MP Report of Wind and Solar Energy

Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy inthe Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Final Version) HYDROCHINA CORPORATION July 2012 Approved by: Yu Shaofeng and Yang Jianshe Reviewed by: Yang Jianshe, Wang Chaoyang and Lu Zhaoqin Checked by: Tang Xiubo, Yang Mingqun, Zuo Ming, Zhang Yuxin, Qin Zhongping and Tan Qilin Verified by: Zhang jiali, Li Shaopeng, Tang Xiubo, Wang Xiaoying, Jian Huawei and Pan li Prepared by: Ma Jiangtao, Xu Lushi, Zhao Kai, Guo Shuhua, Li Xiaojun, Wu Chengzhi Zhang Bo I and Foreword Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, a major inland country of East Africa, is located in the east of African continent and neighbors Djibouti, Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Somalia. Most of Ethiopia is located on the vast Ethiopian Plateau, and well-known East African Great Rift Valley passes across the country from south to north. Unique terrain and geomorphy and particular geographic location create ample wind energy resources and solar energy resources of Ethiopia. In recent years, global renewable energy industry has developed rapidly. Many countries have taken developing wind energy, solar energy and other renewable energy as important opportunity and means for responding to future dual challenges of energy and climate change. In order to promote the development of domestic energy industry and guarantee domestic energy security, Ethiopian government determined a new national energy development strategy to encourage the development of domestic renewable energy resources (especially wind energy, solar energy and other new energy resources) and realize its development objective of “Energy Diversification”. The People’s Republic of China, as a major power of renewable energy development, with ample renewable energy resources and huge market demand and a series of laws and regulations promoting the development of renewable energy industry, has been taking renewable energy industry on a tendency of rapid development, which installed capacity of wind and solar energy expands rapidly and related independent technical innovation capability has been greatly improved. At present, China has established relatively complete industry system and technical standard system. China, as a responsible developing major power, is willing to share its achievements and experiences of reform and opening to the outside with other developing countries. In order to support the development and utilization of wind and solar energy of Ethiopia, Chinese government and Ethiopian government amicably negotiated and formally exchanged documents in respect of Ethiopian Wind and Solar Energy Development Planning Project in 2010, thereupon Chinese government agreed to rendering economic aid gratuitously for the planning project above and authorized Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China to organize the project implementation. On Dec. 15, 2010, Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China sent Notification of Award (Shang He Cu Zhao Shou Han [2010] No. 229) to HYDROCHINA. On Jan. 6, 2011, Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China formally signed the work contract of the project with HYDROCHINA. On Feb. 22, 2011, HYDROCHINA formally entrusted Hydrochina International to organize and manage the project, and Beijing Engineering Corporation undertook the implementation and design of the planning project. Work content of the wind and solar energy development planning project in Ethiopia: make field investigation for wind and solar energy resources of Ethiopia, prepare Ethiopian wind and solar energy development master planning report, recommend 2 wind farm sites and 1 photovoltaic power station site and observe the data of basic resources, prepare the pre-feasibility study report of 2 wind farms and 1 photovoltaic power station and accept the 30-day training of 10 Ethiopian technicians in both Ethiopia and China. According to the deliberate opinions of Chinese government and Ethiopian government on the project, the report of master plan preparation and engineering requirements will mainly refer to Chinese national and international codes and specifications. II In Oct. 2011, the report makers finished the draft of “Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia” submitted for approval according to plan; on Jan. 16, 2012, HYDROCHINA Corporation convened an internal review meeting on the draft above in Beijing, later, the report makers modified the report according to the opinions of the participants; on Apr. 18, 2012, HYDROCHINA Corporation and Ministry of Water and Energy of Ethiopia, Representative Agency of the project’s Ethiopian Party, held an exchange meeting on the draft at request for comment of the master plan report in Addis Ababa, later the report makers revised the report according to the opinions of the participants. Herein we submit the final version of the master plan report thereupon. Restricted by insufficient basic information for compilation, difference in view of engineering technology as well as unique limitations of planning period, please make allowance for the report if failed to reflect local social, economic and cultural development requirements in some senses. Herein we sincerely thank Chinese government and Ethiopian government and related departments inclusive of Ministry of Commerce of China, Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of Ethiopia, Ministry of Water and Energy of Ethiopia, National Meteorological Services Agency of Ethiopia, National Highways Agency of Ethiopia, Ministry of Culture & Tourism & Environmental Protection of Ethiopia, Ministry of Mines of Ethiopia, Ethiopia Mapping Agency and Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation for their great help. III .............4 Analysis of Grid Features...................................2 Power Source Planning of Electric System .. 1 1.......................................................1 Status of Power System .................................................................... 83 5................................................................................................. 121 IV ..................................................3 Process of Wind and Solar Energy Resource Assessment in Ethiopia .................................................. 104 Site Selection of Wind farms .........................................................................................................................5 Calculation of Peak Regulation Capacity of Power Grid ........1 1.........1 Target of Planning . 19 4.... 21 4.................................................................. 9 2................... 32 4..... 87 5.. 83 5..... 10 2....................2 Common Methods for Wind and Solar Energy Resource Assessment ....8 Summary of Resources Assessment .....4 Scope of Planning ............................................... 94 5............... 7 2........................................................................ 23 4........................................................................ 7 2..............6 6..................................................................... 53 4.................... 27 4............5 6.............................. 10 2................................................................. 102 6.................. 112 Analysis of other Construction Conditions of Wind Farm and PV Station Sites ....... 81 5............. 73 4..................................................................... 110 Site Selection of Solar PV Power Station ....................................................................................... 5 2.......................................................................7 Selection Principle of Wind Farm Site....................................... 7 2............. 31 4....2 Principles of Plan Preparation ....................... Geographic and Natural Conditions of Ethiopia ............1 6.............................................................................. 17 3........................................................... 12 3........................................................................3 General Situation of Ethiopian Renewable Energy Development .............................................................................................................. 101 6...........................................................3 6.................................................................... 10 3.................. 12 3..3 Basis of Plan Preparation ....................1 Feasibility Analysis of Wind and Solar Energy Development .................................................... 113 Diksis Large-Scale Wind Power Development Base ........................6 Assessment of Wind Resources ...........3 Overview of Potential Power Supply Market ..... 85 5.................................... General Conditions of Planning .....5 Target Years of Planning ......6 Arrangement of Construction Project ................................................................................................1 General Climatic Conditions of Ethiopia and Genetic Analysis of Local Wind and Solar Energy Resources ....................................2 Necessity Analysis of Wind and Solar Energy Development .................................. Preliminary Selection of Wind Energy and Solar Energy Sites ....................... 99 5.......... Assessment on Wind and Solar Energy Resources in Ethiopia ..3 Social...................... Economic.............................................................................. 1 Natural Resource Conditions ........................................................... 5 Technical Route of Report Preparation ................. Overview ...............................................................................................................4 6.........................................................................5 Setting up and Verification of Wind and Solar Resource Assessment System ......................................................................................................................................................7 Assessment of Solar Resources...............4 Wind and Solar Energy Resource Assessment in the Report ..... Electric Power System Analysis of Ethiopia.......6 Calculation Result of Wind Power Absorption Capacity of Power Grid ...............2 6.................................................Contents 1............... 102 Field Reconnaissance ................................ Feasibility and Necessity of Wind and Solar Energy Development in Ethiopia ............ 106 Site Selection Principle of Solar PV Power Station ........................................................................... 21 4..................................................2 1......................................... ....... 172 9...................................................................1 Development Sequence of Planning Areas ............................ Construction Condition of Planning Areas Listed in 2015 ....................... 146 9... 148 9..... 201 List of References ...................................................................... 197 12................................................ 133 8............................5 Construction Analysis of Iteya Phase I Wind Farm Area.....2 Construction Analysis of Mek’ele South Wind Farm Area......................................... 133 8.......................................................11 Construction Analysis of Demonstration Base of Addis Ababa Wind Farm and Solar PV Station ..................................2 Basic Advices.. 124 7.............................................................3 Construction Analysis of Sheno Wind Farm Area ................................................................ Grid Connection............................................................10 Construction Analysis of Awash Solar PV Project Area ..... 141 Further Instructions on Power Grid Connection Scheme and Electric Output and Load Balance Calculation .......................... 203 V .......................... 191 11......................................... 157 9.................. 184 10.................................................................... 124 7........... Preliminary Evaluation on Environmental Impact ...................................... 126 7.......................... 132 8............. 179 10....3 Rough Estimation of Investment of Solar PV Planed Project.............................................. 194 12.................................................................................7 Construction Analysis of Gondar West Wind Farm Area ....................................................................4 Electric Output and Load Balance Analysis ..........................................................................................1 Basic Achievement.................................................................. 202 Annexes and Attachment .........................7..... 184 10.......... 148 9...................................................9 Construction Analysis of Dire Dawa Wind Farm Area ................................................................3 Preliminary Evaluation of Environmental Impact ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ Development Policy Analysis of Wind and Solar Power Projects .....3 Preliminary Recommendation .................................. 199 Acronyms .............................2 Existing Energy Policies and Strategies in Ethiopia ............................................................. Rough Estimation of Investment ........................................... 164 9.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 176 9......... 135 8................................... 186 11................... 187 11........1 Examples and Analysis of Development Institution for Renewable Energy ........................................................................................................................................ 187 11....3 8....8 Construction Analysis of Imdibir Wind Farm Area ..........4 Environmental Protection Measures ..........2 Rough Estimation of Investment of Wind Power Planned Projects ........................ 169 9.1 Environment Status .................. 167 9............................................................... 130 7................................................2 Scheme of Electric Power Outgoing Transmission .. Achievement Summarization and Work Suggestion ........................................................... and Power Balance Analysis .... 185 10...6 Construction Analysis of Sulalta Wind Farm Area .....................4 Construction Analysis of Ch’ach’a Wind Farm Area ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Development Schedule...........................................................................................5 Overall Conclusion ......1 Construction Analysis of Nazret Wind Farm Area ............................................................................................... 127 7................................................................................ 154 9........2 Screening of Main Environmental Factors .. 197 12.. 151 9....... 161 9................................1 Compilation Basis and Boundary Conditions........... Addis Ababa. one of African ancient civilized countries and major inland country of east Africa.1 Social conditions Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (formerly named “Abyssinia” and hereinafter referred to as “Ethiopia”). Figure 1. Sudan. is located in the east of African continent and the southwest of Red Sea. Eritrea. Geographic and Natural Conditions of Ethiopia 1. has gross area of 1. Meanwhile. Economic. South Sudan.1 Social. the capital of Ethiopia.1. Geographic location of Ethiopia is shown Figure 1. is also the locus of headquarters of African Union. Overview 1.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1. Kenya and Somalia.1-1 Geographic Location Map of Ethiopia 1 .000 km2 and borders on Djibouti.104.1-1. the national economy has taken on a good momentum of development. Agriculture and animal husbandry labors account for more than 85% of national gross population.1% of national GDP. and amount of exports of agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for 85% of national gross export. Harari. Amharic is work language. popularized vocational and technical training and took other measures in sequence. Based on traditional agriculture. etc. the country started to implement “Growth and Transformation Plan” (GTP). In 2005. 40 to 45% of them believe in Islam. English is general language.9%. Catholicism and African traditional religion. The country has more than 80 ethnic groups. its gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita GDP were USD 26 billion and USD 336 respectively. Welayta. tourism and aviation and attract foreign investors to participate in Ethiopian energy and mineral resource development. Oromia. and main ethnic languages include Oromifa and Tigrinya. 45% of them believe in Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.2 Economic conditions Ethiopia is the largest economic body of East Africa. Somali (6%). Benishangul-Gumuz. powerfully develop emerging industries. Ethiopia has been centering on economic construction. Basic characteristics of national economy of Ethiopia are as follows: Agriculture and animal husbandry is pillar of national economy. decreased export tax and bank interest rate. corn. modified investment and migration policies. the government has been implementing “Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Programme” (SDPRP) and “Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty” (PASDEP). increase agricultural input. implementing the development strategy piloted by agriculture and infrastructure construction and transiting to market economy. the government started to implement “Agriculture-piloted Industrialized Development Strategy”.77% of cultivable area. Tigray (8%). In 2010. Southern Nationalities and Tigray and 2 chartered cities including capital Addis Ababa and commercial city Dire Dawa. Agricultural production relies on petty farmer cultivation and planting. As a result. barley. Afar. the national economy kept the rapid growth at 9% and above. Somali. winning the praise of international financial institutions. With rapid economic recovery. and its overall economy entered a track of rapid growth. In that year. Main agricultural products include teff. In recent years. Gambela. thus the natural disaster resistance is low. industries exporting goods to earn foreign currency.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopia has gross population of about 77. Ethiopia is in a stage of very weak overall economic basis. millet. oat and others. output value of agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for about 48. as a result. and some people believe in Protestantism.40 million people (according to official data of Ethiopia in 2005) and population growth rate of 2. Amhara (20%). and 2 . including Oromo (54%). In Ethiopia. adopts traditional cropping pattern and basically crops and harvest by weather. enhanced capability construction. 1. Since 2002. The country has 9 states including Afar. Sidama (4%). Among Ethiopian people. the irrigated area accounts for only 0. sorghum. wheat. Amhara. Ethiopia has become a country with rapid economic growth. moreover.1. Ethiopia has three seasons including main rainy season from June to Sep. to May. researchers. metal. flowers. oil crop. long blooming period and scape. Ethiopian flowers are popular in the international market for their large size.1. heat. There are a string of lake clusters. have large climatic contrasts involved in cold. and most of its exported coffee is roughly processed or unprocessed. furniture. Industrial basis is weak. vast tropical grasslands and rainforests. Ethiopian manufacturing industry seriously lacks of materials. etc. building materials. industrial structure is unreasonable. and Ethiopia has ascended to the 2nd place in Africa for its gross export of flowers. industrial sectors are incomplete. to Jan. tropical grassland climate and subtropical forest climate. Ethiopia ranks at the 7th place in the world and the 1st place in Africa for its coffee yield. with large latitude. and herdsmen live dispersedly and are mainly distributed in low-lying areas of East and South Ethiopia. inclusive of cattle. managers. Although in tropical zone. Animal husbandry weighs 20. forming unique geographic landscape. Ethiopia. etc. Ethiopian flower plant and export of Ethiopia have greatly increased. has average altitude near 3. the valley is deepest. so the transition time of season differs. basically small scale household pasturing is dominant. very dry and torrid weather and large desert and semi-desert terrains. dry season from Oct. Somali State and Danakil low-lying land in Afar State have low altitude. Thereof. More than 30 rivers originate from middle highlands. However. Both banks of the rift valley are steep.6% in gross value of agricultural output. the height difference between valley bottom and cliff top is hundreds of meters to 2 km. and the overall topography of Ethiopia is characterized by ridged middle and low edges. 1. World famous “East African Great Rift Valley” passes through Ethiopia. but its coffee processing technologies are out of dated. Midwest. large tropical deserts in the northeast and low-lying lands below sea level. and industrial products mainly include textile. volcanic clusters and hotsprings in the Great Rift Valley region. the main body of highlands. technicians. chat. moreover. Precipitation of rainy season is not only crucial for Ethiopia but also 3 . thus Ethiopia is renowned as “Water Tower of East Africa”. In addition. and small rainy season from Feb. precipitation and others at different places and obvious climatic diversity..620m is called “African Ridge”. skilled labors. animal husbandry is significantly affected by climate and plague and develops slowly. vegetable. leather.6% of national GDP. and Ethiopia ranks at the 1st place in Africa for its livestock quantity up to 44 million heads. sheep and goat. Meanwhile. and its top peak Ras Dashen at the altitude of 4.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia main economic crops include coffee. latitudes and topographic conditions differ in different places. In recent years. inclusive of multiple climates inclusive of mountain climate. Rainy season is harvest season.000m and belongs to lava plateau. span and altitude differences. food & beverage.3 Geographic and natural conditions Ethiopia has very complex terrains including towery “African Ridge”. the rift zone width is scores of kilometers to 200 km. industrial output value accounts for only about 12. tyre. vast middle plateau region has very cozy and mild climatic conditions for its high altitude. traditional pasturing makes the unit output of animal husbandry very small. etc. mountain land and plateau are dominant at the rate of about 2/3 in Ethiopia. Overall. Animal husbandry is in huge scale. 1-2 Sketch Map of Topographic Conditions of Ethiopia Figure 1. also basis of local irrigation farming.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia important for every country in the lower reach of Nile.1-3 Geomorphic Map of East African Great Rift Valley 4 . Drought in rainy season may be disastrous for people in an entire basin. Figure 1. abundant precipitation is essential condition of production and life of local people. Blue Nile River. grid consumption ability and others. known as “Water Tower of East Africa”. (2) Implementation of Ethiopian nationwide wind and solar energy resource assessment. oil and natural gas. Thereof mineral resources with proven reserves include gold. has numerous rivers and lakes and ample water resources. copper. Gilgel Gibe I. iron. Awash II and Koka. and most of such rivers. tantalum. river level drops. and flow quantity is small. Ethiopia has built up hydropower stations with different installed capacities. Sobat River. coal. rainfalls soar. provides favorable natural conditions for local agriculture and gestates the long-history brilliant civilization of Nile Basin in North Africa. rainwater is scarce. the planning project’s report preparation and technical requirements will mainly refer to related Chinese national and international codes and specifications. According to plan. (6) Preliminary policy analysis and advising in combination with planning requirements and 5 . Awash III. causing flood to many river valley regions in the lower reach. so the actual resource reserves are to be confirmed by future prospecting. (5) Further integrated comparison of farm/station sites and their regional characteristics according to preliminary selection results. Tekeze. radiate to all directions. Finchaa. introduction to preferred farm/station sites and rough estimation of investment of preferred farm/station sites. Objectives and route of the planning mainly include (1) Determination of planning principles and methods. Tis Abay II. Atbara River. river level rises. power grids. but a large part of local land hasn’t been prospected yet. silicon. limestone. Ethiopia.3 Technical Route of Report Preparation According to the opinions of both the Chinese Party and the Ethiopian Party on the project.g. and flow velocity accelerates. flow quantity increases. sylvite. e. e. complex and changeful terrains and very ample natural resources. marble. 1. Gilgel Gibe II. platinum. recommendation of development sequence of preliminarily selected farm/station sites in consideration of national overall economic requirements. Regular flooding of main rivers above makes the farmland in lower-reach river valley fertile. In dry season. (3) Power consumption balance analysis and estimation of wind and solar power consumption of Ethiopian national power grid in different planning periods according to grid data. road traffic and other conditions. phosphate. At present. (4) Selection and recommendation of potential sites for wind farms and solar power stations according to resource distribution. Ethiopian Highlands in the middle is the origin of many North African rivers. Ethiopia will construct large power stations such as Gilgel Gibe III and Gilgel Gibe IV to make further use of hydropower energy.g. In rainy season. Tis Abay I. Shebeli River and Jubba River. nickel.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1.2 Natural Resource Conditions Ethiopia has large land area. 3-1. Technical flow of the planning is detailed in Fig. Figure 1. 1. (7) Suggestions on future work.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia the actual need of wind and solar energy development and utilization in Ethiopia.3-1 Technical Flow Chart of Planning 6 . cost and other limiting factors of wind and solar power generation projects. Scientific and reasonable planning is very necessary for promoting the scientific. causes power shortage at many places and hampers social and economic development. coal and other primary fossil energy resources. wind power and solar power. General Conditions of Planning 2. In recent years. so Ethiopian energy policy is mainly oriented to development and utilization of hydropower. construction conditions. Increase of national grid coverage rate and decrease of electricity free villages depend on construction and generalization of wind and solar power generation project.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2. wind energy resources and hydropower resources are very complementary. reasonable and orderly development and construction of wind and solar power generation projects and important for harmony and consistency of energy construction projects involved in wind and solar energy with national economic development strategy. In current hydropower-dominated energy supply mode. 2. and is also the optimal choice under existing technical conditions. At present. the support of large scale intensive grids is essential for increasing grid coverage rate to effectively transmit power to numerous families. with global warming and frequent appearance of extreme drought. solar energy and other renewable energy resources. Therefore. large scale development of wind and solar energy resources and construction of wind and solar power generation project near a power load center can effectively reduce the restriction of power grid to power transmission and power loss. wind power. supply power for remote regions not covered by master grid. sometimes reservoirs can’t normally store water and generate power at full load in rainy season. This is where the purpose of the planning at. The master planning study of wind and solar power generation projects is important for identifying the gross amount and distribution condition of wind and solar energy resources. as seriously affects Ethiopian energy supply dominated by hydropower. and the alternation between droughty season and rainy season form the good complementation among hydropower. droughty seasons) have high natural wind speed and very strong solar radiation.1 Target of Planning Ethiopia has unproven large-scale developable oil. Therefore wind and solar power generation projects have very strong resource advantage and actual demand in Ethiopia. On the other hand.2 Principles of Plan Preparation 7 . seasons without rainfall (i. Ethiopian Government recently issued national energy development strategy to encourage the development of domestic renewable energy resources inclusive of wind and solar energy. and many regions are still not covered by power grid. significantly increase social and economic benefits and improve people’s living standard. so as to realize the objective of “Energy Diversification” and guarantee energy security.e. hydropower has greatly developed in Ethiopia and become main source of national energy supply. Currently Ethiopian national grid construction is relatively lagged. natural gas. reasonable layout and orderly development. and such site selection shall be connected with related power grid development plan as possible. future development room and other factors shall be concurrently considered for project development. light shadow and others generated by wind turbine operation on local residents. intermittence and instability of wind and solar power generation may cause some particular problems in the grid. meanwhile. A project site shall be far away from residential areas as possible to avoid or minimize the impacts of noise. Importance shall be attached to the harmony between resource development and ecologic and environmental protection for the development of Ethiopian wind and solar power generation project to realize scientific planning. the plan preparation shall also follow the work 8 . power demand and bearing capacity of regional social and economic development and others shall be taken into account. referring to the “Growth and Transformation Plan” formulated by Ethiopian Government and in close combination with national power development plan. project layout shall be in harmony with the social and economic development of Ethiopia. Ample wind and solar energy resources of Ethiopia shall be reasonably developed and utilized. applicability and feasibility. convenience and feasibility of access conditions must be considered for the site selection of wind and solar energy development.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1) Consistent with the overall macroscopic economy planning of Ethiopia The planning shall be carried out in a scientific and reasonable way so that it’s scientific. If regional wind and solar power is mainly outputted. especially its scale reaches certain weight in total installed capacity of power grid. (4) Resource development shall be in harmony with environmental protection. local economic development level. Cultivated land occupancy shall be reduced or avoided as possible to protect cultivated land resources. the problem arising from sending out its power will be prominent. When the installed capacity of wind and solar power generation of a region forms certain scale. Therefore. Except for the planning principles above. the connection with a power grid sending out its power to others or the influence on a power grid receiving power from others must be taken into account. instructive and feasible through fully considering the characteristics of social and economic development of Ethiopia. (2) Wind and solar energy development shall be in harmony with social and economic development. The impacts of wind and solar power generation facilities on other buildings and aircrafts shall be avoided or minimized as possible. If the development scale of wind or solar energy planning is in large scale and can’t be fully absorbed at the local place. It is an important request to assure the planning to be scientific. (3) Site selection of wind and solar energy development shall be connected with power grid development planning. project site selection shall be consistent with local social and economic development as possible. A project site shall be far away from natural reserves and historic and cultural protection areas as possible. even significantly affect the grid. reasonable layout. etc. Although such specificaitons haven’t been formally issued yet. 865 National Technical Specifications of Wind Energy Resource Assessment (2) Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2005] No. 2. wind resource measurement and assessment. China has had a complete set of mature techincal codes and specifications. utilization of land in construction. suiting measures to local conditions. they have taken shape. 1403 Technical Specifications of Wind Energy Resource Measurement and Assessment for Wind Farm (5) Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2003] No. wind turbine foundation design. the principle of “Effective utilization. ③ The principle of “Combining dispersed development with centralized development” shall be followed to promote local economic development and realize overall planning and reasonable development. ⑤ Wind and solar energy project planning shall be dominated by grid-connected large scale power generation project. ④ The relation between power generation benefits and engineering cost shall be properly treated to make full and reasonable use of topographic conditions. pre-feasibility study. mainly involved in regional planning. site selection. staged implementation and planning before development” shall be followed. meanwhile.3 Basis of Plan Preparation In wind energy development and utilization. In solar energy development and utilization. 899 Method of Preparation of Wind Farm Project Planning Report (3) GB/T18710-2002 Methodology of Wind Energy Resource Assessment for Wind Farm (4) Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2003] No. investment estimate. The master planning project will mainly accord with existing Chinese technical standards and engineering specifications of wind and solar energy utilization. environmental protection management. Main related technial standards and engineering specificaitons are as follows: (1) Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2004] No. protecting environment. 1403 Technical Specifications of Site Selection for Wind Farm (6) Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2003] No. China is actively sorting and completing with related document specifications. 1403 Technical Specifications of Engineering Geologic 9 . also refer to related European and American standards and specifications. feasibility study.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia thought below: ① The principle of determining a plan according to resource and project according to plan shall be followed. orderly development. ② On the basis of fully considering the bearing capacity of Ethiopian resources and environment. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Investigation for Wind Farm (7) Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2005] No. the arrangement of wind farms and solar power stations in short and medium-term target years of planning 2015 and 2020 shall accord with the principles and conditions as follows: (1) Conforming to scope of planning: Short and medium-term new construction projects shall be arranged in combination with distribution of projects under construction to harmonize and balance the overall layout of planning. 1511 Interim Measures for Use of Land in Construction and Environmental Protection Management of Wind Farm (8) GD001-2011 Method of Preparation of Photovoltaic Power Generation Project Planning Report (Interim) (9) GD002-2011 Method of Preparation of Photovoltaic Power Generation Project Pre-feasibility Study Report (Interim) (10) GD003-2011 Method of Preparation of Photovoltaic Power Generation Project Feasibility Study Report (Interim) (11) Technical Specifications of Solar Energy Resource Measurement and Assessment (Draft for Approval) (12) Notification of Bid Negotiation for Planning of Aid to Ethiopia in Wind and Solar Energy Power Generation (Bid No.5 Target Years of Planning The planning takes 2010 as reference year and has two target years 2015 and 2020. Thereof. 2010-159) (13) Memorandum of Understanding for Financing and Implementation of Ethiopian Wind Power & Solar Master Plan Project (14) Technical Proposal of Ethiopian Wind and Solar Power Generation Planning (15) Documents exchanged between Chinese government and Ethiopian government in respect of wind and solar power generation planning project. 2. long-term project reserve and work outlook were also discussed during the planning. In addition.6 Arrangement of Construction Project Key points of planning of wind farm and solar power station construction project include site layout. On the basis of overall layout of planning. construction scale and construction sequence.g. e. economic development and power consumption. central city of every state or chartered city and its peripheral regions. 2. in consideration of diversified influencing factors such as population. key areas of wind and solar energy project shall be mainly sited in populous regions with developed economy and heavy power load.4 Scope of Planning The master planning covers all territorys of Ethiopia. 10 . capital Addis Ababa and its peripheral regions. 2. simple engineering construction conditions and low environmental impacts to guarantee excellent economic. (3) Excellent economic indicators and obvious social and ecological benefits: Short and medium-term new construction projects shall have good indicators of wind or solar energy resources.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2) Highlighting the key points of construction: Short and medium-term wind farm and solar power station construction projects shall have relatively superior development conditions and be favorable for promoting subsequent work from point to plane. (4) Favorable for the optimization of grid system structure: Short and medium-term wind farm and solar power station construction projects shall be arranged in consideration of reasonable planning and basic requirements of power grid system to realize the organic combination and overall optimization and improvement of resource point selection and power grid development. social and environmental benefits. 11 . including (1) Discovery and utilization of fire. reduce greenhouse gas emission and promote sustainable development. natural gas and coal accounted for 18% respectively. respond to global climate change and reduce greenhouse gases. coal accounted for 24% in 1860. In 1870s. and the weight rose diagram to 62% in 1920. solar energy. Feasibility and Necessity of Wind and Solar Energy Development in Ethiopia 3. coal. wind energy. seawater salinity gradient and geothermal heat. the scope of energy utilization must be extended. and water energy development and utilization shall be enhanced. Then the world entered the “Age of Coal”. and the weight of coal in world energy consumption structure decreased gradually. global warming. electrical industry developed rapidly. i. Thereof. tide. The use of fossil fuel causes the emission of much carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. and the world entered the “Age of Oil”. also basis of survival of mankind. renewable energy represented by wind and solar energy as well as nuclear energy is the most promising. triggers major environmental and social problems. In 1965. natural gas and other fossil energy resources are limited. oil accounted for 54% in world energy consumption structure. However. the earth’s reserves of oil. (4) Discovery.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 3. sea current. development and utilization of atomic energy. (2) Utilization of animal power. changing fossil energy consumption mode dominated by oil and coal to diversified energy supply structure. In 1970s. seawater temperature difference. global energy consumption will further increase. oil first ranked on the top instead of coal. shall be developed. electric power substituted for steam engine. inclusive of nuclear energy. sea wave. Huge consumption of oil and coal causes serious energy shortage. It has been a primary common issue for energy utilization of entire mankind to secure energy supply. sea level rise and other serious environmental problems. In the second half of the 19th Century. The history of energy utilization is also the history of the mankind’s recognizing and conquering nature. energy conversion appeared for the first time in the history of mankind. New energy resources. and oil & gas accounted for as much as 72% together. threatening the survival and development of mankind. (5) Discovery. (3) Fossil fuel development and heat utilization. In order to secure energy supply. wind power. Therein oil substituted coal and finished the second energy conversion.1 Feasibility Analysis of Wind and Solar Energy Development Energy resources are the basic drive of development of entire mankind and growth of world economy.e. With the increase of world population and the rise of energy utilization level. and it’s foreseeable that the increase of energy consumption will be startling in future. Renewable energy development is important for every country to secure energy supply. development and utilization of electricity. also major part of realizing sustainable energy supply and implementing environment and resource-friendly development strategy. meanwhile. The history of the mankind’s energy utilization is in five stages. hydropower and other natural powers. Wind energy resource is the most promising for large scale industrial development 12 . The emerge of steam engine sped up the industrial revolution as of the 18th Century and promoted large scale coal mining. In world primary energy consumption structure. wind energy utilization technologies centering on wind turbine manufacturing technology and large scale wind power grid-connection technology have been increasingly mature. In recent years. makes blade tip speed ratio of wind turbine approach its optimal value through adjusting the rotating speed of 13 . megawatt scale wind turbine develops rapidly. hub height up to 135m. related technologies have been increasingly mature and reliable and commercialized. moreover. market system. but their constant rotating speed couldn't well adapt to wind speed change. most wind turbines were in fixed blade stall-controlled mode and had simple control and good reliability. the overland wind turbine in service with the largest unit capacity. has unit capacity up to 7MW. the output power can be still stable. no matter in Europe.5MW and above. Meanwhile.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia after hydropower resource among renewable energy resources. unit capacity of wind turbine rose to 500 to 750 kW. and global installed capacity of wind energy has quickly increased. MW scale wind turbine has become main stream machine model.1 Analysis of world wind power technology and market At present. generating power dropped once wind speed exceeds its rated value. impeller diameter up to 126m and total height up to 198m. angle of blade can adjust upon the change of wind speed. rated wind speed was high under the restriction of blade stall performance. laws and regulations and technical standard system related to wind energy utilization have been increasingly complete. The E-126 wind turbine produced by German Enercon and installed in Emden of Germany. in middle 1990s. America or China. global solar energy development and utilization have also shown a new upsurge. variable propeller pitch mode has gradually become main stream. In the new century. Technical development trend of wind power generation equipment is mainly embodied in the respects as follows: (1) Large size of wind turbine In 1980s. Presently a vast majority of existing Chinese wind farms have been adopting wind turbines with unit capacity of 1. At the wind speed above its rated value. the change of production technology and cost of crystalline silicon and other core components for solar photovoltaic power generation has sharply cut the cost of solar photovoltaic power generation and gradually created the basic conditions for the competition with conventional energy resources. 3. At present. wind energy development has entered a stage of rapid growth. and blade angle of attack can remain in certain reasonable range when wind speed changes. In early 1990s. (2) Variable propeller pitch technology as main stream In the past. wind turbines had unit power of about 50kW and hub height less than 20m.1. and wind energy utilization efficiency was low. By virtue of variable propeller pitch regulation technology. Normally variable speed wind turbine adopts doubly fed asynchronous generator or multipolar synchronous generator and variable speed. Nowadays. with the stimulation of huge market demand. with the advance of wind energy utilization technologies. In recent scores of years. providing strong guarantee for large scale wind energy development of current stage. and hub height of wind turbine rose to 50m. unit capacity of wind turbine rose to 100 to 300 kW. direct drive wind turbine occupies more and more market share for its small energy loss of driving chain. light and shadow impacts and freely adjustable rotating speed. and offshore calm winds are rare. wind energy can be increased by 72%. offshore land requisition is simpler than overland land requisition and seldom causes disputes. remote monitoring technology. low maintenance cost and good reliability. offshore wind turbine has smaller fatigue load and service life longer than that of overland wind turbine by 25%. At present. control and monitoring technologies are continuously perfected. global accumulative 14 . as provides ampler wind energy resources. With the improvement of wind power technologies. and wind power generation has become very reliable.e. i. Normally. the global installed capacity of wind turbines has grown by about 30% every year on average for many years. briefly called “Direct drive mode” or gear box free mode. offshore wind speed is higher than overland wind speed by 20%. maximize wind energy utilization and raise the operation efficiency of wind turbine. (3) More and more market share of direct drive wind turbine generator Currently wind turbines have three main drive modes. and the application of advanced control laws. According to related statistics of World Wind Energy Association. even attract fish shoals for inhabit. single stage speed acceleration device plus multipolar synchronous generator technology. In addition. offshore wind turbines are far away from land. multistage speed increasing gear box drive doubly fed asynchronous generator. (5) Obvious improvement of the reliability of wind turbine generators Application of new technologies and materials and improvement of manufacturing techniques greatly boost the reliability of wind turbine generators. offshore wind farm has become a new field of international offshore wind power development. further. isolated wind turbine. independent blade control technology. Meanwhile. but increases the difficulty in wind energy development. offshore wind power generation cost is 60% up overland wind power generation cost. have small noise. offshore wind farm may have larger scale and easily form economy of scale and shorten investment recovery period. under the same installed capacity. moreover. offshore turbine tower is not high. (4) Offshore wind power technology in practical application stage Offshore wind speed is stable and higher than overland wind speed. briefly called “Hybrid mode”. By late 2010. favorable for increasing power output. fast nonimpact grid connection technology. but annual offshore wind power output is more than annual overland wind power output by more than 50%. In view of international trend. offshore wind power development has a very broad outlook.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia generator according to the change of wind speed. wind rotor direct drive multipolar synchronous generator. briefly called “doubly fed mode”. offshore air flow is stable than overland air flow. weak power network operation and other technologies has increased annual utilization rate of wind turbine generators from about 50% in 1980s to current more than 95%. Currently global wind power market keeps the tendency of rapid growth. e. photoelectric conversion efficiency of monocrystal silicon cell is higher than that of polysilicon cell. Presently China has become world largest wind power market. At present. Egypt and Tunis. amorphous silicon cell and hull cell. Solar photovoltaic power generation technology is a technical method that solar photovoltaic cell is used for directly converting solar energy into electric energy according to photovoltaic effect principle.5% up that of 2009. but monocrystal silicon cell is at a higher cost. i.5GW. etc. so photovoltaic power generation equipment is reliable and stable and has long life and simple installation and maintenance.1. photovoltaic power generation system is mainly composed of solar photovoltaic module. Coal. American. Solar energy is primary and renewable energy with ample resources and no pollution. German and Chinese markets are the most representative. Entire photovoltaic system is mainly made up of electronic components and not involved in any mechanical components. Currently solar photovoltaic power generation technology is relatively mature.2 Market development analysis of world solar power technologies Nowadays. a vast majority of energy used by the mankind directly or indirectly comes from the sun. In narrow sense.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia installed capacity of wind turbines had reached 194. inclusive of monocrystal silicon cell. African wind power market scale also expanded in a full grown way. in respect that solar photothermal power generation technologies is relatively immature than photovoltaic power generation technologies.000 jobs. At present. large scale utilization of solar energy by the mankind is mainly in two forms. By the way. they are also solar energy resources retained by ancient organisms. Currently monocrystal silicon and polysilicon cells are most widely used. Installed capacity of wind power continuously expanded in Morocco. the report will limit the arrangement of planning project of solar grid-connected power generation of Ethiopia to solar photovoltaic power generation technology. The basicest elements of solar photovoltaic power generation are solar cells (panels). 3. oil. Europe and Asia respectively. and the core 15 . solar greenhouse. No matter separate grid or grid-connected power generation used. In 2010. Solar power generation mainly includes solar photovoltaic power generation and solar photothermal power generation. 22. solar photothermal utilization and solar power generation.3GW. In 2010. In 2010.39GW. the new installed capacity of global wind power industry drove the output value of about USD 65 billion and increased 500. surpassed America and became the most quickly growing wind power market. natural gas and other fossil fuels were formed by ancient animal and plant bodies buried in the ground after a long geological age. with accumulative installed capacity up to 42. Thereof. thereof Egypt had new installed capacity of 120MW and ranked in front in Africa for its accumulative installed capacity of 550MW. “Solar energy” means directly utilizable radiant energy of the sun. China newly increased the installed capacity of 16. in essence. Solar photothermal utilization includes solar water heater. Large scale development and utilization of solar energy will create a bran-new life style for the mankind. the world has had three major wind power markets in North America. controller and inverter. polysilicon cell. as not only effectively cuts the cost of photovoltaic power generation and increases the market competitiveness of photovoltaic power generation but also develops product application market. solar photovoltaic power generation may adopt separate power station or power station in combination with building. directly propelling the demand growth of solar power generation in Germany. flexible and diversified application modes. photovoltaic power generation capacity will have increased by nearly 100 times relative to that of 35GW in 2010. According to layout form. large scale development needs two conditions inclusive of resources and power grid. the masses powerfully coordinate. In the context of world energy development. photovoltaic power generation will have accounted for 11% in global power supply. distributed power generation mode in combination with building is dominant. Efficient solar module can be made only if enough high quality raw silicon is used. America also implements “Million Solar Roofs Initiative” to promote the development of solar energy utilization inclusive of solar photovoltaic power generation. In recent years. enterprises actively follow. On one hand. policies. and then global photovoltaic power generation capacity will have approached 3. but large scale grid-connected independent power station weighs more and more recently. and the improvement of such technologies is decisive for the cost cutting of photovoltaic power generation. many countries encourage the development of solar photovoltaic industry. German government launched “Million Solar Roofs Initiative” and passed Act of New and Renewable Energy Resources to guarantee grid connection at high electricity price for solar power generation.3 Technical feasibility analysis of wind and solar power generation In view of actuality of wind and solar energy development of every country. Japanese government provides overall support. and its development scale may flexibly change according to demand. continuously improves production capability and forms mutual balance and benign interaction between different parts of industry chain. Price of high purity raw silicon directly influences the development cost of solar project. In early stage. Resource scarcity is bound to cause overhigh development cost and uneconomicalness and hamper large scale development.500TWh. solar photovoltaic power generation is in two forms including grid-connected power generation and off-grid power generation.000GW. both wind power generation and solar power generation are intermittent and 16 . annual power output will have reached 4. technologies and market promote each other.1. 3. It’s foreseeable that. with the advance of technologies and the expansion of market demand. wind and solar energy resources must be ample enough. continuous improvement of industrialized technologies and others. According to the relation with power grid. there will be large room for the cost cutting of solar photovoltaic power generation. the advance of photovoltaic technologies is mainly embodied in continuous improvement of cell efficiency. According to related forecast of International Energy Agency (IEA). continuous decrease of silicon slice thickness. Here from it can be seen that photovoltaic power generation has very broad development outlook and room. Therefore solar photovoltaic power generation has strong adaptability. Meanwhile. and large scale development and utilization of solar photovoltaic power station will have a broad outlook.