) report for synthetic cattle manure mixed with the soil NH,-N-losses approach- ing 50 “/, of N, over a period of 16 weeks. Losses were reduced at lower temperature and lower moisture levels in the soil. Beauchamp et al. (1978) measured NH, losses between 24and 33 “/, of N,over a period of 7 days, again the emission being strongly dependent on temperature. Lauer et al. (1976) report losses from solid cattle manure varying between 61 and 99 “/, of N, over a period of 5-25 days. Hoff et al. (1981) measured NH, losses from liquid swine manure under various conditions. They found losses of 10-50x of N, after surface application. Injection of manure into the soil greatly diminished the emission. On the other hand higher soil and manure pH, as well as increased temperature and windspeed. gave substantial higher emissions: up to 65% of N, over a 3f-day period. Giddens and Rao (1975) studied NH, losses from solid poultry manure after surface application. Losses were 11 y. of N,. CEC (1978a) proposes emission factors for liquid manure: 20% of N, if manure is applied on arable land, thereby incorporation of manure in the soil assuming, and 32.5 “/, of N, after applying on grass- land. These emission factors are assumed to be ag plicable in W European agricultural practice. Table 2. Average N-production by animals (kg N a-‘) Animal type N, N, N” Nr Housing period (y) Cattle 32* 40. 13 Pigs 10* 13. - ” Sheep5 - - 5.6 5.6 Horses 17t 21t 4.3 9.5 Poultry 0.48t 0.60t - - l Assuming liqwd manure is produced. t Assuming solid manure is produced. $ Assumed lo be the same for goats, asses, mules. l/2 1 0 213 1 101: ED BUIJSMAN el ~11 Table 3 NH, emission factors for animals Ammal type Storage After application Faeces Urine Cattle Pigs Sheep Horses Poultry 0 10 x Nt,O* 04 x N,§ 0.05 x N, 0.40 x N, 0 10 x N,,{, OZxN,,,q - - - - 0.05 x N, 0.40 x N, 0.15 x N,,“t 015xN, 0.05 x N, 0.40 x N, 0.20 x N I,ut 020x N, - - l For liquid manure t For solid manure. § N,is40%of N, Assumingcattlemanureissurfaceapplied ongrassland (CEC. 1978a). TN,,, is 501;; o I N,,. Assummg pig manure is applied on arable land with subsequent mcorporaflon mto the soil (CEC, 1978a). Therefore we used the CEC emission factors for liquid manure with theexception that we raised the factor for grassland to 40% of N, in view of forementioned experimental results. For solid manure (horses, poultry) we used in the absence of extensive experimen- tal support the emission factors from Sommer et a/. (1984) for poultry manure (20% of N,) and from Kolenbrander and de la Lande Cremer (1967) for horse manure (15 “/, of NJ. Faeces and urine produced when animals are at grass also give rise to NH, emission. Substantial enrichment of the atmosphere with N-compounds has been observed in the vicinity of areas grazed by animals (Hutchinson and Viets. 1969; Elliot et al., 1971; Luebs et al., 1973, 1974; Denmead et al., 1974; Hutchinson et al., 1982; Ryden and McNeill, 1984). Although atmos- pheric NH3 concentrations up to several hundreds of c(g mT3 are reported it is not possible to relate the reported concentrations directly to the amount of N lost from faeces and urine. However Hutchinson et al. (1982), making a rough estimate, state that ap- proximately 50% of N, should have volatilized from cattle excrements in the grazing period. Some direct measurement of NH3 losses from urine are reported by Stewart (1970), Ball er al. (1979) and Sherlock and Goh (1984). Stewart (1970), using cattle urine, reports losses from 25 “/, of N, with wet soil up to 90% of N, with dry soil. Ball et a!. (1979) studied NH3 volatilization from sheep urine. Losses of up to 20% of N, were observed over a period of 18 days; the emission rate was probably reduced by low soil pH. Sherlock and Goh (1984) also studying sheep urine found losses of 12 “/, of N, m winter and 25 “/, of N, in