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia problem of large scale development and utilization is the price of raw silicon for photovoltaic cell making. by 2050. it can be concluded that. so power shortage still exsists.163. In order to effectively relieve power shortage. wind and solar energy development in Ethiopia is fully feasible in technology and has a broad outlook upon the strong support of highly globalized wind power technologies and solar photovoltaic power generation technologies and manufacturing market as well as favorable domestic development conditions. The “Growth and Transformation Plan” incorporates the development of renewable energy inclusive of wind and solar energy into national energy strategy for the major reasons as follows: (1) Wind and solar energy development can effectively relieve power shortage. coal and natural gas reserves. In summary. its national power grid is dominated by hydropower with excellent controllability. and the rest of national total installed capacity is for geothermal power generation and diesel power generation. wind and solar power generation becomes a solution for relieving power shortage. 17 . its main load areas are basically interconnected.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia instable. Ethiopia is rich in hydropower resources but relatively scarce of oil.2 Necessity Analysis of Wind and Solar Energy Development In order to effectively eliminate poverty. (2) Wind and solar energy development is essential for guarnateeing energy security and relealizing energy diversification. In respect of this. 3. Therefore the large scale utilization of wind and solar energy has good conditions in Ethiopia. Meanwhile. industry. towns and other regions covered by power grid are faced with increasinbly prominent power shortage with the growth of local economy and rapid rise of power demand. Hydropower and other power construction are lagged. promote development and realize industrialization. long construction period and limited distribution. But it’s necessary to further improve rural electrification level accoridng to current situation. transportation and mining depends on the powerful support of energy industry. Ethiopian Government formulated “Growth and Transformation Plan” for propeling the allsided development of Ethiopian society and economy and the overall improvement of people’s living standard and happiness index. Through rural electrification plan. Thereof the advance of various economic fields inclusive of agriculture. and it’s still difficult to meet the basic power demand of rural electrification. but hydropower projects can’t effectively relieve power shortage in a short time for their difficult construction and financing. moreover. so their large scale development inevitably needs the coordination with a large power grid to effectively avoid the impact of instability on power grid and guarantee the normal operation of power grid and station. Ethiopian Government increased the total number of electrified villages and towns to 5. Ethiopia has ample wind and solar energy resources. Currently the installed capacity of hydropwer accounts for more than 90% of national total installed capacity. and the development of energy industry is important part of overall growth and improvement of society and economy. power construction must be sped up. Ethiopian energy structure is dominated by hydropower. as seriously affects local power supply and causes power shortage at many places. increase power supply and change the concept of life of local people. Ethiopia is rich in renewable energy resources. sesame. Powerful development of wind and solar power generation projects can promote employment and increase national fiscal revenue. In the past five years. Therefore large scale development of wind and solar energy is essential for Ethiopia to exert its resource potential and guarantee energy security. flax and chat. seasons without rainfall (i. cement.6% respectively. Ethiopia takes agriculture and animal husbandry as main economic basis. iron and steel. sometimes reservoirs can’t normally store water or generate power at full load in rainy season. Ethiopian industrial products mainly include food. chemical. sorghum. low generating cost. global warming causes frequent appearance of extreme drought. Power industry is important basis of national economy. manganese and other minerals. corn and other grain crops and main economic crops including coffee. so related government departments think about how to change resource advantage to economic advantage all the time. and those of agriculture. timber. According to current distribution of Ethiopian wind and solar energy resources. cotton. 10% and 14. droughty seasons) have high natural wind speed and very strong solar radiation. Large scale development of wind and solar energy can effectively overcome the deficiency of hydropower development. there is still a long way to go for realizing the long-term objective of national GTP. many future power generation projects may be arranged in some underdeveloped regions to promote local economic development. beans and peas. and its overall economy has entered a track of rapid growth. In recent years. but it’s affected by change of season and extreme weathers. Ethiopian wind energy resources and water energy resources are very complementary. wheat. and the alternation between droughty season and rainy season form the good complementation among hydropower. Powerful development of wind and solar energy resources can promote the economic development of Ethiopia.e. with main agricultural products inclusive of teff.4%. gold. In recent years. industry and service sector were 8.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Hydropower resource is highly developable renewable resource and has the merits such as mature technology. and the technical innovation and overall improvement of power industry can greatly propel the development of other economic sectors. platinum. (3) Wind and solar energy development is necessary for promoting natinal economic development and improving people’s living standard. barley. shoes. in view of current situation. wind power and solar power. leather. Ethiopian Government has formulated a series of policies for promoting national economic development. However. cole. oil. 18 . clean and no greenhouse gas emission. oil chrysanthemum. textile. the annual average growth rate of real GDP reached 11%. especially implemented “Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Programme” (SDPRP) and “Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty” (PASDEP) as well as “Growth and Transformation Plan” (GTP). however. an East African country rich in renewable energy reserves. In respect of this. the construction of wind and solar photovoltaic power generation system can effectively improve power system layout and relieve electric network tide transmission pressure. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the common action guideline formulated by all countries for reducing carbon dioxide emission. Kenya and other peripheral countries to realize power export for earning foreign currency and promote national economic development. take strategic position for the gaming on international topics concerning carbon emission reduction and get more benefits from carbon emission transaction. Gelgel Gibe II Hydropower Station and future Gelgel Gibe III Hydropower Station being planned in the southwest are all far away from main load areas and need a high voltage transmission network. In order to realize the sustainable development of mankind. Currently Ethiopian national power grid mainly relies on several large hydropower stations for power supply to the whole country. trigging serious environmental problems. cold wave and other extreme weathers. current Ethiopian energy structure dominated by hydropower has made contribution to global carbon dioxide emission reduction. hurricane. is very willing to develop 19 . Ethiopia is a developing country not obliged to assume mandatory emission reduction. and causes frequent seal level rise. meanwhile. aggravates greenhouse effect. rainstorm. (5) Wind and solar energy development is important for responding to global climate change and realizing sustainable development. such highly centralized power supply mode makes the increase of grid coverage rate more difficult. The use of fossil fuel inclusive of coal and oil by the mankind as of industrial revolution emits much carbon dioxide.3 General Situation of Ethiopian Renewable Energy Development Ethiopia. further development of wind and solar energy resources and other renewable resources can better conform to the trend of international energy development and help Ethiopia build up a good image of “Green” development on the international stage. current energy consumption mode dominated by fossil fuel must be changed to sharply reduce carbon dioxide emission. In addition. Sudan. increasing power utilization cost and causing large line loss. (4) Wind and solar energy development can effectively optimizing grid structure and power layout. Undoubtedly wind and solar power generation can effectively strengthen the resource advantage and lay a firmer practical foundation for Ethiopian power export. Tekeze Hydropower Station in the north. 3. the construction of small wind and solar photovoltaic power generation projects can build up a micro-network power system and supply power to some remote regions without electricity access to large power grids. drought. moreover.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopian power department is actively planning the interconnection between Ethiopian national power grid with the power grids of Djibouti. responding to global climate change and protecting the common homestead of mankind. At present. Currently hydropower dominates the power supply of Ethiopia. In order to diversify energy supply. 20 . Grid-connected solar PV power generation projects are still blank in Ethiopia. there hasn’t been any large scale wind and solar PV (photovoltaic) projects put into commercial operation in Ethiopia yet. but two wind farms Ashegoda in Mek’ele and Adama in Nazret are under construction. Ethiopian Government put forward a strategic plan of powerfully developing renewable energy resources in GTP. Only some regions have standard wind masts.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia its renewable energy resources. In 2007. as the second systematic assessment of nationwide solar and wind resources of Ethiopia. and the representativeness of these masts is rather limited relative to vast wind resource enriching regions in the country. there are only scores of such masts in the whole country. Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) organized by United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) finished Ethiopian solar and wind resource assessment. relieve power shortage and decrease regions without electricity access. Ethiopian nationwide wind resource census survey is still in early stage. in addition with mountain climate and tropical desert climate. and there’s long and narrow plain in coastal part of Northeast Ethiopia. dry season (Bega. solar radiation decreases. altitude. 21 .7℃ to 25. Unique complex topographic conditions of Ethiopia are also important cause of formation of wind and solar energy resources. See also Figure 4. Because of regional differences in latitude. June~September). East African Great Rift Valley consists of chasmal valley. Although the country is located in tropic.5℃. there are significant temperature differences among different parts. extended East African Great Rift Valley as well as hot dry depression and desert in the country. Assessment on Wind and Solar Energy Resources in Ethiopia 4. wind and solar energy resources have complicated and diversified compositions and distribution characteristics in different regions of Ethiopia. Tropical savanna climate and subtropical forest climate cover most part of the country. With coming of summer in Northern Hemisphere. At this. annual precipitation there decreases from the west plateau (1500mm) to the northeast part and the southeast part (100mm). subtropical high pressure in North Africa moves northwards thus trade-wind zone also moves northwards. Due to the long span. Desert and semi-desert cover about 1/4 of the country. earth surface conditions and other external conditions. Weather of the season is sunny and dry with strong radiation. Seasonal conversion in large-scope planetary scale weather system is the essential reason for formation and change of wind energy and solar energy in Ethiopia. near 3000m in average altitude. October~January) and small rainy season (Belg. series of lakes. Indicated as main rainy season (Kiremt. due to long span of latitude and large difference in altitude. Southeast Ethiopia is low Somali Highland.1-2.1 General Climatic Conditions of Ethiopia and Genetic Analysis of Local Wind and Solar Energy Resources Ethiopia is located in the east of continental Africa and to the southwest of the Red Sea. February~May). Diagonally running through central Ethiopia. topographic conditions. intertropical convergency zone in South Ethiopia (the equator) moves northwards to control the country thus bring plentiful precipitation. with southward movements of direct solar radiation point and subtropical high pressure in North Africa. Temperature there is 13℃ (average annual). There are wide Ethiopian Highlands. With increase in precipitation.1-1 and Figure 4. ranging from 9.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 4. the whole country is controlled by deep east air flow in the south of subtropical high pressure (namely controlled by the northeast trade wind). volcanoes and hotsprings. bringing rich wind energy and solar energy. every winter. The trade wind is continuously strong and stable in direction. Ethiopia spans latitudes from 3°N to 14°N. 1-2 Schematic Diagram of Ground Circulation Situation of Africa in December 22 .Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4.1-1 Schematic Diagram of Ground Circulation Situation of Africa in July Figure 4. but it has rich precipitation. altitude and surface layer weather conditions.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia In light of the distribution characteristics of wind energy resources. 4. Hence it’s richest in wind energy resource reserve in Ethiopia. The region is the principal part of Ethiopian highlands. It has dry air and few clouds. Ethiopian east plain region mainly means a large area of Somali region. solar radiation resources are distributed differently in different regions with the change of terrain height and weather conditions. so solar radiation is very strong there and forms ample solar wind energy resources. plateaus have relatively thin air with low water vapor content. mid north highland region.2 Common Methods for Wind and Solar Energy Resource Assessment 23 . mid south region and east Somali state plain region. Ethiopia is in a low latitude region with approximately perpendicular incidence of sunshine so that. under the venturi effect of the Great Rift Valley and the forced acceleration action of megarelief. moreover. as such large terrain transformations. Solar radiation resource is influenced by solar elevation angle. All year round. World famous “East African Great Rift Valley” passes through Ethiopia from northeast to southwest and extends for more than 1. in general. many zones rich in wind energy resources usually form in high relief areas. forming relatively weak radiation resources. forming relatively poor solar resources. vast regions rich in wind energy resources form in the rift zone and on both sides of it. hence the regions above become major target region of wind power development in Ethiopia. the forced acceleration action of terrain weakens. plateau tablelands and mountainous lands are widely distributed. The basic strike of East African Great Rift Valley in Ethiopia is northeast to southwest and approaches the wind direction of northeast trade wind. high water vapor content and large cloud amount. solar radiation resources are mainly distributed north highland region. East Somali state plain region is near an ocean and has high water vapor content in air and large cloud amount. so wind energy resources are scarce. most of Armhara State and the mid east of Tigray State. The region is broad and has small relief. However. but it’s very difficult to develop and utilize such resources because of complex terrains there. Mid north highland region of Ethiopia mainly includes the middle of Oromia State. west low-relief terrain and east Somali plain region. In the region.000 km. moreover. West Ethiopia mainly means the large area near the boundaries of Sudan and South Sudan. Mid south region has lower latitude. To be exact. greatly influence the wind speed on surface layer. the region has strong wind power under the alternative influence of northeast trade wind zone and southwest monsoon zone. and the wind speed on surface layer is small. so its solar radiation is obviously weakened. it’s very rich in solar radiation resource. there are four major regions including the Great Rift Valley zone. With the gradual fall of relief in the region. Gradually rising stepwise tableland and tall and straight gibbous cliffs on both sides of the rift valley. etc. North highland region is under the influence of downward flows of northeast trade wind on the south side of subtropical anticyclone. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 4. and the height of wind measuring instruments in most Ethiopian meteorological stations is only about 2m. third. China has more than 2. the globe has established a complete weather observation network for uninterrupted air observation and accumulated a lot of observation data. the spatial distribution density of meteorological stations can hardly meet the need of assessing the developable wind energy resources of a region. At present. At present.2. Denmark has ever acquired the vertical profile of wind speed changing with height variation and gave the wind energy resource distribution 50m above the ground through calculation based on the modification of observation data of meteorological stations and in consideration of the surface roughness of every meteorological station. It’s the directest and simplest assessment method for wind energy resource assessment to use the data of meteorological stations. first accurate resource assessment shall be conducted. A common way of wind energy utilization is to convert the horizontal kinetic energy of air into electric energy by wind turbine generator. and most of them have been in service for more than a half century. calculated the wind energy parameters inclusive of average wind speed and Weibull parameter of every meteorological station and gave the wind energy resource distribution 10m above the ground by statistical methods based on historical wind measurement data. America has ever acquired the wind energy resource distribution 80m above the ground according to surface observation data and meteorological sounding data. In order to meet the demand for large scale wind energy development. thereof relocation. the change of wind speed on surface layer with height variation depends on local terrain and ground surface conditions as well as local atmospheric stability to a very large extent. through the concerted efforts of all countries. (2) Assessment based on observation data of wind masts Wind mast is a basic wind energy observation mode for wind energy development in 24 . second. But the method has obvious shortcomings as follows: First. China has conducted 3 wind energy resource censuses. human beings started to observe air motion and its changes long ago. For example. seriously affecting station observation. so it’s rather difficult to accurately deduce the wind data of turbine hub height according to related data at the height of 10m. main common technical methods for wind energy resource assessment include assessment based on observation data of meteorological stations. instrument change and others of some meteorological stations may also greatly influence wind energy resource assessment. Ethiopia has hundreds of various meteorological observation stations. the wind measuring height of most meteorological stations is only 10m. many meteorological stations have greatly changing ambient environments upon the progress of urbanization.1 Technical methods for wind energy resource assessment Wind energy is the kinetic energy contained in horizontal air flow. (1) Assessment based on observation data of meteorological station In order to explore the law of air motion and accurately forecast weather.000 basic observation stations. assessment based on observation data of wind masts and assessment based on numerical simulation technique. and the numerical simulation result of wind energy resources of one year is obtained accordingly.g. according to the long period wind 25 . The method is based on the fundamental principles of atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics. and studies the time and spatial distribution conditions of wind energy resources and their changes. Windsim. so more wind masts must be used for reflecting the changes of large area wind resources. one year’s observation data are selected. the distribution conditions of wind resources in a whole wind farm shall be calculated by software and in combination with wind mast data. i. (3) Numerical simulation for wind energy resources Based on the defects of the two methods above. This network is bound to greatly drive the development of wind energy assessment technologies and the improvement of wind energy assessment quality. Existing numerical simulation methods for wind energy resources mainly include “statistics + dynamic force” long-term numerical simulation methods. In order to develop local wind energy resources. in addition. further.e. e. Nevertheless. as is very referable for nationwide wind energy resource assessment of Ethiopia. In theory. and establishes a set of nonlinear dynamic system of equations accurately describing atmospheric motion. numerical simulation technique can simulate the distribution of wind energy resources at any height or horizontal resolution. the construction of wind masts costs much labor and many articles. numerical simulation has become a very effective technical means for detailed survey and assessment of wind energy resources. WRF. short-term numerical simulation methods are inclusive of American MM5. finally obtains the numerical simulation result of wind energy resources in a long period. restricting the wide application of such masts. Canadian WEST mode extensively classifies weather ambient fields. Ethiopia has built up a few of wind masts in some major wind energy development regions and accumulated certain amount of wind measurement data. Meanwhile. the data of wind mast still represent the wind energy conditions of certain areas in the surroundings of the mast only and have poor spatial representativeness. Currently related commercial software with large market share includes WindPro.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia every country. the detailed changes of local wind regime can be fully learnt about.and micro-scale meteorological models. and then conducts numerical simulation according to type. In these methods. and the users may select and use one or more of them according to terrain complexity. Windfarmer and others. Therefore the use of observation data of wind masts also needs the help of some commercial software for wind energy resource assessment. RAMS and other meso. later. from scores of meters to several kilometers and with different ground features. and construct 400 wind masts for long-term high density observation of such regions. China is planning to set up a professional wind energy resource observation network in major wind energy development regions. In order to conduct long-term continuous and stable meteorological observation. bringing good assessment effect. Through the data of wind masts. give the continuous wind regime of wind energy in the calculation range. Wind measuring instruments are set at every level of wind mast for vertical gradient wind observation. applies computer to derivation. It includes both the solar radiant energy directly arriving at the ground surface and that arriving at the ground through atmospheric refraction and reflection. 4. meanwhile. limited point distribution and dispersed spatial distribution of stations. so they can be used for large area solar radiant energy resource assessment or radiation assessment of regions short of ground radiation observation data. so it’s restricted by the development of inversion technique and its assessment accuracy needs further improvement. and mainly include three methods. Solar energy resource is in close relation to local climate. i. inclusive of professional radiation measurement base stations specially set up for solar energy resource assessment. However. but it also has the disadvantages including discontinuous data time distribution and weather-affected data quality. but it also has the disadvantages including high operating cost. simulation result is greatly influenced by initial input conditions and boundary condition. here means the solar radiant energy to ground surface. Assessment methods for solar radiant energy resources are similar to those for wind energy resources. additionally simulation accuracy and wind mast observation have certain error. (1) Ground station observation assessment Ground station observation means solar radiant energy resource assessment based on the radiation observation function of meteorological stations in a conventional meteorological observation network. (3) Numerical simulation assessment 26 . terrain.2. or multiyear simulation calculation is directly made for wind farm. and is very suitable for large area census and assessment of wind energy resources. especially for regions with sparse stations. etc.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia measurement data of meteorological station nearby. But the method has certain limitation mainly because it has complicated technique and large amount of calculation and needs special huge computer. etc. Satellite data have the advantage of broad spatial coverage. large interpolation error may exist. it can provide large scope and high resolution wind energy analysis results.2 Technical methods for solar energy resource assessment To solar energy resource. the distribution conditions of wind energy resources in a long period are deduced by the one-year simulation result. satellite remote sensing assessment and numerical simulation assessment.e. Although spatial interpolation may be used for makeup. The technique uses satellite observation data and inverses ground solar radiation by radiation transfer equation. (2) Satellite remote sensing assessment Satellite remote sensing assessment of solar energy resource means a technical method inversing ground radiant energy distribution by virtue of the radiation observation data of meteorological satellite. Satellite data assessment has the advantages including continuous spatial distribution and large area. and can hardly give the continuous and fine distribution characteristics of a region. The method has the advantages including good continuity of observation time and high observation accuracy. ground station observation assessment. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Numerical simulation method for solar radiant energy resources is similar to that for wind energy resources. additionally the heights of such instruments were below the standard height of 10m (most of them were 2m). At that time. and it has become an important task of related departments to quicken the promotion of wind and solar energy resource assessment and grasp the reserves and distribution situation of national wind and solar energy resources as early as possible.3. the method concludes the distribution conditions of solar energy resources by model derivation. Through introducing radiation transfer equation to atmospheric dynamic mode. The accuracy of its analysis and assessment is influenced by the physical chemical mechanism and mathematical calculation methods considered in the overall numerical simulation. and there were only a few of measuring stations. 27 . development and utilization of renewable energy resources have become major energy development objective of Ethiopia. 4. Ethiopia didn’t input a lot in the development and utilization of wind and solar energy resources. With the advance of numerical simulation technique. people didn’t fully recognize the significance of wind/solar energy as potential renewable resource for national energy supply. the development and utilization of wind and solar energy resources are more and more regarded by every country. moreover. its simulation precision and accuracy will be greatly improved. nationwide resource assessment has been conducted twice in Ethiopia. restricted by technology and cost. the gradual perfection of physical chemical mechanism involved and the continuous development of computer technology. standard authentication wasn’t conducted for most wind speed measuring instruments. and Ethiopia has also gradually recognized the significance of renewable energy resources inclusive of wind and solar energy for national energy supply. and the second was the wind and solar energy resource assessment finished by SWERA in 2007. moreover. It effectively overcomes spatial discontinuity of station observation as well as time frequency and inversion of satellite remote sensing. At present.3 Process of Wind and Solar Energy Resource Assessment in Ethiopia In the past. finally it’s difficult to obtain any assessment result with very high geographic resolution. As far as we know. Ethiopian Meteorological stations mainly served aviation. The first was the first wind and solar resource assessment finished by CESEN-ANSALDO in 1980s. 4. The assessment was mainly based on the original wind speed data collected and recorded by Ethiopia National Meteorological Services Agency. With the development of world wind power and solar energy utilization technologies and the expansion of related markets.1 Brief introduction to the resource assessment by CESEN-ANSALDO Ethiopian national wind resource assessment by CESEN-ANSALDO was finished in middle 1980s. further. the plan finished the overall assessment for wind and solar energy resources in 13 developing countries. and the original data were sourced from CESEN data.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Region 1: < 3.3-1 Wind Resource Distribution Map by CESEN-ANSALDO (inclusive of Eritrea) Wind resource assessment by CESEN-ANSALDO just simply graded Ethiopian major regions rich in wind energy through theoretical analysis and some ground verification data. Ethiopian national wind resource data assessment was based on the data generated by the Risoe model of Denmark Risoe National Laboratory. In early stage. (1) Ethiopian wind energy resource assessment by SWERA The renewable resource assessment finished by SWERA for relevant countries in early stage included Ethiopian nationwide wind and solar energy resource assessment. Region 3: >5. promoting the development of global renewable energy resource undertaking and propelling global environmental protection. Region 2: 3.5–5m/s (63–190W/m2). It was jointly sponsored by Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). the conclusion of SWERA on resource assessment was also affected by the rarity of local 28 . and the activity above was intended for providing high quality resource assessment information and technical support for the development of wind and solar energy resources in such countries.3. 4. Similarly.5m/s (>190W/m2) Figure 4. thereof the overall wind speed took on the tendency of gradually rising from west to east till to its maximum at the boundaries of Djibouti and in the coastal areas of Red Sea. The assessment graded all Ethiopian regions with utilizable wind energy into 3 grades. at the height of 50m and the resolution of 5km2.5m/s (<63W/m2).2 Brief introduction to the resource assessment by SWERA Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) was a technical demonstration project intended for propelling the large scale development and utilization of renewable energy resources in developing countries. inclusive of the large mountainous region from the capital to the east till to Harar and Jijiga. regions rich in wind energy resources are basically centralized along the Great Rift Valley.3-2 Ethiopian Wind Energy Resource Distribution Map by SWERA According to the wind energy resource analysis of SWERA. According to preliminary estimate. Figure 4.000 km2. is about 166. i. annual power output potential is about 890TWh. Wind resource distribution concluded by SWERA is shown in Figure 4. classified different wind resource regions of the country into 7 grades according to the abundance of wind resources.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ground wind speed measuring stations.000 km2 suitable for grid-connected power generation. roads and other conditions. Based on the wind speed data at the height of 50m and generated by SWERA in Risoe model. inclusive of about 20. Major regions rich in wind energy resources are centralized on east and west sides of the Great Rift Valley. (2) Ethiopian solar energy resource assessment by SWERA 29 . moreover. regions suitable for wind energy development in Ethiopia include mechanical energy utilization and grid connection regions. the total utilizable area. from capital Addis Ababa to Mek’ele in the north and from Addis Ababa to Mega in the south. forests and lakes. According to the estimate conclusion of SWERA. SWERA systematically analyzed the distribution characteristics and gross amount of Ethiopian wind energy resources by GIS technique and in combination with distribution of local terrains.3-2.e. rural health centers and 30 .Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Just like the assessment data of wind energy resources.74kWh/m 2. According to estimate. Annual Average Daily Radiation in kWh/m2/yr at Wereda Level Fig.3-3 is Ethiopian national solar energy resource distribution map drawn by SWERA. the desert region in Somali State in the southeast and some western and southern regions. 4. the national technical exploitable potential of grid based and building Integrated PV dispersed system is about 1. CESEN-ANSALDO and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).3-3 Ethiopian Solar Energy Resource Distribution Map by SWERA Based on SWERA data. The assessment conclusion of SWERA shows that. while the estimated data of CESEN were closer to those of NASA. Figure 4. the resource assessment conclusion of SWERA was about 50% less than that of CESEN. Through the comparison among solar energy resource assessment data of SWERA. Mid north region of Ethiopia is relatively weaker in solar energy resources. nationwide solar energy resource reserves were analyzed by virtue of GIS system.1TWh/y. the national technical exploitable potentials of the off-grid application such as home. Multiyear average daily radiant quantity of Ethiopia is 3. the Ethiopian solar energy resource data of SWERA were the nationwide resource assessment data with the first resolution up to 10km2. it can be seen that. the regions richest in solar energy resources in Ethiopia are mainly centralized in Afar State in the northeast. select proper model parameters. wind speed. Vis5D). The task is to precisely simulate all meteorological elements (wind direction. 6. WRF). select and build single-model optimal simulation system.4-1: 31 . Institute of Atmospheric Physics. Main contents of the assessment: (1) Assess simulation capabilities of different meteorological models (MM5. which includes meso and micro scale meteorology model of high temporal and spatial resolution. meteorological information assimilation and real-time monitoring of meteorological element. build meteorological element database.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia rural schools PV scattered systems are about 4TWh/y. statically and dynamically present characteristics of temporal and spatial variation of solar energy and wind energy in Ethiopia. temperature and precipitation) in Ethiopia with advanced technologies of meteorological forecast. The institute has compiled Resource Assessment Report on Wind Energy and Solar Energy in Ethiopia.4 Wind and Solar Energy Resource Assessment in the Report To facilitate wind and solar energy resource assessment in Ethiopia especially based on newly-collected data series and newly-mastered numerical simulation mean. 4. Chinese Academy of Science was invited for study on the special topic.24GWh/y and 15. Gis. solar radiation. update topographic information. carry out long-term elaborate simulation (spatial resolution: 2km). wind energy and solar energy are assessed in detail. Based on the 30-year (1980~2009) meteorological simulation and fine-mesh meteorological simulation result. (2) Based on the optimal simulation system. calculate characteristics of spatial distribution and temporal variation of solar energy and wind energy grid by grid via solar energy and wind energy statistical assessment model. and the national technical exploitable potential of independent PV systems mainly for water lift operations of some households or farms is about 36GWh/y. (4) Based on different data presentation software platforms (Grads. (3) Based on the meteorological element database.6GWh/y respectively. General route of the task see Figure 4. cloud amount. with basic technical demands considered. precision in simulating meteorological elements (wind direction.1 Comparison and selection of model system The key for accurate assessment on wind and solar resources is precision of simulation data. As an advanced mesoscale numerical forecast model. ecology and hydrology. RRTMG. since issued. 4. MM5 is largely enhanced in information initiation and physical process parameterization. while in MM4.5. wind energy resource assessment.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 4 – dimensional assimilation Figure 4. Harrington) are analyzed. environment.4-1 Technical Route and Scheme of the Task Wind and solar energy resource assessment in the report are divided into building and verification of assessment system. wind speed.5 Setting up and Verification of Wind and Solar Resource Assessment System 4. so is omitted. Dudhia. coriolis force is three-dimensional. depending on its good performance. On the basis. solar energy resource assessment and conclusion of topic. Goddard. In the task. solar energy) is compared between the mesoscale meteorological models MM5 and WRF. Widely used in research on different mesoscale phenomena. In MM5. Cloud. GFDL. it aroused wide concerns by scientists of service departments and scientific research departments dedicated to related disciplines. proper meteorological model and parameterization scheme are selected according to geological and meteorological characteristics of the country. compared to other components. As for 32 . (1) Characteristics of MM5 MM5 is an integrated system with functions of numerical weather forecast and weather process mechanism research. CAM. vertical component of coriolis force is less. and characteristics of different solar radiation transfer models (CCM2. in different countries. the model serves multiple disciplines and fields such as meteorology. added with non-hydrostatic part and function of regional nesting. Compared to its predecessor MM4. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia numerical calculation, given that there’s propagation of sound wave in MM5, for the purpose of stability in numerical calculation, integration of some components in the model equation must be in short time step. The most important improvement of MM5 is introduction of non-hydrostatic equilibrium effect, which enables the model to describe small spatial scale movement and develop strong weather system thus describe generation and development of local perturbation in a way better than MM4 and correspondingly reduces restrictions for simplification of dynamic equations. MM5 consists of 4 basic modules: ① TERRAIN: calculate location of each grid according to longitude and latitude of regional center, number of grid points and parameters of grid system, download topographic data and underlying surface characteristic parameter, followed by horizontal interpolation on rectangular grid of MM5. ② REGRID: interpolate meteorological data on different isobaric surfaces on mesoscale grid by double parabola method. The module consists of pregrid and redridder. Pregrid converts data to intermediate file in format required by regridder. Subsequently, regridder generates large-scale initial field based on topographic data in the file TERRAIN. ③ INTERPF: read result of REGRID/regridder, calculate the vertical speed w and the barometric disturbance p’ in the coordinate z, interpolate each isobaric layer field to sigma levels thus form initial field, lateral boundary conditions and lower boundary conditions. ④ Main module: undertake time integration for forecast. Basic equations of MM5 are an atmospheric non-hydrostatic equilibrium original equation. Its vertical structure and horizontal structure are the coordinate sigma and B-type staggered grid, respectively, using real information about terrain classification and underlying surface classification. Adopting splitting time integration scheme, the model considers physical processes including horizontal and vertical eddy diffusion, cumulus convective parameterization, explicit microphysical process scheme, solar shortwave radiation scheme, solar long wave radiation scheme and planetary boundary layer scheme. It can implement grid nesting and four dimensional data assimilation thus is a strong tool for numerically simulating characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of wind energy and solar energy. (2) Characteristics of WRF WRF (Weather Research Forecast) is a new-generation mesoscale meteorological forecast model developed by scientists from many research institutes and universities of USA, transplantable, maintainable, high-efficiency and convenient. WRF is a full-compressible non-hydrostatic model. Any of its control equation sets is in the form of flux. As for form of grid, different from MM5 that adopts Arakawa B grid point, the model adopts Arakawa C grid point that improves its accuracy in high-resolution simulation. As for dynamic frame, there are three schemes. Both of the former two solve 33 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia dynamic equation set with time spitting explicit scheme, namely vertical high frequency wave is solved with implicit scheme while other waves are solved with explicit scheme. The most important difference between the two is difference of vertical coordinate (geometric height coordinate, quality (static pressure) coordinate). The third scheme solves dynamic equation set with semi-implicit and semi-lagrangian scheme. Its advantage is that compared to the former two, longer time step can be adopted. WRF has been an important tool for improving precision in forecasting important weather characteristics from cloud scale to synoptic scale. To meet demands in simulating actual weather, the model must have a set of physical processes such as radiation, boundary layer parameterization, convective parameterization, subgrid turbulent diffusion and microphysical process. In the model, weather variable prediction of 1~10km in horizontal resolution can be taken into account. Compared to MM5, WRF adopts more advanced technologies of numerical calculation and data assimilation and more perfect physical processes (especially, connective process and mesoscale precipitation process) thus can implement grid nesting by means of multi-movement. Applicable in weather forecast, atmospheric chemistry, regional climate and pure simulation research, WRF is helpful for developing high-resolution numerical simulation of different weather processes in different regions thus improving resolution and accuracy of weather forecast. Many previous researches indicate that, WRF presents performance better than MM5 under complex urban scale and other complex topographic conditions. (3) Simulation performances of WRF and MM5 Although there have been many researches involved in simulation performance comparison between WRF and MM5, to analyze simulation performances of the two models in Ethiopia, in the research, a one-month simulation was carried out to compare and assess the two models. Wind speed distributions simulated by WRF and MM5 are given in Figure 4.5-1. Solar radiation plans simulated by WRF and MM5 are given in Figure 4.5-2. Figure 4.5-1 Wind Speed Plans Simulated by WRF (Left) and MM5 (Right), m/s 34 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4.5-2 Downward Solar Radiation Plans Simulated by WRF (L) and MM5 (R), W/m 2 Seen from the above, wind speed distributions simulated by WRF and MM5, as well as solar energy distributions simulated by both approaches, are very similar. In Ethiopia, there are two long and narrow high wind speed belts where average wind speed can reach 10m/s. In Central Ethiopia, downward solar radiation is higher, possibly exceeding 300W/m2. The approximate simulation results indicate there’s less difference between the two models. Given less uncertainty in the results, the simulations are reliable. However, there are some differences between the simulation results. For example, in solar energy spatial distribution simulated by MM5, there’s an obvious low-value zone in East Ethiopia, while in that simulated by WRF, there’s no such spatially-discontinuous singular zone, which is more reasonable. Based on previous researches and the comparative analysis above, in the task, WRF was selected for fine-mesh simulations of wind energy and solar energy in Ethiopia. 4.5.2 Setting of simulation assessment system (1) Projection model There are three coordinate projection models common in WRF (Lamberto conformal projection, stereographic projection, Mercator projection). Light source of Lamberto conformal projection is on the core of Earth. Mapping face of the projection is a circular conical surface intercrossing with 30ºN and 60ºN on Earth (coning angle a=90º). The projection is also called double standard parallel equiangularity conic projection, suitable for middle-latitude and low-latitude region. Light source of stereographic projection is in the South Pole. Its mapping face is a plan intercrossing with 60ºN, suitable for high-latitude region. Light source of Mercator projection is on the core of Earth. Its mapping face is a cylindrical surface intercrossing with 22.5ºN and 22.5ºS, suitable for simulation of low-latitude region. Given these, in the research, Mercator projection is selected for simulation of Ethiopia. (2) Selection of regional setting and topographic data 35 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Data about underlying surface decides energy budget on Earth’s surface, as another key element for precise simulation. In a numerical model, physical processes such as Earth’s surface albedo, thermal capacity, roughness and usable water content are parameterized based on given information about utilization type so that connection is built between atmosphere and surface of the Earth. The region under assessment in the paper covers the whole territory of Ethiopia. Established simulation region covers the whole country. Regional settings in the model: Center: 40.5°E, 9.5°N Grid interval: 10km Grid number: zonal, e_sn=140; warp-wise, e_we=170 Topographic mapping type, map_proj = 'mercator'. For simulated region, see Figure 4.5-3, topographic data: from USGS. Figure 4.5-3 Schematic of Simulated Region (3) Selection of simulation time and re-analysis data setting Re-analysis data set provides initial and boundary conditions for meteorological model, and can be used for modifying forecast field by data assimilation. High-precision re-analysis data is a key factor for precise meteorological simulation. Assessment period of the research is 30 years (1980~2009). For simulation from 2000 to 2009, FNL data from NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) is used. The data is 1.0º×1.0º in spatial resolution and includes a lot of observation data and satellite inversion data, widely used in numerical model and weather/climate diagnosis and analysis. Due to absence of FNL data from 1981 to 1999, for the period, re-analysis data set from NCEP is used. The data is globally assimilated, obtained by global 36 as well as monthly vegetation index. For processing evaporation and transpiration. Used together with cloud radiation short wave scheme. it uses a related k model to describe detailed effect of band absorption primarily targeting water vapor. temporal resolution: 6 hours). predictands concerning substances in aqueous phase are cloud water. ice. Forecasting turbulent kinetic energy. In the scheme. are taken into account.5º. the long wave scheme is quite accurate and effective. the scheme provides uniform codes identical to codes in NCEP’s North America mesoscale model for scientific research and service application. thus is consistent with time-dependent soil temperature variation in analysis data. detrainment of downdraft airflow and precipitation are different from previous models. Under T<-40℃. Entrainment of upward airflow. exchange coefficient is calculated by similar theory. snow and graupel can coexist. meanwhile output runoff volume on Earth’s surface and underground. SLAB (thin layer) is called to calculate Earth’s surface temperature. By quasi-equilibrium hypothesis. RRTM (WRF=1) is adopted as radiation scheme. the scheme has local vertical mixing. Dynamic control is decided by available potential energy (CAPE). Each element field is distributed globally. ship. Prototype of the scheme is A-S mass flux scheme. rain. all cloud ice is unfrozen. Providing heat flux and latent heat flux. carbon dioxide and ozone. It can forecast temperature and humidity of four soil layers.5º×2. types of vegetation and soil. compared to OSU. In rear of SLAB.5-order turbulent closed model is replaced by turbulence parameterization in boundary layer and free atmosphere. Mellor-Yamada 2. radio sounding. Developed by NCAR and NCEP. Under T>0℃. Under -40℃≤T≤0℃. In front of SLAB. (4) Selection of parameterization scheme Grell-Devenyi collection scheme is adopted for cumulus parameterization. cloud ice. rain. the scheme can forecast influences of soil ice and small-piece snow cover. lower vertical speed and water-vapor convergence. plane and satellite. pilot balloon. Various cumulus models and variables are operated on each grid point.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia meteorological data assimilation system upon quality control and assimilation of observation data from Earth’s surface. followed by result equalization and feedback to model. The scheme involves complex descriptions of physical processes. there are 32 element fields in three types (isobaric surface with 17 levels. Earth’s surface. Noah (WRF=2) is adopted as parameterization of land surface process scheme. Implicit diffusion scheme is adopted for calculating vertical flux. which is helpful to improve urban 37 . two cloud models comprised of stable circulation determined by upward airflow and downward airflow are used. flux). In the scheme. Cloud mass flux is controlled jointly by static and dynamic conditions. Eta Mellor-Yamada-Janjic TKE (WRF=2) is adopted as boundary layer scheme. As a rapid radiating transfer model. tree canopy transpiration and snow depth of equal water volume. except on circulation top and bottom. In the data (resolution: 2. all cloud water is frozen. Lin (WRF=2) is adopted as explicit microphysical scheme. No direct mixing occurs between cloud and ambient air. cloud water. snow. graupel and water vapor. wind observations from different years have been accumulated. land type) and solar radiation or wind speed (incl. area and potential exploitable quantity of a zone supporting solar energy exploitation are calculated by ArcGIS software system. Wind speed data from the masts has high temporal resolution and good quality.exploitable zone and limited zone and conclude monthly average distributions and average annual distributions of total solar radiation and wind energy. shading effect). data from simulation and assimilation in grid point is spatialized by ArcGIS software system. for further utilization and development of subsequent result. outcome shall be verified to learn about simulation performance and result characteristic of the mode.3. given characteristics of observation and the mode.5.5-1. a high-resolution atlas is built concerning seasonal and average annual situation of solar radiation and wind energy distribution & evolution in each province in recent 30 years. to finally find out temporal and spatial distributions of the two energies in the whole country. Masts with valid data collected in the planning are shown at Table 4. for wind energy observation. in reference to international like methods. thus can act as an important reference for outcome verification. in the research.5. detailed statistical assessment is developed that statistical models of wind energy and solar energy are used to calculate characteristics of temporal and spatial variation of solar energy and wind energy grid by grid. grid and local development planning. Potential exploitable quantity on gentle simple terrain is much more than that on fluctuating complex terrain. 4. Now. traffic.1 Wind energy simulation result comparative verification (1) Verification by wind mast data EPPCo has set up many wind masts of the heights of 10m or 40m in some regions of the country. 4. (5) Statistical assessment on wind energy and solar energy Exploitation and utilization of wind energy and solar energy are restricted by geography. 38 .5-4.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia cover and consider surface radiation coefficient. to determine non. based on spatial correspondence between elements (altitude.3 Verification of model assessment system Wind energy resource and solar energy resource of Ethiopia are simulated by WRF mode in the report. which locations of the masts are shown at Figure 4. As a result. However. land resource. In the project. position. Based on fine-mesh meteorological data from long-term simulation. Based on fine-mesh simulation result and geological data about terrain and land utilization. for calculating potential exploitable quantity. the factors must be comprehensively taken into account. Potential exploitable quantity of unit area is influenced primarily by terrain and landform. On the basis. on distribution graph of the two resources from numerical simulation. 5-1 Existing Wind Masts with Valid Information No. Name of masts Height of mast (m) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ashegoda I Ashegoda II Aysha Bahir Dar Debre Birhan Dibagot(Gondar) Diche Oto May Makden Mossobo Nazret New Nazret Negele Borena Sululta 10 40 10 10 10 40 10 10 40 10 40 10 10 Height of observation (m) 10 10.5-4 Position Schematic of Existing Wind Masts ① Comparative analysis of wind speed at 10m height Wind speed is an important parameter for wind energy resource assessment. observations from the masts can be compared with wind speed at the height of 10m that was output by the model in the same period. Comparison of mean wind speeds from different stations is shown in Table 4. 40 10 10 Location of masts Tigray Tigray Somali Amhara Amhara Amhara Afar Tigray Tigray Oromia Oromia Oromia Oromia Figure 4.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Table 4. Therefore. Trend comparison between observed data and simulated data at some wind masts is shown in 39 . 40 10 10 10. to judge and analyze simulation result and characteristics of the model. 40 10 10.5-2. 40 10 10 10 10. There's direct output of wind speed at the height of 10m in WRF model adopted in the simulation. 6 5.6 7. Name of masts Observed value (m/s) Simulated value (m/s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ashegoda I Ashegoda II Aysha Bahir Dar Debre Birhan Dibagot(Gondar) Diche Oto Maymekden Mossobo Nazret New Nazret Negele Borena Sululta 8.3 4.3 7.5-5~4.9 5. 10m Height Figure 4.9 4.2 6.8 3.9 6.3 7.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4.5-6 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Aysha Mast and Simulation.6 6.8 5.5-5 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Ashegoda I Mast and Simulation.9 5. 10m Height 40 .9 5.7 7.6 6.8 4.8 6.1 3.5-10.1 6. Table 4.5 5.7 7.5-2 Comparison between Observed Data and Simulated Data at 10m Height No.2 6.2 Figure 4.5 5.6 4. 10m Height Figure 4.5-8 Wind Speed Scatters between Observed and Simulated Values at Maymekden. 10m Height 41 .5-9 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Dibagot Mast and Simulation.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4.5-7 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Maymekden Mast and Simulation. 10m Height Figure 4. 7 Seen from the comparative analysis. Negele Borena and Sulata are higher than observed values. 42 . However. height of 10m). Debre Birhan.5-3. seen from Figure 4. Trend of wind speed data is shown in Figure 4. and the model has strong capability of simulating and analyzing variation of wind speed. Nazret New and Nazret are lower than observed values. In detail. Detailed result of the comparison is shown in Table 4. Seen from order of wind speed.5-13.1 6.5-3 Comparison between Observed Data and Simulated Data at 40m Height No Name of tower Observed value (m/s) Simulated value (m/s) 2 6 9 Ashegoda II Dibagot(Gondar) Mossobo 7. overall simulation result from height of 40m is better than that from height of 10m. simulated values from Ashegoda I. error of mean wind speed is lower.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4. regardless of wind speed value and trend. Table 4.6 6.5-10. indicating that describing trend of wind speed on boundary layer by the model is reasonable. systemic deviation of the model is higher (Nazret. and trend of wind speed better fits actual variation.6 7.5-12 and Figure 4. ② Comparative analysis of wind speed at 40m height Simulation performance of the model is further verified by comparing observations collected at the height of 40m with output of the model.5-11. Diche Oto. while those from Bahir Dar. WRF can bring good simulation result that reflects characteristics of local wind energy variation. trend of simulated value fits that of observed value. at the height. Figure 4. for height of 10m. 10m Height Seen from the analysis above.3 6. Seen from trend with time. and those from other stations are equivalent to observed values.2 6.5-10 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Nazret Mast and Simulation. 4.5-11 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Ashegoda II Mast and Simulation. 4.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Fig. 40m Height Fig.5-12 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Dibagot Mast and Simulation.5-13 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Mossobo Mast and Simulation. 4. 40m Height 43 . 40m Height Fig. With increase in height. see Figure 4. the model can reflect trend of wind speed at the height of 10m with time at most stations. and at the height of 40m. data from some meteorological stations of Ethiopia is collected for analysis. Seen from the analysis above. Compared to wind speed at height of 10m.5-14 Distribution of Some Meteorological Stations in East Ethiopia 44 . Therefore. there's good consistency between simulated value and observed value as well as their trends. while there's error in simulated values from some masts. its typicality is better than that from height of 10m. Under the resolution 10km×10km. one from height of 40m is less sensitive to landform and environment. (2) Verification by meteorological station data To further verify and analyze numerical simulation result. This causes error of simulated value at some stations. WRF model adopted in the assessment well reflects variation of wind speed on boundary layer. error of simulated value gets lower and lower. the model is weak in simulating some low-scale quickly-varying atmospheric motions on boundary layer that are produced by dynamic and thermodynamic effect of local environment. especially in region with complex landform and thermodynamic situation on surface.5-14.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia From the above. Cause of such error may be complicated. Wind speed at the height of 10m is sensitive to local landform and environment. Those stations are in East Ethiopia. For their detailed positions. Figure 4. One important factor is resolution of the model. Simulated value of wind speed at height of 10m can reflect trend of observed value with time. ① Gode station Gode station is located in Shabelle River Valley in the south central part of Somali Region.0 12. they are valuable for reference. and direction distributions of wind speed and wind energy are shown in Figure 4.0 8.8 356.50 10.98 7.48 6. since there's less measured information in East Ethiopia.3 535. The report is to reflect basic law and characteristics of wind energy change in East Ethiopia.10 7.0 4.5-17. Gode Station Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wind speed (m/s) Wind Power 2 Density (W/m ) Month 8.00 200.96 883.5-16.0 0.69 6.34 11.00 1000.5-15 Curves of Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density. However. they can't accurately reflect local wind energy change.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Each of the four stations for the assessment is airport meteorological station.1 301.5-4 Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density.5-4 and Figure 4. Gode Station 45 .5-15.10 5.34 565.3 Monthly Average Wind Energy Density and Average Wind Speed variation Curve wind energy density (W/m 2) Average Wind Energy Density Wind Speed （m/s） Average Wind Speed 1200.1 1086. frequency distribution of wind speed is shown in Figure 4.7 270.5 533. wind speed change of each month is shown in Table 4.77 7.0 274.00 600.5 840.00 800. Table 4.00 0.13 8.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4.3 372.2 Wind speed (m/s) Wind Power 2 Density (W/m ) 8 9 10 11 12 Average 10.9 460.0 453.12 5. Given their poor temporal continuity and low observation height. They were different at the wind speed observation time series and sampling rate with 2 or 3 times every day.98 7.0 2.0 10.0 6. As for result of simple analysis on wind speed observations from Gode station.00 400. 00 8.00 12.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Wind Speed and Wind Energy Density Frequency Distribution Frequency (%) 18. the wind speed above 10m/s shared higher.00 16. Seen from direction distribution. Seen from frequency distribution.5-19.00 14.5-5 and Figure 4.00 10.5-20. frequency distribution of wind speed is shown in Figure 4.0 WSW ESE SW SE SSW W SE SSW SSE SSE S S Figure 4. This indicates high frequency of high wind.0 WSW ESE SW E 0.00 6.0 NW ENE 5.0 NNE NE 10. The analysis result on wind observations from Negele station is shown in Table 4. Gode Station Wind Energy Direction Wind Direction N N NNW 15. Although the observed time was only once at 15:00 each afternoon.00 2.0 WNW NNW 20.0 NW NE 10. and direction distributions of wind speed and wind energy are shown in Figure 4. the main role is played by east wind in winter half year of the Northern Hemisphere and south or southwest wind in summer half year of the Northern Hemisphere. In detail.00 0.5-18. ② Negele station Negele station is located in the south of Oromia. there's rich wind resource around Gode station.5-16 Frequency Distribution of Wind Speed. There was still significant increase from June to September.0 WNW ENE 5.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wind Speed (m/s) Figure 4.96m/s and 500W/m2. east wind and southwest wind play the main role.00 4. This indicates significant characteristics of monsoon climate. 46 .5-17 Direction Distributions of Wind Speed and Wind Energy. annual mean wind speed and wind power density respectively reached 7. It is also an evidence for that there is rich wind resource in the region. Gode Station Seen from the analysis result.0 W NNE 15.0 E 0. 0 4.00 40.00 14.00 8.8 53.3 69.00 20.8 58.00 12.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Wind Speed (m/s) Figure 4. Negele Station Frequency (%) Wind Speed Frequency Distribution 20.00 140.35 5.0 6.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Table 4.0 78.28 87.5-18 Curves of Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density.31 4.6 160.00 80.66 Wind Power 2 Density (W/m ) 164.00 2.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4.7 109.83 3.45 4.00 10.0 1.91 3.0 3.15 4.17 4. Negele Station 47 .0 0.4 64.36 4. Negele Station Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wind speed (m/s) Wind Power 2 Density (W/m ) Month 4.9 36.45 4.0 100.0 0.00 6.5-5 Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density.00 4.00 0.2 Monthly Average Wind Energy Density and Average Wind Speed variation Curve wind energy density (W/m 2) Average Wind Energy Density Wind Speed （m/s） Average Wind Speed 180.00 60.00 160.0 7.5-19 Frequency Distribution of Wind Speed.98 3.2 139.1 8 9 10 11 12 Average Wind speed (m/s) 6.00 120.00 18.0 5.74 6.00 16.0 2.4 93.4 96. 0 SE SSW SSE SSE S S Figure 4.0 5.5 27.5-20 Direction Distributions of Wind Speed and Wind Energy. also an airport meteorological station.0m/s shares high.9 17. In detail. Annual mean wind speed there is as high as 4.0 NNE NE 15.5 27.88 2.40 2. Seen from wind direction distributions.0 NW NNE 20.0m/s also has a big ratio. Robe Station Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wind speed (m/s) Wind Power 2 Density (W/m ) Month 2. wind speed change of each month is shown in Table 4.0 48 .1 26. frequency distribution of wind speed is shown in Figur4.0 18.0 44. northeast wind and southwest wind play the main role. Table 4.3 8 9 10 11 12 Average Wind speed (m/s) 2.5-6 and Figure 4.33 2.95 2.0 WNW ENE 5. even one above 10.5-6 Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density.0 WSW WSW ESE SW ESE SW SE SSW E 0. wind speed is higher from June to September.0 NW NE 10. As for result of simple analysis on wind speed observations from Robe station. Similar to that of Gode station.71 2.56 Wind Power 2 Density (W/m ) 20. and wind direction distributions are shown in Figure 4. the main role is played by east wind in winter half year of the Northern Hemisphere and southwest wind in summer half year of the Northern Hemisphere.0 W W E 0.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Wind Energy Direction Wind Direction N N NNW 15.65 2.4 10.0 45. This also indicates significant characteristics of monsoon climate.38 2.4 46.3 12.68 18.16 2. Seen from frequency distribution. there's rich wind resource around Negele station. Negele Station Seen from the analysis result.24 1.0 ENE 10. ③ Robe station Robe station is located on the plateau of Shabelle River in the south central part of Oromia.0 WNW NNW 25.94 3.5-21.5-22.4 37. the wind speed of 4. It indicates there is a big ratio of high wind speed weather in the region.66m/s at the height of 2m.5-23.45 2. 0 WSW ESE SW SE SSW W SE SSW SSE SSE S S Figure 4.0 3.00 25.00 10.0 0.00 20.00 10.0 NW NNW 40.0 15.00 15.0 0.0 20.0 NW NE 15.0 3.50 35.0 0.00 25.0 2.0 1.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4.50 45.50 5.50 20.0 WSW ESE SW E 0.5-21 Curves of Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density.0 NE 20.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Wind Speed (m/s) Figure 4. Robe Station Wind Energy Direction Wind Direction N N NNW 25. Robe Station 49 .0 2.0 WNW ENE 10.00 40.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Monthly Average Wind Energy Density and Average Wind Speed variation Curve wind energy density (W/m 2) Average Wind Energy Density Wind Speed （m/s） Average Wind Speed 50. Robe Station Wind Speed Frequency Distribution Frequency (%) 30.0 30.00 5.0 5.0 W NNE E 0.5-23 Direction Distributions of Wind Speed and Wind Energy.5-22 Frequency Distribution of Wind Speed.0 1.0 NNE 30.0 WNW ENE 10. 0 2.0 2.1 25.00 35. ④ Dire Dawa station Located in the north of Dire Dawa.50 15.5-7 and Figure 4.0 13.00 20.0 0. Dire Dawa Station 50 . Dire Dawa station is on the transition from hilly area to plain in East Ethiopia.7 21.5-7 Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density.3 18.0 0.79 3.2 43.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4.50 25.0 3. wind speed change of each month is shown in Table 4. with characteristics of monsoon climate weakened.0 1. significant change can be seen in wind speed statistics. As for result of simple analysis on wind speed observations from Dire Dawa station.5-26.6 8.0 4.68 41. Robe station is closer to inland.0 1.05 1.1 Monthly Average Wind Energy Density and Average Wind Speed variation Curve wind energy density (W/m 2) Average Wind Energy Density Wind Speed （m/s） Average Wind Speed 50. east wind plays the main role.5-24. frequency distribution of wind speed is shown in Figure 4.5-24 Curves of Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density.56 2. broadly speaking.01 3. at a lower frequency.3 23. and wind direction distributions are shown in Figure 4. Dire Dawa Station Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wind speed (m/s) Wind Power 2 Density (W/m ) Month 1. High wind occurs from February to May.9 20. Seen from direction distribution.30 2.6 23.3 8 9 10 11 12 Average Wind speed (m/s) Wind Power 2 Density (W/m ) 3.51 3.0 30.90 2.9 43. Table 4.6 8.98 2.5-25.0 0.00 45.00 10. As a result.50 5.38 2.50 40.56 9.77 2.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Higher in ASL than the two stations before.34 2.0 3. high wind season there is different from the region of the Great Rift 51 . Besides. Influenced by location and landform.00 10.0 25.0 NW NE 20.0 WSW ESE SW WSW ESE SW SE SSW E 0.0 SE SSW SSE SSE S S Figure 4.00 30. This indicates Southeast Ethiopia is highly influenced by low-level jet from Somalia. This can be attributable to landform.00 15. Seen from wind speed statistics.0 NE 20.5-26 Direction Distributions of Wind Speed and Wind Energy. and southwest wind shares higher in direction distribution. Mean wind speed of Somali region in east Ethiopia is much higher than west region in Ethiopia. high wind occurs from June to August at a lower frequency. and wind speed information from local meteorological stations was acquired by observing at lower height. the south part of the region is hilly area.0 WNW ENE 10.0 5.0 NNE 15. its characteristics of wind speed change are slightly different the stations above.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Wind Speed Frequency Distribution Frequency (%) 35. In detail.5-25 Frequency Distribution of Wind Speed.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Wind Speed (m/s) Figure 4.00 0. Despite this. Dire Dawa Station Wind Direction Wind Energy Direction N N NNW 30. upon the analysis above.0 W NNE W E 0.0 WNW ENE 10.00 20. Information from local meteorological stations is limited. Dire Dawa Station Dire Dawa station is in East Ethiopia. level and variation profile of wind energy in East Ethiopia are reflected by and large.0 30.00 5. which may obstruct south wind that plays the major role in direction distribution.0 NW NNW 40.00 25. result of the simulation is reliable and can full reflect basic variation rule and distribution characteristics of wind energy resource of Ethiopia.22)). with reasonable error.5-28. result of the model is reliable.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Valley. there’s good consistency between simulation value and observed value. at most times. 2 Average daily solar radiation flux (W/m ) Figure 4. Therefore.5-27 Scatters of Simulated Average Daily Solar Radiation Flux and Observed Average Daily Solar Radiation Flux at All Stations at Different Times (Orderly from Upper Left to Lower Right: y=2x. but continuing decrease on Nov 14 is not simulated. 4. there’s error in the numerical model. decrease in solar radiation from Oct 16 to Oct 18 and that on Nov 13 are simulated at Addis Ababa station.2 Solar energy simulation result comparative verification As found in check on result of solar energy assessment.9% (0.3.5. seen from Figure 4. Simulation result reflects variation trend of solar radiation to some extent. y=3/4x. By means of verification by wind mast and meteorological station data. indicated as correlation coefficient of 0. which indicates that at some times.38 (far above that at confidence level of 99. 52 . most simulation values are around one time of observed value so that there’s good comparability between simulation value and observed value. At Hagere Mariam station. y=4/3x. simulated variation trend of solar radiation of September is well consistent with but the simulated trend of October is significantly different from the observation results. For example. This demonstrates that simulation result can well reflect variation trend of solar radiation. Shown in Figure 4. it meets requirements for assessing macro wind energy resource all over the country.5-27. given approximation between simulation value and observed value and the purpose of resource assessment. it can be seen that. y=1/2x) Besides. However. simulation value and observed value from each station are close to each other. y=x. simulated solar radiation flux and observed solar radiation flux are consistent with each other in both value and variation trend. 4.5-28 Time Series Comparison between Observed Results and Simulated Results from Different Stations From the above. by 53 . data sets about wind energy and solar energy in resolution of 10km in the whole country and in resolution of 2km in key areas are obtained.6.6 Assessment of Wind Resources 4. upon WRF simulation. the model can be used in long-term simulation and assessment of solar energy.1 Introduction to method of wind energy assessment In the report.Average daily solar radiation flux (W/m2) Average daily solar radiation flux (W/m2) Average daily solar radiation flux (W/m2) Average daily solar radiation flux (W/m2) Average daily solar radiation flux (W/m2) Average daily solar radiation flux (W/m2) Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4. Therefore. etc. It refers to power in unit area vertical to wind direction. and that about key areas is improved from 2km to 1km in spatial resolution. Among these. and interpolate data set of 2km in key areas to data set of 1km. Kriging. Common methods for spatial interpolation in meteorological elements are distance weighting. Spline method is to produce smooth interpolation curve with some limited point values and characteristic nodes by polynomial fitting and estimated variance control. interpolating polynomials. D: average wind power density (w/m2) n: number of wind speed records within established period vi: the ith recorded wind speed (m/s)  : air density (kg/m3).276 p  0. data about the whole country is improved from 10km to 5km in spatial resolution by means of spatial interpolation. Simplest and most practical. distance weighting is adopted in the report to interpolate simulated data set of 10km in resolution to data set of 5km in resolution. by the formula below: N X  ( i 1 N Xi 1 ) /( )  p p di i 1 di Here. which is established according to detail of data distribution to minimize interpolation error X: post-interpolation high-resolution value that will be used for the calculation of average wind speed and wind power density based on high-resolution data set.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia means of numerical simulation. calculated by the formula below: 1 n 3 D   vi  2n i 1 Here. subject to the formula below:  1. Wind power density is an important parameter that measures richness of wind energy and the most typical factor for assessing potential of wind energy.0036t 1000 54 . spline methods.378e ( ) 1  0. Spatial and temporal continuity of simulation value and dynamic coordination among different meteorological elements require a proper method for interpolation in data set of coarse resolution. distance between point and sample point are taken as weights for weighting coefficient. In the method. To further provide spatial resolution of data. di : distance between interpolation point and the ith sample point X i: value of the ith sample point (namely simulation value of coarse resolution) N: number of sample points involved in interpolation p: power exponent for calculating distance weight. physical interpretation of interpolating polynomials is unclear and tends to conclude value hard for explanation. Seen from the figures. spatial distribution of wind speed is consistent among different heights. Given that meteorological model highly depends on initial and boundary conditions formed upon input data. resolution and quality of input data may influence final simulation result thus influence calculated characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of wind resources.2 e: vapor pressure (hPa) t: temperature (℃) p: atmosphere (hPa) Rule of spatial distribution of wind resources (1) Distribution of average wind speed (1980~1989.6-1 Distribution of Average Wind Speed. Wind speeds in some parts of them exceed 8m/s in height of 10m and exceed 10m/s in height of 50m. in heights of 10m and 50m in the whole country. but there exists relatively obvious difference between the former two periods and 2000~2009. m/s (Height: 10m. In the same height.6-1~4. spatial distribution of average wind speed is consistent between 1980~1989 and 1990~1999. 1980~2009) 55 . 2000~2009) Figure 4.6-8 show distribution of average wind speed in the three 10-year periods and the 30 years. the border region Djibouti and Somali Region.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 4. there’s a significant shear that wind speed in height of 50m is significantly higher than that in height of 10m. Figure 4.6. Wind speed is low at sides of the two long and narrow zones and West Ethiopia. From 10m to 50m. 1990~1999. Wind speed is high in both long and narrow zones in Central Ethiopia. This may be attributable to use of different meteorological data for 2000~2009. m/s (Height: 50m.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4. 1980~2009) Figure 4. 1980~1989) 56 .6-2 Distribution of Average Wind Speed.6-3 Distribution of Average Wind Speed. m/s (Height: 10m. m/s (Height: 10m.6-4 Distribution of Average Wind Speed.6-5 Distribution of Average Wind Speed. 1990~1999) Figure 4. m/s (Height: 10m.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4. 2000~2009) 57 . Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4. m/s (Height: 50m. 1990~1999) 58 . m/s (Height: 50m.6-7 Distribution of Average Wind Speed. 1980~1989) Figure 4.6-6 Distribution of Average Wind Speed. in heights of 10m and 50m in the whole country. Wind power density is low at sides of both long and narrow zones and West Ethiopia. As for its reason. due to use of different meteorological data for 2000~2009. the area bordering Djibouti and Somali Region. there’s a significant shear that wind power density in height of 50m is significantly higher than that in height of 10m. but significantly differ between the former two periods and 2000~2009. Seen from the figures.6-8 Distribution of Average Wind Speed.6-16 show distribution of average wind power density in the three 10-year periods and the 30 years. From 10m to 50m. 2000~2009) Figure 4. Similar with distribution of average wind speed. 1990~1999. while wind power density is in proportion to air density thus air density less influences wind power density.6-9~4. spatial distribution of average wind power density is consistent between 1980~1989 and 1990~1999. wind power density is in proportion to cube of wind speed thus wind speed decides wind power density. spatial distribution of wind power density is consistent among different heights. 59 . Wind power density is high in both long and narrow zones in Central Ethiopia. m/s (Height: 50m. 2000~2009) (2) Distribution of wind power density (1980~1989.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4. The characteristics above are well consistent with distribution of average wind speed. W/m (Height: 50m. 1980~2009) 60 .Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2 Figure 4. 1980~2009) 2 Figure 4. W/m (Height: 10m.6-10 Distribution of Wind Power Density.6-9 Distribution of Wind Power Density. W/m (Height: 10m. 1980~1989) 2 Figure 4. W/m (Height: 10m. 1990~1999) 61 .Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2 Figure 4.6-12 Distribution of Wind Power Density.6-11 Distribution of Wind Power Density. 1980~1989) 62 . W/m (Height: 10m. 2000~2009) 2 Figure 4. W/m (Height: 50m.6-13 Distribution of Wind Power Density.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2 Figure 4.6-14 Distribution of Wind Power Density. 6-16 Distribution of Wind Power Density. 2000~2009) 63 . W/m (Height: 50m. W/m (Height: 50m.6-15 Distribution of Wind Power Density.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2 Figure 4. 1990~1999) 2 Figure 4. 99 23.75 33.19 47.84 15.48 69.66 17.6-2 shows share of area suitable for grid-connected power generation and small-scale off-grid power generation in each state of Ethiopia and the whole country (average of 1980~2009).0 good 4 200~250 6.00 18.36 80.1 160~260 5.75 0.81 58.6-2 Share of Area Suitable for Grid-connected Power Generation and Small-scale Off-grid Power Generation in Each State and the Whole Country (%) Height Wind power utilization mode Amhara Tigray Afar SNNP Gembela Oromiya Benshagul Somali Ethiopia (3) 10m 50m Grid-connected power generation 15.0 320~400 7. Table 4.55 30. The standard is applied in Ethiopia as below to analyze distribution and enrichment of wind energy resource.78 43. the area bordering Djibouti and Somali Region exceed 200 W/m2 in height of 10m and exceed 400 W/m2 in height of 50m.13 39.6 240~320 6. the area bordering Djibouti and Somali Region where wind power density reaches class 4 in most parts thus grid-connected power generation is supported.6-10.28 5.98 11.59 19. In most parts of Central Ethiopia and West Ethiopia.0 480~640 8. Table 4.85 25.0 400~500 7.6 2 100~150 5.2 600~800 8.4 <160 5.55 Statistics of regional wind energy resource 64 10m 50m Off-grid power generation 22.07 13.1 <200 5.98 23. wind energy can be full used for power generation in these parts.4 640~1600 11.6-1 Classes of Wind Power Density Height of 10m Height of 30m Height of 50m Class of Applied for Ref.5 300~400 7.05 1.value of Ref value of Ref value of wind grid. wind power density is low.54 13.87 62. Table 4.50 22. wind power densities are highest on both narrow belts of central Ethiopia.9 Excellent Seen from Figure 4.07 .based Wind power Wind power Wind power average average average power power density density density annual wind annual wind annual wind 2 2 2 density generation (W/m ) (W/m ) (W/m ) speed (m/s) speed (m/s) speed (m/s) 1 <100 4.14 52. Regardless of restrictions.16 3.00 77.51 38.66 15.85 38. and grid-connected power generation is not supported.8 Excellent 7 400~1000 9.0 Excellent 6 300~400 7. indicating rich wind energy resource.00 0.00 22.49 13. According to the CNS Methodology of Wind Energy Resource Assessment for Wind Farm (GB/T18710-2002).9 200~300 6.6-1 shows wind energy classification specified in Methodology of Wind Energy Resource Assessment for Wind Farm (GB/T18710-2002).01 73. at heights of 10m and 50m.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Wind power densities in many parts of both long and narrow zones in Central Ethiopia. Table 4.4 400~480 7.0 800~2000 11.5 Good 5 250~300 6.4 500~600 8.4 Relatively 3 150~200 5.97 17.6-9 and 4. 50 5.19 162.09 204.6-3 Statistics of Wind Energy Resource in Ethiopia (Height: 10m) 2 Country/state Area (10000km ) Amhara Tigray Afar SNNP Gembela Oromiya Benshagul Somali Ethiopia 15.6-4 shows wind energy distribution in height of 50m.46 1789.04 Average annual wind power 2 density (kW∙h/ (m ∙a)) 1694.47 331.12 159. In general. wind speed rises in the two high-value belts in central Ethiopia.50 5. in each state of Ethiopia and the whole country.02 76. but falls in Somali Region and gets minimum in the area bordering Djibouti. wind speed is low in most parts of West Ethiopia and high wind speed is not obvious in Central Ethiopia.6-4 Statistics of Wind Energy Resource in Ethiopia (Height: 50m) 4.41 10.12 195.42 1331. Among all the states. From April.6.68 124.03 110.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Table 4. wind speed is lowest in Somali Region and highest in Central Ethiopia where spatial distribution is 65 . From January to March.92 486.21 1398.46 32.00 4. there are obvious characteristics of monthly variation in spatial distribution of average wind speed.02 9.70 666.39 286.00 4. average wind power density is highest in Somali and lowest in Gembela.3 2 Country/state Area (10000km ) Amhara Tigray Afar SNNP Gembela Oromiya Benshagul Somali Ethiopia 15.05 269.15 1791.99 2. but wind speed is high in Somali Region.68 131.80 2356.78 37. in each state of Ethiopia and the whole country. average wind power density is highest in Somali and lowest in Gembela.49 33.99 2.88 116.41 10.36 Average power 2 density (W/m ) 193.30 4257.16 1094.02 9.80 1149. characteristics of monthly variation in spatial distributions of wind speed and power density are calculated. Table 4. as well as the area bordering Djibouti.6-3 shows wind energy distribution in height of 10m.46 32.95 30.5 152.83 371.03 110.10 2506.95 30. Table 4.92 297.62 892. In May.81 1714.36 Average power 2 density (W/m ) 116. Among all the states.79 Characteristics of monthly variation in wind speed and wind power density (1) Characteristics of monthly variation in spatial distribution of wind speed In Resource Assessment Report on Wind Energy and Solar Energy in Ethiopia.09 67.12 Average annual wind power 2 density (kW∙h/ (m ∙a)) 1017.18 89.14 786.16 Table 4. 6-20 show characteristics of monthly variation in average wind speed at Bole Station (in Addis Ababa) and Maymekden Station (in Mek’ele). February and March. In the four months. Up to December. while high-value area in the north part of Central Ethiopia gets increasing. Characteristics of monthly variation in average wind speed and average wind power density at some stations ① Monthly variation in average wind speed Figure 4. wind speed is lowest in June.6-17~4. average wind speed and high-value area get minimum. wind speed gets decreasing in the south part of Central Ethiopia. wind speed at 10m (m/s) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 month Figure 4. wind speed begins to rise from May.6-17 Monthly Variation of Average Wind Speed at Addis Ababa Bole Station (Height: 10m) 10 wind speed at 50m (m/s) (2) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 month Figure 4. From June to August. From September. From October to December. In the area bordering Djibouti. wind speed falls in the north part of Central Ethiopia. and in height of 50m.6-18 Monthly Variation in Average Wind Speed at Addis Ababa Bole Station (Height: 50m) 66 . Seen from the figures. July. distributed in zonal way. in heights of 10m and 50m (1980~2009). with high-value area reduced. August and September at the two stations. in height of 10m.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia obviously high. wind speed is mostly lower than 6m/s. wind speed is mostly lower than 7m/s. but share of high-value area is much less than those in January. Wind speed in Somali Region gets increasing. wind speed gets decreasing in the area bordering Djibouti. in height of 10m. June~September). small rainy season (Belg.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia wind speed at 10m (m/s) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 month Figure 4. In other months. July.6-24 show characteristics of month-to-month variation in average wind power density at Bole Station (in Addis Ababa) and Maymekden Station (in Mek’ele). dry season (Bega. Seen from the figures. which can make up insufficiency of water energy in the season. October~January). monthly variation in wind power density is more obvious than that of wind speed.6-19 Monthly Variation in Average Wind Speed at Maymekden station (Height: 10m) Wind Spees at 50m (m/s ) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Month 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4. August and September at the two stations.6-20 Monthly Variation in Average Wind Speed at Maymekden station (Height: 50m) ② Monthly variation in average wind power density Figure 4. wind power density is mostly lower than 150W/m2.6-21~4. 67 . In the four months. wind power density is lowest in June. In the country. February~May)). Given that wind power density is in proportion to cube of wind speed. wind power density is mostly lower than 200 W/m2. wind power density is above 200 W/ m2 and in height of 50m. high wind energy occurs in main rainy season (Kiremt. in heights of 10m and 50m (1980~2009). in height of 10m. and in height of 50m. wind power density is above 300 W/ m2. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4.6-21 Monthly Variation in Wind Power Density at Addis Ababa Bole Station.6-22 Monthly Variation in Wind Power Density at Addis Ababa Bole Station. W/m (Height: 10m) 68 2 .6-23 Monthly Variation in Wind Power Density at Maymekden Station. 2 W/m (Height: 10m) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4. 2 W/m (Height: 50m) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4. According to Chinese National Technical Specifications of Wind Energy Resource Assessment. W/m 2 (Height: 50m) 4. determined by Table 4.4 Calculation of wind resource reserve index (1) Calculation of total wind energy resource reserve Total wind energy resource reserve refers to total of wind energy resource on a height layer in given zone.030GW (GigaWatt). here the state with maximum reserve 1.490GW is Somali. total wind energy resource reserve in each state of Ethiopia and the whole country is concluded by the method above (see Table 4.6-5 Typical Value of Wind Power Density 2 Wind power density of grid point (W/m ) <50 50~100 100~150 2 (Increase by step of 50 W/m as demand) 2 Typical value of wind power density (W/m ) 25 75 125 2 (Increase by step of 50 W/m as demand) Based on result of calculation upon WRF.6-24 Monthly Variation in Wind Power Density at Maymekden station. 69 .Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4.6-5 Table 4.6-6). typical value of wind power density in zone represented by a grid shall be determined according to wind power density of the grid. followed by calculation as the formula below: Total wind energy resource reserve = 1 n  S i Pi 100 i 1 n: total of grid points S i: area of zone represented by the grid P i: typical value of wind power density of the ith grid. Total wind energy resource reserve of the whole country is 3.6. for calculation of total wind energy resource reserve. 9 24.103. with reserve of restricted zones deducted.9 24.6 Total reserve (GW) 86 83 57 53 0 87 0 1. road network and economic development planning. thus potential exploitable quantity is concluded (statistical height: 50m).030 Calculation of potential exploitable quantity Potential exploitable quantity refers to wind energy resource reserve on the premise that geology.6-7 Potential Exploitable Quantity of Wind Energy Resource in Height of 50m Country/state Amhara Tigray Afar SNNP Gembela Oromiya Benshagul Somali Ethiopia (3) 2 Area (1.6-1) in wind power density.6 320.5 300. 70 . not for grid points lower than class 3 in wind power density. Table 4. only regions with wind power density class 3 and above are included.599 GW. As statistics.3 1.000 km ) 155. Table 4.6 320.5 300.2 94. potential installed capacity is of difference with actual installed capacity.0 49.103. potential exploitable quantity is 1.1 109. environmental protection and other factors restricting exploitation are taken into account based on total reserve.0 50.000 km ) 155. protection zones and natural reserve.490 3. potential installed capacity is only calculated for height of 50m and zones not lower than class 3 (see table 4.6-6 Theoretical Wind Energy Resource Reserve in Height of 50m Country/state Amhara Tigray Afar SNNP Gembela Oromiya Benshagul Somali Ethiopia (2) 2 Area (1.6 Total reserve (GW) 310 140 200 170 20 640 60 1. In the report.1 109.0 49. forest. In the report.599 Calculation of potential installed capacity Potential installed capacity refers to wind power installed capacity achievable on the premise that terrain and landform that restrict wind farm construction are taken into account based on potential exploitable quantity.0 50. main considered restrictions for exploiting wind energy resource in Ethiopia are lake.3 1.6-7 shows potential exploitable quantity in height of 50m in each state of Ethiopia and the whole country.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Table 4. With no regards to restrictions by grid. Based on total reserve.2 94.231 1. … and Hi.6-8 Relation between GIS Slope α and Installed Capacity Coefficient P Horizontal resolution in terrain information Slope  (%) Installed capacity coefficient P 2 (MW/km )  ≤2 2＜  ≤3 3＜  ≤4  ＞4 10km×10km 5 3 2 0 a b c d e f g h i Figure 4. relation between GIS slope and installed capacity coefficient P is built (see Table 4.6-8). …. installed capacity of regional area can be estimated by the formula below: n WP   Pdi  A i 1 71 . variability of terrain of grid e in x direction and y direction are. In the report. assuming heights of grid a. Based on the two variabilities.6-8. Hb. that on gentle simple terrain is much more than that on fluctuating complex terrain. i are Ha.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Potential installed capacity of unit area is influenced by terrain and landform.6-25 Schematic of Grid GIS slope  reflects vertical variability of terrain of a grid. slope below: 2   100  dz dz ( ) ( ) dy dx  of grid e can be worked out by the formula 2 From this. In general. As shown in Figure 4. respectively. Table 4. and DS is grid interval. in reference to functional relation of installed capacity coefficient and terrain slope given in Table 4.6-25. respectively. b. dz ( H a  2 H f  H i )  ( H a  2 H d  H g )  dx 8  DS and dz ( H g  2 H h  H i )  ( H a  2 H b  H c )  dy 8  DS . in reference to results in China Wind Energy Resource Assessment. and that in Somali state is highest while that in Gembela and Benshagul is lowest.6-10 Table 4.6-9). potential exploitable quantity and potential installed capacity of wind resources in Ethiopia based on numerical simulation. potential exploitable quantity， potential installed capacity .350 The values of potential installed capacity above are based on numerical simulation. For easy to understand.6-9 Potential Installed Capacity in Each State and the Whole Country 2 Country/state Amhara Tigray Afar SNNP Gembela Oromiya Benshagul Somali Ethiopia Area (1.103.0 49.3 1. there are differences not only at model system and basic dada but also at assessment index definition and calculation.6-10 Comparison Table of the Calculation Methods of Two Reports No. potential installed capacity in each state of Ethiopia and the whole country is worked out as the method above (see Table 4. Therefore. There would be a certain difference to the values in future actual development.1 109.0 50.350 GW.6 320.2 94.060 1.000 km ) 155. a brief comparison with SWERA report mentioned before is given here It should be emphasized that to analyze SWERA report is not objective and the analysis probably is only kept at surface understanding.6 Potential installed capacity (GW) 59 78 52 26 0 75 0 1. also for responding to an explanation request. (4) Brief description This report proposes the three parameters of wind energy resource reserve. Table 4.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia WP: potential installed capacity n: total of grids within region supporting exploitation Pdi: installed capacity coefficient of the ith grid within region supporting exploitation A: area of a single grid With terrain information from USGS. for the numerical simulation between this report and SWERA report.9 24. Some difference are given in Table 4.5 300. it is please forgiven for if there is improper statement. Shown in the table. It is realized that. 1 2 Items Model system Basic data SWERA report RISOE CESEN + meteorological stations 3 Assessment index potential installed capacity 72 This Report WRF NCEP energy resource reserve. potential installed capacity in the whole country is 1. 0% 0. but one of this report is at class 3 and above wind categories.0% 0. In the research. They are 1. This report reveals there is high wind resource in Somali state region. As for the reason brought about the difference.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia The calculation results of potential installed capacities of two reports are shown in Table 4.0% 5.0% 0. Dudhia of WRF model is 73 .0% 89. can be helpful for us to sort out some evidences. the main difference at the potential installed capacities of two reports is embodied in Somali state region.8% 0. some verification values shown in Section 4.e.7. in our opinion. For convenience of comparison.0% 78. the potential installed capacities of Ethiopia country in two reports would be approximate.4% in SWERA. it can be verified by more studies time and again.0% 58.6% 0. there is value difference indeed at Somali state region between two reports.0% 0.9% 2.5% 0.0% 1. etc.0% 1. i. In short. included verification values of several wind masts and meteorological stations in Somali region.7 Assessment of Solar Resources 4.5.8% 3. As we may think.0% 0.0% 1.9% 0. Whether it accords with real condition of Somali state region or not. SWERA: 101 .4% 5.3% 0.1% 11.0% 100% 21 29 20 11 0 28 0 879 0 0 0 988 2.1 Introduction to method of solar energy assessment Solar shortwave radiation transfer model is embedded in each of mesoscale or small-scale meteorological numerical models (WRF.0% 100% It can be seen from the Table.6% 15. MM5.9% 1.0 GW and 1. in which one of SWERA report was limited at class 4 and above wind categories. but 879 GW and 89% in this report (for ≥class 4).9% 0. the values with class 4 and above wind categories correspond to this report also are also listed out. This report: 988 .1 = 100 (GW).9% 0.8% 100% 59 78 52 26 0 75 0 1060 0 0 0 1350 4.0% 0.879 = 109 (GW).1% 0.1% 2. it mainly is related to model systems and basic data of two reports. Actually.).3. 4.6-11.6-11 Comparison Table of potential installed capacities This report (≥class 3) SWERA This report(≥class 4) Country /state Value (GW) Percentage Value (GW) Percentage Value (GW) Percentage Amhara Tigray Afar SNNP Gembela Oromiya Benshagul Somali Addis Dira Dawa Harar Ethiopia 10 16 0 12 0 60 0 1 1 0 2 101 9.0% 2. Table 4. if exclusive of Somali state region.4% 1. water vapor absorption and cloud reflection & absorption. Based on integration for different regions and times. Here. For cloudy day. thus solar radiation power of unit area can be worked out. solar powers and solar energy reserves in different regions can be concluded. The model was once successfully adopted for long-term simulation and assessment of solar energy resource in China. rain. contributions of different types of liquid water and solid water are taken into account. S0: solar constant. Here. solar shortwave radiation reaching upper bound of earth-atmosphere system. respectively. bringing simulation result well consistent with observed results from 122 observation stations.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia adopted. S. water vapor absorption is calculated according to function of water vapor quantity. So. etc. w: vertically-integrated liquid water characteristic. y: water vapor quantity. For cloudless day. respectively. Transmittance: Here. This provides conditions for statistics and assessment solar energy resource. Awv. The marked feature of the model is that for calculating path of liquid water. Calculation formula of solar radiation flux in Dudhia: Here. QR. snow and graupel. function of water vapor path and solar zenith angle In addition. back scattering (or reflection) and absorption of cloud are concluded according to and by bilinear interpolation. In the scheme. : cosine of solar zenith angle. μ: cosine of solar zenith angle. scattering and absorption by cloudless atmosphere (molecule in air. QC. : length of mass path. 74 . Path of liquid water: Here. approximate Rayleigh scattering and aerosol scattering are considered: Here. cloud ice. Rcld and Acld are Rayleigh scattering & aerosol scattering. reflection (ALB) table and absorption (ABS) table are provided. QS and QG are mixing ratios of cloud water. aerosol. solar short wave radiation flux of the (K+1) th layer is. QI. In the model. water vapor.) on solar radiation travel path and loss of solar shortwave radiation due to cloud reflection and absorption are calculated successively. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia For further detail of Dudhia. annual total solar radiation exceeds 2100 kW·h/(m2·a) in the central part of North Ethiopia (see Figure 4.2 Distribution rule and statistics of annual total solar energy Located in low-latitude tropical zone near the equator. 4. especially the north and the central part are on high altitude where atmospheric optical path is short.2001~2010) Distribution of solar energy resource in Ethiopia features high in the north and low in the south. see the reference document J. According to the standard of Chinese meteorological industry Assessment Method for Solar Energy Resources (QX/T 89-2008). on the one hand. most parts of the country are plateau and mountain lands. solar radiation is less lost at transfer through atmospheric layer and solar shortwave radiation reaching Earth’s surface is strong. seen from Figure 4. annual total solar radiation in any region of the country reaches class “very rich” (1400 kW·h/(m2·a) ≤annual total solar radiation≤ 1750 kW·h/(m2·a)) or “richest” (annual total solar radiation≥1750 kW·h/(m2·a)).7-2 and Figure4. due to high altitude.1981~1990.1991~2000. Ethiopia owns rich solar energy resource. there’s 75 . Besides. kW·h/(m ·a) (1980~2009) As for reasons for such distribution. (1) Distribution of annual total (1980~2009.7-1). 2 Figure 4. on the other hand.7. Dudhia (1989). Ethiopia is in tropical zone where solar radiation is strong all the year round.7-3.7-1 Distribution of Average Annual Total Solar Radiation. especially. mm Figure 4.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia less precipitation thus more solar radiations can reach Earth surface. frequent precipitations obstruct solar shortwave radiation reaching Earth’s surface so 76 . in the west part. Figure 4. annual precipitation in Ethiopia decreases from the west plateau (1500mm) to the northeast part and the southeast part (100mm). g/kg In addition.7-2 Distribution of Average Annual Precipitation.7-3 Distribution of Average Annual Atmospheric Cloud Water. As a result. As for reason for formation of non-precipitating cloud. Seen from Figure 4. However. the region is near ocean and high in humidity. water vapor in air tends to be saturated to cloud due to low temperature and saturation specific humidity from night to early morning. 1990~1999. there are more non-precipitating clouds in Somali Region (in Southeast Ethiopia). 1980~1989) 77 . 2 (Unit: kW·h/(m ·a). Seen from comparison between annual precipitation and cloud water distribution.7-6 that show distributions of total solar radiation (1980~1989. due to absence of strong ascending motion. 2000~2009). With gradual increase in diurnal solar radiation.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia that there’s low-radiation zone. temperature in the region rises and cloud returns to water vapor so that no precipitation is brought.7-4 Distribution of Average Annual Total Solar Radiation. distribution of total solar radiation is similar between the former two periods but significantly differ between the former two periods and 2000~2009. which causes less solar radiation. and underlying surface there is shrub-desert alternation where day-night temperature difference is significant.7-4~4. This is attributable to use of meteorological drive field of higher resolution for 2000~2009 and climatic change. precipitation granule with larger radius can’t be formed. Figure 4. 7-6 Distribution of Average Annual Total Solar Radiation.7-5 Distribution of Average Annual Total Solar Radiation.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4. in the period 2000~2009. 2000~2009) Compared to previous periods. Low-radiation zone was more obvious in the south parts of 78 . 2 (Unit: kW·h/(m ·a). 2 (Unit: kW·h/(m ·a). 1990~1999) Figure 4. solar radiation fell in Central Ethiopia and West Ethiopia. 5 232. Figure 4.986 1.66 49.1 239. area of such zone increased.5 300.38 94. For this.7-7 Average Solar Radiation Flux in Different Regions 79 . For example. Table 4.903 1.962 2.65 24. Somali and Amhara are of advantage.91 24. it is necessary to consider areas of different regions. However. Despite reduction in radiation quantity of high-radiation zone. without obvious low-radiation zone.2 246.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Ethiopia and West Ethiopia.103.19 65.9 226.949 1.159 2. solar radiation power density in Tigray exceeds 245W/m2. In the southeast part.48 5. solar radiation of low-radiation zone increased. Figure 4.52 11.15 MW·h/(m2·a). Figure 4.26 50.48 320.96 71. Amhara and Afar (all in North Ethiopia) where solar radiation power density exceeds 230W/m2. respectively. (2) Regional total solar energy Table 4. and average annual solar density exceeds 2.7-8 show average solar radiation flux and total solar radiation power in different regions.6 227. to consider total solar energy in different regions.98 1.7-1 shows situations of solar energy resource in different regions.0 240.42 Average annual solar density 2 (MW·h/(m ·a)) 2.102 1. Oromiya.0 223.90 22.7-1 Statistics of Solar Energy Resource in Different Regions of Ethiopia Country /state Amhara Tigray Afar SNNP Gambela Oromiya Benshagul Somali Ethiopia Average solar Area Total regional radiation flux 2 (1.6 222.037 1.57 109.7-9 and 4.7-10 show average annual solar density and average annual total solar reserve.21 250.105 2.000 km ) power (TW) 2 (W/m ) 155.3 217.992 Average annual total reserve (PW·h/a) 326 108 198 218 48 628 101 571 2199 Average solar radiation power and average annual total solar energy of unit area are higher in Tigray. respectively.34 37.7-7 and 4.48 12. 7-9 Average annual Solar Density in Different Regions Figure 4.7-8 Total Solar Radiation Power in Different Regions Figure 4.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 4.7-10 Average Annual Total Reserve in Different Regions 80 . due to movement of direct radiation point to the Southern Hemisphere. March: Average solar radiation power exceeds 6 kW·h/(m2·day) in many parts of Central Ethiopia and West Ethiopia. dry season (October~January) and small rainy season (February~May). and radiation is weak in most parts of Southeast Ethiopia. This is attributable to precipitation in rainy season. at the lowest level all the year round. high radiation in plateau and mountain area in North Ethiopia significantly falls. slightly lower in Southeast Ethiopia. February: Average solar radiation power is high in Southwest Ethiopia. September: Compared to August. There’s a low-radiation area in Southeast Ethiopia where average solar radiation power is 5 kW·h/(m2·day) or so. solar radiation significantly rises in West Ethiopia. and is slightly lower in Southeast Ethiopia. specific characteristics of solar radiation distribution in different months in Ethiopia are analyzed and calculated.5 kW·h/(m2·day) in most parts.7. Minimum average solar radiation power is 4 kW·h/(m2·day) or so. There’s a low-radiation area in Southeast Ethiopia. exceeding 6. 4. solar radiation is low all over the country. and gets minimum is West Ethiopia. lower than 4 kW·h/(m2·day) in some parts. November and October: Average solar radiation power is lower than 6 kW·h/(m2·day) in most parts of Ethiopia. Solar radiation significantly falls in Southwest Ethiopia. solar radiation in high-altitude zones in North Ethiopia is much stronger than South Ethiopia. In Resource Assessment Report on Wind Energy and Solar Energy in Ethiopia. and there’s low-radiation zone in West Ethiopia due to frequent precipitations. in the month. In main rainy season. fine-mesh simulation of wind energy resource and solar energy resource 81 . In general.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 4. In small rainy season. and is slightly lower in Southeast Ethiopia. In dry season. July and August: Average solar radiation power falls in North Ethiopia. June: Average solar radiation power is higher in North Ethiopia.56 kW·h/(m2·day). based on WRF (high-resolution atmospheric numerical mode) and various boundary conditions.3 Characteristics of monthly variation in solar energy Tropical savanna climate and subtropical forest climate cover most part of Ethiopia. obvious characteristics of monthly variation are indicated in spatial distribution of solar radiation. April and May: Average solar radiation power is higher in North Ethiopia. possibly exceeding 6 kW·h/(m2·day). Distribution of solar energy resource largely differs among main rainy season (June~September). October: From the month. exceeding 6.8 Summary of Resources Assessment In the chapter. January: Average solar radiation energy density is lower than 6 kW·h/(m2·day). in addition with mountain climate and tropical desert climate. high-radiation zone moves northwards. This is attributable to reduction of precipitation with coming of end of rainy season. Given this. Upon analysis. quotation of or reference to assessment conclusion of the chapter shall be based on knowledge and emphasis of related calculation conditions. According to result of the simulation. given that the atmospheric numerical model is adopted for assessing wind energy and solar energy in the report. respectively. total wind energy resource reserve. quality of assessment is significantly influenced by boundary conditions. and solar energy resource in the whole country is analyzed. At present. The re-analysis data from NCEP and FNL very depends on quality of observed data from local meteorological observation network.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia all over the country is carried out. using re-analysis data from NCEP and FNL.599 TW and 1. potential exploitable quantity and possible installed capacity are analyzed and calculated.992 MW·h/(m2·a) and 2. In the subsequent chapters. Average annual solar radiation energy density of unit area and annual total solar energy reserve are 1. 82 . 1. both spatial density and time resolution of meteorological observation network in the country are far to meet actual demands. These indicate Ethiopia owns very rich wind energy resources and solar energy resources. It must be stated that. emphasis is laid on conjunction with conclusion of on-the-spot survey and assessment of wind resources and solar resources. using the analysis tool ArcGIS. potential exploitable quantity and potential installed capacity are 3. respectively.03 TW. total wind energy reserve.35 TW in the whole country.199 PW·h/a in the whole country. namely part of the re-analysis data from NCEP and FNL concerning the whole country directly influences assessment result in the chapter. In which. which is a system dominated in hydropower. 