summer. Repeated applications to the same spot gave losses of up to 40 “/i of N,. No results are reported for the NH, volatilization from faeces under field con- ditions, the only estimate being the one given by Kolenbrander and de la Lande Cremer (1967): 5% ofN, A summary of the emission factors used in this work is given in Table 3. Table 4 shows the resulting NH3 emissions for the animal types involved. The emissions shown in Table 4 can be directly applied to calculate Table 4. NH, emission by animals (kg NH, a-‘)5 Storage Application Losses Animal type* losses losses at grass Total Cattle 4.9 6.3 1.2 18 Pigs 1.5 1.3 - 2.8 Sheep - 3.1 3.1 Horses 3.8 3.0 2.6 9.4 Poultry 011 0.15 - 0.26 l Same definition as in Table 2. 8 Based on N production figures in Table 2 and emission factors in Table 3. approximate NH3 emissions if the total number of animals in a category is known. However the NH, emissions in Table 5 arc, as far as information was available, based upon the actual age- or weight distri- butions in an animal category. in Table 5 a summary is given for the NH3 emissions from animal wastes in 27 European countries in our inventory. NH, EMISSION FROM FERTILIZERS Nitrogenous jertilizer consumption data, emission factors The consumption data for nitrogenous fertilizers were taken from publications of national statistical or agricultural organizations. Otherwise information was taken from FAO (1982b). As there exist many different kinds of N-fertilizers, which all have different emission factors, it was important to gather more specific information about the use of the several N-fertilizers as well. In Table 6 the total fertilizer N-consumption is given as well as the information available to us which N-fertilizers were actually used in a country. Details and references are given in Appendix Il. NH, emission from N-fertilizers depends on several factors. In a review article Terman (1979) gives several summarized conclusions: - NH, losses under comparable circumstances are in the order ammonium sulphate > ammonium nitrate > ammonium phosphate. Anthropogenic NH3 emissions in Europe Table 5. NH, emission from animal wastes in Europe (1O’t NHs a-‘) Country Cattle Pigs Poultry Horses Sheep Total 1013 Albania 8.7 q 0.4 0.6 Austria 53.5 5.2 2.5 Belgium 57.4 10.7 5.1 Bulgaria 33.6 q 10.8 10.6 Czechoslovakia 90.7 20.2 12.8 Denmark 62.0 20.2 4.0 Finland 31.1 4.5 2.3 France 447.5 25.6 48.8 F.R.G. 253.8 47.7 20.0 G.D.R. 103.6 34.3 13.3 Greece 15.1 q 2.9 7.8 Hungary 35.0 25.6 11.8 Ireland 95.7 2.0 2.1 Italy 163.7 19.5 35.2 Luxemburg 4.2 0.1 < 0.1 Netherlands 87.1 21.5 15.9 Norway 18.7 1.9 I.2 Poland 216.8 55.1 17.2 Portugal 21.3 6.9 1.1 Romania 114.0 35.1 28.2 Spain 81.3 31.8 Il.1 Sweden 33.2 7.6 3.0 Switzerland 41.4 4.2 1.6 Turkey 393.9 1 < 0.1 15.0 U.K. 179.6 14.4 37.2 U.S.S.R.* 768.0 93.7 100.1 Yugoslavia 1066 14.7 16.7 Europe 3517 516 425 0.4 6.0t 16.0 0.3 0.64 62.1 0.3 0.3 73.7 I.1 34.6t 90.6 0.4 3.0 127.0 0.4 0.2 86.8 0.2 0.3 38.4 2.6 44.611 569.2 3.7 3.5 328.8 0.8 6.88 158.8 4.0 39.08 68.8 1.1 9.8 83.3 0.9 9.4t 110.1 2.5 31.79 252.5 < 0.1 1014 ED BUIJSMAN et nl. Table 6. Consumption of nitrogenous fertilizers, emission factors and NH, emission from fertilizers (1982) Country Total N consumption (lo3 tN a-‘) Specification~t Emission Emission factor* (IO3 [NH, a-‘) Albania 12.5 Austria 140.9 Belgium 178.3 Bulgaria 518.0 Czechoslovakia 642.0 Denmark 374.1 Finland 215.9 France 2146.5 F.R.G. 1393.5 G.D.R. 697.5 Greece 317 1 Hungary 563.5 Ireland 275.2 Italy 1176.0 Luxemburg 10.0 Netherlands 456.2 Norway 108.5 Poland 1320.0 Portugal 142.8 Romania 875.0 Spain 799.1 Sweden 241.8 Switzerland 67.5 Turkey 776 4 U.K. 1271.1 U.S.S.R. g 3457.0 Yugoslavia 477.5 Europe 18,719.g 0 12457 * . 