13 substations in eastern region (ZONE-3). Electric Power System Analysis of Ethiopia 5.5% of the whole ICS.16km single circuit power transmission and 9km double circuit power transmission. the total installed capacity of power system in Ethiopia was 2.69MW.5×1010 m3.3MW in diesel generator. 10 substations in northeast region (ZONE-4).842. According to the data provided by EEPCo. the total crude oil reserves in the whole country were about 428.42km in EEPCo at present.397. 132kV line of 4.1% of the whole ICS. However. about 4% of the total amounts. ICS is the most important power system in Ethiopia. 230kV line of 2842. Until 2003. there were 11 hydropower stations. the total ICS installed capacity in 2010 was 2022.53km single circuit power transmission and 443.000MW. Now. including 138 ICS substations. namely ICS (Interconnected System) and SCS (Self Contained System).000 barrels and the natural gas reserves were about 2.6MW. 66kV line of 1835.2MW.77km double circuit power transmission. ranking second in the total water energy resources in Africa. SCS is relatively independent. accounting for 91. Meanwhile.2MW and total SCS installed capacity of 37. According to the statistics. with a total installed capacity of 1. 3 diesel substations and 3 small SCS hydropower substations. The power system in Ethiopia is divided into two systems. with 172.11km. there are 141 substations in EEPCo.81km single circuit power transmission and 113. 8 substations in northern region (ZONE-5). The existing transmission line system is 10.98km double circuit power transmission. The remaining transmission line is possessed by SCS. Currently. with total ICS installed capacity of 2. comprising small hydropower and diesel generators.49MW. By the zones.1-1 for the specific power supply structures. which can not satisfy the domestic demand.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 5. the petroleum and natural gas resources are relatively short in Ethiopia. the total hydropower resource reserves in the whole Ethiopia are about 45. 10 hydropower substations. 83 .1 Status of Power System Water energy resources are rich in Ethiopia. Until the end of 2010.1-1 and Figure 5. with total 16 confirmed geothermal resource rich areas currently. At present.059. 28 substations in central region (ZONE-2). See Table 5. and 45kV line of 264. there are abundant geothermal resources in Ethiopia. There are 9 rivers that are applicable for developing hydropower in the whole country. the development level is relatively low. ICS possesses 400kV line of 620.72km single circuit power transmission and 65.202.34km double circuit power transmission. 14 substations in northwest region (ZONE-6). EEPCo is the only electric untility enterprise in Ethiopia.022. accounting for 8. hydropower is the main power supply in Ethiopia. there are 20 substations in Addis Ababa region (ZONE-1). In which. 15 substations in western region (ZONE-7) and 17 substations in southern region (ZONE-8). 2 3 5.3 2022.5 3.1-1 List of 2010 EEPCo ICS Installed Capacity.6 147 0 1.2 32 32 11.5 2.842.1-1 Schematic Diagram of EEPCo ICS Power Supply Installed Capacity Structure 84 .3 30 30 420 300 460 1.842.5 2.1 1.7 0.2 Figure 5.3 30 30 7.7 0.4 73 184 Diesel power generation Geothermal power generation 14 35 38 7.3 172.1 25.3 2.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Table 5.8 1.8 1.1 1.3 Total 134 153 43.1 1.4 73 184 14 35 38 7.2 32 32 11.3 816.3 4.1 1.1 25.9 0 7. Unit: MW Name of power station Fincha’a Meleka Wakena Koka Awash II Awash III Tis Abay I Tis Abay II Gilgel Gibe Kaliti Awash Sabatt killo Dire Dawa Aluto Langano Nazret Diesel* Debre Zeit Diesel* Gilgel Gibe II Tekeze Beles Sub Total Alemaya Dire Dawa (MU) Adigrat Axum Adwa Mekelle Shire Jimma Nekemot Ghimbi Sub Total ICS Sub Total Hydropower generation 134 153 43.6 2.5 3.3 4.2 3 5. 12km single circuit power transmission.81km. Unit: MW Name of power station Hydropower Amerti Neshe HEPP Project Gibe III HEP Project Genale Dawa III Genale Dawa VI Chemoga Yeda I Chemoga Yeda II Geba I Geba II Halele Warabesa HEPP Project Stage 1 Halele Warabessa HEPP Project Stage 2 Millennium . with a maximum load up to 2. Table 5.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 5. with total installed capacity of 10. EEPCo is planning to construct 12 hydropower stations.2-1 for the specific power point development planning. With the construction of power supply and power grid and the fast development of national economy.2 Power Source Planning of Electric System Until 2015.5000 Adama 1 Wind Park Ashegoda Wind Park Messobo/Harena Wind Park Ayisha wind Park Debre Birhan wind Park Asela wind Park Adama II wind Park Aluto Lang II Geothermal Diesel power Geotherma l power Wind power Cogenerat ion power Production time 97 2013 1870 254 246 162 118 215 157 2013 2014 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 96 2015 326 2015 5. and 3 cogeneration stations. 1 geothermal power station.599MW. (1) Power installed capacity planned to put into production in Ethiopia in 2015 According to the data provided by EEPCo. Until 2015.791MW. See Table 5. with an installed capacity of 8.661km double circuit power transmission and 90km single circuit power transmission. with an installed capacity of 104MW. the power consumption in Ethiopia will increase very fast in the future. 132kV line of 271. with an installed capacity of 70MW.719MW installed capacity into production.311km transmission line. Until 2015. EEPCo is planning to construct 1. including 400kV line of 485. until 2015. EEPCo is planning to construct and expand 35 substations. Until 2015.703 GWh.2-1 2015 Power Development Planning in Ethiopia.72km double circuit power transmission and 261.504. Ethiopia is planning to put a total of 8. The long-range planning after 2015 will construct 13 hydropower stations and 5 geothermal power stations. 230kV line of 395. the generating production in Ethiopia will reach to 12.663MW.250 70 85 51 120 2015 2011 2012 51 2012 300 100 100 51 2012 2013 2013 2013 2015 . Qty.2-2 Long-range Power Development Planning in Ethiopia No.8 GWh. the long-range total installed capacity after 2015 in Ethiopia is 10.2 1. See Table 5.224 1.5% of the long-range planned total installed capacity.599MW. accounting for 3.3 1.12 Gojeb 3 364 150 1. the total net electric quantity for domestic 86 . accounting for 96.4 2.599 1 2 2. of turbine Generating production (GWh) Installed capacity (MW) 50. the demanded electric quantity of power grid in Ethiopia is 13.200MW.752 10.791 0 70 773 2011 2012 2013 104 Long-range planning of power development According to the data provided by EEPCo. the electric quantity exported to Djibouti is 699GWh.1 1. with the corresponding capacity of 84MW.294.6MW.11 Hydropower station Hydropower Tekeze II Beko Abo Border Gibe 5TH Wabi Shebele Birbir Lower Dedessa Dabus Tams Genale Dawa 5th Gibe IV 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1730 8600 6000 1957 460 2726 3208 2036 5892 655 5930 450 1600 1200 660 87 467 613 425 1000 100 1472 1.2-2 for each power supply situation.9 1. until 2015.4 1.2 2.8 1.10 1. Table 5.5 3 (3) Name of power station Geothermal power station Tendaho Geothermal Corbetti Geothermal Abaya Geothermal Tulu Moya Geothermal Dofan Geothermal Total 1 1 1 1 1 Progress Feasibility study phase Pre-feasibility study phase Pre-feasibility study phase Feasibility study phase Study phase Preliminary study phase Preliminary study phase Preliminary study phase Preliminary study phase Preliminary study phase Pre-feasibility study phase To complete feasibility study phase To complete feasibility study Pre-feasibility study phase Pre-feasibility study phase Pre-feasibility study phase Pre-feasibility study phase Pre-feasibility study phase Electric quantity forecasting and export plan of Ethiopia According to the data provided by EEPCo.224MW for hydropower station.9 GWh.7 1. with a maximum load of 2. the electric quantity exported to Sudan is 9.000MW.5 1.662.6 1.380 100 75 100 40 60 10. with the corresponding capacity of 1. the electric quantity exported to Kenya is 8.322 GWh. total installed capacity of 375MW for geothermal power station.628 375 701 526 701 280 420 53.460.5% of the long-range planned total installed capacity.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Finchaa Sugar Factory Wonji Sugar Factory Tendaho Sugar Factory ICS Sub Total(2015 plan) (2) 6 20 78 8. which includes total installed capacity of 10.3 2.13 Mendaya 8 11194 2000 2.1 2. with the corresponding capacity of 1. 7 2331.8 788 788 788 788 788 9460.089.5 10721. the total net electric quantity for domestic demanded and exported power in Ethiopia will reach up to 57. manganese ore and magnetite ore at the coast of the Red Sea and copper ore in western Jebel Marra region. The central region of Sudan is Sudan basin.6 1009.0 7360.2 1580. The modern industries in Sudan include cotton manufacturing.000 km2.886.3.0 10089.5 1731.6 4094. tanning. oil manufacturing and other commodity factories.7 20442.1 43830.8 100 100 100 100 100 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 318 699 699 699 699 699 699 699 699 699 699 50 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 0 0 0 0 0 8322 8322 8322 8322 8322 8322 0 0 0 0 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 5641.2-3 for the specific situation. is the third largest country in Africa.0 5076.776.3 Overview of Potential Power Supply Market 5. There are small gold ore.8 34967. the western and the eastern are plateaus.9 57457.8MW.8 9460. tobacco.7 13294.4 8460.3 25348. slaughtering. with an area of 1. Throughout the country. the power generating capacity of thermal power plant in Sudan National Electric Company (NEC) increased from 2555GWh to 15092GWh.8 9460. At the same time.4 6973.8 31776.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia demanded and exported power is 31.1 10133. See Table 5.6MW.8 9460.2-3 Electric Quantity Forecasting and Export Plan.5 1126. more than half of the population and 80% of the cultivated land are in these areas. with the Nile River running through and the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile is the most fertile territory.3 4946. Sudan’s economy is based on agriculture and animal husbandry and the most important agricultural regions in domestic are the “peninsula” area mingled by the White Nile and the Blue Nile.6 3301. the data show that until 2020.2 1396. flour. which accounts for three fourth in the world.0 8646.0 7110. Sudan is hot all the year around.0 38975.4 31432. the 87 .8 9460. the coast of the Red Sea.6 6295.5 38924. Domestic demand Reform plan Electric quantity Capacity Electric quantity Capacity Electric quantity Capacity Net electric quantity Maximum load Total Capacity 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Power plan for exporting to the neighboring countries To Sudan To Djibouti To Kenya Electric quantity Year Unit: GWh/MW 4535. the East of the Sahara and the Northwest of Ethiopia.8 5.5 1915. Sudan abounds in Arabic gum.946. and Khartoum.5 1310.1 Sudan The Republic of the Sudan. Its capital is Khartoum.9 16485.6 5585.0 7805. Until 2006.6 GWh.6 8579.6 6378.7 859. with a maximum load of 10. mainly belonging to tropical grassland and desert climate. located at the Northeast of Africa. with a maximum load of 4.3 49913. From 2006 to 2010.8 GWh.7 2147. Until 2016.457.6 12208. sugaring.3 2662. 32% of power system was hydropower station and 68% was thermal power plant in Sudan. Table 5.8 9460.0 5623. The transmission system is connected by 5km of 63kV underground cable to Boulaos and Marabout. it is cool season. to reduce the impoundment in reservoir for hydropower generation. with the power generating capacity up to 3048. the total installed capacity was 375GWh (with peak value of 67MW). (2) According to Sudan’s power system experience. The annual power consumption per capita is 288kWh.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia total installed capacity of thermal power plant will reach up to 3958MW. thermal power plant is the main power system in Sudan. it is hot season. with an average temperature of 37℃ and maximum temperature up to 45℃. NEC will generate more power and transmit to EEPCo. bordering on Somalia in the southeast and neighboring to Eritrea in the north. In 2010. This type of energy exchange is deemed as energy bank. The whole year is divided into cool season and hot season. Djibouti is poor in natural resources and the agriculture and industry foundation is weak.8 billion kWh. Obviously. 95% of the agricultural products and industrial products are imported. During the peak demand period in Sudan. On the other hand. EEPCo is obliged to run the relatively expensive thermal power. to replace thermal power generation. the power demand seasonality and the seasonality of hydropower generation are especially high. to eliminate insufficient power supply. In this country. since the electric power cost is too expensive. passing the Red Sea to the gateway of Indian Ocean Bab el Mandeb Strait. which mainly shows in the following points: 5.2 (1) Ethiopia can sell its surplus hydropower to substitute for the expensive thermal power system in Sudan. belonging to tropical savanna climate. After Merowe Hydropower Station is put into production in Sudan. It is estimated that the total electric power coverage in Djibouti will be 50% and about 81% of population in urban areas. (3) Sudan can sell thermal power to EEPCo. the east of Ethiopia. According to the long-term development plan of Djibouti Electric Company (EDD). from November to March. with about 65% of load coefficient.3. The inlands are mainly plateaus and mountain lands. with an average temperature of 27℃. the energy available in rural areas is very limited. with total 300km of 20kV distribution system. accounting for about 80% of GDP. Power exchange between Sudan and Ethiopia is beneficial to both parties. which is higher than that in Ethiopia. The thermal power in Ethiopia is relatively expensive. The transportation industry. it is forecasted that the demand peak 88 . In 2005. the total installed capacity of power system in Djibouti was 108MW. Djibouti mainly belongs to tropical desert climate and is hot with little rain all the year around. commerce and service industry (mainly as port service industry) take dominant place in economy. From April to October. NEC can import hydropower energy from EEPCo. Djibouti The Republic of Djibouti is located on the west coast of Gulf of Aden in northeast of Africa. because Ethiopia is an inland and non-petroleum production country. most families in urban areas use kerosene. When Ethiopia is in drought. 6%. with the Equator traversing its central region and Great Rift Valley in East Africa across the north and south. from May to October. Obviously. In 2010. wholesale and retail (15. Kenya is one of the countries with a better economic foundation in Africa in the south of Sahara. people is resuming work after noon time. without any water resources. the industry is relatively developed in East Africa and the commodities are basically self-sufficient. the assets of power plant is assigned to Kenya Power Generation Company (KenGen). Currently.7%) and manufacturing industry (8.3 Kenya The Republic of Kenya is located in the east of Africa.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and energy demand in 2025 will be 102MW and 496GWh respectively. This means that once Kenya is short of water. its GDP was US 31. Actually. in which the private economy accounts for 70% of the total economy. with GDP per capita of US 813 dollars and the economic growth rate of 5. Although the system in Djibouti is small.4 billion dollars.3%).6 million (in 2009). The tourism is already prosperous. as follows: (1) Hydropower generating capacity accounts for 55% of the total generating capacity Until 2006. It is adjacent to Somalia in the east. The maximum temperature in the whole year is 22~26℃ and the minimum temperature is 10~14℃. which provides 80% of power supply in the whole country. the power sector had to use the expensive 89 . with a coastline of 536km. It has a total area of 583. there are two main problems in power system of Kenya. such as in drought. which changed the name as Kenya Power on June 22. Kenya was in drought in a large area. there are many plateaus in its territory. with the population growth rate of 2. the other generating capacity cannot meet the power consumption demand at all. bordering on Ethiopia and South Sudan in the north and closing to Indian Ocean in the southeast. the power consumption peak in Djibouti just begins after that ends in Ethiopia. tourism (16.000 km2 and a total population of about 38. at that time.7%. it is quite obvious that the power consumption peaks in both countries are different. After the reconstruction of power sectors in the 1990s. its economic growth rate reached up to 7%.8%). the total installed capacity of power grid in Kenya was 1124MW. in 2010. Djibouti is a relatively limited market for power system in Ethiopia. which was mainly from transport and communication (23.4%).3. a total generating capacity of about 6561GWh and the hydropower generating capacity accounting for 55% of the total generating capacity. with an average elevation of 1500m. 2011. For example. It implements the “mixed economy” system combining with the dominated private economy and the coexisting diverse economic forms. with the system peak load of 1070MW. the first power consumption peak is at 3:00 PM. According to Djibouti’s power system experience. The whole territory of Kenya lies in the tropical monsoon region. The assets of transmission and distribution are assigned to Kenya Power Generation Company and Lighting Company. which is beneficial for Ethiopia providing power to Djibouti. 5. The coastal area is damp and hot while the plateau-climate is temperate. adjoining with Tanzania in the south. In 2007. connecting with Uganda in the west. the second peak is from the midnight to the morning due to use of air conditioner. Djibouti is lack of petroleum and natural gas resources. Until 2028. until 2019. closing to Indian Ocean in the east. it will increase to 9000MW. which abounds in hydropower resources. insufficient rainfall capacity and many other factors. South Africa is also one of the countries that Kenya is intended to import the electricity. adjoining to Kenya and Ethiopia in the west and bordering on Djibouti in the northwest. the total thermal power generating capacity will reach up to 1000MW. In addition. (2) Power grid coverage in rural areas is only 10% Among 35 million populations in Kenya. to realize the interconnection of each power grid in 2011.4 Somalia The Federal Republic of Somalia is located at Somalia Peninsula on the easternmost part of Africa Continent. Kenya also signs an agreement with its neighboring country Ethiopia. the power grid coverage will reach to 40%. Until 2012. Uganda and Tanzania have achieved an agreement. as the member countries of East African Community. the import is only choice. the government plans to vigorously strengthen the power construction. Especially in the rural areas.000 km2 and a population of about 9. and until 2030. which does a lot of damage to the environment as well as limits the power consumption of the poor to a large extent. until 2018. The 90 . Kenya. it is proposed to improve the rural power grid coverage up to 20% and make one million families use the electricity in the following five years. its demand for generating capacity will increase to 1500MW. Kenya is planning to construct 6 geothermal power stations with an installed capacity of 4 MW. 1 hydropower station with an installed capacity of 161 MW and several diesel power plants with total installed capacity of 540MW.3. the thermal power generation will become to the main power sources in Kenya. the power supply in Kenya is in increasingly tension and the shortage is emerging gradually.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia liquefied petroleum gas to generate power. it is estimated that until 2012. so as to support each other when these three countries are short of power. the power system in Kenya will still has a gap of about 200MW in power supply every year. until 2015. hoping to increase the generating capacity through green energy resources. To solve this problem. In 2007. the power grid coverage in rural areas is only 10%. a total area of 638. Affected by economic growth. For this reason. It plans to import the electricity from Ethiopia. Kenya is aiming at the green energy resources. According to the power construction planning of the next 20 years established by Kenya. In addition. which is lower than 30% average level of the developing countries in the global and has an influence on the agricultural production. the system peak load will reach to 2420MW and the total generating capacity will be about 14839GWh.1 million. With the economic development and population growth in Kenya. It is estimated that in the next 20 years. the government of Kenya invested 8 billion shillings to start the rural power system plan. Therefore. To make up this gap. the lack of electricity is very ordinary. Currently. It has a coastline of 3200 km. it will increase to 3000MW. 5. neighboring to Gulf of Aden in the north. only about 5 million people can use the electricity. Until 2020. 5. with a population of 5. Because it is lack of peace and safe environments for a long time. In consideration of the political situations between Ethiopia and Eritrea at present. Sudan in the south. The total area of Eritrea is 124. The main minerals in Eritrea are copper. but it may be achieved in the near future. The whole territory is dry and rainless. passing the south section of the Red Sea. nickel. with a smaller potential. Animal husbandry dominates the economy and the industry foundation is weak. Due to the influence of warlordism in domestic. halite. its GDP was US 2.6 Egypt The Arab Republic of Egypt is an important country located in north Africa. manganese. The service industry accounts for 91 . hot and dry. potash. crossing the Asia and Africa. with an average temperature of 12℃ in January and 26℃ in July.117 billion dollars (estimated value). Most of the rest areas belong to tropical desert climate. It is rich in geothermal resources and there is likely to be petroleum and natural gas on the coast of the Red Sea and the western region. Its coastline is about 2900km. separating to the Red Sea in the northeast and opposite to Yemen and Saudi Arabia.450 km2. the Red Sea and Palestine and Israel in the east. barite. which makes it become one of the most undeveloped countries in the world. Mediterranean Sea in the north. connecting with Libya in the west. there is the possibility to export power to Somalia. In 2010. gold. agriculture and service. kaolin. with grain self-sufficiency rate of only 60%~70% in an abundant year.07 million (in 2009).000 km2. The market in Somalia requires about 50 to 100MW.001. which belongs to open market economy and possesses relatively entire system in industry. Agriculture dominates the economy in Eritrea and 80% of population is engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Egypt’s economic foundation is good.5 Eritrea The State of Eritrea is located at the most northern part of East Africa and Horn of Africa. At the eastern side of Ethiopia. Egypt has total area of 1. which is hot all the year around. only Sinai Peninsula to the east of the Suez Canal located in the southwest of Asia.3. neighboring to Ethiopia in the south. The Nile Delta and coastal areas in the north belong to Mediterranean climate. while the power system in Ethiopia is 230kV and is now expanding to the boundary of Eritrea. gypsum. with most territory seated in the northeast of Africa. The power system in Eritrea has a potential of 60MW to 100MW. 5.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia most regions of Somalia belong to tropical desert climate and the southwest region belongs to tropical savanna climate. this country need a longer time to realize the power grid connection outsourcing. with total length of 200km. iron. The temperature in desert areas can reach up to 40℃. bordering on Djibouti in the southeast. dry and rainless. the reserves are not demonstrated until now. A joint can be constructed between Inda-Selasse substation in Ethiopia and Asmara substation in Eritrea. closing to Sudan in the west. the economy in Somalia develops slowly.3. this joint is difficult to realize recently. feldspar. Its production is somewhat backward. asbestos and marble. the installed capacity of hydropower was 2745MW.6 billion Egyptian pounds to improve the power generators of Aswan Dam and invested 15 billion Egyptian pounds to improve the national power grid. Petroleum and natural gas.31%.123MW. Currently. In which. tourism. respectively 37.64%. Morocco has interconnected with Spain through undersea cables in 1997 and Egypt-Libya interconnection has started to run in December 1999. the installed capacity of combined cycle power generation was 2605MW. In 2000. the residential power consumption and commercial power consumption had the higher proportion. Egypt is speeding up the applications of new energy and renewable energy in the power field. accounting for 12. copper and talcum. The main mineral resources are petroleum. the first longest river in the world. accounting for 14. to use the electricity reasonably.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia about 50% of GDP.38% and 35. with the generating capacity of 10 billion kWh in a whole year. the purchased power was total 13. Morocco and Spain. accounting for 85. Egypt plays an important role on power grid interconnection with the surrounding countries.913GWh. Egypt has completed power grid interconnection with Jordan and Libya in May and October 1998 respectively.4GWh. zinc. with a length of 1350km in the territory.578. Aswan Dam is one of the seven largest dams in the world. In 2008. the generating capacity in Egypt was 94. natural gas. Thermal power and hydropower dominate the power supply in Egypt and the power grid coverage reaches 99.000 barrels per day and the natural gas output reaches up to 6. The interconnection voltage classes are respectively 400kV and 220kV. Nile River. Since it is located at the junction among the North Africa. Italy. the surrounding countries including Egypt propose a planning.72% of the total installed capacity. chromium.70%. the other 70% is for exporting. In recent years. coal.69%. flows through the whole territory from the South to the North. accounting for 13. The average crude oil output reaches up to 675. The natural gas quantity consumed in domestic accounts for 70% of the total natural gas output. in which the installed capacity of regular thermal power was 14. the Middle East and the Mediterranean Sea. Libya. accounting for 72. Algeria. ranking first among African countries and ranking fourth in the world. the installed capacity was 20. and the installed capacity of wind power was 140MW. The power grids in the west include Egypt.95%.4 billion cubic foot per day.60%. In 2004. 92 . gold. phosphate and iron as well as manganese. The rural population is 55% of the total population and agriculture accounts for 14% of GDP. the average power consumption in Egypt increased by more than 6% per year. The light industry such as textile manufacturing and food processing dominates the industry.3% in the whole country. accounting for 0. the countries within the interconnection can stagger the power consumption peak in each country. Tunisia. Currently. overseas remittance and the Suez Canal are four resources of foreign exchange earnings. in which the power holding company generated total power of 81. which is to construct Arab-Europe power grid: Arab-Europe power grid is divided into the eastern part and the western part. Thermal power dominates the installed capacity of power generation in Egypt. Egypt invested 1.335GWh. the power grids in the west were basically interconnected and the power grids project in Syria. In 2004.633MW (with natural gas as the fuel). After the power grid is interconnected. molybdenum. silver. salt. the proven recoverable reserve of oil is about 0. coffee. barley.6 billion (in 2010) and most of them are Arabians. there is textile manufacturing. the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. leather working. 85% of lines are located in the uninhabited desert zone. which is planning to construct the power market among these three countries in 2030. In which. See Figure 5. The cotton and coffee are available for export. Its total area is about 555. which makes it become one of the most undeveloped countries in the world. neighboring to Saudi Arabia and Oman in the North and East respectively. Its official language is Arabic. the climate of mountain lands and plateau areas within the borders is temperate and the climate of the desert areas is hot and dry. Sudan. 5. It is reported that this project will cost US 18 billion dollars and will produce tremendous economic profits after construction. Egypt plans to build the nuclear power and other emerging energy power station project.55 billion tons and that of natural gas is about 760 billion cubic meters. sesame. Besides oil. with a coastline of 1906km.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Iraq and Turkey were completed in 2002. chromium. sulphur.3-1. corn. natural gas and gypsum. marble. food processing and other industries. millet. aluminum industry. It is available to connect Djibouti and Yemen through high-voltage transmission lines (submarine cables). cement. This plan is called “Road of Power Trade”. The economy in Yemen is backward. sorghum.3. chemical industry. EPPCo of Ethiopia provides the possible interconnection lines for power transmission to the neighboring countries.7 Yemen The Republic of Yemen is located at the southwestern end of the Arabia. The main agricultural products include cotton. cigarette. nickel.000 km2. Its economic development mainly relies on the oil export income. carter and tobacco. The grain is not self-sufficient. striving to conquer the financial difficulty by exploiting the oil and mineral resources. to realize power interconnection among three countries. beans. The industry in Yemen is undeveloped. which has a limited influence on the environment. Egypt and Ethiopia have established the East Nile Plan. building materials. The exported power in Ethiopia can replace the thermal power generation system in Yemen. adjoining with the Red Sea. Ethiopia can enter into the power market in Yemen through Djibouti power grid. The closest point between Djibouti and Yemen is about 26km. to expand power supply and power consumption. thus one half of the grain relies on import. In recent years. The average maximum temperature in a year is 39℃ and the minimum temperature is -8℃. aluminum. silver. gold. In this project. cobalt. 93 . Yemen also has copper. The total population in Yemen was about 23. petroleum. and opposite to Somalia and Djibouti. The agricultural population accounts for about 71% of national population. Currently. Except oil exploitation. iron. coal. The government of Yemen emphasizes the exploration and exploitation of oil. 6 615.4 623.7 553 557.3-1 Schematic Diagram of Power Transmission in Ethiopia 5.Dar A dd SUD Gonder Beles Roseries le Tekeze Shehedi w Pa 26 ke km ra 37 me AN m Hu 7k Me 15 0 Gedaref 17 8 0 km 120 Khartoum Kisimayou LEGEND Substation at 230 kV and above Substation with Generation Facility (Switchyard at 230 kV and above) Town 500 kV AC/DC Station (Converter/Inverter) HVDC Link Figure 5. Mar. Oct.7 94 2007 620.8 615 624.2 657. Apr.4-2 and Figure 5.1 604.Wakena GD-06 GD-08 Mogadishu km 465 km 80 km LEGEND 590 220 kV ELDORET 230 kV Sub-marine Cable A NY KE Nairobi 400 kV 370 km LI A km 100 Mega A m 22 0k 5 50 GG-III km GD-03 GG-II S O M GG-I 230 kV Hargessa SOMALILAND 185 km D.7 2008 672.4 Analysis of Grid Features (1) Annual load curve The maximum monthly load is calculated based on the maximum daily load data table 5.3 650. Unit: MW 2006 587 552.3 667 673.5 541.4-1 for the results. Table 5.6 542.4-1 of ICS from the year of 2006 to the year of 2008.6 622.Dawa Mandaya Finchaa km km ba A ba i ob K . Feb. ICS Monthly Load Distribution from 2006 to 2008.7 582.4 .4-1 Date Jan.2 602 611 651.8 572. Sept.D r DJIBOUTI 201 ie Bord e km Djibouti Berbera B.1 567. See Table 5.7 623 596. May Jun.8 673. Jul.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia EG YP T Possible Interconnection Lines with Neighboring Countries Cairo Aswan Merowe km E N Asmara ER IT RE A Shire Y E M 8 2 km 90 km is Koka M.5 632. Aug.9 572.9 664. 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 270.4 612.5 359.4-1 ICS Load Schematic Diagram of 2006~2008 Daily load curve According to ICS grid data offered by EPPCo.999 12 1 Figure 5. The conclusion is drawn that daily load feature curve of ICS grid is shown in Figure 5.4-3.916 0.5 612.5 2. 2009 as reference.5 2.4-2 and Figure 5.5 2.921 0.962 0. Unit: MW TIME (2) 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 0 0 0 0 10 20 40 50 115 115 115 120 120 125 130 130 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 2 20 20 15 2 2 2 2 32 40 46 46 46 46 46 46 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 2. See Table 5. Dec.5 2. select daily load curves of March.9 673.934 9 0.2 673.5 431.5 302.929 0.5 95 .5 2.9 667.4-2 Month 1 Coefficient 2 3 2007 668.5 2.4-3 Load Process of Each Generating Set of ICS in March 2009.4-4.9 2008 668.Zeit Nathret ICS Total Table 5.5 332.5 Table 5.5 668. Maximum load 2006 611.897 0.902 0.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Date Nov. 2009 and September. Wakena Finchaa Tis Abay II Koka Awash II III G.94 10 11 0.9 ICS Annual Load Curve 4 5 6 7 8 0.4-3 for details.G I Tis Abay I Aluto Kaliti DD Diesel Awash 7K D D.5 296.5 376.5 401.903 0.5 2.4-4. Figure 5. Table 5.943 0. 5 451.5 2.78 26.5 449.5 521.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 70 90 100 100 80 70 70 70 70 100 110 110 110 100 70 40 130 130 132 132 130 130 130 132 132 132 132 132 132 132 132 122 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 24 33 24 10 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 24 24 10 2 2 46 46 46 46 34 24 24 24 24 34 48 48 48 34 34 34 40 70 70 70 70 60 60 60 60 60 130 130 130 60 20 20 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 4 Average 61.25 447.71 532.5 419.71 11.67 41.5 2.5 2.58 39.0 1. Unit: MW 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 20 70 90 100 90 50 20 0 90 115 115 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 100 100 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 2 20 20 20 2 2 2 2 12 20 20 10 2 2 2 2 2 2 33 33 33 33 2 2 32 40 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 34 24 24 24 24 34 49 49 49 49 49 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 70 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 180 180 180 70 50 35 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 80 90 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 70 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 332 383 392 397 399 407 413 509 564 597 597 587 558 548 548 548 538 604 770 780 770 612 511 420 Average 29.00 3.5 491.25 53.33 46.5 2.5 532.5 2.5 2.5 2.54 5.5 347.67 127.5 2.67 57. 2009.5 619 619 619 497.25 17.5 479.5 2.25 2.13 24.5 2.G II DD Diesel Awash 7K D D.5 0.75 7.4-4 Load Process of Each Generating Set of ICS in Sep.67 91.5 2.G I Tis Abay I Tekze G.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5 2.5 2.67 16.67 96 .58 116.5 449.Zeit Nathret ICS Total Table 5.5 2.5 451.5 2.5 535.0 10.5 2.58 63.00 21.5 2.5 2.31 30.02 TIME Wakena Finchaa Tis Abay II Koka Awash II III G.5 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 473.88 73. 4-2 Daily Load Curve of ICS System in March.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 5. 2010 97 .4-3 Daily Load Curve of ICS System in September. 2010 Figure 5. Table 5.2 43.2 12 11 11 13 15 10 8 6 25 15 12 13 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 92 90 89 94 95 87 76 44 90 94 96 94 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 45 44 42 47 50 36 35 22 40 45 47 45 98 .4-4 Daily Load Feature Curve of ICS System (3) Output features of hydropower station According to the existing data offered by EPPCo.2 43. the output features of hydropower station are projected and listed in Table 5.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43. Unit: MW Plant month Projecte d output Makena Average output Projecte d output Koka Average output Projecte d output Finchaa Average output Projecte Awash d output II and III Average output Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 101 104 90 46 26 22 35 27 53 64 83 92 43.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 5.4-5 Output Feature Table of Existing Major Hydropower Stations in Ethiopia.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.4-5. So far.G II Tekeze Beles G. 2025 and 2030. the collected data about Ethiopia power grid is limited.G III 5.G I G. it makes an analysis on surplus and shortage of peak regulation capacity in Ethiopia in 2015. (2) According to the collected data. basic data about peak regulation capacity of the existing hydropower station and the planning hydropower station is insufficient. and calculated first. (5) It’s assumed that all the existing and planning power plants can be used as regulation plants (load following plants). Especially. (6) In the analysis of peak regulation capacity balance. among which there is 3% of load reserve and 5% of emergency reserve. based on the analysis of present data. Hence. just with different range of regulation ability. Then. all the regulation capacity of the existing and planning power plants is calculated. (4) Rotating reserve capacity is 8% of the maximum load. to see whether it can follow the maximum daily load. regulation capacity of hydropower stations is determined by the maximum load of the system. 2020. In the calculation of regulation capacity balance. among which there is only domestic load prediction data but no regional data. the hydropower station is regarded 99 . (3) Peak regulation range of diesel power station is 100%.5 month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Projecte 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 d output Average 2 3 3 4 2 4 5 3 4 6 6 3 output Projecte 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 d output Average 46 45 44 45 46 33 30 24 46 39 49 45 output Projecte 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 d output Average 75 69 64 54 38 91 146 73 82 93 101 103 output Projecte 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 d output Average 197 183 169 141 101 241 384 192 217 245 265 270 output Projecte 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 d output Average 111 103 95 79 57 135 216 108 122 138 149 152 output Projecte 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 d output Average 191 177 163 137 98 233 372 186 210 237 257 262 output Projecte 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 d output Average 777 720 665 557 398 950 1515 758 855 967 1046 1066 output Calculation of Peak Regulation Capacity of Power Grid According to Ethiopia power grid load prediction and power supply construction planning. the major principles of calculation of regulation capacity balance are as follows: (1) It’s assumed that wind power is put into operation first. installed capacity of Ethiopia ICS system is much larger than the peak load of ICS and many hydropower stations are planning to be put into operation during 2010 to 2015.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Plant Tis I Tis II G. so as to calculate the maximum absorption ability of wind power when the power grid meet demands of balance of peak regulation capacity.0% 12571 5351 8100 7220 880 13451 172 13279 4492 8100 172 10623 -2695 0 100% 60% 80. See Table 5. In order to absorb the wind power to the greatest degree and make full use of quantity of wind power.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia as the major peak regulation power supply. Unit: MW Item Maximum load Minimum load regulation capacity needed Peak-valley difference Rotating reserve Operating capacity diesel power generation hydropower station Wind power Actual peak regulation capacity Diesel power generation hydropower station Wind power Surplus (+) and shortage (-) of peak regulation Peak regulation ability of diesel power generation Wind power anti-regulation rate Hydropower peak regulation range 2015 2020 2025 2030 2663 1133 1716 1530 186 2849 172 2677 997 1716 172 2142 -598 0 100% 60% 80. Scheme II: hydropower peak regulation ability is 70% and wind power anti-regulation rate is 60%.0% Table 5.5-1 Peak Regulation Capacity Balance Calculation of Scheme I.5-1 and Table 5. anti-regulation rate of wind power adopted in the calculation is 60%.0% 20246 8618 13046 11628 1417 21663 172 21491 7199 13046 172 17193 -4319 0 100% 60% 80.0% 7806 3323 5030 4483 546 8352 172 8180 2811 5030 172 6544 -1687 0 100% 60% 80. it is predicted that overall peak regulation ability of Ethiopia hydropower station is 70%~80% (ratio of power station with daily regulation ability above in the total capacity of hydropower).5-2 Peak Regulation Capacity Balance Calculation of Scheme II. Its capacity is adjusted to make actual peak regulation capacity and demanded peak regulation capacity of power grid equivalent. Unit: MW Item 2015 2020 2025 2030 Maximum load Minimum load regulation capacity needed Peak-valley difference Rotating reserve Operating capacity 2663 1133 1716 1530 186 2849 7806 3323 5030 4483 546 8352 12571 5351 8100 7220 880 13451 20246 8618 13046 11628 1417 21663 100 . In order to calculate absorption of wind power of ICS power grid. the following scheme is set: Scheme I: hydropower peak regulation ability is 80% and wind power anti-regulation rate is 60%.5-2 in the following for calculation results of peak regulation capacity balance. Scheme setting: for the data about regulation ability of Ethiopia hydropower station is unable to be collected so far. Table 5. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia diesel power generation hydropower station Wind power Actual peak regulation capacity Diesel power generation hydropower station Wind power Surplus (+) and shortage (-) of peak regulation Peak regulation ability of diesel power generation Wind power anti-regulation rate Hydropower peak regulation range 5. 2300MW by 2025 and 3600MW by 2030. In the analysis. If more detailed basic information there is. with limited information. when hydropower peak-shaving capacity is 80%. given Ethiopia is an important power sender in East Africa and primarily sends hydropower with strong regulation capability.0% 172 13279 2279 8100 172 9295 -1367 0 100% 60% 70. 1400MW by 2020.0% 172 21491 3617 13046 172 15044 -2170 0 100% 60% 70. the absorption ability for wind power of ICS grid can be 1000MW by 2015.0% 172 8180 1448 5030 172 5726 -869 0 100% 60% 70. When hydropower peak-shaving capacity is 70%. on the premise that the grid covers the whole country. 2800MW by 2020. Given that hydropower plays the major role in ICS grid. 101 . whether wind power can be connected to the grid on a large scale depends on regulation capability of the whole power system. wind power capacity can be carried on sending line to relieve stress of the country in wind power absorption and contribute more to development of green power.6 172 2677 551 1716 172 1874 -330 0 100% 60% 70. maximum wind power absorption capability is concluded by assuming hydropower regulation capability.0% Calculation Result of Wind Power Absorption Capacity of Power Grid Upon calculation of peak-shaving capacity. the conclusions above may be modified. the absorption ability for wind power of ICS grid can be 550MW by 2015. Besides. 4500MW by 2025 and 7200MW by 2030. namely. Scientifically develop these resources and change naturally existing resources into pratically available energy through specific wind energy and solar energy generation engineering. Wind farm site selection should also try to choose relief is open. conditions of access to power grid and influence on power grid shall be considered in the construction of wind farm. According to current technical conditions of wind energy development. and distribution of wind speed is reasonable. including environmental influence and limitations of systems. also be helpful for reducing the wind turbulence intensity. it is rich in resources of wind energy and radiation resources of solar energy.2 Power grid access conditions and consumption ability Power grid access conditions shall be considered in the construction of large-scale grid connection wind farm. the terrain of the simpler field area. 6. culture and environment. based on the factors above and the technic requirments of planning.1. A wind farm is an effective way to use wind energy in a large scale. Preliminary Selection of Wind Energy and Solar Energy Sites Due to geological position of Ethiopia and unique landform and climatic features.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 6. the output voltage shall be 33kV in relatively small wind farms and the output voltage shall be 132kV or 230kV in medium wind farms. power grid conditions are not excellent in regions rich in wind energy resources. favors the wind turbine generator extended service life. ambient large topography and partial micro topography of wind farm are closely related. it shall effectively reduce investment in 102 . comprehensive analysis of resource features of the project.1 Selection Principle of Wind Farm Site Scores of or even hundreds of wind turbines in wind farm and groups of wind turbines arranged in a certain way shall be installed in the region with better wind energy. So far. Analysis of economical feasibility of construction of wind farm shall be done and adaptability of wind turbines to wind conditions. engineering construction condition. wind direction is steady and destructive wind speed is little. Feasibility of actual wind energy and solar energy power project construction shall be considered. This chapter is going to show a discussion about preliminary selection of wind energy and solar energy sites. on the one hand. power grid conditions shall be considered in the selection of wind farm. Thus. and specific factors like society. power transmission and asorption condition. 6.1.1 Conditions of wind energy resources Resources with rich wind energy and steady wind direction are the basic conditions for construction of wind farm. construction costs and others. Mostly. including technical feasibility and economcial feasibility. 6. region rich in wind energy resources means the one where average annual wind speed is above 6~7m/s on the top of wind turbine hub and average annual wind power density is above 200W/m2. is for construction is convenient. Distribution of wind energy resources and climatic background in the domicile of site. Hence. As for transportation of wind turbines alone. Regions where ground water level is relatively low shall be selected to avoid bad effect on safety of wind farm. Influence of bad geological condition shall be avoided. transportation and installation of wind power equipment are technically difficult. road condition shall sometimes limit the construction of wind farm.3 Construction conditions of wind farm According to current wind power technical development.1. contribution of wind power is evidently unsteady.1. Wind turbines in wind farm shall be away from residential areas within protection scope to prevent residents from being interfered by noise and flickering light. About 400t caterpillar crane is needed in the hoisting of wind turbine. important landscape protection area and important ruins and sites and others. the planning of overall capacity of wind farm shall be connected with development planning of the connected power grid. Preliminary selection of wind energy generation construction project sites is developed based on this. landslip and mudslide easily happen shall be avoided. As for specific conditions in Ethiopia. As for selection of wind farm. environmentally sensitive areas shall be avoided. Besides. backbone network shall be selected. most of blades are over 40m in length and the tower is over 100m in height. and large residential areas. 6. wind farm shall be away from religious facilities like church or mosque and away from military zones and other facilities with important social influence. blade and tower are overweight and super-long large-scale equipment. Large fault zones and regions where rock-fall.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia transmission system and loss of circuit and voltage drop. In the site selection of wind farm. The actual wind turbine is massive. The planned wind power capacity in different stages shall not exceed the consumption ability of power grid in the corresponding stage. Contribution of wind power changes with actual wind speed. which need special transportation equipment and installation equipment. Consumption ability of wind power of Ethiopia power grid in different planning levels is studied in Section 5. So far. The engine room. Hence. 6. The wind farm shall be near the load center to avoid influence on power grid due to frequent staring and grid connection or closing down and step-out of wind turbines. Migration channels of birds shall be avoided to the greatest extent. 6. hospital. Other engineering restrictive conditions shall be considered in the site selection of wind farm. Besides.5. forest park. small-scale wind farm shall make use of current conditions of power grid to the greatest extent and single transmission circuit matched with wind farm shall be constructed in large-scale wind farm or wind power base.5 Economy 103 . MW wind turbine is the mainstream product in global wind power market and developing. To ensure stability of power grid.4 Social and environmental factors Construction of wind farm shall follow the principle of harmony between environment and nature. consumption ability of power grid shall be considered in the transmission of wind power. Due to changeability of wind speed. the engine room including the engine weighs about 100t. such as natural reserve.1. Wind farm shall be far away from environmentally sensitive areas like school. the project team organizes major members to make field reconnaissance of the planning in the initial stage. (4) Collect all kinds of basic materials on development of the planning. The northern group is mainly responsible for areas in the north of the capital. the more stable the wind direction is and the better the benefits of wind farm are.2 Field Reconnaissance Actual site selection of wind farm is based on the above principle and specific conditions of proposed area to analyze information make synthetic judgment and select the best. the reconnaissance team makes field investigation on representative and key areas that are possibly referred in the project planning. the investigation group has northern group and eastern and southern group. and human environment on site in Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and learn features of wind energy and solar energy in Ethiopia and basic overview of development. magnitude of wind energy has relatively large influence on economy of wind farm. positive or negative. In the route and specific contents of the field reconnaissance. According to regional features.1 Major purposes 6. The eastern and southern group is responsible for areas in the south and in the east of 104 .2. engineering technology. For example. proper balance of wind energy and economy shall be sought in the aspects of traffic roads and construction measures. the field reconnaissance in the planning project is done by group. The larger the wind energy is. 6. The appropriate site shall be considered with all the above factors. In the perspective of specific operation.2. wind farm in regions with complex mountain topography generally needs relatively high construction costs. (3) Recommend the farm (station) site used in feasibility report and propose the installation position of observation equipment. Supported by the government in Ethiopia. site selection of wind power shall include field reconnaissance and information processing. To reduce construction costs. According to the overall work arrangement of wind energy and solar energy planning project. They have different influence on costs and benefits of wind farm. large or relatively small. infrastructure.2 (1) Experience social economy. (2) Make field investigation on key regions or representative areas for the development of wind energy and solar energy power project and pre-select the plan farm (station) site of power generation by wind energy and solar energy. Investigation route According to distribution of wind energy and solar energy resources and combined with specific conditions in Ethiopia. What shall be noted is that development zones of wind energy and solar energy in Ethiopia in the study are relatively similar or overlapped to some extent. 6.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Economy analysis of wind farm is based on overall consideration of the above factors. investigations on potential farm (station) site of wind energy and solar energy generation project are completed together. collects large amounts of basic materials and makes wide communication with relevant organizations in Ethiopia on the development of the planning. The investigation is mainly developed in East African Great Rift Valley and around. And it has also investigated Debre birhan meteorological station and substation. The eastern and southern group has also investigated meteorological stations like Bu`I. Figure 6. Dire Dawa.2-1. The northern group starts from Addis Ababa and passes by important cities like Debre birhan. power grid access condition and population distribution and environmental condition. Nazret.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia the capital. Iteya. Bahir Dar. Awash. Debre Sina. topographic condition.2-1 Schematic Diagram of Field Reconnaissance in the Site Selection 105 . Debark. Nazret. Butajira. Koka. The two investigation groups are equipped with professionals evenly and they start to investigate from Addis Ababa. it has investigated substations like Butajira. And it has investigated 17 areas of wind farm site and 1 photovoltaic power station site. Gondar. Hawassa. Hawassa. Harar. Dejen. Metehara. etc and mainly focused on development of observation in the meteorological station and its equipping. The journey totals over 3000km. The eastern and southern group also starts from Addis Abeba and passes by important cities and towns like Bu`I. Hawassa. Mekele meteorological station and substation and Gondar substation. Besides. The journey totals about 3000km. Shashemene. Mekele. road construction condition. It has investigated 20 areas of wind energy and solar energy photovoltaic power generation project. including resource condition in the plant. Shine. Metehara. Nazret. The specific investigation route is shown in the schematic diagram 6. Hosaena. etc. Weldiya. Debre Markos. Dessie. See Attached Table for specific marking. Figure 6. the report makes an overall rating of sites from richness of resources. engineering construction condition.3-1~Figure 6. Figure 6. In order to make a preliminary assessment on development conditions of alternative sites.3 Site Selection of Wind farms According to overall features of wind energy resources in Ethiopia and power grid and combined with terrain.2. it finished the compilation of The First Investigation Report of Wind and Solar Energy Grid-Based Master Plan in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.3-6 for condition and distribution of all sites.3 Investigation report Based on collection and analysis of large amounts of primary data. The full mark in the rating is 100 scores. See Table 6. the master plan determines the wind power capacity is 6. power grid access condition. 30 scores of power grid access and consumption condition.2-2 shows two pictures of investigation.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 6. traffic transportation. 106 . A relative mark is given according to overall assessment based on practical conditions of all sites. environment and other factors. including 30 scores of resource condition. 30 scores of construction condition and outer transportation condition and 10 scores of environment and other factors.2-2 Pictures during Investigation 6.820MW and there are 51 recommended construction areas for wind farm. What shall be noted is that the recommended sites in the following are different in the development and all sites have their advantages and disadvantages to some extent. environment and other factors.3-1 and Figure 6. Name of site F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F16 F17 F18 F19 F20 F21 F22 F23 F24 F25 F26 F27 F28 F29 F30 F31 F32 F33 F34 F35 F36 F37 F38 F39 F40 F41 F42 F43 F44 F45 F46 F47 F48 F49 F50 Nazret wind farm Mek'ele South wind farm Sheno wind farm Ch'ach'a wind farm Phase I wind farm in Iteya Sulalta wind farm Gondar West wind farm Imdibir wind farm Dire Dawa wind farm Dilla East wind farm Mek'ele North wind farm Debre Markos East wind farm Soddo wind farm Sendafa North wind farm Sendafa South wind farm Gondar North wind farm Phase II wind farm in Iteya Bu'i East wind farm Aysha wind farm Phase I wind farm in Bolo Diche Oto wind farm Bahir Dar wind farm Assela wind farm Jacho wind farm Phase II wind farm in Bolo Hula wind farm Dilla West wind farm Dangla wind farm Debre Markos West wind farm Ambo wind farm Babile wind farm Dabat wind farm Phase I wind farm in Weldiya Phase II wind farm in Weldiya Gondar East wind farm Rufa'el wind farm Debre Birhan wind farm Bale wind farm Harar West wind farm Harar Eest wind farm Jijiga wind farm Durame wind farm Debre Sina wind farm Bu’i West wind farm Butajira wind farm Fonka West wind farm Fonka East wind farm Yabelo wind farm Mega East wind farm Mega West wind farm Wind energy and solar energy demonstration base in Addis Ababa F51 Total 254 77 56 56 66 60 49 47 40 268 185 143 160 70 70 65 70 80 60 60 100 80 71 330 300 220 230 170 150 130 130 61 43 40 76 100 67 60 90 75 80 65 30 40 30 25 25 45 30 30 Grading in preliminary selection 100 85 88 86 95 92 82 90 91 96 85 87 84 88 88 80 95 83 83 90 78 82 93 73 90 64 96 67 87 72 56 56 70 70 73 73 68 78 65 58 65 67 74 73 74 67 76 68 66 66 Oromiya Tigray Oromiya Amhara Oromiya Oromiya Amhara SNNP Dire Dawa SNNP Tigray Amhara SNNP Oromiya Oromiya Amhara Oromiya SNNP Somali Oromiya Afar Amhara Oromiya SNNP Oromiya Oromiya SNNP Amhara Oromiya Oromiya Oromiya Amhara Amhara Amhara Amhara Amhara Amhara SNNP Oromiya Harar Somali SNNP Amhara SNNP SNNP SNNP SNNP Oromiya Oromiya Oromiya 20 28 89 Oromiya 6720 4823 Capacity (MW) Area 2 (km ) 300 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 300 200 200 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 600 500 300 300 200 200 200 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 107 Domicile .3-1 Preliminary Result of Wind Farm Site Selection in Ethiopia No.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Table 6. 3-1 Block Index Plan of Ethiopia Planned Wind Farm Sites Figure 6.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia North part East part North Center part South Center part South part Figure 6.3-2 Distribution Graph (North) of Ethiopia Planned Wind Farm 108 . 3-4 Distribution Graph (Mid-South) of Ethiopia Planned Wind Farm 109 .Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 6.3-3 Distribution Graph (Mid-North) of Ethiopia Planned Wind Farm Figure 6. 3-6 Distribution Graph (East) of Ethiopia Planned Wind Farm 6.4 Site Selection Principle of Solar PV Power Station 110 .Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 6.3-5 Distribution Graph (South) of Ethiopia Planned Wind Farm Figure 6. Besides. generally. Limited by the scale of constructions.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Solar energy PV power station is located in the region with relatively good solar energy resources and flat and open terrain. influence on power grid and absorption of electric quantity shall be considered. installed with a large-scale solar energy power generation system made up of large amounts of PV cells and accessory system according to a certain arrangement rule or combined with large-scale structures to form a large-scale solar energy PV power generation system made up of several solar energy PV batteries and corresponding accessory system in the outer wall and roof. So. altitude. local weather and climate. the site selection of power station shall avoid high temperature. Permitted by the site. the richer the radiation resources are. etc. foggy and rainy days and frequent variation of radiation value has relatively big influence on work efficiency of PV battery. The project capacity in different stages shall not exceed consumption ability of power grid in corresponding stage.1 Condition of solar energy radiation resources Solar illumination with rich energy and steady radiation intensity and appropriate environmental condition are basic conditions for construction of large-scale solar energy PV power station. solar energy PV battery may be affected by temperature. Absorption ability of wind 111 . the PV system combined with constructions has small capacity and grounding consumption or low-voltage grid connection is mostly adopted in the transmission. Considering loss of circuit and costs. For solar energy radiation resources are obviously affected by weather. Ethiopia. Mostly. Distribution of solar energy radiation resources is closely related with latitude. According to the existing construction of PV power station. 6. But when the scale of accessed power grid is relatively small. and terrain in the domicile of site. low in latitude and mostly located above plateau.2 Power grid access condition and consumption ability Power grid access condition shall be considered in the construction of large-scale grid connection PV power station. The solar energy PV power station in the report mainly means the large-scale self-contained grid connection solar energy PV power station. generally within 20km. the PV power station shall not be far away from access power grid or load center. the output voltage in the power station is 33kV. solar energy radiation may be reduced in regions with cloudy. The former is generally called self-contained solar energy PV power station and the latter is generally called PV system combined with constructions. is rich in solar energy resources. The higher the temperature is. capacity of PV power station is relatively small.4.4. Resource condition as well as power grid access condition shall be considered in the construction of large-scale self-contained solar energy PV power station. The lower the latitude is and the higher the altitude is. 6. the master plan of capacity of solar energy PV power station shall be connected with development plan of accessed power grid. In the present stage. Besides. The scale of self-contained solar energy PV power station is mainly determined by the site and transmission condition. the capacity of solar energy PV power station is smaller than other ways of generation generally and its influence on power grid is less. the power station shall be large so that electricity output shall be boosted by boosting transformer and combined into the backbone power grid. the lower the PV conversion efficiency is. traffic transportation condition and environment in regions and comparative analysis. 6. In operation of specific projects. forest and grasslands shall be avoided to prevent environmental protection and desert with quicksand on the surface shall be avoided to prevent sand coverage from affecting efficiency of power station. the electricity price shall be supported by governmental subsidy or the one that is subtracted by average electricity price of power grid is shared by the whole power grid.5.5 Site Selection of Solar PV Power Station It shall be pointed development of solar energy project is obviously affected by economic factors and high price of solar energy PV batteries has restricted large-scale promotion of PV power generation project.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia power of Ethiopia power grid in different planning levels is studied in Section 5.4 Environmental and social factors Other restrictive factors shall also be considered in the construction of solar energy PV power station. the development of renewable energy shall mainly focus on hydropower and wind power and development of solar energy projects shall mainly focus on demonstration and cultivation of market. the built solar energy power stations in all countries mainly focus on demonstration and cultivation of market. So far. 6. 112 . According to conclusion on analysis of solar energy resources in Ethiopia and overall features of power grid. volume of solar energy PV power generation project shall be controlled and large-scale development and construction shall be done after progress of PV technique and reduction of costs. PV power station shall be far away from environmentally sensitive areas like natural protection area. General road shall meet transportation of equipment. The mainstream products mainly include mono crystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon.4. 6. The installation in the whole project is relatively simple and less influenced by the exterior.3 Construction condition of PV power station So far. For solar energy PV batteries cover a relatively large area.4. Besides. large geological fault and regions where rock-fall. important landscape protection area and important ruins and sites and also from religious facilities like church or mosque and military zones and other facilities with important social influence. field investigation and costs of PV power generation. Considering the present social development of Ethiopia. forest park. on-grid power tariff of the built PV power stations are overpriced. Arrangement of solar energy PV power generation capacity shall also refer to this. Hence. mudslide and flood easily happen to prevent safety of power station from being affected. relevant technologies in the PV power station are relatively mature. The main parts are solar energy batteries. site selection of power station shall avoid bad geological conditions. Construction of PV power station is relatively simple and its equipment transportation is more demanding than that of wind farm. the capacity of solar energy PV power generation in the master plan is 135MW and 5 sites of solar energy PV power station are recommended. landslip. specific terrain. the report suggests that at present. Although Ethiopia is rich in solar energy resources. See Figure 6. Table 6.5-1 for all recommended sites of PV power station.5-1 6.62 99 Afar G4 Dera solar energy PV power station 60 1.6 92 Oromiya G3 Awash solar energy PV power station 20 0.5-1 List of Recommended Sites of Solar PV Power Stations in Ethiopia No.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia See Table 6.39 95 Amhara G2 Metehara PV power station 50 1. Name Capacity (MW) Area 2 (km ) Grade in preliminary selection Domicile G1 Debre birhan PV power station 10 0.6 Schematic Diagram of Position of Planned Solar Energy PV Power Station in Ethiopia Analysis of other Construction Conditions of Wind Farm and PV Station Sites Chapter 4 and 5 in the report has made a detailed analysis and introduction of distribution of national resources in Ethiopia and condition of power grid. The section makes a brief 113 . Similar to the site selection of wind farm. the report is based on features of sites of PV power station to mark the proposed areas. The specific marking is shown in Attached Table.2 Total Figure 6.59 97 Oromiya F51 Addis Ababa wind energy and solar energy demonstration base 1 - 95 Oromiya 141 4.5-1 for specific planned sites and their distribution. The first transgression in early Jurassic or late Triassic extended from Ogaden in the southeast to the northwest and achieved the greatest degree in Kimmeridgian. Stratum in Korahe group (Kg1 and Kg2) (mainly made up of limestone. The second return in the late Cretaceous deposited continental settlings in Amaba Aradom group (mainly made up of interbedded shale. The second major transgression happened between Aptian and Turonian and formed stratum in Mustahil group (Km). it has happened large-scale orogenic movement (in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and the present Red 114 . sandstone. stratum in Abay group (mainly made up limestone. gypsum and dolomite in Mekele in the north of Ethiopia). Retreating of sea water began from the late Jurassic and it deposited lagoon stratum in Agula group (Jag) (mainly made up of black shale.6. gypsum and shale) and stratums in Urandab group and Antalo group (mainly made up of fossilferous limestone) are deposited. stratum in Adigrat group (Ja) (mainly made up of sandstone and siltstone lens). namely. anhydrite in Taleh group (Pt) and limestone containing shale and gypsum interlayer in Karkar group (Pk) in the extended corner in the east of Ogaden. malm and shale and dolomite in Ogaden) represents the down-most stratum in the Cretaceous period and represents the end of the first transgression return. With magma activities from Proterozoic era to the early Palaeozoic era.1 Geological condition The whole Ethiopia is divided into four main landform units. and Abaihe Valley. Lithology in the deep of highland in Ethiopia is Africa-Arabia early Precambrian rocks. Sandstone in Enticho group deposits in the north of Ethiopia from late paleozoic era to early Mesozoic. Paleozoic continental settlings are widely distributed in Tigray. malm and claystone and limestone. shale. In the period. The third partial transgression happened from the late Cretaceous to the middle late Pleistocene and deposited sandstone in Jessoma group (Pj). The covered rocks on Precambrian rocks are mainly glaciers and oceanic settled layers from Permian to Eogene and tertiary volcanic and the new generation volcanic activities are parts of East African Great Rift Valley.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia introduction of geological factors and traffic transportation in the proposed site selection. malm. southeastern highland. siltstone and sandstone). Two major transgression circulations happened in the Mesozoic era. Harar. stratum in Hamanilei group (Jh) (mainly made up of limestone and dolomite). stratum in Ferfer group (Kf) and stratum in Belet Uen group (mainly made up of limestone. main rift valley in Ethiopia and hollow in Afar. Since the the transgression from the late Mesozoic to the early Tertiary. peneplanation of metamorphic basement happened from Carboniferous to Permian. sandstone in Waju group deposits in the east of Ethiopia and the deposited sandstone in Gum group in the southern basin of Ethiopia cuts the Precambrian basement. 6. dolomite and anhydrite). western highland. The stratum in Gabredare group (Jg1 and Jg2) (mainly made up limestone and malm) represents the topmost part of Jurassic in Ogaden in the east of Ethiopia. the Permian sandstone deposits in the south and west of Ethiopia. The magma erupted in the alkaline volcano in the west and southeastern plateau is 4000m in length (ct. The upheaval and uparched tension permits the rising of basaltic magma. The first apparent volcanic activity happened in the late Mesozoic along the edge of Proto-Afar.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Sea and the domicile of fault in the Gulf of Aden). With the sediment of Afar sunken area and Ethiopia main fault. the rising of basic rock related with East African Great Rift Valley amounted to a certain degree. Commonly. Stifane Rifts Lake. Arsi and Bale basalts(pNab). The main reason for uplifting is that huge amounts of basaltic magma are formed in the rock circle due to relevant pressure reduction fusion and a typical mantle plume of mainland overflow. The rift valley movement started from the Red Sea and rift valley in the Gulf of Aden. 4Ma and 1. East African Great Rift Valley in Ethiopia includes the following main structures and landforms: (1) Fault in Gulf of Aden formed the southern edge of Afar sunken area. The Ethiopia main fault. which formed the sunken area of Ethiopia. Basalt appeared with the eruption of rift valley. it determines Afar sunken area is related. continuous volcanic activities formed the rift valleys and became the core area of volcanic activities in the Quaternary period and lately. Alajae basalts (PNa) and Tarmaber Gussa and Tarmaber. The uplifting range is outside the fold belt. the early volcanic activities are related with the Red Sea and rift valley in the Gulf of Aden (before 20Ma) and transferred from the center in the early volcanic activities to the present ones. namely acid basic rock in the rift rock and basalt and trachyte formed in the shoulder of valley and volcano in the edge. Some people think extension started in the early Miocene. Through research on relevant volcanic activities with major structures. According to the study of Kazmin in 1980. the initial sediment of Ethiopia main fault started 15Ma years ago and the main rift valley happened between 10Ma.Megezez basalts (PNtb and Ntb) are widely distributed in the western and southeastern plateau.8〜1. east and west. The axis of the northeastern direction of the volcanic zone is parallel with the rift valley in the west of Ethiopia. 115 . Aibe basalts (P3a). is extended into Turkana Lake. The alkaline and tholeiitic basalt interlaid with sand rock in the Cretaceous period with edge in the south and west of Afar sunken area. The above is the joint of young and continental Ethiopia main fault with original Afar ocean (Afar sunken area). part of East African Great Rift Valley in the axis started to develop in the Miocene. Jima volcanic (Pjb and Pjr). which determines the outline of the region. 5Ma.Ambo – Nekemte in the northwestern plateau. like the landform of Addis Ababa . In the southeastern Kulibi plateau and northwestern Sakota plateau. With long-term uplifting movement of Afro-Arabia. Through distribution of basalt magma in the early stage in the south. Drop of rift valley and fault in each stage has double peaks. The opening in the depression is eroded by alkaline granite and the settlings of fragments in Danakil group (Nrs) were formed. these early basalts like Ashangi basalt (P2a). According to Mohr Theory (in 1962).6 Ma years. the drop of fault of Afar sunken area started relatively early. as an important continental part of East African Great Rift Valley. the basalt volcano happened widely until the late Pleistocene or early Pleistocene according to geological data.Tarmaber group). and Reireba original rift valley lake in the south of Chamo Lake in the south. Makonnen basalts (P—mb). In the map. Many wind farms with good wind energy are in the plateau mesa. Chew Bahir Rifts Lake and Heireba original rift valley in Heireba in the south of Ethiopia are not directly connected and transferred to the east from the north gradually. but movement of deep structures is faster than the filling speed of volcanic settlings. a transfer port in Ethiopia. is formed along the sea in the north of Eritrea and Danakil Horst separates the Red Sea. Road transportation shall be considered in details in the site selection of wind farm. with 7 berths.8 berth shall bear refrigerated vessel with ten thousand t. liquefied gas and honey and sugar. Most of domestic materials are transported from Djibouti Port to Ethiopia by ocean shipping. namely. From Pliocene epoch to Pleistocene. The plateau accounts a high proportion.6. Ethiopia main fault. 10~12 berths are in the exterior side. or near the East African Great Rift Valley. and 130 nautical miles away from Gulf of Aden in the east. It is 400m in length and the water is 9. without available port. nature of settlings is determined by the edge of basin or the axis. complex pavement. Water in the interior side and in the south is relatively shallow. Only No. Afar sunken aera and bluff in the west of Afar sunken area. in the the Pleistocene Epoch of Quaternary system. Evaporation rock bed is formed in the limitation ocean in the north of sunken area in Afar. many roads are mountainously winding. It is extended to the west. Turns. In the south of southeastern wall are 2 berths of containers. (3) Sunken area in Afar includes three important rift valley systems.7~12. the same wth Marda fault in the southeastern plateau. which cover most of the fault layer. In the development of African Great Rift Valley system in Ethiopia. Besides. with large mountain and deep ditch. 77 nautical miles away from the Mandab Strait in the north. Especially in the north. 6. In the sunken areas of Afar. So far. all kinds of continental sedimentary basins have formed since Miocene epoch of the Tertiary system. East African Djibouti Republic Port.1m deep. The northwestern jetty is about 700m in length. original settlings due to rapid erosion of steep cliff and large amounts of volcanic matters are filled in the sunken areas.2 Traffic transportation condition Ethiopia is complex in terrain. settlings are widely distributed in the fault area of Ethiopia. is located in the southeastern cape in the western end of Gulf of Aden. (1) Water transportation Ethiopia is a continental nation. Red Sea fault and Gulf of Aden fault. able to add water for passing ships. They 116 . (4) The main fault in Ethiopia is in the direction of NNE of the latitude (interchange of the fault and sunken area in Afar) of Addis Ababa from Chamo Lake (5) Turkana Lake. The northeastern wall is about 700m in length and the water on the interior side is deep. It is a dock for trade ships along the sea and the exterior side is a storage depot and an import dock for petroleum. No.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2) Red Sea rift valley. lake sediment is widely distributed. There are 12 berths in the port. The water is 11~12m deep. In the main fault area of Ethiopia. slopes and tunnels limit transportation through large-scale equipment. rift valley lakes are the remaining of the former lake. 6-2 Pictures of Addis Ababa to Djibouti Narrow Railway (3) Road So far. namely. Figure 6. The maximum lifting ability of truck crane is 40t and the one of floating crane is 80t. imported coals and oceanic groceries. There is open storage area and warehouse of containers and rolling goods in the port. road transportation is the main transportation way in Ethiopia. trailer and rolling facilities. the railway from Djibouti to Addis Ababa. which accounts for 90% of the total transportation. The loading and unloading equipment includes truck crane. Figure 6.6-1 Overlook of Gantry Crane in Djibouti Port (2) Railway There is only one railway in Ethiopia. shared by Djibouti and Ethiopia. The government in Ethiopia determines the improvement 117 . gantry crane. The railway is narrow. floating crane.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia are respectively for loading and unloading of heavy oil. reconstructed by EU and unavailable to be operated. forklift. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3. For many roads are lack of repair and the pavement is in bad condition.25m×2+0. The maximum longitude slope is 10%.5 line: Addis—Ambo—Gamo—Hula The road is 288km in length. The pavement is good in condition. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3. the government has allocated funds of 6 billion USD to repair roads.5m×2+1. The section of K0~K230 is winding road.3 line: Addis—Weldiya—Axum The road is 1025km in length.1 line: Addis—Modjo—Nazret/Adama—Awash—Mile—Djibouti The road is 925km in length. The density of road is increased from 21km/ 1000 km2 in 1995 to 44. The pavement is good in condition. The maximum longitude slope is 10%. The road is economic lifeline in Ethiopia. The maximum longitude slope is less than 8%. The road is comfortable in grade line. the built road in Ethiopia is 49000km in length.25m×2+0.4km/ 1000 km2 in 2010. K598~K616 and K910~K930 are winding roads. asphalt concrete pavement. asphalt concrete pavement. K0 pile is Addis. The other sections are open and flat on both sides.5m×2. K0 pile is Addis. with lots of sharp turns and poor pavement and grade line. No. The pavement is good in condition. asphalt concrete pavement. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3.4 line: Addis—Wereta—Gonder The road is 710km in length. with comfortable grade line. The maximum longitude slope is 10%.2 line: Mile—Chifra—Weldiya The road is 168km in length. Most of goods and materials are transported from Djibouti Port to other regions through the road.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia of national road network as the core of economic reform. No. poor pavement and poor grade line. asphalt concrete pavement. The section of K186~K222 is winding road. The other sections are open and flat on both sides. asphalt concrete pavement. which makes the transportation of road network expand by 90%. 7m in width. with relatively poor pavement. No.5m×2. So far. 118 . The pavement is good in condition. with lots of sharp turns. They are introduced as follows: No. The other sections are open and flat on both sides. with comfortable grade line. The sections of K190~K210. Part of sections is under reconstruction.5m×2+1. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3.5m×2+1. K0 pile is Addis. The other sections are open and flat on both sides.5m×2. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3. narrow. with lots of turns. The existing road is gravel pavement. No. The radius of turn is over 50m. the major national road network includes the following 15 mainlines in Ethiopia.5m×2. The radius of turn is relatively small. and the traffic in rural areas is poor. By the end of 2010.5m×2. with comfortable grade line. Winding road is about 43km in length. The equipment transportation line of Adama wind farm under construction is the line. with lots of turns. The radius of turn is relatively small. in the past 13 years. with comfortable grade line. and K266~K278 are winding roads. The road is comfortable in grade line. K0 pile is Wereta. with comfortable grade line. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3. asphalt 119 .5m×2.9 line: Addis—Sodo The road is 329km in length. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3. No. It is open and flat on both sides of the road. The section of Sodo to Boditi has about 14km winding road. K0 pile is Addis. with dense vegetation. the radius of turn is over 50m. No.5m×2. K188~K213. with sharp turns and poor grade line.5m×2+1. asphalt concrete pavement.8 line: Addis—TuLu BoLo—Welkite The road is 155km in length. The maximum longitude slope is 8%.5m×2+1. Part of sections is under construction. with comfortable grade line. The maximum longitude slope is 10%. The section of Selekleka to Debark is winding road. The sections of K22~K27. generally. there are lots of turns in the section of K240~K0+385. It is open and flat on both sides of the road. No. The pavement is good in condition. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3m×2+0. partially asphalt concrete pavement and partially sandstone pavement. It is open and flat on both sides of the road. The radius of turn is over 50m.5m×2. the section of K0~K240 is comfortable in grade line. It is open and flat on both sides of the road.25m×2. with many turns. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3. The pavement is good in condition.25m×2+0. So far.5m×2. No. The maximum longitude slope is 10%. the pavement is relatively poor in condition.10 line: Sodo—Alaba Kulito—Shashemene The road is 128km in length.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia No. The pavement is good in condition. The road is comfortable in grade line. asphalt concrete pavement.5m×2+1.11 line: Modjo—Shashemene—Awasa—Dila—Yabeilo—Mega The road is 588km in length.6 line: Gonder—Axum The road is 430km in length. The section of K247~K27 is winding road. with lots of turns and poor grade line. asphalt concrete pavement. The maximum longitude slope is 10%.5m×2.5m×2+1. The road is comfortable in grade line. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3. the other sections are open and flat on both sides.7 line: Wereta—Weldiya The road is 293km in length.5m×2. The pavement is good in condition. K0 as pile number of Modjo. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3. No. the section of K385~K588 is comfortable in grade line. asphalt concrete pavement. asphalt concrete pavement. The pavement is good in condition. with lots of turns. with dense vegetation. mostly.12 line: Nazret—Dera—Iteya—Asela The road is 75km in length. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3.5m×2+1. There is dense vegetation along the road. the other sections are open and flat on both sides. No. The pavement is good in condition. No. asphalt concrete pavement. where large-scale equipment shall be difficult to pass. It is open and flat on both sides of road. 14 line: Dengego—Diri Dawa The road is 25km in length. It is open and flat on both sides of the road. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3. The road is comfortable in grade line. sharp turn. The pavement is good in condition. Outside the turn is mountain. mostly winding road with lots of S-turns and hair pin bends. sandstone pavement. with relatively dense vegetation and continuous S-turns.5m×2. The section of Asebe teferi—Kulubi—Dengego is about 165km in length. There are little vegetation and serious desertification along the road. 15 line: Diri Dawa—Aysha The road is 184km in length.25m×2+0.6-3 for photos of the existing traffic network. with dense vegetation.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia concrete pavement.5m×2+1. 120 . No. See Figure 6. with dense vegetation and comfortable grade line. The road is comfortable in grade line. Parts of turns are relatively small in radius. No.5m×2. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3. asphalt concrete pavement. The road is continuous downgrade.5m×2+1. The other sections are open and flat.5m×2.13 line: Awash—Asebe Teferi—Kulubi—Dengego—Harer—Jigjiga The road is 394km in length. with common pavement. The pavement is good in condition. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3. The maximum longitudinal slope is 10%. relatively abrupt. Kumul.6-3 Pictures of the Existing Traffic Network in Ethiopia Note : On the top left is 10m asphalt pavement. Gansu. wind development also focuses on central development with large-scale base according to its distribution of wind energy resources. on the top right is 7. on the lower left is 7m wide sandstone pavement. 8 super-large wind power bases with ten Gigawatts have been developed in Jiuquan. lots of 121 .5m asphalt pavement. At present. due to limited continental resources. north of Hebei. in recent years.7 Diksis Large-Scale Wind Power Development Base Large-scale wind power development base is an important development way in the industrial development of global wind power at present. power transmission system and other accessory resources and central consumption of wind power. large-scale wind power bases are mainly offshore wind power bases. in many European countries. these wind power bases are being constructed orderly. Sinkiang. So far. on the lower right is 3~5m wide clay pavement. east of Inner Mongolia. Besides. west of Inner Mongolia. Based on the base with million kilowatts in Zhangjiakou Dam in Hebei Province. It aims at achieving large-scale and intensification development of wind energy through overall planning and scientific organization of construction scale and development progress of wind energy projects in regions rich in wind energy resources and with large development potential to realize highly efficient and reasonable use of wind energy resources.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 6. In China. 6. Kerota. It suggests the construction of relevant wind power base shall be done.7-2 for planning scope and landform of large-scale wind power development base in Diksis.7-1 and Figure 6.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia assessment and development have been done. See Figure 6. Guna. terrain. relatively near the load center in the capital. Robe.7-1 Schematic Diagram of Planning Scope of Wind Power Base in Diksis 122 . the report thinks the plateau mesa in the middle of Ethiopia and East African Great Rift Valley is good for construction of large-scale wind power base. Coshita. The wind power base has excellent geological conditions. temporarily named as Diksis large-scale wind power development base. The large-scale wind power development base mainly covers Diksis. distribution of power grid in Ethiopia. Kula. According to wind energy distribution. with relatively excellent outer transportation condition and extremely excellent development condition. Figure 6. The whole planning area is plateau mesa with altitude about 2400m~2600m. The whole wind energy development base has an area of about 3. construction of wind power base shall be further developed to realize the conversion of huge wind energy resources in Ethiopia to energy economy. large scope of wind energy formed in the plateau mesa. But what shall be pointed is that in the large-scale wind power base. power grid arrangement condition and power demand shall be combined and the neighboring principle shall be adopted in the site selection of wind power project. rippling. In the present wind energy engineering development. Besides.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 6.700km2. According to capacity coefficient of 3MW/km2. 123 . The planning area is mainly made up of farmlands and some forests. flat and relatively less fluctuant. After further increase in demand for national electricity and construction of large power grid in East Africa and equipping of construction of power grid. As for the existing demand for electricity in Ethiopia. Hence. construction of large-scale wind power base shall be supported by solid intelligent power grid and matched with construction of other power supply points and safe and steady operation of power grid shall be ensured through reasonable and scientific power grid dispatch and precise power prediction system. due to unsteady wind power. the installed capacity of the whole planning area shall exceed 10GW. there is no large-scale reliable power transmission facility so far.7-2 Geomorphic Map of Planning Area of Wind Power Base in Diksis Due to terrains in the above planning areas and influence of North African trade wind. the wind power base can be an important project reserve base for development of wind power in Ethiopia. with large development potential. Its micro topography is low mountain. which is the available development zone of wind energy with the largest scale in Ethiopia. wind energy resources in the above area may not be developed. the temperature differences of areas are large.3-1. the valley bottom is deep with lakes. Somali. the dry season is from October to February. these factors create a rich wind energy resources and solar energy resources. Amhara. Nationalities. Gambela. Oromia. Abbai River (also known as Blue Nile). and borders with Eritrea on the north. Lake Tana. and the annual average temperature of capital is 16 ℃.1.2 Environmental profile of planed wind farms Ethiopia is totally divided into 9 states and 2 municipalities. and the central and western parts are the main body of the highland with an average altitude of 2500 ~ 3000m. The total area of the country is 1. Southern Nations. therefore Ethiopia is often ironically referred to as the "water tower of East Africa”. and People's Region and Oromia and surrounding areas. Due to Ethiopia locating in the east of African continent and near the equator. which is mainly the savanna climate and subtropical forest climate and rarely with mountain land and tropical desert climate.1 Country profile Ethiopia as a landlocked country in East Africa is adjacent to the Djibouti and Somalia on the east. the temperature is highest from March to May. The planned wind farms are mainly located in Tigray. Although located in the tropical zone. most areas have a moderate climate.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 7. Harari.14 million km 2. There are more than 30 rivers originated in the central plateau region of Ethiopia territory. In most areas. and 2/3 of the country area is plateau. Benishangul-Gumuz. and People's Region. due to the high terrain. Tigray. The average annual precipitation of plateau area is 1000 ~ 1500mm. 9 states are respectively Afar. the greater part shall be Ethiopian Highland. Southern Nations. which can be referred to Table 6.1 Environment Status 7. Dallol depression in the north is the lowest point of the country down to 113m below the sea level. and the temperature is lowest from November to January. Tekeze River and Baro River belong to Nile River system. Desert and semi-desert areas are about a quarter of the total area. Generally. The East African Great Rift Valley zone penetrates the central part. adjoins Kenya on the south. In southeast part there is Somalia Highland with lower altitude. 7. the annual average temperature is 10 ~ 27 ℃. Preliminary Evaluation on Environmental Impact 7. Nationalities. Shabelle River and Juba River belong to Indian Ocean system. Ethiopia has complex climate. and the average annual precipitation of lowlands and valleys is 250 ~ 500mm. which combines with its unique geographic and geomorphic conditions. borders with Sudan and South Sudan on the west. especially impacted by Ethiopia Highland and unique East African Great Rift Valley terrain. volcanoes and hot springs distributed like clusters. which is known as the "Roof of Africa" with the highest peak Ras Dashen of 4620m. Lake Ziwaii and Abiyata are relative large lakes. and there is a narrow plain on the northeast coast. 2 municipalities are respectively Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. The average annual precipitation decreases from 1500mm to 100mm from the west plateau to northeast and southeast areas. Amhara.1. 124 . and uncultivated land. the terrain of these 6 wind farms located in the center region of the state is mainly low mountain relief or flat 125 . Jacho wind farm. where Dire Dawa wind farm is adjacent to Dire Dawa city area. which is mainly farmland with less villages and low population density. Dangla wind farm. there is a small part of forest and a small amount of residents. Bale wind farm. Nationalities. these wind farms are basically located in the northeast of the state. Mek'ele north wind farm and Mek'ele south wind farm. which is mainly uncultivated land with vegetation of forest land. Durame wind farm. and People's Region mainly includes Bu’i east wind farm. Sendafa south wind farm. Nazret wind farm. Gondar west wind farm. the land is mainly farmland.e. Debre birhan wind farm and Ch'ach'a wind farm. Bu’i west wind farm. Oromia and surrounding areas mainly include Sendafa north wind farm. Mega west wind farm. Sheno wind farm. the planning wind fields in the southeast corner of Amhara are mainly Debre sina wind farm. Iteya Phase I wind farm. Gondar east wind farm. and there is also a small part of farmland. these wind farms have flat terrain with less fluctuation. the impact on the town shall be properly avoided during construction and operation period. Hula wind farm. low shrubs and grass. there is a small part of farmland and a small population density. Dilla west wind farm located in the state south region. the land is mainly grassland and uncultivated land. Bolo Phase II wind farm. An airport is located between the two wind farms.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Tigray locates in the most northern part of Ethiopia. Debre Markos West wind farm and Debre Markos East wind farm are at south side of Lake Tana.. the land is mainly farmland with occasionally distributed sparse trees. there are also more farmlands distributed in these wind farms with rare trees. which shall be avoided properly during construction. grassland. Bahir Dar wind farm. the later 3 wind farms are plateau terrain. i. Iteya Phase II wind farm. Mega east wind farm. Sulalt wind farm located in the state west region. these wind farms are generally farmland and forest land with more residents. the land is mainly agricultural land. Harar east wind farm (located in the territory of Harar). Harar west wind farm. There are more planned wind farms within Amhara. Fonka west wind farm. Butajira wind farm. the vegetation is mainly sparsely distributed low shrubs. as well as Yabelo wind farm. Rufa'el wind farm terrain at the north side of Lake Tana mainly refers to plateau or ridge with favorable wind resource conditions. it is planned with two wind farms. Assela wind farm located in the state central region. the terrain of these 4 wind farms located in the state northeast region are mainly flat mountain land with less fluctuation. Bolo Phase I wind farm. Babile wind farm and adjacent Dire Dawa wind farm (located in the territory of Dire Dawa) located in the state northeast region. Ambo wind farm. Fonka east wind farm. Gondar north wind farm. Dilla east wind farm and Imdibir wind farm. the Weldiya Phase I and Weldiya Phase II wind farms located in the eastern state have flat terrain with less fluctuation. Debark wind farm and Gondar north wind farm have many villages. the vegetation is sparsely distributed with a small amount of residents. the first 3 wind farms have flat terrain. Southern Nations. and also a small amount of villages. The natural environment of Mek'ele north wind farm and Mek'ele south wind farm is relatively poor with dead soil. these wind farms also have flat terrain with less fluctuation. Debark wind farm. Soddo wind farm. on the plateau or hills located on the west side of East African Great Rift Valley. the interaction between the airport and the wind farms shall be investigated and analyzed in the next stage. For these 6 wind farms in state west region. backfilling. and the environmental sensitive protected objectives shall be detailed and accurately investigated and understood in the following work. there is no national park and other environmental sensitive protected objectives within the planning site. but rarely residents. screen the main environmental impact factors. solid waste. the domestic sewage and garbage of constructors. and the farmland is relatively more with sparse forest land. Dera solar PV power station. These wind farms have little vegetation. these 4 wind farms in the state southern region are mainly low mountain relief. 7. atmospheric environment. which is mainly farmland. 7. the construction and excavation and transportation will generate noise and dust. Debre birhan solar PV station site region has a flat terrain.2 Screening of Main Environmental Factors The main impact of project construction on the environment: the impact of construction area on ecological environment. Awash solar PV power station. and the surface vegetation is mainly forest land with a few villages. human environment. mixers and construction machineries will generate a certain wastewater. and the vegetation is mainly forest land and farmland with few villages. and the surface is mainly tropical sparse shrubs. the terrain of Dera PV power station site is open and flat. the earthwork excavation. road construction and other construction activities will impact the vegetation and the geographic and geomorphic conditions.2km2 and a total installed capacity of 6861MW. the ecological environment. There are totally 50 planned wind farms in Ethiopia. population health. there is a small amount of forest land and shrubs. The environmental factors affected by the project construction and operation include: ecological environment. Aysha wind farm scattered in Somali and Dicheoto wind farm scattered in Afar. The main environmental impact during operating period: the noise and electromagnetic radiation. Addis Ababa wind energy and solar energy demonstration base. and the surface is mainly sparse shrubs. and the surface is mainly grassland. but without residential point. which has a total area of 4. the domestic sewage and garbage of constructors generated during operating period will have a certain impact on the environment. Addis Ababa wind energy and solar energy demonstration base is low and hilly region. etc. mechanical repair and vehicle maintenance of concrete transport vehicles. the site is near the city area of Addis Ababa. the cleaning. in view of the operating characteristics of wind farm and PV power station. acoustic environment. but rarely residents. In addition. 4 solar PV power stations and 1 wind and solar complementation demonstration base.1. combined with the importance of the environmental impact factors for the project area. of which Nazret wind farm is adjacent to the Adama Phase I wind power project in construction. the terrain of Awash solar PV station site is open and flat. seen from the current materials.3 Environmental profile of solar PV power station The recommended solar PV power station sites for Ethiopia include Debre birhan PV power station. Metehara PV power station. population health 126 . so as to ensure that the project will not impact on the national park and residential points.827. According to the characteristics of project construction and operation. there is also Jijiga wind farm. solid waste. the terrain of Metehara solar PV station site is open and flat. water environment.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia farmland. grassland and farmland. it’s basically still in the original farming state of relying on the weather. the permanently occupied project area shares a relatively smaller proportion of total occupied area. (3) Impact on vegetation The vegetation type existing within the planning occupied area is widely distributed in that region.3. appropriate compensation and payment shall be provided according to Ethiopia Proclamation No. the temporary construction area shall be returned to the local owner after completing the project. and the restoration measures shall be taken for the vegetation. it can be seen that the planning sites located in the birds’ distribution region are Hula wind farm. the project construction has a relatively smaller impact on local land utilization. the project construction has a smaller affect on local plant diversity. and the birds are likely to hit the wind turbine blades due to vision or electromagnetic interference. When comes to the expropriation of farmland or forest land. which also causes serious water loss and soil erosion and a worse ecological environment.455/2005 and other proclamations. (2) Impact on water loss and soil erosion Due to the relative backwardness of agriculture and forestry management.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia shall be regarded as the main environmental impact factors. and they are usually shrub. substation occupied area. Except the permanently occupied area. therefore. 7. therefore. Mek'ele north wind farm. The permanently occupied project areas include WTG foundation occupied area. (4) Impact on birds and wild animals The construction noise and operation noise of wind turbine will interfere with the living environment of the birds.1 Impact on ecological environment (1) Impact on land utilization and expropriation The occupied area of planned project of Ethiopia wind energy and solar energy power generation project is 4. The excavation. and the main land types are forest land. due to a certain amount of soil and water conservation measures will be carried out at the end of the project. backfill. road building and other construction activities in the process of project construction change the most of the native landform within the construction area.3 Preliminary Evaluation of Environmental Impact 7. under normal circumstances. it will not cause serious damage to the local water and soil and vegetation. and may optimize the situation of water loss and soil erosion problems. cable burying occupied area and permanent road occupied area. grassland.827. Combining Figure 7. Debre birhan wind farm and Bahir Dar 127 . Except the permanently occupied area. the temporary construction area will be recovered through the plant measures after completing the construction. forest land and farmland. Harar west wind farm.2km2. which will inevitably produce new problems on water loss and soil erosion. blindly and exceedingly felling seriously damaged the forest resources. However. the surface vegetation is damaged.3-1 with the planning drawing of Ethiopia wind energy and solar energy power generation project. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia wind farm. Therefore, the wind turbine arrangement of these plant areas shall pay attention to the impact of wind turbine location and operation on the activities of birds. Figure 7.3-1 Main Birds’ Distribution Region in Ethiopia Due to the range of planned wind farm site is small relative to the whole region and the strong activity ability of wildlife, which enables them a strong danger-avoiding instinct, the wind farm construction and operation have little impact on the wildlife and it will not cause decrease of wildlife types and quantities. 7.3.2 Impact on acoustic environment The equipment operation noise of construction machineries will be produced in the construction process of planning site. Seen from the planning and arrangement drawing, there are residential points distributed within or near part of the planning wind farm sites, such as Gondar North wind farm, Dire Dawa wind farm, Hula wind farm, etc., in order to protect the normal life of residents nearby, the noise source shall be located away from the residential points when arranging these site constructions, so as to ensure that the acoustic environment quality at the residential points can meet the requirement of lower than or equal to 55dB in the daytime specified by Class 1 standard in Acoustic Environment Quality Standards (GB 3096 2008). In addition, the PV power station will not produce noise impact during the operating period, and the noise during the operating period of generator unit is generated from the blade sweeping and the operation of unit's internal machineries, which is mainly the mechanical noise within the unit. When arranging the wind turbines, the unit shall have appropriate protective distance 128 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (usually greater than 250m for one single unit) away from the acoustic environment sensitive point around, or take the noise reduction or other protection measures, so that the acoustic environment quality of acoustic environment sensitive points, such as residential points nearby, can meet the requirement of lower than or equal to 55dB in the daytime and lower than or equal to 45dB in the nighttime specified by Class 1 standard in Acoustic Environment Quality Standards (GB 3096 - 2008). 7.3.3 Impact on population health The impact on population health mainly comes from the foreign population settlement during the construction period and the electromagnetic radiation generated during the operation period of wind farm and PV power station. During the construction period, a large number of constructors enter the site, part of the constructors is foreign population, which may feel uncomfortable for the local climate and environment, and the population density increases, coupled with the relatively simple and incomplete living facilities, if the management of food hygiene, domestic water, environmental health is not strengthened, it may cause the infectious diseases. During the period of wind turbine operating or PV power generation, the substation or inverter may generate the electromagnetic radiation with certain energy. The survey results of other wind farm built domestically show that the currently operated wind farms have no effect on the radio, television and other electrical equipments inside the residential areas 500m away from the wind farms. Therefore, in order to avoid the impact of electromagnetic radiation on the environment, the substation and inverter shall be arranged 500m away from the residential areas. 7.3.4 Impact of construction waste water on environment The construction waste water mainly includes wastewater and domestic sewage. The project construction wastewater is usually generated by the cleaning, mechanical repair and vehicle maintenance of concrete transport vehicles, mixers and construction machineries, etc. The construction arrangement of wind farms and PV power stations are generally scattered, so the wastewater generating points are also scattered, and the wastewater generating time is not continuous, if the wastewater volume is smaller, it will not form water flow generally. Therefore, the wastewater during the construction period will not have a great impact on the environment. The construction period will also generate a certain amount of domestic sewage. The main pollutant in the domestic sewage is suspended matters, organic pollutants, bacteria, etc, if directly discharge the domestic sewage without dealing with, it will cause environment pollution. 7.3.5 Impact of solid waste on environment The solid waste generated during the project construction period includes the construction debris and domestic garbage. The solid waste of project construction is mainly generated by the excavation of wind turbine foundation, and other construction sites may result only a small amount of solid waste. The 129 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia remained earthwork is preferred to be used for the hoisting site backfill of wind turbine construction after completing the construction, and the project construction shall no longer produce any debris as far as possible. Although the construction period is short and the constructors is less, the limited domestic garbage amount may also pollute the air, water and soil if left without treatment, and the garbage easily attracts mosquitoes, rats and others if decays, which may increase the probability of disease dissemination and cause larger harm. 7.3.6 Impact on ambient air The atmospheric pollution sources are mainly the construction excavation and transportation during the construction period. The atmospheric pollutant is mainly dust. Because the construction area is scattered, the pollution sources are small, and it is intermittent and mobile, coupled with the open construction area terrain and fast local wind speed, and the terrain and weather conditions are also conducive to the spread of the pollutant, the construction will not constitutionally affect the regional ambient air quality. 7.3.7 Impact on human environment For the diversification of Ethiopian national culture and religious belief, the project construction of wind farm and PV power station shall not constitute any impact on the lifestyles and religious need of local residents and minorities, nor rise too large conflict of interest. Therefore, the project construction shall reduce its human environment impact on the planning area, and confirm whether there is any building facility with historical, cultural, religious or archaeological value within the planning site, and make appropriate treatment prior to the development and implementation. 7.3.8 Analysis on project environmental benefit The production process of wind energy and solar energy is transforming the wind energy and solar energy into mechanical energy, and then transforming it into electrical energy, during the whole process, it rarely produces the air, water, solid waste and other pollutants, it will not produce obvious noise pollution, compared with coal-fired power plants, it can save a certain amount of standard fuel and reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and other pollutants, which has a significant environmental benefit. 7.4 Environmental Protection Measures The adverse environmental impact of this project is mainly reflected in ecology and construction impacts. To reduce the adverse impact, the following environmental protection measures shall be taken: (1) Ecological environment protection measures ① Reduce the land occupation to a minimum extent as far as possible. ② Indicate the construction activity area, prohibit the constructors going to the non-construction area willingly. The vehicle transportation must be conducted along the specified roads, in order to protect the forest and grass better, it’s not free to travel on the grassland. 