8 9 1.27 0 0 123457 . ? . . , 1,2,4,7 0 ~27 0 1.2.3.7 1,2,45,7 § 0 2,467 1.2,4,6,7 0 1,2,3,4,7 1,2,3,4,7 12467 . , . , 0 2,4,7 0 0 590 5.2 2:o 5.0 5.0 5.1 1.5 570 2,l 5,O 6.4 632 1.6 Z+ 212 5.0 5,O 4,2 5.0 531 1.9 4.4 5,O 5,8 5,O 5,O 4 9 4 31 39 23 4 130 35 42 25 42 5 101 Anthropogenic NH, emissions in Europe 1015 average emission factor of 5 kg NH3 t - ’ N-fertilizer stock densities very high NH3 emission occurs. A produced we could roughly estimate the emissions in realistic comparison between countries can be made, if individual countries (Table 9). The amount of fertilizer the emission density is calculated. A realistic definition N produced in a country was taken from FAO (1982b) in the case of NH3 is: agricultural emissions/agricul- (see Table 8). tural area. Ammonia emissions by indust~l sources are shown in Table 8. DISCUSSION TOTAL ANTHROPOCENIC NH, EMISSION IN EUROPE The total anthropogenic NH3 emissions for 27 European countries are compiled in Table 9. The total emission in Europe for the early 1980s is approxi- mately 6.4 Mt NH3 a- *. More than 95% are agricul- tural emissions with the major contribution coming from animal wastes. The geographical distribution of the total NH3 emission in the EMEP-grid is shown in Fig. 1. As can be deduced from Table 9 cattle are the major source of atmospheric NH3. The geographical distribution of the NH3 emissions from cattle is shown in Fig. 2. As to be expected especially in those areas with high live- Comparison with earlier results The only estimate of the NH, emission in Europe has been made by Bonis et al. (1980). Their emission rates for animal wastes and fertilizers, together es- timated to be 4.2-6.6 Mt NH, a-‘, are in agreement with our estimates. NH3 emissions for individual countries were estimated by Zdvodsky and Mitosinkova (~98~) for Czechoslovakia (177 kt NHBa-‘), by Bonis (1981) for Hungary (120 kt NH, a-‘), by Sommer et al. (1984) for Denmark (123 kt NH3 a-‘) and by Buijsman et al. (1984) for the Netherlands (145 kt NHs a-‘). The estimates by these authors are in accordance with our estimates. Table 8. Production of nitrogenous fertilizers and NH1 emission by industrial sources (1981/1982~ Country Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czshoslovakia Denmark Finland FmtWX F.R.G. G.D.R. Greece Hungary lreland Italy Luxemburg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey U.K. U.S.S.R. Yugoslavia Europe Emission (1 NH3 a- ’ ) Production (lo9 tNa_‘) Ammonia plants Fertilizer and related plants 73 58 365 239 191 1195 739 p 591 3695 753 602 3764 614 538 3370 131 10s 654 236 188 1179 1588 1272 7940 1108 888 5541 967 713 4833 309 247 1547 691 552 3454 205 164 1025 1195 956 5977 14631 0 0 1172 7317 424 2120 1274 lZ 6368 181 145 905 1822 1457 9110 890 712 4448 171 137 854 33 26 163 695 534 3411 1270 1016 6350 10,581* 8465’ 52,905’ 419 336 17,549t 14,018$ 87$& * U.S.S.R. production and emission figures refer to the total arca of the U.S.S.R. and a~ not includai in the total for Europe. t Excluding production by the U.S.S.R. 8 Excluding emission by piants in the U.S.S.R. (Statistics showed only total production for Belgium and Luxemburg. All production assumed to take plaec in Belgium as there are no ammonia or fertilizer plants in Luxemburg. 1016 ED BWSMAN et al. Table 9. Total anthropogentc NH, emissions in Europe in the early 1980s Country Livestock Industrial* Emission $ wastes Fertilizers sources Total g density Albania Austria Betgium Bulgarra Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France F.R.G. G.D.R. Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxemburg NetherIands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Swttzerland Turkey U.K. U.S.S.R. Yugoslavta Europe 16 62 74 91 127 87 38 569 329 159 69 83 110 252 4 128 27 317 38 237 177 46 49 632 307 1046 167 4 9 4 31 39 23 4 I30 35 42 25 2 95 42 4 130 5 101 Anthropogenic NH3 emissions in Europe 26 16 6 I i i i’i i l 57000. TONS/YEAR 38000. TONS/YEAR 10 12 1’1 16 16 20 22 2’1 26 26 30 32 311 36 36 q0 ‘42 Fig. 1. Anthropogenic NH, emission in Europe in the early 1980s. Grid size approximately 150 x 150 km2 at WN. considered in our inventory lies, an NH:, emission of approximately 20 pg resp. 60 pg m-’ h-t is pre- dicted by Dawson (1977). According to Bonis et al. (1980) this corresponds to a natural NH3 emission of 2.8 Mt NH, a-’ for the European continent. In contrast the few experiments in which the NH, emission from natural soils have been actually measured showed lower NH, fluxes than supposed by Dawson (1977). Thus Hooker ef al. (1973) gave an average flux of 1 ~gm-2h-‘, while Georgii and Lenhard (1978) measured fluxes ranging from 0 to 20pgmP2 h-t. Taking a value of 10 c(g mm2 h-’ and taking into account that approximately 75% of the land area considered in our inventory consists of natural, un- disturbed soil, a total natural NH3 flux of 0.75 Mt NH, a- I results. Under these assumptions the natural emission is by far exceeded by the anthropogenic emission. Therefore the natural emission would comprise only a minor part of the total, i.e. natural and anthropogenic, flux of NH, to the atmosphere. Acknowledgements-The work presented is part of the pro- ject ‘Ammonia in Europe: from emission to deposition’and is financially supported by the Directorate Air of the Netherlands Ministry of the Environment and by the Commission of the European Communities. The research is carried out by the Institute for Meteorology and Oceanography (IMOU), the Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN), the Division of Technology for Society (MT-TNO) and Kernforschungsanlage Jiilich (KFA). P. J. Jonker (IMOU) was helpful in decoding many magnetic data tapes. H. W. Maassen-van den Brink of the Netherlands United Fertilizer Factories provided valuable information about ammonia plants and fertilizer use. S. Bummer and colleagues of the Danish Ministry of Environment areacknowledged for their interest and cooper- ation. V. C. Nielsen of Farm Waste Unit, U.K. provided data about the nitrogen production by British livestock species. ED BUIJSMAN et al. 32 26 16 r( - 0. TONS/YEAR 2 - 0. TONWYERR 0. 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Idtijdrds 88, 202-209 Anthropogenic NH3 emissions in Europe 1021 APPENDIX I: LIVESTOCK STATISTICS country Number of geographical units References* Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France F.R.G. - Baden-Wiirttemberg - Baycrn 1 5;: 1 2::o 18 50;: 1111 2050 - Bremcn 1 -Hamburg 1 -Hessen 426 - Niedersachsen 1030 - Nordrhcin-Westfalen 396 - Rheinland-Pfalz 36 - Saarland 6 - Schkswig-Holstein 15 -West-Berlin 1 G.D.R. 15 Greece 52 Hungary 19 Ireland 158t Italy 20 Luxemburg 13 Netherlands 781 Norway 447 Poland 493 Portugal 18W Rumania 40 Spain 48(1 Sweden 284 Switzerland 3021 Turkey 67 U.K. 951 - England & Wales 55 -Scotland 856 - Northern Ireland 40 U.S.S.R. 911 Yugoslavia 6 FAO (1982a) Oesterreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt (t984) Nationaal lnstituut voor de Statistiek (1984) [M] FAO (1982a) Fede&ni St&sticky Urad (1983) Denmarks Statistik (1983) Statistical Office of Finland (1983) Minis&e de I’Agriculturc (1983) Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Wiirttemberg (1984) [M] Bayerisches Landesamt fur Statistik und Datenverarbcitung, 1984 [Ml Statistisches Landesamt Bremen (1983) Statistisches Landesamt Hamburg (1983) Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt (1983) Niedersiichsisches ~ndesverwaltung~mt ( 1984) [M] Ladesamt fiir Datenverarbeitungund Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen (1984) [M-J Statistiches Bundesamt (1983a) Statistisches Bundesamt (1983a) Statistixhes Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein (1983) Statistisches Landesamt Berlin (1983) Staatlichen ~ntralverwaltung frir Statistik (1983) National Statistical Service of Greece (1984) Magyar Kiizponti Statistika Hivatal (1981) Central Statistics Office (1983) lnstituto Centrale di Statistica (1981b) Service de la Statistique et des etudes economiques (1982. 