130 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ③ Minimize the large-scale mechanical construction as much as possible, it is recommended that the foundation excavation shall apply artificial excavation, and it’s suggested to loose and transport the rock artificially, so as to protect the forest and grass and farmland. ④ The construction machineries and equipments must be placed on the assembly field of construction site in strict accordance with the designed and planned specified location, they shall not be freely piled up, the construction area of ancillary facilities such as living area or living service area shall be minimized as far as possible, so as to effectively control the occupied area and protect the forest and grass better. ⑤ During the recovery period of forest and grass, isolate the forest and grass to be recovered, and minimize the human and livestock walking and vehicles rolling on forest and grass. ⑥ During the project construction process and after completing the construction, timely take the soil conservation measures to reduce the water loss and soil erosion. (2) Preventive measures for construction impact ① The domestic sewage of construction living area shall be used as ecological restoration and green water after treatment. ② Set litter bins for construction living area, it’s preliminarily proposed to take the concentrated landfill measures for the collected wastes, but it should make a good choice for the landfill site and take proper seepage control and drainage measures. After the construction is completed, take the vegetation restoration measures for the landfill to avoid secondary environment pollution caused by the wastes. ③ If water the construction site in windy days, conduct temporary protective measures such as barring and covering for excavated earth and gravel material storage yards to prevent dust. (3) Water and soil conservation measures Water and soil conservation measures for the foundation construction and installation of wind turbine: ① Balance construction. The progress of wind turbine foundation site leveling, earthwork excavation and concrete pouring must be handled in proportion. As the vegetation of leveled site has been damaged, the surface soil is loose, if reserved for a long time, the erosion frequency of local gale will certainly increase, which would increase the hazard of wind erosion. The engine base quantity of site leveling and earthwork excavation in early stage shall not affect the concrete pouring, which cannot be reserved too much. ② As the expansion of the operating site will result in a larger destruction area of vegetation and the destruction of soil surface, which may worsen the wind erosion situation, the operating site area shall be controlled within a certain range. 131 etc. the plant species can be different according to the different section environments. and it is feasible viewed from the environmental point.5 Overall Conclusion According to the available material analysis. clean and level the site. Water and soil conservation measures for cable chutes: ① The cable burying lines shall appropriate avoid and pass through the sides if meet trees and shrubs. as well sow the original zonal vegetation seed on the bare ground to recover the vegetation. the noise effect on constructors. compact the backfill by layers and restore the original vegetation. so as to minimize the vegetation destruction caused by construction.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Water and soil conservation measures for site permanent roads: ① The design of site permanent roads shall comply with the principle of more filling and less digging to arrange the road location and avoid the excavation of "U" road trough. and it will bring great environmental benefit of clean energy. ③ The wind-break and sand-fixing shrubs shall be planted for the greening on both sides of the road. the excavated earthwork shall be placed in the windward side of the chute. the construction unit shall timely remove the temporary buildings. There is no constraining environmental factor for Ethiopia wind energy and solar energy power generation project planning. the combination of flowering shrubs and lawn can be taken. 132 . it will produce little adverse effects on the local environment after taking appropriate environmental protection and water conservation measures. 7. ② The surface of permanent roads shall be hardened by concrete pavement. so it will not produce significant adverse effects on the environment. the greening parts within the substation shall be greened. there is no natural preservation zone and other significant environmentally sensitive protected objectives within the planned range of Ethiopia wind energy and solar energy power generation project.. promptly backfill the excavated earthwork. Greening and beautifying measures for site management and living areas: The site management and living areas are generally located in the substation. Water and soil conservation measures for temporary construction area: After the construction is completed. ③ After laying the cables. ② When excavating the cable chute. The adverse effects of the project on the environment are mainly generated during the construction period. such as construction dust. at the same time. from near and far. combining with the specific resources of various plant areas. Meanwhile. it will promote the overall objective of Ethiopia wind energy and solar energy resources development and use with technical feasibility and economic rationality. Chapter 6 of this report detailed discusses the selection principles and applied methods for the wind power projects and solar PV power generation project sites involved in the planning. The elaboration process of this development sequence arrangements considers the total installed capacity of wind power and solar PV power generation. and the conditions of electric power outward transmission and power grid access.1-3 for Ethiopia planned wind power and solar PV power generation project in different target years. Further. Based on the site selection results. from low-cost to high-cost. The report obtains the basic situation of Ethiopian wind energy resources and solar radiation resources through computer numerical model calculations.1-1 Ethiopia Short Term (~2015) Planning Areas No. it also considers the overall degree of the wind farm and solar PV power station construction conditions.1 Development Sequence of Planning Areas This report takes 2010 as the planning base year of reference and mainly focuses on planning for the development sequence of Ethiopia wind energy and solar energy power generation project in the target year 2015 and 2020. Chapter 6 also conducts comprehensive comparison by scoring. to develop the development sequence arrangements for Ethiopia wind energy and solar energy power generation project in the future planning target years. See Table 8.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 8. Category 1 2 3 Wind energy Code No. The development sequence arrangements of various planning areas involved in this chapter take the aforementioned results as reference. Wind farm name Installed capacity (MW) Area 2 (km ) F1 Nazret wind farm 300 254 F2 Mek'ele South wind farm 100 77 F3 Sheno wind farm 100 56 133 Total (MW) 970 . and it also takes into account the arrangement of long term wind power and solar PV power generation reservation project. which complies with the development principle of from easy to difficult. Grid Connection. power grid.1-1~Table 8. Table 8. construction conditions and other factors. and Power Balance Analysis 8. macro-distribution for each plant area etc. the report formulates the planned capacity and its distribution method of Ethiopia wind power and solar PV power generation according to the existing power system and its future development consumption capacity and trend analysis in Ethiopia. and it clears the distribution characteristics and key development areas of Ethiopia national wind energy resources and the solar energy resources. this report further considers the external factors and the overall economic factors. Development Schedule. 6 1 - 11 12 Solar energy G3 F51 Total(MW) Dire Dawa wind farm Addis Ababa wind energy and solar energy demonstration base Awash PV power station Addis Ababa wind energy and solar energy demonstration base 991 21 Table 8. Category 4 5 Wind energy 134 Area 2 (km ) Total(M W) 330 4000 . Wind farm name 1 F10 Dilla East wind farm Installed capacity (MW) 300 2 F11 Mek'ele North wind farm 200 185 3 F12 Debre Markos East wind farm 200 143 4 F13 Soddo wind farm 200 160 5 F14 Sendafa North wind farm 100 70 F15 Sendafa South wind farm 100 70 F16 Gondar North wind farm 100 65 F17 Phase II wind farm in Iteya 100 70 9 F18 Bu'i East wind farm 100 80 10 F19 Aysha wind farm 100 60 11 F20 Phase I wind farm in Bolo 100 60 12 F21 Diche Oto wind farm 50 100 13 F22 Bahir Dar wind farm 50 80 F23 Assela wind farm 50 71 G1 Debre birhan PV power station 10 0. Wind farm name 1 F24 Jacho wind farm Installed capacity (MW) 600 2 F25 Phase II wind farm in Bolo 500 300 3 F26 Hula wind farm 300 220 F27 Dilla West wind farm 300 230 F28 Dangla wind farm 200 170 6 F29 Debre Markos West wind farm 200 150 7 F30 Ambo wind farm 200 130 8 F31 Babile wind farm 200 130 9 F32 Dabat wind farm 100 61 No.39 G4 Phase I of Dera PV power station 10 0.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 4 F4 Ch'ach'a wind farm 100 56 5 F5 Phase I wind farm in Iteya 100 66 6 F6 Sulaltaw ind farm 100 60 7 F7 Gondar West wind farm 50 49 8 F8 Imdibir wind farm 50 47 9 F9 50 40 10 F51 20 28 20 0.1-3 Ethiopia Long Term Reservation Project Planning Areas Code No.2020) Planning Areas Code No. Category 6 7 8 Wind energy 14 15 16 Solar energy Total(MW) Area 2 (km ) Total (MW) 268 1750 20 1770 Table 8.1-2 Ethiopia Medium Term (2016 .3 No. 2020 target year and long term planning are not limited by this requirement. preferentially arrange the project access with an electricity demand greater than supply area (power flow region). Of which. the long term reserve planning (station) area projects are not included. the planned wind power and PV power generation capacity is mainly replace the water and electricity capacity. power system geographic wiring diagram provided by EEPCo. the replaced hydropower will be used as load reserve and spinning reserve.6 29 Solar energy Total(MW) 100 4100 See Attached Figure 5 for the planning timing progress of Ethiopia wind energy and solar energy power generation project.6 G2 Metehara PV power station site 50 1. (3) Preferentially arrange the wind farms and PV power station projects in load concentrated areas.2 Scheme of Electric Power Outgoing Transmission According to the site and capacity distribution condition of the proposed wind farm and PV power station and combining with Ethiopia power grid wiring diagram.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 10 F33 Phase I wind farm in Weldiya 100 43 11 F34 Phase II wind farm in Weldiya 100 40 12 F35 Gondar East wind farm 100 76 13 F36 Rufa'el wind farm 100 100 14 F37 Debre Birhan wind farm 100 67 15 F38 Bale wind farm 100 60 16 F39 Harar West wind farm 100 90 17 F40 Harar Eest wind farm 100 75 18 F41 Jijiga wind farm 100 80 19 F42 Durame wind farm 100 65 20 F43 Debre Sina wind farm 50 30 21 F44 Bu’i West wind farm 50 40 22 F45 Butajira wind farm 50 30 23 F46 Fonka west wind farm 50 25 24 F47 Fonka east wind farm 50 25 25 F48 Yabelo wind farm 50 45 26 F49 Mega east wind farm 50 30 27 F50 Mega east wind farm 50 30 28 G4 Phase II of Dera PV power station 50 1. (4) In view of the installed capacity of Ethiopia hydropower and thermal power project can meet the maximum load demand. 135 . 8. The access system design shall follow the following 5 criterions: (1) The planned lines and transformers of planned level stage in 2015 can not be overloaded due to the accessing of wind farm and PV power station. it finishes the access system design for the aforementioned development sequence arrangements of various proposed projects. (2) For remote areas. The power flow calculation software adopts ETAP. 2015 power system power flow estimation in this report is based on the following preconditions: (1) Collect the power supply. 8. one PV power station with installed capacity of 20MW. and the calculating method applies fast decoupled method.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (5) 8.720MW installed capacity for wind power and 141MW installed capacity for PV power generation. Prior to 2015. the predict matches the total capacity of distribution transformers in Ethiopia power system wiring diagram provided by EEPCo. (4) The long term planned power plants. lines.2. 136 . and assume that all the distribution transformers in the wiring diagram of collected Ethiopia power system are in full load operation. (2) In view of the specific operating parameters of the generator set have not been collected. and the maximum load will be 2663MW. transformer substations and lines in the wiring diagram of collected Ethiopia power system are not involved in the power flow calculation.2 Proposed projects’ connection scheme to grid This report proposes 6. two PV power stations with installed capacity of 20MW. the minimum load of Ethiopia national power system in 2015 will be 1133MW. See Table 8. and assume that the nodes of TEKEZE power plant. the purpose of power flow calculation is only to simulate the power flow direction and power distribution. Power flow calculation In this planning. GALUB GAS power plant. one PV power plant transformer substation. See Attached Figure 6 for the result diagram of Ethiopia power system power flow calculation. (3) In view of the actual representative load situation of various transformer substations has not been collected. 14 new wind farms will be constructed to add installed capacity of 1750MW. one wind and solar complementation demonstration power plant with installed capacity of 1MW. build ten wind farms with installed capacity of 970MW. Till 2020.2-1 for the installed capacity and connection scheme to grid before 2015. including four 132kV wind farm substations. one wind and solar power complementation plant transformer substation and seven 230kV wind farm transformer substations. transformer substation.1 Preferentially arrange the easily access and outward transmission power plant around the transformer substation. (1) Short term (~2015) proposed projects’ connection scheme to grid 10 substations of proposed wind farm shall be planned before 2015. load data and wiring diagram of Ethiopia power system and geographic wiring diagram of power system from EEPCo. BELES power plant are balanced.2. which would be used as the basis for the proposed arrangements for development sequence and development capacity of recommended wind energy and solar PV power plants (stations). According to the predict of EEPCo information. 50MW and 100MW wind farm voltage side applies single busbar wiring.25%/33kV oil immersed three-phase double-roll air-cooled load tap-changing transformer with a capacity of 50MVA.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Table 8. which adopts multi inlets and one outlet plus PT bay scheme. high-voltage side shall be subject to single bus connection. the main transformer selects 230 ± 8*1. 230kV side wiring of Nazret 200MW plant area apply single busbar wiring method. the main transformer selects 230 ± 8*1.2-1 Table of Connection Scheme of Ethiopia Proposed Projects before 2015 No. B 33kV side wiring The voltage level of main transformer low voltage side is 33kV. Imdibir wind farm) apply the line group of transformer for wiring. Accessing the system transformer substation through one loop 230kV wire. Name 1 Nazret wind farm 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mek’ele South wind farm Sheno wind farm Ch’ach’a wind farm Phase I wind farm in Iteya Sulalta wind farm Gondar West wind farm Imdibir wind farm Dire Dawa wind farm Addis Ababa demonstration wind farm wind energy Awash solar energy wind farm Addis Ababa demonstration wind farm solar energy 10 11 12 Installed capacity (MW) 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 Voltage grade (kV) 230 132 230 230 230 132 230 230 230 132 Koka Nazret Mek’ele Build a 230kV shared substation. towards Cotobie II Awash II Sulalta Gonder II Wolkite Dire Dawa 20 132 Addis-North 20 66 Awash 7kilo 1 35 Addis-North Accessed transformer substation ① Specific scheme for 230kV substation A 230kV side wiring The wind farms with a capacity of 50MW (Gondar West farm. The metering point of wind farm project and power grid shall be 230kV line outlet side of wind farm booster station. For sharing a substation by multiple power stations.25%/33kV oil immersed three-phase double-roll air-cooled transformer with a capacity of 100MVA. The transformers of wind turbine generators are packeted and accessed to 33kV high voltage switch cabinet of wind farm 230kV booster station. Accessing the system transformer substation through one loop 230kV wire. Wind farm with a capacity of 100MW applies the line group of transformer for wiring. C Reactive power compensation device 137 . The connection of main transformer low voltage side applies the common enclosure bus of 2500A 3000A. 3000A. and it applies single busbar wiring. so set 1 set of capacity reactive power compensation device for every 33kV busbar in the wind farm substation and confirm the compensation capacity according to the access system requirements.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia The wind generating set is assumed to be asynchronous generator. The main transformers of Dire Dawa plant area and Addis Ababa demonstration plant area select 132 ± 8*1. this type of wind generating set is not needed to configure the reactive power compensation device. it accesses the system transformer substation through one loop 66kV wire. B 33kV side wiring The low voltage of main transformer is 33kV. The metering point of wind farm project and power grid shall be 132kV line outlet side of wind farm booster substation.25%/33kV oil immersed three-phase double-roll air-cooled transformer with a capacity of 100MVA. The reactive power loss of wind farm is mainly concentrated on the main transformer in the booster substation and 33kV unit transformer near the wind turbine.0 during operating time. so set 1 set of capacity reactive power compensation device for every 33kV busbar in the wind farm substation and confirm the compensation capacity according to the access system requirements.0 during operating time. C Reactive power compensation device The wind generating set is assumed to be asynchronous generator. The transformers of wind turbine generators are packeted and accessed to 33kV high voltage switch cabinet of wind farm in 132kV booster substation. this type of wind generating set is not needed to configure the reactive power compensation device. Therefore.5%/33kV oil immersed three-phase 138 . the main transformers of Iteya plant area and Nazret plant area select 132 ± 8*1. ② Specific scheme for 132kV substation A 132kV side wiring The wind farm applies the line group of transformer for wiring.25%/33kV oil immersed three-phase double-roll air-cooled transformer with a capacity of 30MVA. Therefore. The main transformers selects 66 ± 2*2. it accesses the system transformer substation through one loop 132kV wire. The power factor of this generator can be automatically adjusted to close to 1. The reactive power loss of wind farm is mainly concentrated on the main transformer in the booster substation and 33kV unit transformer near the wind turbine. The power factor of this generator can be automatically adjusted to close to 1. ③ Specific scheme for 66kV PV station substation A 66kV side wiring The 66kV side wiring of wind farm applies the line group of transformer for wiring. The busbar connecting the main transformer low voltage side and 33kV switch cabinet applies the common enclosure busbar of 2500A . it adds bus couple. and the wiring method applies single busbar wiring. every two sets connect to one set of triple winding load oil-immersed booster transformer to form the expanded unit connection.315kV. (2) Access system scheme for medium term (2016 . Table 8.2020) proposed projects See Table 8.5%/0. the transformer model is SZ10-1250/33 33±4*2.2-2 for the installed capacity and access transformer substation of wind farm planned to be built before 2020. Set arc suppression and harmonic elimination device for 33kV side of the substation. B 33kV side wiring The low voltage of main transformer low voltage side is 33kV. there are totally 16 sets of booster transformers. the main wiring 16 inlets and 1 outlet at 33kV side applies 33kV single busbar wiring. 16 inlets and 1 outlet for each section.2-2 Table of Ethiopia Proposed Project Access System Scheme before 2020 Voltage grade (kV) Sendafa north wind farm Installed capacity (MW) 100 2 Sendafa south wind farm 100 230 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Debre sina east wind farm Debre Markos wind farm Mek’ele north wind farm Gondar north wind farm Bahir Dar wind farm Diche Oto wind farm Phase II wind farm in Iteya Assela wind farm Bu’i east wind farm Aysha wind farm Phase I wind farm in Bolo Dilla east wind farm Soddo wind farm Debre birhan PV power station site Dera PV power station site 100 200 200 100 50 50 100 50 100 100 100 300 200 10 10 230 230 230 230 230 132 132 230 230 132 230 230 15 15 No. towards CotobieII Debre Markos Mek’ele Gondar II Bahir Dar Diche Oto Build a substation for share in sending Wolkite PK12 Nazret Welaita Debre Birhan Awash II . PT cabinet and auxiliary power cabinet. Name 1 ① 230kV transformer substation A 230kV side wiring 139 Accessed transformer substation Build a 230kV substation together with Ch’ach’a site and Sheno site for share. which forms 20 switchgears.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia double-roll air-cooled transformer with a capacity of 20MVA.315/0. The solar energy component-SC630HE inverter is divided into 32 sets. C Reactive power compensation device Set 1 set of capacity reactive power compensation device for every 33kV bus of PV power farm and confirm the compensation capacity according to the access system requirements. The 33kV busbar shall be divided into two sections according to the capacity of PV power farm. B 33kV side wiring The voltage grade of main transformer low voltage side is 33kV. The power factor of this generator can be automatically adjusted to close to 1. The transformers of wind turbine generators are packeted and accessed to 33kV high voltage switch cabinet of wind farm 230kV booster station. which adopts multi inlets and one outlet plus PT interval scheme. the wind farm voltage side of 50MW and 100MW apply single busbar wiring. the main transformers select 230 ± 8*1. it accesses the system transformer substation through one loop 132kV wire. Accessing the system transformer substation through one loop 230kV wire. this type of wind generating set is not needed to configure the reactive power compensation device. the main transformers of Iteya Phase II plant area and Assela plant area select 132 ± 8*1.0 during operating time. B 33kV side wiring 140 .Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia The wind farms with a capacity of 50MW apply the line group of transformer for wiring.25%/33kV oil immersed three-phase double-roll air-cooled load tap-changing transformer with a capacity of 100MVA. the main transformers select 230 ± 8*1. The wind farms with a capacity of 100MW apply the line group of transformer for wiring. Therefore.25%/33kV oil immersed three-phase double-roll air-cooled transformer with a capacity of 100MVA. For sharing a boosting station by several power stations.25%/33kV oil immersed three-phase double-roll air-cooled load tap-changing transformer with a capacity of 50MVA. The connection of main transformer low voltage side applies the common enclosure bus of 2500A 3000A. the wind field of 200MW and 300MW apply single busbar sectional wiring. The reactive power loss of wind farm is mainly concentrated on the main transformer of booster transformer substation and 33kV transformer of site wind turbine. C Reactive power compensation device The wind generating set is assumed to be asynchronous generator. ② 132kV transformer substation A 132kV side wiring The wind farm applies the line group of transformer for wiring. The metering point of wind farm project and power grid shall be 230kV line outlet side of wind farm booster station. high-voltage side shall be subject to single bus connection. so set 1 set of capacity reactive power compensation device for every 33kV bus on the wind farm substation and confirm the compensation capacity according to the access system requirements. they access the system transformer substation through one loop 230kV wire. the 230kV side wiring of wind farms with a capacity of 200MW and 300MW apply single busbar wiring method. 3-1 for the output feature of hydropower stations.2 12 134 92 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 104 90 46 26 22 35 27 53 64 83 92 43.2 43. the main wiring 8 inlets and 1 outlet at 15kV side applies 15kV single busbar wiring.3 Electric Output and Load Balance Analysis In order to judge whether the planned power capacity can be sufficiently consumed in the power system on time.2 11 11 13 15 10 8 6 25 15 12 13 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 90 89 94 95 87 76 44 90 94 96 94 141 . ③ 15kV PV transformer substation The installed capacity of transformer substation is 10MWp. 8.3-1 Hydropower Station Output Feature Table. see Table 8.315/0.2 43. The connection of main transformer low voltage side applies the common enclosure bus of 2500A 3000A.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia The voltage grade of main transformer low voltage side is 33kV.2 43. every two sets connect to one set of triple winding load oil-immersed booster transformer to form the expanded unit connection. 8. the transformer model is SZ10-1250/15 15±4X2. so set 1 set of capacity reactive power compensation device for every 33kV bus on the wind farm substation and confirm the compensation capacity according to the access system requirements.5%/0. The transformers of wind turbine generators are packeted and accessed to 33kV high voltage switch cabinet of wind farm 132kV booster station. and it applies single busbar wiring. the solar energy component-SC630HE inverter is divided into 16 sets.2 43. this report conducts the electric power and energy balance analysis.2 43. The metering point of wind farm project and power grid shall be 132kV line outlet side of wind farm booster station.2 43.1 Output feature of power station (1) Hydropower station output feature According to the available materials provided by EPPCo. there are totally 8 sets of booster transformers.3. Therefore. this type of wind generating set is not needed to configure the reactive power compensation device.2 43. Table 8.0 during operating time.2 43. C Reactive power compensation device The wind generating set is assumed to be asynchronous generator. Unit: MW Station Makena Koka Finchaa Month 1 Exp output Ave output Exp output Ave output Exp output Ave output 153 101 43. The power factor of this generator can be automatically adjusted to close to 1. Set arc suppression and harmonic elimination device for 15kV side of the substation.2 43. The reactive power loss of wind farm is mainly concentrated on the main transformer of booster transformer substation and 33kV transformer of site wind turbine.2 43.315kV. 0 30.0 22.4 43. (2) Recommended wind farm output feature table According to the wind speed simulation results of recommended wind resource sites.4 43.9 46.4 38.4 31.3-2 and Table 8.1 59.0 33.0 31.0 24.1 37.2 23.4 23.0 31.5 18.6 7 28.8 50.3 64.00 20.3 33.8 25.2 9 19.3 21.7 5 80.00 1 32.4 24.3 63.1 15.6 33.4 20.8 28.3 27.2 18.4 2 98.4 28.3 25.0 33.7 30.7 21.8 33.8 31.1 34.00 14.0 10 102.2 Table 8.00 5.1 46.5 34.1 36.2 50.0 22.0 33.2 29.9 31.6 34.00 10.1 41.7 31.7 47.8 27.4 25.2 20.00 17.8 9 51.7 23.0 23.7 53.1 35.2 21.3 53.3 17.9 36.0 54.1 48.1 24.8 50.2020) Wind Project Output Table.8 22.5 29.1 26.2 30.3 37.9 46.3 28.8 30.4 22.4 42.3 58.0 30.0 36.5 4 37.8 51.2 50.4 36.00 19.8 5 31.9 36.5 7 88.5 28.1 30.9 37.5 4 98.9 32.5 30.3 31.3-3 Medium Term (2016 .7 42.0 45.1 33.9 20.0 29.5 38.6 12 94. Time 0.9 24.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Station Awash IIand III Tis I Tis II G.9 30. see Table 8.4 33.6 20.1 12 33.0 36.4 28.8 17.0 23.9 15.00 3.6 55.0 43.2015) Wind Project Output Table.6 29.8 22.8 51.3-2 Time 0.0 45.G II Tekeze Beles G.6 20.9 17.8 16.0 34.3 28.8 44.9 48.3 20.6 21.00 2.00 8.2 32.3-3 for the wind power output feature analysis results of 2015 recommended plant areas and 2020 recommended plant areas in Ethiopia.2 32.4 27.8 31.0 60.3 27.00 1.0 37.0 49.3 27.5 59.1 32.3 51.6 25.00 22.4 Unit: MW 11 104.4 25.8 41.6 31.9 53. Unit: MW 3 40.3 57.00 4.5 51.1 24.3 34.2 35.4 32.4 39.5 52.4 8 24.0 41.8 35.3 22.7 36.7 2 36.00 11.7 34.1 27.9 27.5 20.3 34.7 20.6 10 41.6 26.G III Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Exp output Ave output Exp output Ave output Exp output Ave output Exp output Ave output Exp output Ave output Exp output Ave output Exp output Ave output Exp output Ave output 64 45 12 2 73 46 184 75 420 197 300 111 420 191 1800 777 64 44 12 3 73 45 184 69 420 183 300 103 420 177 1800 720 64 42 12 3 73 44 184 64 420 169 300 95 420 163 1800 665 64 47 12 4 73 45 184 54 420 141 300 79 420 137 1800 557 64 50 12 2 73 46 184 38 420 101 300 57 420 98 1800 398 64 36 12 4 73 33 184 91 420 241 300 135 420 233 1800 950 64 35 12 5 73 30 184 146 420 384 300 216 420 372 1800 1515 64 22 12 3 73 24 184 73 420 192 300 108 420 186 1800 758 64 40 12 4 73 46 184 82 420 217 300 122 420 210 1800 855 64 45 12 6 73 39 184 93 420 245 300 138 420 237 1800 967 64 47 12 6 73 49 184 101 420 265 300 149 420 257 1800 1046 64 45 12 3 73 45 184 103 420 270 300 152 420 262 1800 1066 Note: Exp output is expected output；Ave output is average output.4 14.9 31.6 38.5 34.7 38.7 36.6 11 38.6 39.2 28.0 35.7 16.0 27.0 33.1 30.00 12.4 43.7 24.2 19.3 56.4 .5 32.5 20.2 59.5 28. Table 8.1 25.2 32.6 21.6 31.4 29.8 23.00 7.00 18.2 43.5 16.5 43.5 28.4 40.2 31.00 6.9 23.00 16.4 25.0 25.8 35.6 22.4 43.4 31.9 46.6 43.0 43.0 33.8 35.0 29.1 28.2 35.8 42.9 26.9 21.7 55.4 49.8 27.2 22.5 21.G I G.2 56.1 20.7 31.0 43.00 1 92.6 8 75.8 32.8 23.3 25.6 6 21.4 19.8 17.1 25.3 33.2 67.7 Short Term (.1 36.0 31.8 37.2 33.8 27.6 28.3 53.2 19.9 32.0 56.6 30.0 20.1 20.3 30.4 41.00 13.6 20.8 3 109.9 25.7 26.3 18.7 22.2 30.3 34.6 55.1 51.2 26.1 37.9 31.5 20.00 21.4 56.8 27.4 36.4 50.8 35.0 29.1 26.4 25.3 34.2 42.9 24.2 58.00 23.9 32.2 22.8 23.6 24.8 49.8 40.7 52.3 142 6 66.5 31.8 26.5 35.0 29.5 26.5 29.9 19.00 9.2 23.00 15. 7 93.1 141.8 46. (2) Maintenance downtime According to the specification provisions.0 156.2 81.2 146.7 70.7 57.7 86.7 82.9 69.6 47.4 106.8 76.5 86.0 148.6 50. Spinning reserve capacity: the spinning reserve capacity shall be the sum of half system load reserve capacity and accident reserve capacity.00 21.4 67.9 50.3 90.0 72.8 157.1 91.5 51. the hydropower stations shall be involved in balance before diesel engine unit.3 85.9 76.0 46.0 123.9 58.00 9.0 89.8 52.9 88.7 67.7 73.7 48.8 118.7 39.0 87.0 62.7 44.3 54.0 75.7 74.00 6.00 18.3 153.3 78.3 31.5 60.9 115.00 13.2 80.6 55.4 81.1 76. and the built hydropower stations shall be involved in balance before the hydropower stations under construction and proposed to be built.6 43. 8.00 2.1 83.5 83.7 81.3 75.1 104.4 91.2 139.9 52.1 122.8 74.00 11.1 61.2 84.7 120.8 84.8 68.7 70.1 91.4 121.8 71.3 86.7 76.4 36.7 43.5 53.2 57.1 47.3.3 90.7 104.8 92.8 100.9 91.0 94.00 10.5 57.00 19.4 47.9 132.8 69.00 12.8 49.7 68.6 126.8 93.00 22.3 75.00 15.4 76.7 45.8 98.4 102.5 107.8 153. The reserve capacity and maintenance downtime shall be considered according to the following principles: (1) Reserve capacity Load reserve capacity: the load reserve capacity shall be calculated according to 3% of the designed maximum annual load.8 98.1 145.5 48.3 114.2 101.1 90.6 156.9 144.2 61.5 55.0 54.3.0 78.3 169.4 91.7 112.1 116.3 128.00 3.8 85.2 147.5 138.00 7.8 72. and the poor ones shall follow.3 70.1 53.9 60.9 63.0 100.0 76.3 59.7 56.3 49.6 165.8 140.5 64.4 77.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1.5 62.6 86.6 72.2 36.3 65.3 87.1 130.7 39.2 97.0 109.7 76.5 41.8 53.6 55.3 Electric output and load balance results According to the aforementioned load prediction.2 86.9 160.5 50.3 80.1 56. calculation principles and calculation method.6 68.8 97.3 96.7 85.9 95.1 151.4 87.9 150. the hydropower stations with good regulation performance shall be preferentially involved in balance.0 64.2 96.6 39.3 85.2 59.1 46.6 90.6 72.0 141.2 56.00 14.00 5.2 77.0 55.2 62.5 84.7 73.7 66.9 45.3 71.3 48.4 165.2 60.7 70.0 52.6 83.4 97. power construction plan.6 51.8 166.7 178.9 79.0 146.6 96.2 57.0 88.0 79.4 159.7 103.4 128.00 16.7 167.3 117.5 135.2 91.00 8.0 45.00 4.1 142.3 99.6 68.7 107.5 82.1 177.6 81.8 57.00 8.9 86.3 64.7 89.5 105.6 139.9 69.6 76.2 52. Accident reserve capacity: the accident reserve capacity shall be calculated according to 9% of the designed maximum annual load.00 17.7 140.2 81. the average annual maintenance downtime of conventional hydropower unit shall be 30 days.2 94. the electric power and quantity balance of different Ethiopia power grid installation schemes in 2015 and 2020 are calculated to analyze the impact of power grid on the consumption capacity of wind power (without considering the PV power 143 .0 46.9 88.1 115.6 135.8 59.4 84.0 118.8 106.3 121.5 107.9 82.2 100.5 78.8 69.1 152.7 54.0 63.0 44.5 86.8 50.8 53.1 83.8 103.1 103.1 40.6 88.9 69.1 85.4 52.1 78.3 128.00 23.6 Calculating principles and parameters During the electric power and energy balance and variable load capacity balance.3 87.7 126.4 138.8 50.7 152.5 84.4 90.2 95.00 20.6 71.8 62.7 84.1 87.5 46.4 65.2 70.4 77.6 126.3 83.2 163.2 80.6 39.2 64.4 86. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia generation part).3-1 and Figure 8. Figure 8.3-2 for the classified electric power and quantity balance figure for the typical day of Ethiopia power grid in 2015 and 2020. According to the electric power and quantity balance results of typical year.3-1 2015 Ethiopian Power Grid Daily Power Balance Diagram 144 . see Figure 8. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 8. the wind power installed capacity of Ethiopia power grid is 970MW in 2015.3-2 2020 Ethiopia Power Grid Daily Power Balance Diagram According to the results of electric power and energy balance. the maximum load of power grid is 2. 145 . It means that the recommended wind power capacity could be absorbed.663MW. because the hydropower installed capacity has a significant proportion of the power grid and a good overall adjusting performance. they may cause voltage instability to small power grid.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia The installed capacity of wind power is planned 2. power supply and power grid are in a stage of rapid development. 8. the dynamic response of the system will not be able to track the amplitude of wind power. such an impact shall be likely to cause voltage flicker and voltage fluctuations. Most wind turbines apply soft grid connection. and otherwise. but it shall be noted that it's made for the whole grid. power quality and dynamic 146 . the installed capacity of wind farm can even reach the size of conventional generating units. and the calculation preconditions are sound power grid devices. flexible scheduling and reliable technology. the maximum load of power grid reaches 7. Second is the stability of power grid. Most wind farms apply the induction generator. the voltage will reduce for end users with a long transmission distance. the so-called voltage flickers. Firstly. fluctuations of power grid voltage and frequent disconnection of wind turbine will significantly impact the power grid. If the induction generator is adopted. However. The weak short circuit capacity of power grid. The power generation plan of the system is based on the reliability of power supply and predictability of load.720MW in 2020. and when the wind speed exceeds the cut out wind speed. its reliability is not guaranteed. If the wind farm is regarded as a negative load. static stability and dynamic stability will increasingly obvious. For both start and cut out. it will increase the line losses. the utilization and development of wind power often encounter a few problems. because the prediction level of wind farm capacity can not reach the project practical degree and the formulation of power generation plan becomes difficult.806MW. active scheduling. it needs the system to provide reactive power support. if the operation method of the power system does not make corresponding adjustments and optimizations. but the power grid has some shortcomings in the structure and transmission capacity. it will not be predictable. the development and implementation of power generation program can be reliably guaranteed based on these two factors. In general. if it is regarded as the power supply. but it still has a greater impulse current at startup. because the hydropower installed capacity has a significant proportion of the power grid and a good regulation performance. fluctuations of high frequency. so the wind farm connection related problems such as voltage. they show that Ethiopian electric power load. the unit will automatically exit running from the rated output state. It means that the recommended wind power capacity could be absorbed. if all the generating units of the whole wind farm almost run at the same time. According to the materials provided by EPPCo. With the constant expansion of wind power development scale. This reduction of the power grid stability will lead to voltage collapse of the whole grid in case of the three-phase ground fault. reactive power control. these shortcomings will affect the wind power access in a certain extent.4 Further Instructions on Power Grid Connection Scheme and Electric Output and Load Balance Calculation This report conducts electric power and quantity balance calculation. Third is the generation calculating and scheduling. unless taking necessary precautions such as dynamic reactive power compensation. after the connection of wind power generators. Perhaps for that reason. these factors will limit the wind power level of system access in turn. this report suggests to prepare for the relevant further works when developing the wind power according to the planning: during the implementation process of the every project development. it is necessary to make appropriate improvements and adjustments to the traditional operation mode and control method of power system. Therefore. therefore. stability calculation. 147 . short circuit current calculation and scheduling operation plan of electric system shall be carefully conducted for each wind project.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia stability of system will be significantly affected. the power flow calculation. in order to ensure the safe and stable operation of electric power system. Table 9. preliminary arrangements have been made on the developing timing sequence of projects in different target years. in order to get better and more understanding of the project.1-1 Statistical Result of Wind Mast Data in Nazret Wind Farm Wind mast Wind speed (m/s) 10 40 10_Nazret_II_40m 6. wasteland and grassland with a few trees. this chapter will mainly introduce wind farm site and PV power station site which have big development potential in advance and are listed in the development plan of 2015 target year.1-1. Actual measurement data in this report is collected from two towers of 10_Nazret_II_40m and 16_Nazret_10m. Construction Condition of Planning Areas Listed in 2015 Before this. construction conditions and accession to power network. Inside the area.1-1. 9. while some projects have considered active driving efforts to local economic development which may be brought by the project itself. The total planning area is about 220km2. No.About the detailed statistical analyzing results see Table 9. Some of these projects have favorable basic conditions in wind energy or solar energy resources. 13km to Kola hydropower station. 75km to Addis Ababa as linear distance. including the areas of Adama first-stage 51MW project under construction. 9. Adama second-stage 150MW project under feasibility study and another about 100MW area in the rest northern part. About detailed wind farm range. On the basis of arrangements on developing sequences of various plant areas.1 Condition analysis on wind power resources Nazret wind farm planning plant area is rich in wind power resources.73 8.64 16_Nazret_10m 7. It is only 10km from area center to downtown Adama. At present. not hilly in landform.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 9.4 Highway goes from downtown Adama to Addis Ababa.. several wind masts have been built. mainly with low mountains in ridging shape from south to north. within the range of this plant area. see Figure 9. and the outside transportation conditions are convenient too.1 Construction Analysis of Nazret Wind Farm Area Nazret wind farm area as planned in this report is located in the west part of Adama. with east side closely connecting with downtown area. The altitude of this wind farm is between 1700 and 2200m. with development capacity of about 300MW. The land types inside the area are mainly farmland.1.60 2 Wind power density(W/m ) 10 40 205 296 148 464 . 0 WNW ENE NNE Wind Rose Diagram at 40m Height of the Nazret Wind Mast 149 .1-2 ENE 20.0 10.0 WSW ESE SE SSW SSE SSE S S Figure 9.0 NW NE W E 0.0 NNE 20.0 W NE 40.0 30.0 WSW SW ESE SW SE SSW E 0.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Koka hydropower station Figure 9.0 NW NNW 80.1-1 Schematic Diagram of the Range Of Nazret Wind Farm Wind Energy Direction (40m) Wind Direction (40m) N N NNW 40.0 WNW 60. On the basis of the data from onsite wind mast in this wind farm. 9.0 10. It is slightly hilly in landform and the micro relief unit belongs to low-mountain hills on the plateau.1.0 W NE 40. wind generation sets with single capacity of 1. Preliminary calculation from the above situation: the average annual equivalent full load hour is about 3100h.3 Analysis on the geological conditions of the project Nazret wind farm planned in this report is located in the large area between Adama and Mojo. with the hub’s height of 70m for temporary consideration.1-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 10m Height of the Nazret Wind Mast 9.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Wind Energy Direction(10m) Wind Direction(10m) N N NNW 40. (1) Regional structure According to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions”. with huge development potential and very good dynamoelectric benefits. The bearing capacity of the sedimentary sand.0 W E 0. From the regional geological data.1. the average wind speed is 8.0 WSW WSW ESE SW ESE SW SE SSW E 0.0 NNE 20.5MW are recommended.0 10. there are many northeast.0 WNW NW NE 30.0 NW NNW 60.0 SE SSW SSE SSE S S Figure 9. silt and cohesive soil as stratum lithology and the geological age dates back to Quaternary undifferentiated.6m/s at the height of 40m and the annual wind power density is 464W/m 2.0 WNW ENE NNE 50. For the faults are small in scale.2 Equipment recommendation and preliminary estimation of dynamoelectric benefits According to the conditions of the wind resources in this wind farm and current developing situations of wind power technology. stratum in Nazret wind farm belongs to Alluvial and lacustrine deposites(Q) with fine sand.0 30. with total area of 220km2 and the altitude between 1555m and 1667m. it is a relatively complete and steady area.southwest faults in the east side of planning site. the planned site is suitable for the construction of large-scale wind farm project. (2) Stratum lithology and engineering properties Referring to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions” combining with onsite exploration and geological research.0 ENE 20. sit and cohesive soil of the Quaternary in 150 . 1-4 Photo of Landform in Nazret Wind Farm Area (3) Conditions of underground water The planning area is located in the northern part of Awash River.1. through which most goods and materials for national demands are transported from Djibouti to all parts of the country.2 Construction Analysis of Mek’ele South Wind Farm Area 151 . with the micro relief unit of low-mountain hills on the plateau. belonging to relatively steady area without negative geological effects. The wind turbine generators can be transported to the wind farm by highway.5m×2.5m×2+1. which is regarded as the economic life line of Ethiopia. with no rivers inside the area.1 Highway going through the southern area and in the southeast part of the Adama wind farm which is under construction. The construction conditions are pretty good. (4) Adverse geological conditions It is slightly hilly in landform. which can be used as natural foundation support for wind generator system and buildings inside the substation. mainly north-south ridge-type low mountains. Road subgrade/road width is: 3. but a few gullies on the surface. The basic type of wind generator sets can be finally confirmed according to the survey results in the development phase combining with the designing load and structural features of the wind generator system. with the line of Djibouti—Mile—Awash—Adama—Nazret wind farm. The whole line is bituminous concrete. And the underground water is buried deep.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia the planning area is comparatively higher. The terrain isn’t undulating greatly inside the plant area. 9. 9. There is a 4-7m wide gravel road between north and south. with No. Figure 9.4 Analysis of the construction organizational conditions This project has good transportation conditions. and the micro relief unit belongs to medium and low mountains on the plateau. The No. The total acreage of the planning area is about 54km2. relative wind power measuring has been done within Mek’ele south planning area. an important city in northern Ethiopia. The site covers scope of Ashegoda wind farm under construction at present.1 Analysis on wind power resource conditions At present.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Mek’ele South wind farm area planned in this report is located about 4 km to the southeast part of Mek’ele. Figure 9. the distance from whose center to downtown Mek’ele is only 12km and the linear distance to Tekeze hydropower station is about 86km. together with a few trees.2-1. The altitude of this planning area is between 2210m and 2400m.2-2. 152 . with comparatively large undulating in part of the landform.1 national highway in the south of Mek’ele airport.2-1 and Figure 9. By analyzing the data of wind speed at the height of 10m and 40m of the wind masts onsite.2. wasteland and grass land.1 national highway goes through the wind farm and the transportation conditions outside are very convenient as well. About the detailed statistical analyzing results. see Table 9. the land types within the plant area are mainly farmland. and the total development capacity is about 100MW.2-1 Schematic Diagram of the Planning Range of Mek’ele South Wind Farm 9. The wind farm is located on both sides of No. it is found that the planning area is rich in wind resources. with steady wind direction and large potential. see Figure 9. About the schematic diagram of detailed plant area range. This report has collected the data from Ashegoda wind mast. 8 7. with the development length of about 60km.0 WNW NNE 40.2 E 0.0 SSE S Wind Rose at 40m Height of the Wind Mast in Mek’ele South Wind Farm Equipment recommendation and preliminary estimation of dynamoelectric benefits According to the conditions of the wind resources in this wind farm and current developing situations of wind power technology.2-2 ENE 20. The Agula Formation rock within the planning area has comparatively higher bearing capacity.0 N 60.0 20. wind generation sets with single capacity of 1. with huge development potential and relatively good dynamoelectric benefits. it is found that the stratum of Mek’ele south wind farm is mainly Agula Formation(Jag) kimmeridgian shale.9m/s at the height of 40m and the annual wind power density is 298W/m2.0 W NE 30.0 WSW W ESE SW ESE SW SSE SE SSW S 9.2. (2) Stratum lithology and engineering properties Referring to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions” and combining with onsite exploration and geological research.0 WSW SE SSW Figure 9. marl and limestone，and the geological age is at late Jurassic period. On the basis of the data from onsite wind mast in this wind farm. which can be used as natural foundation support layer for wind turbines and buildings inside the substation.2-1 Statistical Result of Wind Mast Data in Mek’ele South Wind Farm Wind mast 2 Wind speed (m/s) Ashegoda Wind power density (W/m ) 10 40 10 40 6. 153 . 10 km south and north of the site center. 9.0 NW NNW 50.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Table 9. Preliminary calculation from the above situation: the average annual equivalent full load hour is about 2300h. there lay two faults from northwest to southeast.3 Analysis on the geological conditions of the project (1) Regional structure According to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions”.0 E 0. with the hub’s height of 70m for temporary consideration.2.9 198 298 Wind风向 direction Wind风能 energy N NNW 80.0 40.5MW are recommended.0 NNE NE NW ENE WNW 10. the average wind speed is 7. It is suggested to collect detailed regional geological materials in the next phase to analyze the structural stability of the chosen site. Most part of the road is bituminous concrete while some part of it is macadam. to make assessment on the wind energy resources. with a few dwellings.3-4. 9. This report makes a brief analysis on the wind resources with the help of simulated results from the computer data. Part of the line from Mile to Weldiya is winding road. After the statistical analysis on the stimulated wind energy grid points’ values distributed in the plant area in the Sheno wind farm. (3) Underground water conditions Rivers can’t be seen within the site and the underground water is buried very deep. to see if there develop karsts within the area. 9. Most road subgrade/road width is 3. see Figure 9.11 8. with No. see Table 9.3 Construction Analysis of Sheno Wind Farm Area The planned site for Sheno wind farm is near Sheno. final basic type of wind turbine sets will be confirmed according to exploration results.61 154 2 Average wind power density (W/m ) 290 349 . Neighboring 1# asphalt highway.3-3 and Figure 9. the site is flat and 2820m~2910m in ASL. see Figure 9.5m×2.3-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data in the Phase I Area of Sheno Wind Farm Height (m) 50 70 Average wind speed (m/s) 8. (4) Adverse geological conditions The topographic undulation within the plant area is slightly greater and the micro relief unit belongs to medium-low mountains on the plateau. The wind turbine equipment can be delivered to the wind farm through highway. Total planned area and development capacity of the site are about 55.3 highway going through the plant area. for physiognomy of the site.3-1 and Figure 9.3-1. the site is very accessible for outside transport.2. respectively.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia However. About the details. with the delivering line of Djibouti—Mile—Weldiya—Mek’ele—Mek'ele south area.4 Analysis on construction organizational conditions The transportation conditions in this project are common. 9. For detailed scope of the site. statistical values of various wind energy elements can be got. It is suggested to make karsts research on the limestone distribution region in the following stage. If yes.7km 2 and 100MW. Located on the margin of the terrace in the west of East African Great Rift Valley. check the scale and depth to offer detailed information for basic designing. to the northeast of Addis Ababa.1 Analysis on wind resources conditions Onsite wind measuring activities haven’t been carried out within the planning area of Sheno wind farm. Most part of the site is grassland and farmland. Table 9.3-2. which is narrow with many turnings and steep slopes.3. bad in road conditions as well as horizontal and vertical curves. even in terrain with good terrain and construction conditions.5m×2+1. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 9.3-2 Physiognomy of Sheno Wind Farm Site 155 .3-1 Schematic Diagram of the Range of Planning Area in Sheno Wind Farm Figure 9. 2 Equipment recommendation and preliminary estimation of dynamoelectric benefits According to the conditions of the wind resources in this wind farm and current developing situations of wind power technology. 9.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Wind Energy Direction (50m) Wind Direction (50m) N N NNW 40.5MW are recommended.3-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height in Sheno Wind Farm Wind energy 风能（70m） Wind direction 风向（70m） N NNW 25 20 NW 15 WNW 10 5 W 0 N NNW 20 NNE NE 15 NW ENE NNE NE 10 WNW ENE 5 WSW SW E W ESE WSW SE SSW E 0 ESE SW SSE SE SSW S SSE S Figure 9. according to the stimulation results of assessment of atmospheric values.3. the onsite annual average wind speed at the hub height is about 8. with great development potential of wind resources and relatively good dynamoelectric benefits.0 W NE 30.0 SE SSW SSE SSE S S Figure 9.0 NW NNW 50. and SSE plays the major role in direction distribution.3.0 30.0 WSW WSW ESE SW ESE SW SE SSW E 0. the annual average wind power density is about 349W/m2. which is concentrated. Make preliminary estimating combining with the above situations: The average annual equivalent full load hour is about 2. wind generation sets with single capacity of 1. Since there is no onsite data of wind masts in this wind farm. with the hub’s height of 70m for temporary consideration.61m/s.0 WNW NW NE NNE 40. 9. Therefore.500h.3-4 Wind Rose Diagram at 70m Height in Sheno Wind Farm According to numerical analysis result.0 10.0 W E 0. there's rich wind energy resource.0 10. the site has potential of large-scale development.3 Analysis on geological conditions of the project 156 .0 20.0 NNE WNW ENE ENE 20. the site has good accessibility.4 Construction Analysis of Ch’ach’a Wind Farm Area Ch’ach’a wind farm area is about 105km to the northeast of Addis Ababa. and all its surface is made of bituminous concrete.5m×2+1. Located on the raised plateau in the west of East African Great Rift Valley. Wind turbines can be delivered to the wind farm by highway. there are three small faults in north/east-south/west direction near the site. (3) Underground water conditions No rivers are found within the range of the site. It is suggested that on the next stage. slightly undulating in landform. see Figure 9.5m×2 wide. the strarum in planning area of Sheno wind farm is mainly transitional and alkaline basalt(Ntb). Most materials necessary for the country is distributed from Djibouti to regions. site of the wind farm is gentle. 157 . Its subgrade and pavement are 3. (2) Stratum lithology and engineering properties Referring to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions” and combining with onsite exploration and geological research. The total area of the planning area is about 56km2 with the development capacity of about 100MW. as the route “Djibouti-Mile-Awash-Addis Ababa-Sheno-the site”. and the geological age dates back to Middle-Miocene. at between Ch’ach’a and Debre birhan.4 Condition analysis of engineering organization Depending on 1# highway that passes closely. final foundation type of wind turbines will be confirmed according to the exploration results. About the detailed area range. which brings good transport conditions. In the route.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1) Regional structure According to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 Geologic Map and its instructions”. and about 2900m in ASL. The bearing capacity of transitional and alkaline basalt inside the planning area is rather higher. combining with design loadings and structural features of the wind turbine equipment. the section Djibouti-Addis Ababa is the economic lifeline. a relatively steady regional block without negative geological effects. The terrain of the site area is flat. and the underground water is buried very deep.4-2. The land types in the plant area are mainly grass land.3. which can be used as natural foundation support layer for wind turbines and buildings inside the substation. 9. developing to about 10km long. see Figure 9. Less relief and flatness of the site are good for construction. by the section. (4) Adverse geological conditions. besides there are a few dwellings distributed inside. which is terrace relief on the plateau. However.4-1. 9. and about the landform inside the area. detailed geological information should be collected to analyze structural stability of the proposed site. forest land and farm land. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Figure 9.4-2 9. About the various wind energy elements inside the 158 .4-1 Schematic Diagraph of the Range of Ch’ach’a Wind Farm Figure 9.1 Landform Photo of Ch’ach’a Wind Farm Condition analysis of wind resources Onsite wind energy measuring activities haven’t been carried out within the planning area of Ch’ach’a wind farm.4. This report makes a brief analysis on the wind resources with the help of simulated results from the computer data. 0 NNE WNW ENE 10. concentrated with large-scale development potential.0 NW NE 20.0 NNW 50.4-3 as well as Figure 9.4.0 10.4-4. 9.0 W NE 30.0 Wind Rose Diagram at 70m Height in Ch’ach’a Wind Farm From the results of numerical analysis in this plant area.0 NW NNW 50. Ch’ach’a wind farm is rich in wind energy resources.4-4 NE 30.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia plant area after statistic of stimulation grid points’ materials of wind energy values. Table 9.0 WNW E 0.0 WSW SW ESE SW SE SSW E 0.0 30. and the wind direction is mainly SSE.2 Equipment recommendation and preliminary estimation of dynamoelectric benefits According to the conditions of the wind resources in this wind farm and current developing situations of wind power technology.0 WNW NW NE NNE 40.0 10.4-3 ENE 20.4-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data of Phase I Wind Farm in Ch’ach’a Height (m) 50 70 2 Average wind speed (m/s) 8.0 WSW SW ESE SW SE SSW SE SSW SSE SSE S S Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height in Ch’ach’a Wind Farm Wind Energy Direction (70m) Wind Direction (70m) N N NNW 40.4-1 and Figure 9.5MW are 159 .11 8.0 NW WNW ENE ENE 20.0 NNE 30.60 Average wind power density (W/m ) 290 349 Wind Energy Direction (50m) Wind Direction (50m) N N NNW 40.0 20.0 W NNE 40.0 WSW ESE Figure 9.0 WSW ESE SE SSW SSE SSE S S Figure 9. wind generation sets with single capacity of 1.0 W E 0. see Table 9.0 10.0 W E 0. It is suggested to collect detailed regional geological materials in the following stage to analyze the structure stability of the site planned to be chosen. (4) Adverse geological conditions The terrain of the planning area is slightly undulating and the micro relief unit belongs to low-mountain hills on the plateau.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia recommended. there develops two northeast –southwest faults. which brings good transport conditions. . The partial stratum lithology inside the planning area is Transitional and subalkaline basalts with minor rhyolite and trachyte eruptives. 9. Since there is no onsite data of wind masts in this wind farm. Tarmaber Megezez Formation and Tarmaber Gussa Formation have higher capacity.5m×2+1. with great development potential of wind resources and very good dynamoelectric benefits. Less relief and flatness of the site are good for construction. the foundation type of final wind turbines shall be confirmed according to the exploration results in the following stage and combining with the design loading and structural features of the wind turbines. as the route “Djibouti-Mile-Adama-Addis Adada -Ch’ach’a wind farm”.61m/s. to analyze the structure stability of the plant site planned to be chosen.3 Engineering geological condition analysis (1) Regional structure According to “Ethiopia 1: 2000000 geological map and its instructions”. Make preliminary estimating combining with the above situations: The average annual equivalent full load hour is about 2500h. Its subgrade and pavement are 3.5m×2 wide. However. It is suggested to collect detailed regional geological materials in the following stage. Wind turbines can be delivered directly to the wind farm by highway. Tarmaber Gussa Formation (PNtb) and the geological age dates back to Oligocene-Miocene. the onsite annual average wind speed at the hub height is about 8. (3) Underground water conditions Rivers were not found within the range of plant area and the underground water is buried very deep.4. the stratum of Ch’ach’a wind farm is Tarmaber Megezez Formation (Ntb). and all its surface is made of bituminous concrete. the annual average wind power density is about 349W/m2. with the hub’s height of 70m for temporary consideration. 160 . (2) Stratum lithology and engineering properties Referring to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions” and combining with onsite exploration and geological research. 9. the site has good accessibility.4. with the development length of 20km . the stratum lithology is Transitional and alkaline basalt and the geological age dates back to middle-Miocene. which can be used as natural foundation support layer for wind turbines and buildings inside the substation. according to the stimulation results of assessment of atmospheric values. within Ch’ach’a wind farm.40km.4 Engineering organization condition analysis Depending on 1# highway that passes. south of Nazret city.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 9.5-1 Schematic Diagraph of Iteya Phase I Wind Farm Figure 9. About the detailed range of the plant site. and about the landform of the plant area. The planning area is on the eastern terrace of Great Rift Valley.5 Construction Analysis of Iteya Phase I Wind Farm Area Phase I plant area of Iteya wind farm in this report is located near Iteya. see Figure 9. The terrain of this plant area belongs to the terrace landform of Great Rift Valley. Figure 9.5-1. which is perfectly suitable for construction wind farm. only 4km away from Iteya. at the altitude of 2100m~2810m. The northwest part of the planning area is 22km away from Koka Lake. The total planning area is about 66.2km2 and the total planning development capacity is 100MW. The terrain within the whole planning area is open and flat.5-2 Schematic Diagraph of the Landform of Iteya Phase I Wind Farm 161 .5-2. The land types inside the plant area are mainly farmland and woodland. see Figure 9. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 9.1 Wind energy resources condition analysis Since there are no wind masts in the planning area of Iteya phase I wind farm.5-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height of Iteya Wind Farm Phase I Wind Direction（70m） Wind Energy Direction（70m） N NN… 20 N 15 NW NN… 30 NNE NE 10 W… NW ENE E 0 WS… ESE SW SE SSW NE 20 W… ENE 10 5 W NNE W E 0 WS… ESE SW SSE SE SSW S SSE S Figure 9.5 6.6 Average wind power density (W/m ) 222 224 Wind Energy Direction（50m） Wind Direction（50m） N NN… 20 N NNE 15 NW NE ENE W… NE ENE 10 5 W NNE 15 10 W… NW NN… 25 20 5 E 0 WS… ESE SW W WS… SE SSW E 0 ESE SW SSE SE SSW SSE S S Figure 9. Table 9.5-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data in Phase I of Iteya Wind Farm Height (m) 50 70 2 Average wind speed (m/s) 6. statistical values of various wind energy elements can be got.5-4.5-3 as well as Figure 9. About the details. this report make a brief analysis on the wind resources in this wind farm with the help of stimulating analyzing results of computer data.5-4 Wind Rose Diagram at 70m Height of Iteya Wind Farm Phase I Accroding to the data analyzing results of Iteya phase I wind farm. After the statistical analysis on the stimulating grid point values in the planning area of Iteya phase I wind farm. the wind energy resource in 162 .5. see Table 9.5-1 and Figure 9. 5m×2+1. It is a relatively steady block area without any bad geological effects. according to the stimulation results of assessment of atmospheric values. with No. there are no active faults near Iteya plant area.5. . Alkaline olivine basalt inside the planning area has higher bearing capacity. The whole 163 . which can be used as natural foundation support layer for wind turbines and buildings inside the substation.5. However the foundation type of wind turbine shall be confirmed according to the exploration results in the following stage. with great development potential of wind resources and very good dynamoelectric benefits. Drawn from the regional geological materials. This plant area has certain development value. Make preliminary estimating combining with the above situations: The average annual equivalent full load hour is about 2300h. Road subgrade/ road width is: 3. which belongs to the terrace landform on the plateau. (2) Stratum lithology and engineering properties Referring to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions” and combining with onsite exploration and geological research. the annual average wind power density is about 224W/m2.2 Equipment recommendation and preliminary estimation of dynamoelectric benefits According to the conditions of the wind resources in this wind farm and current developing situations of wind power technology.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia this wind farm is very rich. 9.4 Engineering organization conditions analysis The transportation conditions of this project are good. the site planned to be chosen is suitable for the construction of large-scale wind farm. and combining with the design loading and structure features of the wind turbine. and the main wind direction concentrated on SE. close to the plant area. 9.12 highway passing through the east side of the plant area. (4) Adverse geological conditions The terrain of the plant site is flat. (3) Underground water conditions Rivers were not found within the range of plant area and the underground water is buried very deep. with the hub’s height of 70m for temporary consideration.3 Engineering geological condition analysis (1) Regional structure According to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions”. so the geological structure is steady.6m/s. which makes it a relatively complete and steady block area.5m×2.5. The wind turbine equipment can be delivered to the wind farm through highway with the line of Djibouti—Mile—Awash—Adama— Iteya—Iteya phase I wind farm. Since there is no onsite data of wind masts in this wind farm. 9. There are no geological disasters caused by internal and external forces. wind generation sets with single capacity of 1. the onsite annual average wind speed at the hub height is about 6.5MW are recommended. The stratum lithology of the phase I Iteya wind farm is Alkaline olivine basalt (Qbb) and the geological age dates back to Quaternary undifferentiated. see Figure 9. The terrain is greatly undulating and the micro relief belongs to mountain land on the plateau.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia line is bituminous concrete.6-1 Schematic Diagram of Sulalta Wind Farm Range 9. The terrain inside the plant area is slightly undulating. with a few forest land and farm land. After the statistical analysis on the stimulating grid point values in the 164 .6.6-1 Figure 9.700m to 3.1 Condition analysis of wind energy resources Because there are no wind masts in the planning area of Sulalta wind farm.110m. capital of Ethiopia. It is a mountain land wind site with the altitude from about 2. 9. so the construction conditions are pretty good. mainly low mountains of ridging shape from south to north. this report make a brief analysis on the wind resources in this wind farm with the help of stimulating analyzing results of computer data. There is a 4-7m wide gravel road passing through south and north. About the detailed plant area range. The land types are grassland and waste land. The total acreage of the planning area is about 60km 2 and the total development capacity is about 100MW. and on the ridges about 8km east of Sulalta.6 Construction Analysis of Sulalta Wind Farm Area Sulalta wind farm in this report is located about 20km north of Addis Ababa. 1 Average wind power density (W/m ) 314 364 Wind Direction（50m） Wind Energy Direction（50m） N NW NN… 25 20 N NNE NE NW NN… 25 20 15 W… NE 15 ENE 10 W… ENE 10 5 W NNE 5 E 0 WS… ESE SW W WS… SE SSW E 0 ESE SW SSE SE SSW SSE S S Figure 9. wind generation sets with single capacity of 1.7 8.5MW are recommended. 165 . with the hub’s height of 70m for temporary consideration. N have a higer distribution ratio.6-1 and Figure 9. Sulalta wind farm is rich in wind energy resources. statistical values of various wind energy elements can be got.6-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 70m Height in Sulalta Wind Farm According to the data analysis results of this wind farm.6-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data in Sulalta Wind Farm Height (m) 50 70 2 Average wind speed (m/s) 7.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia planning area of Sulalta. The wind directions of SSE. see Table 9. This wind farm has great exploitation value. S.2 Equipment recommendation and preliminary estimation of dynamoelectric benefits According to the conditions of the wind resources in this wind farm and current developing situations of wind power technology. 9.6-2 Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height in Sulalta Wind Farm Wind Direction（70m） Wind Energy Direction（70m） N NW NN… 25 20 N NNE NE NW NN… 25 20 15 W… NE 15 ENE 10 W… ENE 10 5 W NNE 5 E 0 WS… ESE SW SE SSW W E 0 WS… ESE SW SSE SE SSW S SSE S Figure 9.6. Table 9. About the details.6-2 as well as Figure 9.6-3. 9. the site planned to be chosen is suitable for the construction of wind farm. the terrain in this are is maily Alage Formation (PNa).4 Engineering organization condition analysis Sulalta plant area is located on the terrace 20km north of capital Addis.5m × 2. The bearing capacity of Alage Formation basalts and Tarmaber Megezez Formation basalt within the planning area are higher. From the regional geological materials. The scale of the faults are small. Make preliminary estimating combining with the above situations: The average annual equivalent using hour of wind farm is about 2500h. slightly undulating in landform. combining with the design lading and structural features of wind turbine equipment and solar PV board. However. which belongs to relatively steady area block without bad geological effects. which makes it a relatively complete and steady area block.3 Engineering geological condition analysis (1) Regional structure According to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions”. the basic type will be confirmed according to the exploration results. several northeast-southwest faults have developed in the southeast part of Sulalata site. the annual average wind power density is about 364W/m2. Referring to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions” and combining with onsite exploration and geological research. 166 . with steep slope and small turning radius. The stratum lithology is transitional and subalkaline basalts with minor rhyolite and trachyte eruptives and the geological age dates back to Oligocene-Miocene.6. the onsite annual average wind speed at the hub height is about 8. A gravel road with the width of 4-7m leads to the plant area and the construction conditions are pretty good.6.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Since there is no onsite data of wind masts in this wind farm.1m/s. The horizontal and vertical line of the rest road is better and the road conditions are good. The wind turbine equipment can be delivered to the wind farm by highway and the delivering line is Djibouti—Mile—Awash—Addis Ababa—Sulalta wind farm. according to the stimulation results of assessment of atmospheric values. Road subgrade/ road width: 3. 9. The whole line is bituminous concrete. among which the period from Addis Ababa to Sulalta plant area is a winding road. (3) Underground water conditions Rivers were not found within the range of plant area and the underground water is buried very deep. with great development potential of wind resources and very good dynamoelectric benefits. The geological conditions are good. which can be used as natural foundation support layer for wind turbine equipment and buildings inside the substation. (4) Adverse geological conditions The planning wind and PV hybrid electric field is flat in topography. slightly undulating in lansform and the micro relief unit belongs to middle mountain.5m × 2 + 1. (2) Stratum lithology and engineering properties. and the altitude is about 2140m-2670m. For detail.7.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 9. The mast functions at heights of 10m and 40m.1 Analysis on wind energy conditions Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EPPCo) has set up a 40m high anemometer mast in Gondar West wind farm.7-2 and Figure 9. The total acreage of the planning area is 49km2 and the total development capacity is 50MW. The coherence between ridges is very good. The distance from the center of wind site to Gondar city is 7km. which is beneficial for the development and construction of wind farm. an important city on the northwest of Ethiopia.7-3. The planning area is on the south-north ridges in the west of Gondar. About the detailed plant area range.51 172 40 6. with development potential. see Table 9. Wind speed observations have been accumulated for a few years from February 2006. Statistics of each wind energy factor can be concluded by processing data of wind speed.7 Construction Analysis of Gondar West Wind Farm Area Gondar West wind farm planned in this report is located in the west of Gondar. Figure 9. see Figure 9.7-1. there's rich wind resource in site of the wind farm. Table 9.7-1. belonging to mountain wind field.7-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data in Gondar West Wind Farm 2 Height (m) Average wind speed (m/s) Average wind power density (W/m ) 10 5.7-1 Schematic Diagraph of the Range of Gondar West Wind Farm 9. Figure 9.33 259 167 . Upon analysis on information from the mast. The land types inside the area are mainly farm land and waste land as well as a few trees. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Wind Energy Direction (10m) Wind Direction (10m) N N NNW 20.0 15.0 NW NNW 60.0 NNE 10.0 WNW NW NE 30.0 10.0 W E 0.0 WSW SW ESE SW SE SSW SE SSW SSE SSE S S Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height in Gondar West Wind Farm Wind Energy Direction (40m) Wind Direction (40m) N N NNW 20.0 NNW 50.0 NNE 15.0 NW NE 30.0 WNW ENE ENE 20.0 5.0 W NNE 40.0 NW NE 10.0 WNW 10.0 W E 0.0 WSW SW ESE SW SE SSW E 0.0 WSW ESE SE SSW SSE SSE S S Figure 9.7-3 E 0.0 WSW ESE Figure 9.7-2 ENE 20.0 5.0 W NE 40.0 WNW ENE NNE 50.0 Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height in Gondar West Wind Farm According to the data analyzing results of Gondar West plant area, this wind farm is rich in wind energy resources, the direction of which is mainly NNW. The distribution is concentrated. This plant area has a higher development value. 9.7.2 Equipment recommendation and preliminary estimation of dynamoelectric benefits According to the conditions of the wind resources in this wind farm and current developing situations of wind power technology, wind generation sets with single capacity of 1.5MW are recommended, with the hub’s height of 70m for temporary consideration. According to data from the tower, wind speed at the height of 70m (turbine hub height) is concluded by variation rule of wind shear. On the site of wind farm, annual mean wind speed and annual mean power density at turbine hub height are 6.85m/s and 328W/m2, respectively. Preliminarily estimated according to the conditions above, annual mean equivalent full load hour of wind farm is about 2200h in the wind farm, indicating high development potential and good benefits of power generation. 9.7.3 Engineering geological condition analysis 168 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1) Regional structure According to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions”, a small south-north fault has been developed inside Gondar West site, with the development length of 14km. It is suggested to collect detailed regional geological materials in the following stage to make analysis on the structure stability of the site planned to be chosen. (2) Stratum lithology and engineering properties Referring to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions” combining with onsite exploration and geological research, the stratum lithology of Gondar West wind farm is mainly Tarmaber Gussa Formation basalt (PNtb), covered by quaternary silt, grit and silty clay. The quaternary stratum in this area is thin, about 1.0－2.0m. Tarmaber Gussa Formation basalt distributed inside the plant area dates back to the geological age of Oligocene to Miocene, Basalts of the Tarmaber Formation in contrast to the tholeiitic and mildly alkaline nature of the earlier flood basalts typically have an alkaline affinity. On the northwestern plateau, the Tarmaber shield volcanoes become progressively younger from north to south. Tarmaber Gussa Formation basalt has higher bearing capacity, which can be used as natural foundation support layer for wind turbines and buildings inside substation. The basic type of wind turbine shall be finally confirmed according to the exploration results in the following stage, combining with the design loading and structural features of wind turbines. (3) Underground water conditions Rivers were not found within the range of plant area and the underground water is buried very deep. (4) Adverse geological conditions The terrain of the site is flat, slightly undulating in landform. The micro relief unit belongs to terrace on the plateau, which is a relatively steady area block, without bad geological effects. 9.7.4 Engineering organization condition analysis The transportation conditions of this project are common, with No.4 highway passing through the south part of plant area. The wind turbine equipment can be delivered to the wind farm by highway, with the delivering line of Djibouti—Mile—Chifra—Weldiya— Wereta—Gondar West wind farm. Part of this road is winding road, with many turnings of small radius. Road subgrade/ road width: 3.5m×2+1.5m×2. Most part of the line is bituminous concrete while part of the Mile—Chifra—Weldiya period is sand-gravel. A 3 to5m wide earth road of Addis Ababa – Gondar highway leads to the plant area, the terrain inside which is mountain land. The construction conditions are very common. 9.8 Construction Analysis of Imdibir Wind Farm Area The Imdibir wind farm planned in this report is located 30km east of Welkite, a city in the middle south of Ethiopia, 15km northeast of Imdibir. The terrain of Imdibir wind farm is plateau 169 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia terrace in Great Rift Valley. The whole planning area is undulating in land form and all the mountains are distributed in a “T” type, at the altitude between 2200m and 2800m. The micro relief unit is low-mountain. The land types inside the planning area mainly include farm land, waste land and forest land, with the total planning acreage of about 45km 2 and the total development capacity of 50MW. About the detailed range of the plant area, see Figure 9.8-1. Figure 9.8-1 Schematic Diagraph of Imdibir Wind Farm Range 9.8.1 Wind energy resources condition analysis Because there are no wind masts in the planning area of Imdibir wind farm, this report makes a brief analysis on the wind resources in this wind farm with the help of stimulating analyzing results of computer data. After the statistical analysis on the stimulating grid point values in the planning area of Imdibir, statistical values of various wind energy elements can be got. About the details, see i9.8-1 and Figure 9.8-2 as well as Figure 9.8-3. Table 9.8-1 Statistical Result of Wind Data in Imdibir Wind Farm Height (m) 50 70 Average wind speed (m/s) 6.7 6.9 170 2 Average wind power density (W/m ) 351.2 362.8 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Wind Direction（50m） Wind Energy Direction（50m） N NN… 30 NW N NE 20 W… NN… 60 NNE ENE 10 W NW E 0 WS… SW W… ENE 20 E 0 WS… SE SSW NE 40 W ESE NNE ESE SW SSE SE SSW SSE S S Figure 9.8-2 Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height of Imdibir Wind Farm Wind Direction（70m） Wind Energy Direction（70m） N NN… 30 NW N NE 20 W… NN… 60 NNE ENE 10 W NW E 0 WS… ESE SW SE SSW NNE NE 40 W… ENE 20 W E 0 WS… ESE SW SSE SE SSW S SSE S Figure 9.8-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 70m Height of Imdibir Wind Farm According to the data analyzing results of Imdibir wind farm, the wind energy resouces are rich in this wind farm. The wind directions mainy concentrates in the direction of SSE and the distribution is concentrated too. Wind energy in this plant area has higher development value. 9.8.2 Equipment recommendation and preliminary estimation of dynamoelectric benefits According to the conditions of the wind resources in this wind farm and current developing situations of wind power technology, wind generation sets with single capacity of 1.5MW are recommended, with the hub’s height of 70m for temporary consideration. Since there is no onsite data of wind masts in this wind farm, according to the stimulation results of assessment of atmospheric values, the onsite annual average wind speed at the hub height is about 6.9m/s, the annual average wind power density is about 362W/m2. Make preliminary estimating combining with the above situations: The average annual equivalent full load hour is about 2500h, with great development potential of wind resources and very good dynamoelectric benefits. 9.8.3 Engineering geological condition analysis 171 It is a relatively steady block area. with an altitude between 1. the basic type of wind turbine shall be confirmed finally according to the exploration results in the following stage. grit and silty clay.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1) Regional structure According to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions”. close to it as well. the site planned to be chosen is suitable for the construction of large-scale wind farm. close to downtown Dire Dawa.8 highway passing through the southeast side of the plant area. The wind turbine equipment can be delivered to the wind farm through highway.The dominant rock type is a strongly porphyritic dark grey trachyte with sanidine phenocrysts. about 1. with the line of Djibouti—Mile—Awash— Addis—TuLu BoLo—Welkite—Imdibir wind farm. so it is a relatively complete and steady block area. 9. there are no active faults passing through near the site of IMdibir wind farm. From the regional geological data.0-2.9 Construction Analysis of Dire Dawa Wind Farm Area Dire Dawa wind farm in this report is located on the southern hillside of Dire Dawa. with No. (4) Adverse geological conditions The altitude difference in this plant site is bigger but some part of it are flat. However. Chilalo Formation distributed inside the plant area dates back to the geological age of Pliocene–Pleistocene，The lower unit (Nc) comprises intercalation of peralkaline ignimbrites and trachytes which show clear flow structures. the stratum lithology of Imdibir wind farm is Chilalo Formation (Nc). without bad geological effects. covered by quaternary silt. with a 4-7m wide gravel road leading to the plant area.200m and 172 .5m×2+1. an important eastern city in Ethiopia. (2) Stratum lithology and engineering properties Referring to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions” and combining with the geological research. Chilalo Formation has a higher bearing capacity. The terrain of this planning area is low-mountain hill.4 Engineering organization condition analysis The transportation conditions in this project are good. so the geological structure is steady.0m. (3) Underground water conditions Rivers were not found within the range of plant area and the underground water is buried very deep. combining with the design loading and structural features of wind turbines. Road subgrade/road width is 3. The terrain is slightly undulating inside the wind farm. 9.8.5m×2. There are no geological disasters caused by internal and external forces. greatly undulating inside. The quaternary stratum in this area is rather thin. The whole line is bituminous concrete. The construction conditions are good. which belongs to low-mountain land form on the plateau. which can be used as natural foundation support layer for wind turbines and buildings inside the substation. 9-3. After the statistical analysis on the stimulating grid point values in the planning area of Dire Dawa.9-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data in Dire Dawa Wind Farm 2 Height (m) Average wind speed (m/s) Average wind power density (W/m ) 50 70 7. and the total development capacity is 50MW. this report make a brief analysis on the wind resources in this wind farm with the help of stimulating analyzing results of computer data.800m. Table 9. About the details.9-2 as well as Figure 9.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1.9-1 Schematic Diagraph of Dire Dawa Wind Farm Range 9. About the details of the plant area range see Figure 9.9-1 Figure 9. statistical values of various wind energy elements can be got.1 Wind energy resource condition analysis Because there are no wind masts in the planning area of Dire Dawa wind farm.9.9 7. The total acreage of the planning area is 43km2. The land types are mainly wasteland and grassland.9-1 and Figure 9. see Table 9.9 455 470 173 . with the hub’s height of 70m for temporary consideration. wind generation sets with single capacity of 1. according to the stimulation results of assessment of atmospheric values. Wind energy in this plant area has higher development value. the annual average wind power density is about 470W/m2.2 Equipment recommendation and preliminary estimation of dynamoelectric benefits According to the conditions of the wind resources in this wind farm and current developing situations of wind power technology. Make preliminary estimating combining with the above situations: The average annual equivalent full load hour is about 3000h. 9.9.5MW are recommended. the onsite annual average wind speed at the hub height is about 7.9-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 70m Height of Dire Dawa Wind Farm According to the data analyzing results of Dire Dawa wind farm.9m/s. the wind energy resouces are rich in this wind farm. Since there is no onsite data of wind masts in this wind farm. with great development potential of wind resources and very good 174 . The wind directions mainy concentrate in the direction of ESE and the distribution is concentrated too.9-2 Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height of Dire Dawa Wind Farm Wind Direction (70m) Wind Energy Direction (70m) N NW NN… 25 20 N NNE NE NW NN… 50 40 15 W… NE 30 ENE 10 W… ENE 20 5 W NNE 10 E 0 WS… ESE SW SE SSW W E 0 WS… ESE SW SSE SE SSW S SSE S Figure 9.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Wind Energy Direction (50m) Wind Direction (50m) N NW NN… 25 20 N NNE NE NW NN… 50 40 15 W… NE 30 ENE 10 W… ENE 20 5 W NNE 10 E 0 WS… ESE SW W WS… SE SSW E 0 ESE SW SSE SE SSW SSE S S Figure 9. 25m×2+0. If yes. The micro relief unit belongs to low-mountain hills. The wind turbine equipment can be delivered to the wind farm through highway. the stratum of Dire Dawa wind farm is mainly Amba Aradom Formation(Ka). 9. Sandstone. (3) Underground water conditions Rivers were not found within the range of plant area and the underground water is buried very deep. limestone and shale inside the planning area have higher bearing capacity.9.4 Engineering organization condition analysis The plant area of Dire Dawa is next to the south side of downtown Dire Dawa. check the scale and depth. to check if there are karsts developing inside the plant area. and a 10km-long road shall be built newly to connect with No. It is suggested to make research on karsts in the area in which limestone distributes in the following stage. to offer detailed materials for basic designing. However.9. combining with the design loading and structural features of wind turbines. The landform inside the planning area is mountain. with few trees along the road. dating back to the geological age of Cretaceous. there have developed many faults from east to west in the neighborhood of Dire Dawa wind farm.15 highway. The road subgrade/road width is 3. Both sides of the road are open and flat. Some stratum in certain areas is Hamanlei Formation (Jh) Oxfordian limestone and shale.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia dynamoelectric benefits.3 Engineering geological condition analysis (1) Regional structure According to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions”. 9. And the stratum lithology is mainly sand stone.5m×2 and the whole line is gravel road except that within the borders of Djibouti. (2) Stratum lithology and engineering properties Referring to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions” and combining with onsite exploration and geological research. 175 . so the construction conditions are very bad. It is suggested to collect detailed regional geological materials to make analysis on the structural stability of the plant site planned to be chosen. (4) Adverse geological conditions The terrain of the plant is flat and slightly undulating. The horizontal and vertical line is comfortable but the road conditions are common. the basic type of wind turbine shall be confirmed finally according to the exploration results in the following stage. which can be used as natural foundation support layer for wind turbine and buildings inside substation. with the line of Djibouti—Aysha—Diri Dawa—Dire Dawa wind farm. and desertification is very serious. 10-1. Figure 9. The total acreage of the whole plant area is about 0. an important city in the east of Ethiopia. and tropical shrubs with horns are the major vegetation on earth. and about the landform. with the altitude between 910m and 920m.10-2.10 Construction Analysis of Awash Solar PV Project Area The plant area of Awash solar energy PV generation project in this report is located on the north side of Awash.10-2 Schematic Diagraph of Landform of Awash Solar PV Station Site 176 .Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 9. The terrain inside the whole planning area is very flat. The land types are mainly wasteland.62km2 and the PV installed capacity is 100MWp. only 1.10-1 Schematic Diagraph of Planning Site Range of Awash Solar PV Station Figure 9. see Figure 9. About the detailed range of plant area.5 km away from the planning power station. see Figure 9. 9 1998 7567. After the statistical analysis on the materials of stimulating radiation grid points in the Awash PV site.10-3 Awash Solar PV Station Yearly Radiation Flux 177 .3 1988 8254. in order to make assessment on the solar radiation resources in this plant area.0 1999 8034.2 1987 8016.3 1997 8132.0 1985 8155.10.8 1983 7512.3 1990 Annual radiation flux 7826. Unit (MJ/m ·Year) 1980 Annual radiation flux 8281.6 1993 7668.6 1994 8204.10-1 2 Awash Solar PV Station Annual Radiation Value.1 1982 2001 7683.1 Resource condition analysis Since the measuring of solar energy radiation resources haven’t been carried out in the planning area of Awash Solar PV Station project. it is found the regional radiation resources are rich. this report makes a brief analysis on the resources in this planning area with the help of stimulating analyzing materials of atmospheric dynamics values.8 1992 7220.2 1995 7744.9 7503.0 2009 8742.2 2007 8343.10-4. see Table 9.2 1984 8216.3 1991 8071.8 2006 8517.2 2004 7792.7 1996 7769. Figure 9.10-1.10-2 and Figure 9.8 2003 7825.7 Year Radiation Flux ( MJ/m2·Year) Year Year Awash Solar PV Site Yearly Radiation Flux 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Figure 9. Table 9.6 1986 8266.9 1981 7732. Table 9.1 2008 8572. About the detailed calculation results.0 2002 7885.10-3.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 9.6 1989 7680.6 2005 7736.0 2000 Annual radiation flux 7768. with an annual radiation flux density of nearly 8.0 737. there are no active faults passing through in the nearby area of plant area of Awash solar PV power 178 .8 12 Monthly radiation flux 416. Awash solar PV station is rich in radiation resources. this PV station recommend the PV module of polysilicon with a unit capacity of 230W. suitable for the development of large-scale solar PV generation project.5 673.000MJ/m2. so make preliminary estimation according to the stimulating analyzing results of the average solar radiation to the horizontal plate in many years which is 7958MJ/m2: The equivalent full load hour of the solar PV station is 1800 hours.10-4.8 10 765.10. 9.7 8 718.6 7 697.1 9 711. The development potential of radiation resources is huge and the dynamoelectric benefits of the PV station are good too. From Figure 9. The PV module operates at a fixed dip angle. There is no onsite radiation measuring data in the Awash solar PV station. Unit (MJ/m ·Month) Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 Monthly radiation flux Month 693.3 11 712.10-4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month Awash Solar PV Site Monthly Radiation Flux From the analysis of the above.2 Equipment recommendation and Preliminary estimation of dynamoelectric benefits According to the above analysis on the situations of radiation resources in the PV power station as well as the features of current PV module. when the radiation is a little lower.5 485.3 665.3 Engineering geologic condition analysis (1) Regional structure According to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 Geological Map and Introductions”. which are commonly used in the market at present. 9.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2 Table 9.10-2 Awash Solar PV Station Monthly Average Radiation Flux. the annual whole radiation inside the plant area is higher except July and August. suitable for development.8 Radiation Flux ( MJ/m2·Month) Awash Solar PV Site Monthly Radiation Flux 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 Figure 9.0 680.10. so it belongs to relatively complete and stable plot area. There is gravel road which is 4~7m wide leading to site.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia generation project. In order to promote the healthy development of enterprise of Ethiopia’s wind power and solar PV power generation. 9. (2) Lithology and engineering properties Referring to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 Geological Map and Introductions” and uniting site exploration and geological survey. The transportation route is Djibouti—Mile—Awash—Awash solar power station. to enlarge the social influence of wind power and PV power generation. at the same time.11 Construction Analysis of Demonstration Base of Addis Ababa Wind Farm and Solar PV Station At present.5m×2+1. The terrain within the plant area does not undulate greatly. The microtopography unit is plateau terrace which belongs to relatively stable block. According to the materials of regional geology.10. there is no geological disaster caused by interaction of internal and external force in the plant area. The roadbed/road width is 3. There is no project of wind power or solar PV power generation which has been constructed and put into commercial operation in Ethiopia. Solar electrical energy generation equipment can be transported to power station through highway. (4) Unfavorable geological condition The terrain for the planning solar PV power generation station is flat. 9. so the geological structure is stable. The Dino Formation ignimbrites within planning area have high bearing capacity. Geologic age is Pleistocene. Dino Formation green and gray ignimbntes. (3) Groundwater condition There are no rivers within site. They can serve as natural foundation bearing stratum for PV solar panels and buildings in the transformer substation. the stratum of the plant area of Awash solar energy power generation project is mainly Dino Formation (Qd) green and gray ignimbrites with well developed fumme and associated unwelded pyroclastics and waterlain pyroclastics with occasional intercalated lacustrine beds and aphyric basalts which have a maximum reported thickness of 50 meters . The whole route is bituminous concrete pavement. this report recommend the plant area which is located in the south mountain area of capital Addis Ababa 179 . the development and utilization of wind and solar energy for Ethiopia is still in the initial stage. Highway 1 passes through south of plant area. Groundwater buries deep in the earth. The public have little knowledge of wind power and PV power generation.4 Construction organization condition analysis The transportation condition for this project is good. So there is no unfavorable geological effect.5m×2. to further accumulate construction experience for the wind and solar energy power generation project. So the construction condition is very good. to search for more social support and attract more excellent talents and capital to participate in the Ethiopia’s enterprise of development and utilization of wind and solar energy. the site that is intended to be chosen is suitable for the construction of the engineering of large-scale PV power generation. It is preliminarily recommended that the wind power installed capacity is 20MW and solar PV capacity is 10MW for integrated demonstration base. The plant area is alp mountainous region.200m. among which. Large-scale wind turbines can be installed in the chine of mountaintop area. PV power stations can be constructed in the area with small slope and flat surface. This demonstration base is located in the south mountaintop of capital Addis Ababa.11-1 Schematic Diagram of Demons. Please see Figure 9. Figure 9.11-1 for specific range of demonstration base planned area and Figure 9. The altitude for this whole plant area is between 2. Base of Addis Ababa Wind and Solar Project Figure 9.800m and 3.11-2 Photo for the Demonstration Base of Addis Ababa Wind and Solar Project 180 . This demonstration base spreads along the chine trend. There are mainly farmland and forest land within the plant area.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia to serve as demonstration base of wind and PV hybrid new energy integrated power generation project.11-2 for landform of project area. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 9.11.1 Resource condition analysis Wind and solar energy testing is not conducted within the demonstration plant area of Addis Ababa wind energy and solar energy project development. This report shows a brief analysis of wind resource in the plant area with the help of analysis result of computerized numerical simulation. According to the statistic analysis of wind energy numerical simulation grid point numerical value in the planning area of project demonstration base, wind energy elements statistics in the plant area can be obtained. For the details, see Table 9.11-1 and Figure 9.11-3, Figure 9.11-4. Table 9.11-1 Statistical Result of Wind Data in Demons. Base of Addis Ababa Wind and Solar Project Height (m) 50 70 Average wind speed (m/s) 7.1 7.2 2 Average wind power density (W/m ) 248 270 Figure 9.11-3 Wind Rose Diagram of 50m Height of the Demonstration Base of Addis Ababa Wind and Solar Project Figure 9.11.4 Wind Rose Diagram of 70m Height of the Demonstration Base of Addis Ababa Wind and Solar Project 181 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 9.11.2 Machine type and equipment recommendation as well as preliminary estimate of efficiency of power generation According to the condition of wind resource in the demonstration base of Addis Ababa wind energy and solar energy project development and current development situation of wind power technology, wind turbine generator system whose unit capacity is 1.5MW is recommended for the wind power of this base. The tentative hub height is 70m. According to the result of resource assessment atmospheric numerical simulation, annual average wind speed of the hub height in this wind farm is about 7.2m/s. Annual average wind power density is 270W/m2. At the same time, in consideration of the topographic condition of this wind farm, it is preliminarily estimated that annual average equivalent full load hour of the wind farm of demonstration base is 2200h, so wind resource is with great development potential and the efficiency of power generation of this wind farm is excellent. According to the radiation resource condition analysis and the features of current PV cell module, polysilicon PV cell module used often in the market whose monolithic capacity is 230W is recommended for the PV power generation of this base. The PV module adopts the mode of operation of fixed dip angle. According to the analysis result of atmospheric numerical simulation, the average total solar radiation is 7200MJ/m2 for many years in the level of this plant area. In consideration of the above situations, it is preliminarily estimated that annual average equivalent full load hour of solar PV module in the demonstration base is 1700h, so radiation resource is with great development potential and the efficiency of power generation of this PV power station is excellent. 9.11.3 Engineering geological condition analysis (1) Regional structure According to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 Geological Map and Introductions”, there are multiple faults whose trend is northeast—southwest in the northeast of the demonstration base site of Addis Ababa wind energy and solar energy project development. The fault scale is relatively small and it belongs to relatively complete and stable plot area. According to the geological data, the site that is intended to be chosen is suitable for construction of the engineering of large-scale wind power and PV power generation. (2) Lithology and engineering properties Referring to “Ethiopia 1:2000000 Geological Map and Introductions” and uniting site exploration and geological survey, the stratum of the demonstration base of Addis Ababa solar energy and wind energy project development is mainly Alage Formation (PNa). Geologic age is Oligocene-Miocene. The stratum of some area of the planning area is Tarmaber Megezez Formation (Ntb), the lithology is Transitional and alkaline basalt. And the geologic age is Middle-Miocene. Alage Formation basalts and Tarmaber Megezez Formation basalt in the planning area have high bearing capacity. They can serve as natural foundation bearing stratum for wind turbines, buildings in the transformer substation and solar PV cell panels. (3) Underground water conditions 182 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Rivers were not found within the range of plant area and the underground water is buried very deep. (4) Unfavorable geological condition The terrain for the planning wind and PV hybrid farm is flat. The terrain undulates slightly. The micro-topography unit is plateau terrace which belongs to relatively stable block. So there is no unfavorable geological effect. 9.11.4 Construction organization condition analysis Addis Ababa demonstration plant area is located in the north mountainous region of capital Addis. Power generation equipment can be transported to the plant area through highway. The transportation route is Djibouti—Mile—Awash—Addis—Demonstration plant area. A section of twisting mountain road is passed through from Addis to the demonstration plant area. The slope is steep and the turning radius is small. Other sections of road are with good parallel and lengthways linearity. The road condition is good. The roadbed/road width is 3.5m×2+1.5m×2. The whole route is bituminous concrete pavement. The terrain within the plant area does not undulate greatly. There is gravel road which is 4~7m wide leading to site. So the construction condition is common. 183 Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 10. Rough Estimation of Investment This wind and solar energy power generation project in Ethiopia has made planning respectively for the planned target year of 2015 and 2020 as well as forward reserve project. There are 51 wind farm plant areas and the related aggregate planning capacity is 6,720MW. There are 5 plant areas for PV power generation project and the related aggregate planning capacity is 141MW. There are many projects in this planning; geographical distribution is wide; time span is long; construction conditions differs greatly; meanwhile, market factors in general sense of wind power generation and solar PV power generation change rapidly, so at the present stage, detailed investment estimation for each wind farm is difficult to made exactly. As a result, this report adopts construction cost of average unit capacity estimate method to make rough estimation of investment for every planned wind farms and PV power station. Moreover, for the planning projects involved in the forward reserve project, the stage period is far, so the development tendency of future market is difficult to judge. The actual value of making rough estimation of investment is small. So this report only makes rough estimation of investment for planned target year of 2015 and 2020. 10.1 Compilation Basis and Boundary Conditions 10.1.1 The basis of compilation Project rough estimation of investment in this planning mainly refers to and takes example by related technical regulations of the rough estimation of investment of wind power and solar PV power generation project within China at the present stage. Specifically include: (1) Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2005] No. 899 Method of Preparation of Wind Farm Project Planning Report; (2) GD001-2011 Method of Preparation of Photovoltaic Power Generation Project Planning Report (Interim); (3) Compilation Method and calculation standard of the Wind Farm Project Feasibility Report Design Budget Estimate (edition 2007); (4) Budget Estimate Quota of Wind Farm Project (edition 2007). 10.1.2 Boundary conditions (1) The main equipment of wind power project involved in these planned projects includes: wind turbines, blade, and tower etc. The main equipment of solar PV power generation project involved in these planned projects includes PV cell module and inverter, etc. The source of equipment is considered to import from the abroad. The engineering construction of projects is estimated temporarily according to Chinese construction enterprise’s international engineering construction standard. (2) This rough estimation of investment doesn’t include engineering insurance premium and all kinds of taxes which are collected in Ethiopia, such as tariff, value-added tax and withholding income tax of equipment and materials import, etc.; at the same time, it 184 including Nazret. such as inflation. Butajira. 10. this report divides the rough estimation index of each planned wind farm into three grades according to zone bit. etc. There is not too many wind power projects which have been put into operation in Ethiopia.2-1 and Table 10. north and south planning areas are calculated in 2. the development of wind power in Ethiopia is in the initial stage. This area mainly refers to the planning areas which are located near the city of Dire Dawa and the city of Djibouti. The planning areas in this area are not difficult to construct on the whole and the road transport condition is good. Plant area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nazret wind farm Mek'ele South wind farm Sheno wind farm Ch'ach'a wind farm Phase I wind farm in Iteya Sulalta wind farm Gondar West wind farm Imdibir wind farm Dire Dawa wind farm Wind energy of Addis Ababa demonstration base 10 Total 185 Planning capacity (MW) 300 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 2300 2500 2300 2300 2300 2300 2500 2300 2200 Overall investment (millon$) 690 250 230 230 230 230 125 115 110 20 2300 046 970 / 2256 Unit price ($/kW) .2-2.500 $/kW in 2015 and 2. (3) The price target year of this rough estimation of investment is the fourth quarter of 2011. and the terrain undulates greatly. According to the above-mentioned index. And this area includes the central north of Amhara Province and Tigray as well as the plant areas which are located in the south of Oromia Region and near Kenya. the central planning area is calculated in 2. Thereinto. The terrain of plant areas in the above-mentioned range is complex. In consideration of the differences of construction and transportation conditions among every project.100 $/Kw in 2020. The road transport distance is long.2-1 Rough Invest Estimation of Wind Farm Projects in Ethiopia in 2015 Planned target year 2015 No. Table 10. east planning area is calculated in 2. There are many limiting factors. Debre birhan. The rough estimation of investment of each planned wind farm is calculated according to the price of the price target year. for the overall rough estimation of investment of specific projects in the planned wind farms please see Table 10.300 $/kW in 2020. According to the conditions of existing projects in Ethiopia and the current situation of wind power project development.300 $/kW in 2015 and 2.200 $/kW in 2015 and 2000$/kW in 2020. Iteya. connecting with reality. without regard to the variation trend of wind power equipment price in the near and long future and overall trends of wind power engineering construction cost as well as other influencing factors. This area mainly refers to surrounding area of capital.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia doesn’t include the rough estimation of investment of power export project of every planned project. this report adopts method of the average cost of construction whose unit is kW to make rough estimation of each planned wind farm.2 Rough Estimation of Investment of Wind Power Planned Projects At present. the requirement for outer transportation conditions is relatively low.3 Rough Estimation of Investment of Solar PV Planed Project At present. According to the comprehensive consideration.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Table 10. Table 10. it determines that the average cost of construction of PV power generation project in Ethiopia is calculated in 2.3 21 48.100 $/kW in 2020.300 $/kW in 2015 and 2. This report determines the average investment cost by referring to the price level of PV products in current international market and the cost of construction level of related projects in China as well as factors such as different transportation cost because of different regions.3-1 and Table 10.2-2 Rough Invest Estimation of Wind Farm Projects in Ethiopia in 2020 Planned target year 2020 No. But for the equipment of PV power generation. According to the above-mentioned index. there is no large-scale project of grid-connected PV power generation.3-1 Rough Invest Estimation of PV Projects in Ethiopia in 2015 Planned target year No.3-2 Rough Invest Estimation of PV Projects in Ethiopia in 2020 Planned target year 2020 No.3-2.3 Table 10. for the rough estimation of overall investment of specific projects in the planned PV power station please see Table 10. 