1983) Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (1983) [M] Statistik Sentralbyd (1984) (M] Polish Peopie’s Republic Central Statistical O&e (1984) lnstituto National de Estatistica (1982) Directia Centrala de Statistica (1983) lnstituto National de Estadistica (1983) Statistika Centralby& (1984a) Bundesamt fiir Statistik (1984) [M J Devlet lstatistik Enstitiish (1982) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1984) [M] Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland (1984) [M) Department of Agriculture (1984) Central Statistical Board of the U.S.S.R. (1984) Savezni &rod za Statistiku (1981) l The symbol EM] 8f%Cr 8 reference means that statistical data were obtained on magnetic tape. As it deals with very detailed infor~tion, no o&i81 publication exists. 8 For attk, pigs 8nd poultry. 14 for horses and sheep. t For cattle 8nd sheep. 29 for pigs, poultry and horses. ( 1 for poultry. 11 Not completely considered. See Table I 1022 ED BUIJSMAN et al. APPENDIX II: FERTILIZER STATISTICS AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Country nd’ References5 Addmonal mformation net References q Albania 1 Austria 8 Belgium 1 Bulgaria 1 Czechoslovakia 1 Fmland 18 France 95 F R.G. 11 G.D R 15 Greece Hungary Ireland 1 taly Luxemburg Netherlands 1 1 1 20 1 14 Norway Poland Office Portugal Romania Spam Sweden 19 1 Switzerland Turkey U.K USSR Yugoslavia FAO (1982b) - Oesterreichische Dbnger- agricultural area beratungsstelle (1984) N-consumption Muusterie van Landbouw agricultural area (1984) FAO (1982b) FAO (1982b) - 8 592 -agricultural area 8 Federalni Statisticky Urad -average fertilizer rate (1983) Hintikka, personal comm. (1984) Mimstere I’Agriculture (1983) Statistisches Bundesamt (1983b) Staatlichen Zentral- verwaltung fur Statistik (1983) FAO (1982b) FAO (1982b) FAO (1982b) lnstituto Centrale di Statistica (1981a) FAO (1982b) Landbouw Economish Instituut (1983) Statistisk Sentralbym (1984) FAO (1982b) FAO (1982bl FAO (1982b) FAO (1982b) Statistika Centralbyr& (1984) FAO (1982b) FAO (1982b) FAO (1982b) Statistical Board of the US S R. (1984) FAO (1982b) agricultural area 327 agricultural area 15 agricultural area 52 - - agricultural area 29 - - agricultural area 13 -arable land area - grass land area -fertilizer rates for arable land and grassland - 14 - agricultural area 49 agricultural area 18 agricultural area 40 agricultural area 48 -fertilizer rates for 24 different crops -area sown for dilferent crops agrtcultural area 25 agricultural area 67 England and Wales. 55 -fertilizer rates for diRerent crops -areas for dinerent crops Northern Ireland: 40 -agricultural area Scotland: -agricultural area 856 - Oesterreichische Statistisches Zentralamt (1984) Nationaal lnstituut voor de Statistiek (1984) [M] - Statistisches Bundesamt (1983~) Staatlichen Zentralverwaltung fir Statistik (1983) National Statistical Service of Greece (1984) - Central Statistics O&e (1983) - Service de la Statistique et des etudes iconomiques (1983) Buijsman et 01. (1984) - Polish People’s Republic Central Statistical (1983) Instituto National de Estatistica (1982) Directia Centrala de Statistica (1983) Instituto National de Estadistica (1983) Statistika Centralby& (1979) Schweizerische Bauernsekratariat (1978) Devlet Istatistik Enstitiisii (1982) Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (1984) [M] Hood (1982) Department of Agriculture (1984) Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland (1984) - - l Number of areas for which fertilizer consumption data were available + Number of areas for which the NH, emission from fertilizers was calculated 5 References for nd q References for nc