1 2015 2 Wind farm Awash solar energy wind farm Addis Ababa demonstration wind farm solar energy Total Planning capacity (MW) 20 Overall investment (millon$) 46 1 2. Wind farm 1 Debre birhan PV power station site 2 Dera solar PV power station site Total 186 Planning capacity (MW) 10 Overall investment (millon$) 21 10 21 20 42 . Wind farm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Dilla East wind farm Mek'ele North wind farm Debre Markos East wind farm Soddo wind farm Sendafa North wind farm Sendafa South wind farm Gondar North wind farm Phase II wind farm in Iteya Bu'i East wind farm Aysha wind farm Phase I wind farm in Bolo Diche Oto wind farm Bahir Dar wind farm Assela wind farm Total Planning capacity (MW) 300 200 200 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 1750 Unit price ($/kW) 2100 2300 2100 2100 2100 2100 2300 2100 2100 2000 2100 2000 2300 2100 / Overall investment (millon$) 630 460 420 420 210 210 230 210 210 200 210 100 115 105 3750 10. 1 Examples and Analysis of Development Institution for Renewable Energy In order to promote the development of renewable energy industry. put forward clear development targets and guarantee the realization of strategic targets through legislation. In general.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 11.720MW wind power and 41MW PV power generation in 2020. 187 . This chapter particularly focuses on the research and suggestion related to relevant policy. in the coordination of government. The study of existing institutions and measures of other countries has important reference meaning. the final bid winner is determined by the amount of quoted on-grid power tariff. A country shall make suitable policies and institutions according to its own specific condition. Among the development ideas of renewable energy in different countries. Since 2003. apart from rapid development of hydroelectric power generation. 11. Because it has special important meaning for Ethiopia to realize the development target of “energy diversification” and implement national energy development strategy comprehensively. many countries including China have already made their own development strategy. 2.720MW wind power and 141MW PV power generation in the forward future. and 6. construction and operation of this project. electric power company signs Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with developer to make agreement that the developer shall purchase all the electric quantity of on-grid energy at bidding electric price within prescribed time limit. Development Policy Analysis of Wind and Solar Power Projects There are abundant wind energy resources and solar energy resources in Ethiopia. the following policies and methods which are widely adopted deserve reading: (1) Tendering of renewable energy Tendering of renewable energy means that the government chooses the developer of renewable energy power generation project through the procedure of tendering. The developer who won the bidding is the property owner of this renewable energy power generation project. In the process of future national economic construction in Ethiopia. The realization of this target is an important reflection of Ethiopia national energy development strategy. After the determination of developer. The developer has right and obligation of investment. This planning report puts forward the target of total power generation capacity for the development of wind energy and solar energy in Ethiopia. This is a kind of competitive bidding activity. The realization of development targets in economic field needs the support of economic development policy. Price difference of on-grid power tariff in the renewable energy project is usually resolved through apportionment. China has used Wind Concession in several onshore and offshore wind power projects. the development and utilization of renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy also shall be strived to promote. including that the forward accumulative installed capacity shall reach 970 MW wind power and 21MW PV power generation in 2015. So it is beneficial for government to make clear reasonable price of general projects through typical projects. ④ The competitive process of reducing development and extension influence is beneficial for the localization development of main equipment and technology. ⑦ The electric price of competitive bidding can reflect the development cost at that time relatively accurately. save the energy 188 . Moreover. improve the utilization ratio of renewable energy. electricity purchase and sell contract shall make specific regulation of project period. The purpose and source of PBF for Renewable Energy is both connected with energy. etc. tenderee will ask bid winner to sign electricity purchase and sell contract with electric power company according to bidding agreement. Tenderee will ask bid winner to sign concession contract. networking and cost apportionment is regulated). tenderee will hold a public bidding for the proposed site area which has obtained preliminary resource assessment result. Competitive bidding policy has following advantages: ① Project is targeted. ③ The competition among developers is beneficial to reduce development cost and improve competitive force of renewable energy. Tenderee determines bid winner through evaluation of bid. enlarge the development strength of renewable energy. the success rate of project development is relatively high.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Wind Concession is a kind of resource exclusive development mode which is set by government to promote utilization and development of wind energy. The public benefits include: promote the technology development of renewable development. It is also a special policy to support those which cannot develop by only relying on market competition. The development of proposed regional resources and technology which is preferred started will get effect instantly. bidder offers tender conditions such as electric price promising after he/she makes further assessment of the bidding regional resources and estimates project investment benefits comprehensively. reduce the production cost of renewable energy. Then. Once the resource is exploited. developer and government share the profits and benefits of resource development according to contract agreement. (2) Public Benefits Funds (PBF) for Renewable Energy Actually. ⑤ Competitive public bidding is beneficial to attract various kinds of capital inside and outside and promote diversification of business entity. ② Competitive development policy endows developer with the possibility of long term benefits. This urges developer to be willing to offer initial high investment and assume investment risk. At the beginning stage of bidding activity. ⑥ Under the constraint of bidding agreements and already electricity purchase and sell contract (electric price. on-grid power tariff as well as purchasing electric quantity of on-grid energy in full amount. PBF is a kind of fund providing serve for public benefits. Electric Power Company takes over and purchases the whole electric quantity of renewable energy that fits the demands (for example. The regulatory department which is authorized by government determines electric price and adjusts in due time according to general cost of renewable energy power generation. Clear electric price and the guarantee of grid connection are beneficial to eliminate the difficulty of capital operation. Application experience of some countries shows that PBF is a kind of effective support policy of renewable energy. establish complete management system of charge and expenditure. The additional cost which 189 . declaration. (3) Feed-in Law (FIL) Feed-in policy is also called regular electricity purchase policy. PBF has following advantages: ① It can raise enough money and offer long-term and stable financial security for the establishment and implementation of economic incentive mechanism of renewable energy. ④ The operation of PBF is beneficial to estimate policy cost in advance. the public may become the shareholders of the fund.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia consumption of society and bring economical benefit and environmental improvement benefit to the public. financial management examination and supervision of special fund. It is beneficial to introduce market competitive mechanism and choose projects reasonably. accreditation. Renewable Energy Law of China makes regulation of taking the establishment and utilization of special fund for renewable energy as a basic institution. Government offers the on-grid power tariff of renewable energy electric power and forces electric power company to purchase the on-grid energy of renewable energy that fits the demands in full amount. The establishment of PBF for Renewable Energy shall include at least three aspects of work: collect certain charges from specific targeted units and groups. make use of charges to support the development of the renewable energy industry. This will benefit for improving the public’s sense of participation and enthusiasm. fits project construction procedures and government approves) according to policy. ③ The operation of PBF asks for high transparency. It asks central finance and local finance to establish special fund for renewable energy. So it is beneficial to guarantee the using effect of money and improve the use ratio of money. Provisional Regulations of Management of Special Fund for Renewable Energy Development of China makes complete regulations for the support focus. The special fund is used as the subsidy and allowance of the development and utilization projects of some renewable energy as well as other kinds of financial support. The difficulty occurs because the development cost of renewable energy is higher than that of conventional energy. ② Because the source of money is mainly from charges of the public. Developers determine whether taking over development and production of renewable energy according to market demand and potential profits. If state finance or 190 . TGC offers a certificate that can be tradable and cash currency. If a country or region intends to development renewable energy on a large scale. the later shows the environmental and social value which is peculiar to renewable energy). The other is it purchases TGC which exceeds obligatory amount from other electric enterprises who have completed prescriptive Portfolio. At present. Renewable energy electric power includes two parts of value: principal value and environmental benefit (the former is equal to that of conventional energy electric power. it can choose RPS. China is implementing this kind of policy. or it needs to promote intentionally the technology development of renewable energy. (5) Other economic incentive policies ① Feed-in tariff Feed-in tariff is a common economic incentive policy. or promote localization and commercialization of renewable energy technology.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is produced by electric power company purchasing renewable energy can be shared equally by nationwide electricity consumers through government management system. Feed-in tariff is flexible and fast for economic incentive. mandatory feed-in policy can serve as priority selection. If there is power grid access barrier or the production of renewable energy doesn’t get reasonable retribution for a long time in a country or region. (4) Renewable Portfolio Standard. etc. or the additional cost of power grid purchase is difficult to digest. It is shared by the nationwide or regional power consumers finally. Obligation undertaken by electric power enterprise regulated by Renewable Energy Portfolio Policy can occur in two ways: one is that electric power enterprise owns power generation equipment of renewable energy by itself. Renewable Portfolio Standard can make use of “Tradable Green Certificate (TGC)” to reflect specially the environmental and social value of renewable energy. China hasn’t yet carried forward this policy completely. or hope to introduce competitive mechanism and improve market competitive force. RPS Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard is mandatory regulation of market portfolio of renewable energy power generation made by government of a country or region in legal form. The combination of demands for the market portfolio of Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard and the trade of TGC can build market demand and mode of exchange for renewable energy electric power. output allowance and user allowance. The common ones are investment allowance. This means that there shall be renewable energy electric power with prescriptive proportion of whole electric power. But attention shall be paid to the source of capital and strategy formulation in the process of operation. 2 Existing Energy Policies and Strategies in Ethiopia “Solar and Wind Energy Utilization and Project Development Scenarios” which is completed by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 2007 generalized and analyzed the existing energy policies and strategies in Ethiopia comprehensively. Theoretical analysis and practice prove that price concession is a very effective incentive policy. or assumed by users alone. it can promote technology improvement and reduce cost. etc. Under this circumstance. Tax preferential policy usually includes tariff reduction and exemption. including China. electric power company and users together. The disadvantage is that government needs to raise certain capital to support allowance for interest reduction and discount. The other is selection criteria of price concession objects. But attention shall be paid to two key issues: One is the capital source of price difference allowance. this method is a kind of realistic consideration. Though this document has existed for 17 years and maybe some contents need be amended. such as electric price markup. Many countries including China choose that capital of price difference allowance is assumed by government. allowance quantity demanded is also small. ④ Low-interest (interest subsidy) loan policy Low-interest (interest subsidy) loan policy can relieve enterprise’s burden of returning current interest. such as emission tax policy. many countries in the world adopt preferential price policy of renewable energy. relying on the support of government finance cannot be perfect. the anticipated targets of government may not be achieved. etc. This document urges the change of government’s role in economic activities. If attention is not paid to formulate strategy reasonably and the selection of subsidy objects or policy operation mechanism is not settled well. This is beneficial to reduce cost of production. This means that government changes from the role of unified 191 . This document makes regulations for policy formulation of all the single industries or multi-industries. And if this policy is used appropriately. The main strategies and policies include: (1) The National Economic Policy，November 1991 The National Economic Policy was issued in 1991.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia local finance is limited. reduction and exemption of value-added tax and income tax. There are usually two kinds of types: tax preferential policy and mandatory tax policy. If the scale of renewable energy industry is small. is common in some developed countries. the fundamental principle is still applicable. Mandatory tax policy. formed fixed asset tax reduction and exemption. ② Tax policy Tax policy is a kind of economic policy which is used most by many countries. ③ Price policy Because the cost of renewable energy products is usually higher than that of conventional energy products. 11. it includes basic and high-efficient utilization technology of natural resources as well as renewable energy technology and its popularization. limitation on the overseas investment domain of electric power industry has 192 . It states the problems about the sustainability of biomass energy. Energy is considered as a basic rural infrastructure. promotion.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia planning and implementation to the market based role as well as the role of guiding private sector development. (3) The Natural Resources and Environment Policy，1994 This policy is related to energy industry. The target of the Rural Development Strategy is to improve agricultural productivity. There is such description in page 231: Solar and wind energy are specifically addressed in the strategy as potential alternatives for rural electrification. Development of non-hydro plants larger than 25MW is left to the government while those below this are left for the local private sector. application and spread of appropriate technology to promote the realization of national development target. and agricultural productivity and yield are both low. The government remains the sole operator of the national grid. Electricity generation from hydropower is open to both local and external developers without limit on capacity At present. (2) The Rural Development Strategy，November 2001 Agricultural economy dominates in Ethiopia. These two objective facts demand Ethiopia to develop and increase agricultural production rapidly and achieve the target of guaranteeing and improving national economy and the life of common people. 116/1998 Investment proclamation makes regulations for the activities of Ethiopia’s domestic and overseas investment. This document considers that productivity and yield depend on investment and market. Thereinto. (5) The Amended Investment Proclamation，No. But the proclamation states that electric power industry shall be limited within the prescriptive range of foreign investment: Electricity generation from sources other than hydropower is reserved for the government and local developers. General investment regulations are implemented in energy field. This document clearly states the problem of rural electrification as well as suggestions for the simultaneous development of public sector and private sector. It shall draw support from education. This consideration also prompts the strategic vision of developing infrastructure construction and improving the investment environment of agriculture and market. Rapid transformation of agriculture is beneficial for the blending development between agriculture and industry or service industry. (4) Science and Technology policy，1993 The formulation of this policy is to promote the determination of solution for the problems of capacity building. This policy states many issues including energy development. These targets shall adapt the requirements of wide private sector participation and environmental sustainability. Overseas investment is not limited in the domain of hydropower now. ⑩ Formulate appropriate institution and legal framework in order to deal with all the energy issues. environmental sustainability.3 (1)]. ⑨ Launch mass movement and create public opinion atmosphere between the public and decision makers of energy issues with the help of media which use every people’s language widely.1. 1994 The target for the formulation of this energy policy is to offer reliable and cheap energy which satisfies the national development. agriculture. wherever possible. energy supply. technology research and development and institution system. 2002 This strategy suggests three basic approaches of rural electrification: power grid is developed by EEPCo. ⑧ Guarantee social participation especially women’s participation in all the aspect of energy resources and encourage private sector participation in the field of energy development.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia been adjusted. Meanwhile.1. energy protection. The following ten points are basic nuclear policy: ① Realize the increase of hydropower application and development by means of small-sized hydropower development in the aspect of electric power generation. for process heat and power generation [6. indigenous resource based and environmentally sustainable development for the energy sector. (6) The National Energy Policy. ③ Enlarge and strengthen agriculture and forestry planning project greatly. ⑥ Make sure the competitive force of energy resource application and development through forceful practical action which fits ecology and environmental requirement. ④ Offer alternate energy to family. industry. ⑦ Enhance confidence in the science development of energy resources. Energy Resource Development states the policies of solar energy and wind energy: Solar and geothermal energy will be used. Preferential guaranteed policies include water energy development and energy efficiency in the field of hydropower as well as the transformation of modern technology which serves families. development and environmental sustainability: The general policy direction was towards a least-cost.3 (2)]. ② Improve and strengthen exploitation and development of natural oil gas. moreover. And off-grid electrification is developed by private sector to improve utilization of new energy. transportation and other fields. (7) The Rural Electrification Strategy. it states the relationship between energy. Ethiopia's wind energy resources will be developed to provide shaft power for water pumping and irrigation [6. ⑤ Introduce measures of energy protection and saving in all the fields. 193 . 317/2003) Rural Electrification Fund (REF) is from The Rural Electrification Strategy. annual GDP reaches 11%.3 Preliminary Recommendation The report suggests that the Energy Development Strategy of Ethiopia. wind energy and geothermal energy to promote energy restructuring. encourage rational energy consumption. and lower investment costs of energy production to supply affordable electricity. electrification based on PV power generation is suggested. This strategy also suggests establishing a fund named Rural Electrification Fund (REF). RFF Proclamation clearly states giving priority to the development of electrification based on renewable energy. with the rapid developing of national economy. including the existing policy on the renewable energy is generally applicable. (1) Wind and solar power generation can be considered as significant supplements to electricity supply At present. The national “Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP)” which is newly drawn up will commit itself to complete Ethiopia’s long-term planning and keep the economic growth which is fast and broad-based. "Enhancing expansion and quality of infrastructure development" is the fourth one of the seven strategic pillar industries planned by GTP. 11. The target of this fund is to enlarge the participation of private sector through licensing capital and technology support. (8) Rural Electrification Fund Establishment Proclamation (Proclamation no. Ethiopian power system is an electricity structure with hydroelectric 194 . the economic growth of Ethiopia is fast. At present. However. According to the Electricity Production and Construction Planning in this part. According to the introduction of “Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) (2010/11-2014/15)” by Ethiopia Finance and Economy Development Department. other materials which are newly collected are studied.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia For electric power demand of independent and remote areas. Non-government capital is considered as the main investment of off-grid rural electrification. (9) Growth and Transformation Plan-GTP On the basis of analyzing SWARA report. during the period of last Five-Year Plan(2005/06-2009/10). This strategy stresses that attention shall be paid to three elements for the success of new energy utilization: capacity building of development of these energies. the report also suggests deep study and feasible policy proposals to develop wind and solar power as the significant supplements to national power supply. efforts should be made to develop the clean renewable energy like hydraulic energy. especially with the ever-growing power demand in Ethiopia. reduce energy expenditure. affordable capital support and taxes which is beneficial for cost recovering. absorbing technology and enlarging employment as well as shaping demonstration effect of development and use of renewable energy sources. etc. explored and researched in capital import and project construction and operation such as restraint of electric power production of new investors. It is also covered in the report on peak shaving of power grid and electric power and electric quantity balance analysis. enlarging electric installed capacity. how to promote local effect. However.. special contract can be signed with the winner to restrain investment activity and avoid over-big impact to state-owned assets. Some problems that should be resolved during open policy can be set. Present condition is very different from 1990s’. (3) Push wind energy and solar energy project bidding Explore. role of wind energy and solar energy in power grid also depend on scale and structure and application level of power grid. which can be evidence. it is necessary in consideration to enlarge and extend overseas investment permission range of wind and solar power generation field so as to promote the increase of construction project. In order to accelerate the construction of electric power system. Ethiopia is constructing wind energy project of over 150MW. it is helpful to figure out rational electricity price of wind and solar power generation project and create convenience to master investment discipline and management experience on future related investment. “Concessions Project” under governmental dominance can wholly or partially invite bids to domestic and foreign investors. which depends on features of local energy and resources and technology maturity of hydroelectric generation. via full competitive bidding. attempt and apply investment bidding of wind energy and solar energy power generation project. Of course. However. If design is perfect. Actually. (2) Define open policy on wind and solar power generation investment market The Amended Investment Proclamation makes regulation on investment activity of electric power industry and later adjusts partial policies. in recent years. As use technology development of wind energy and solar energy. In consideration that wind energy and solar energy will become the important role of electric power system. the development cost is dropping unceasingly. it is proposed to further carry out or define the open policy of wind energy and solar energy investment market.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia generation as major. Ethiopia also has rich wind energy and solar energy besides rich water energy and it shall seize the historical opportunity brought by the world's enthusiasm in developing and utilizing wind and solar energy since 21st century. confirmation of rational benefits (on-grid power tariff). Ethiopia can spare no efforts to develop water and electricity engineering and meanwhile pay attention to development of wind energy and solar energy so as to let the latter become important supplement of national electricity support. 195 . Such project bidding is beneficial in introducing capital in. Wind energy and solar energy can make full use of big-scale development to become main target of village electrification as well as important role in power grid. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia What’s worth attention is the digestion problem that price of power generation with wind energy and solar energy may be higher than normal electricity price. which makes it obviously different from large scale grid-connected wind power generation. another application plan of distribution-way wind and solar power generation is proposed. Wind power generation scale gained in this way is very big in whole scale of several countries of Europe. At present. China also researches on promoting a distribution-way development way that pushes wind power generation forward. solution proposed by it that implements distribution-way micro-grid system and family power generation and supply system is obviously rational. the access point can be only of limited capacity. simple technology. on account that it is connected to end of power grid and belongs to low-pressure distribution network. Here. The difference between distribution-way application plan and micro-grid or family power generation and supply system is that distribution-way application plan is connected to end phase of existing power grid. easy consumption and low development cost so that are very popular. It has been proved in experiences that digestion can be borne jointly by government. respecting remote regions or regions far from main power grid framework. (4) Research and promote the development way of distribution-way wind and solar power generation Though The Draft Rural Energy Strategy has not formally issued. Wind energy and solar energy in one region can be distributed and developed and used in many points and are featured with near grid connection. electricity price makeup method). However. Proper method can be chosen with consideration of detailed situation. In near period. Ethiopian renewable energy sources have not very big scale and also have small subsidy fund. electric power company and user or the user bears all difference (for instance. 196 . it could cause a precision decrease of reanalyzed materials mentioned above and calculation conclusion of the report further. potential installed capacity of 1. carries out all-round plan and research on development potential. taken certain of boundary conditions into account. precision of resource assessment of the report shall be verified via practice in the future. the reserves analysis of Ethiopian wind resource and solar resource is carried out with assistance of analysis tools such as ArcGIS. As technical progress and cost decrease of the exploitation and utilization.1 Basic Achievement (1) Macro simulation of Ethiopian wind resources and solar resources The report implements research on total reserves. 12. Therefore. It shall be explained that the assessment conclusion on wind resources and solar resources has close relation to adopted data materials and boundary conditions. From this. There is more-direct influence to NCEP and FNL reanalyzed materials related to Ethiopia.992 MW·h/(m2·a) and annual total solar reserves of 2. the development scale of renewable energy. has becomes larger and larger. it is also the important constituent part of strategy that realizes sustainable development of energy support and implements friendly development to environment and sources.350 GigaWatt. aiming to offer effective technology support to development and construction of Ethiopian wind power and solar PV power generation via the report. Achievement Summarization and Work Suggestion Nowadays. distribution regularity and developable conditions of Ethiopian wind resources and solar resources by means of atmospheric dynamics numerical simulation. Quotation of some conclusions shall be made with consideration of understanding relevant calculation conditions and premises. reply global climate change and decrease emission of greenhouse gases. the report carries out Ethiopian absorption ability 197 . Via calculation. The report. Ethiopia has total wind energy resource reserve of 3. represented by wind energy and solar energy.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 12. It carries on an elaborate simulation on national wind resources and solar resources of Ethiopia. annual solar energy radiation density for unit area of 1. (2) Analysis on power grid absorption ability of wind power and PV power generation Based on power system analysis.599 GigaWatt.199 PW·h/a. Afterwards. Meantime. potential exploitable quantity of wind energy of 1. And. The method regards WRF high-resolution atmospheric numerical mode as basis and NCEP and FNL reanalyzed data as initial data. based on simulation result. just under such situation and background. technology feasibility and development scale of Ethiopian wind resources and solar resources. it is known that Ethiopia has rich wind resources and solar resources and the potential of exploitation and utilization is huge. boosting exploitation and utilization of renewable energy has become the important way of global countries to guaranty energy support safety. In consideration of insufficiency of space density and time interval of present Ethiopian meteorological observatory net.030 GigaWatt. Total capacity of development project in 2015 is 991 MW and its annual generation production can reach up to 2. power transmission and absorption conditions. in future development.000MW in 2015 and 1.607TWh. It can be seen that since Ethiopian power network materials collected are limited at present. (3) Recommendation of wind farms and solar power stations Generally. for an overall development objective assuring technology reasonable and economy rational. It is analyzed that: the wind power absorption ability of Ethiopian ICS electrical network is 550MW~1. construction of wind power and solar power generation projects should takes technology feasibility and economy feasibility into account. difference in view of engineering technology as well as unique limitations of planning. abovementioned conclusion may change. considered field survey and applied comprehensive analysis. economic and cultural development requirements in some senses.500MW in 2025 and 3. As a result. Restricted by insufficient basic information for compilation. 198 . total capacity of development project in 2020 is 1. and more other factors such as society. as one of achievement. in which follows development principle from easy to hard. supposed to be an “intact network” that power transmission among regions is fluent. the report might not sufficiently meet requirements to reflect local social.300MW~4. the report recommendation shall be perfected and adjusted by those who refer.400MW~2. Investment in rough estimate is USD 2. especially lacks basic data on peaking ability of hydropower stations constructed and planned to run. engineering construction conditions and construction cost. Therefore. the report gives a development schedule of Ethiopian wind farm and solar PV station projects of planned target year of 2015 and 2020.304 billion..200MW in 2030.600MW~7. etc. (4) Development Schedule in 2015 and 2020 According to the selection result of abovementioned projects and more consideration of outside factors related to overall economy and macro distribution. The analysis course uses effective materials.770MW and investment in rough estimate is USD 3.792 billion. and gains the conclusion on relevant absorption capacity. based on planning principles drawn up. the absorption ability data mentioned above are based on present limited materials. etc. also comprehensive analysis of energy feature. If fuller and more accurate basic data are collected. Schedule of development projects and relevant figures abovementioned is related to the calculation used before. from near to remote and cost from low to high.720MW) and 5 solar PV projects (with total planned capacity of 141MW).800MW in 2020. of which load precast material is only overall data without regional data. The report recommends 51 wind projects (with total planned capacity of 6.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia analysis on wind power generation (PV capacity is small in plan and special analysis is not made). culture and environment. meanwhile wind power absorption ability is 2. according to actual conditions. over planning on construction and development of Ethiopian power system will extremely enhance the sound development of wind power and solar power generation cause. stability calculation. besides of one of hydroelectric resources. further relevant work shall be made when wind farm project is developed according to plan. it is advised that in order to guaranty safe and stable operation of power system. For every step in project implementation. Therefore. “stability” and “running and control way”. power network plan layout. All-round exploitation and utilization of wind resources and solar resources. According to features of wind resources. short-circuit current calculation as well schedule and operation plan should be carried out. 12. to Ethiopian power network at fast development stage. solar resources and actual projects. (2) Consider wind farm and solar PV generation project as a whole development plan It is advised that conclude wind power and solar power generation project mentioned in the report into national overall energy development plan so as to promote orderly implementation of exploitation and utilization of renewable energy. it is long to make plan become true. if there is something different in structure and transmission capability of power network. There is a huge of development and utilize potential about resources. It is worth attention that such discussion and calculation are conducted with respect to complete power network and with premise that equipment of power network is in good condition. However. Making good efforts to reinforce wind power and solar power generation industry must offer an important contribution to Ethiopian energy development in the future. flexible in scheduling and reliable in technology. Thus. The report believes that relevant project management and electric power operation organization shall pay special attention to problems such as “voltage flicker”. There are some works needed to do of following aspects: (1) Survey resources of important development regions in details This plan completes Ethiopian resources survey but detailed resources condition of development plant areas shall be further surveyed so as to offer basis to following work. Construction and development of wind power and solar power generation shall keep consistent with state overall energy strategy and it is necessary to realize scientific unity in many aspects such as macroeconomic layout. the report discusses grid connection scheme and calculates electric output and load balance. The report has proposed initial plan on construction of Ethiopian future wind power and solar power generation.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (5) Bearing capability of electric power system With basis of development schedule of recommended projects in discussion. 199 .2 Basic Advices It is proved in data of the report that Ethiopia has rich wind resources and solar resources. the power flow calculation. the actual access of wind and solar PV power generation projects during implementation may be different. traffics and transportation plan and environment protection. will be helpful to make Ethiopia become the important energy base of East Africa in the future. 200 . Therefore. As scale of exploitation and utilization is enlarged in the future. it is very necessary to reinforce the training and reserves of Ethiopian professional as early as possible. (4) Reinforce ability trainning Reinforcement of talents training is the important basis of implementing wind resource and solar resource development.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (3) Reinforce electric power grid and prepare for plan implementation According to implement requirements of planned projects. At present. the demand for various project managers and engineering technicians that master wind power and solar PV power generation is urgent. wind power and solar power generation of Ethiopia are still at starting stage. promote electric grid construction and technological preparation so as to make preparations for mass development of wind-energy and solar-energy power generation and all-round realization of energy development strategy. and People's Region SWERA: Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment TW: Tera watt (1012 watt) TWh: Tera watt hour WRF: Weather Research Forecast WTG: Wind Turbine Generator 201 .Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Acronyms EEPCo: Ethiopia Electric Power Corporation GDP: Gross Domestic Product GTP: Growth and Transformation Plan GW: Giga watt (109 watt) GWh: Giga watt hour ICS: Interconnected System MM5: Meso-scale Model 5 MW: Mega watt (106 watt) MWh: Mega watt hour NCEP: National Centers for Environmental Prediction PASDEP: Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty PV: Photovoltaic PW: PWh: Peta watt (1015 watt) Peta watt hour USGS: United States Geological Survey SCS: Self Contained System SDPRP: Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Programme SNNP: Southern Nations. Nationalities. wind power and solar power absorption capacity analysis for power system all over Ethiopia. SWERA plan 202 . National Meteorological Services Agency of Ethiopia (4) Data from some anemometer masts of Ethiopia. FNL) (2) Information about landform and underlying surface. environment. grid. site selection for wind farms and PV power stations. geology. covering multiple professional fields e. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of Ethiopia (10) Topographic map of some regions of Ethiopia. preliminary environment impact assessment. For easy access and gratefulness to compilers of the information. NCEP (incl. EPPCo (5) Data from some anemometer masts of Ethiopia.g. HYDROCHINA (6) Information about load and distribution of power system in Ethiopia. rough estimate of investment and policy analysis. (1) Atmospheric background field re-analysis information. plentiful basic information is used and referred to. road. National Highways Agency of Ethiopia (9) Growth and Transformation Plan. Ethiopia Mapping Agency (11) Solar and Wind Energy Utilization and Project Development Scenarios.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia List of References Compilation of the report involves wind resource and solar resource assessment all over Ethiopia. types and names are hereby listed below. Ministry of Mines of Ethiopia (8) Highway map of Ethiopia. meteorology. USGS (3) Observation information from some meteorological stations of Ethiopia and organized climatic information. EPPCo (7) Information about geology and mineral distribution of Ethiopia. For this. recommendation and suggestion of development sequence. (-provided separately) 2. March 2011. 4. (-provided separately) 3 Attached Table: Comprehensive comparison table of site selection of wind and solar PV power generation project in Ethiopia. Institute of Atmospheric Physics.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Annexes and Attachment 1. Attached Figures 1~6: (1) Attached Figure 1: Average wind speed distribution at 50m high in 1980~2009 (2) Attached Figure 2: Average wind power density distribution at 50m high in 1980~2009 (3) Attached Figure 3: Aavailable installed capacity distribution of the wind energy all over Ethiopia (4) Attached Figure 4:Total average annual solar radiation distribution in 1980~2009 (5) Attached Figure 5: Schematic diagram of the development progress of planning wind and solar energy power generation project (6) Attached Figure 6: Power flow calculation result of the power system of Ethiopia in 2015 203 . Resource Assessment Report on Wind Energy and Solar Energy in Ethiopia. The First Investigation Report of Wind and Solar Energy Grid-Based Master Plan in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Planning Project Department of HYDROCHINA. August 2011. Chinese Academy of Sciences. low population density and better construction conditions. directly connected to grid of the capital.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Attached Table Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Name Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. which is beneficial to form better wind energy conditions. which indicates that this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions and is suitable for large-scale development. The condition of the highway for external transportation is not good. The area is dominated by wastelands and farmlands. There are some country roads distributed in the wind farm. 100 10 The wind farm is closer to an airport. A few country roads are available for use. The wind farm is located on the Based on the elementary understanding. a little longer distance for sending. The annual average wind speed of the on-site wind mast is about 8m/s at 40m high. 30 30 30 1. The consumption is convenient. The topographic undulation within the wind farm is slightly greater with a broken terrain locally. 2. About 65km from load center of the 204 20 1. On the margin of the terrace in the west of East African Great Rift Valley. There are a few villages. 2. which indicates that this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions. 2. External transportation conditions are good without restrictions. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. and the mountaintop is beneficial to form better wind energy conditions. good for generating proper wind energy conditions. 2. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions. flat. The outward transmission conditions are very excellent. The traffic conditions are convenient. The construction conditions are great. 1. According to the on-site wind mast data. According to the numerical 2. Highway No1 passes through the area and some country roads are available for use. Project site Type No. 1. It is next to Mek’ele and the consumption is convenient. The electric energy of wind farm can also be transmitted outward together with hydropower by the 230kV backbone network and is suitable for large-scale development. farmlands and wastelands. According to the numerical simulation analysis. It has a ridge-type low-mountain micro-terrain. 1. 85 5 Based on the elementary understanding. so it is necessary to further verify whether the construction of the wind farm have an impact on aviation. ASL: 2820m~2910m. The wind power 2 density is about 460W/m at 40m high. The highway shall pass through mountainous areas with restricted sections locally 2. F1 Weight scores Wind power F2 Mek’ele South wind farm Weight scores F3 Comprehensive Comparison Table of Site Selection Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Sheno wind farm 1. The wind farm is near the 132kV substation in Adama and the 230kV substation in Koka and Koka Hydropower Station is available to adjust the capacity. so the electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 230kV substation in Mek’ele and the access conditions are very convenient.: 10% 100 Nazret wind farm 1. The land surface is dominated by grasslands. It has a low-gentle-mountain terrain. 2. 2. The wind farm is near the load centers of Adama and the capital. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2200m-2300m. The altitude of the wind farm is within 1700m-2200m. Highway No4 passes through the wind farm and the area is near a city. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions. With 230kV transmission line but without substation nearby. 30 30 1. 88 . The wind farm has better terrain conditions with farmlands dominated basically. It has a low and gentle ridge-type terrain and the topography undulates slightly. The central area of the wind farm is about 13km away from the 230kV substation in Mek’ele. 1. 2. but no wind mast data around it. which is relatively beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. The consumption is convenient. Highway No1 leads to the capital. 92 . 23 1. which is beneficial to form better wind energy conditions. Highway 3 is on the west side of the wind farm with a distance of 205 10 Based on the elementary understanding. It is a mountain wind farm and the construction in the area is slightly difficult. which is beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 2. 23 30 1. It is next to the key substation in Sulalta. 2. there's advantageous wind resource condition. It is a plateau mountain wind farm with a north-south ridge. The wind farm is about 20km away from Debre Birhan and about 95km away from the main load centre of the capital. Highway No8 is next to the wind farm. The construction conditions are great. External transportation conditions are convenient without restrictions. strong power absorption capacity west side of National Highway No1 and the conditions of access roads are better. 2. The area is dominated by wastelands and woodlands. 25 30 1. 2. 1. so the outward transmission conditions are convenient. low population density. The electric energy of wind farm can be directly transmitted to the 230KV substation in Koka which is about 36km away. but there is no wind mast data around it. about 20km for sending 1. External transportation conditions are good without restrictions. 25 30 1. better construction conditions and common traffic conditions with some country roads but no major highway distributed. The 2. Name Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. The wind farm has better terrain conditions with farmlands dominated basically. The electric energy can be transmitted outward to the capital for consumption by the 230kV lines. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2180m-2200m.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. 2. The electric energy is transmitted to the capital load centre. External transportation conditions are convenient without restrictions. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and is suitable for large-scale development. It is located on the edge of the high terrace on the east of Great Rift Valley and the wind farm is flat. It is located on the edge of the terrace on the west side of Great Rift Valley and has a gentle-hill terrain. According to numerical simulation analysis and site wind observations. According to the numerical simulation analysis. 86 10 Based on the elementary understanding. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. There are a few villages. 1. With 230kV transmission line nearby. this wind farm has capital. with 132kV substation of Debre Birhan accessible. The altitude of the wind farm is about 3000m. 2. It has a flat-farmland micro-terrain. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and is suitable for large-scale development. According to the numerical simulation analysis. with potential for large-scale development. Weight scores F4 Ch’ach’a wind farm Weight scores F5 F6 Phase I Iteya wind farm 23 1. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 2.: 10% 100 simulation analysis. 95 10 Based on the elementary understanding. The altitude of the wind farm is about 2900m. 2. Weight scores 30 Sulalta wind farm 1. The conditions of access roads are better and it is about 8km away from the major roads. A few country roads are available for use. The traffic conditions are convenient. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions and is worthy of large-scale development. It is a wind farm with plateau ridge-type mountain terrain on the west side of Great Rift Valley. It is a low-gentle-mountain wind farm with better mountain consistency. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 28 1. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are a few villages. It can also adjust the output. It has a low-mountain hilly micro-terrain. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. It is the located on the north-south chine on the west side of Gondar and has a mountain terrain. The wind farm is near Dire Dawa and the electric energy of it can be transmitted to the 230kV local substation. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions. A highway is on the south side of the wind farm.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 230kV substation in Weltike on the west. so it is necessary to further evaluate 90 91 . combined with Gilgel Gibe Hydropower Station. 24 1. The consumption is relatively convenient. The outward transmission distance is about 3km.: 10% 100 better wind resources conditions and is worthy of large-scale development. 2. 82 10 Based on the elementary understanding. The electric energy can be consumed by Gonder or transmitted outward to Sudan in future. The construction conditions are better. The mileage of the highway for external transportation is longer. 25 1. According to the numerical simulation analysis. 2. which is beneficial to form better wind energy conditions. It is next to a city and the overall 10 Based on the elementary understanding. Name Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. It is a low mountain wind farm and the topographic undulation is slightly greater. There is no wind mast on site. Weight scores F9 Dire Dawa wind farm 27 1. No existing roads in the area are available for use. 2. 10 An airport is nearby. 2. The linear distance of outward transmission is about 32km and the outward transmission conditions are convenient. 2. The highway shall pass through more mountainous areas with restricted sections locally. The amount of construction roads works is slightly greater.2m/s at 10m high. which is greatly beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. The consumption is convenient. The annual average wind speed of the on-site wind mast is about 6. The construction of access road is slightly difficult and the road has greater gradient locally. which indicates that this wind farm is suitable for scale development. 25 1. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2380m-2800m. There is no wind mast on site. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are also a few woodlands and villages. 2. According to the numerical simulation analysis. Weight scores F7 Gondar West wind farm Weight scores F8 Imdibir wind farm 28 1. It is a mountain wind farm and the construction in the area is slightly difficult. The electric energy enters the main network through the 230kV substation in Weltike and is transmitted to the capital. which is beneficial to form enrichment of wind energy. The outward transmission 206 about 7km. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2230m-2650m. 30 1. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 230KV substation in Gondar. Some country roads are available for use. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. The access road is about 16km long. 22 1. 25 1. The outward transmission conditions are relatively excellent. 2. It has a plateau terrain on the east side of Great Rift Valley and on the east side of Dilla and the topography within the wind farm undulates slightly. 28 2. Highway No1 passes through the area and some country roads are available for use. The traffic conditions are convenient. The wind farm is near a city. The conditions of existing roads in the area are worse. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. this wind farm has wonderful wind resources conditions and large-scale development potential. The construction is easier. 28 1. The condition of the highway for external transportation is not good. 1. According to the numerical simulation analysis. ASL: 2200m~2400m 2. 96 10 Based on the elementary understanding. The highway shall pass through mountainous areas with restricted sections locally 2. Name Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% altitude of the wind farm is within 1300m-1350m. The overall construction conditions are better. The area is dominated by farmlands and woodlands. so the load flow transmission of the main network can be reduced. The overall terrain within the wind farm does not undulate greatly with steeper slopes locally. 28 1. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. According to the numerical simulation analysis. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions. The electric energy can be transmitted outward to the capital or Kenya for consumption.: 10% the impact of the construction of wind farm on aviation. Highway 6 is next to the west side of the wind farm. Score 100 5 Based on the elementary understanding. Weight scores F10 Dilla East wind farm Weight scores F11 Mek’ele North wind farm 2. 28 1. The consumption is convenient. 30 1. According to the numerical simulation analysis. The area is dominated by sparse wastelands and has no residents basically. 2. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2400m-2900m. 1. The wind farm area is only 2km away from the 230kV substation in Mek’ele. The land surface is dominated by grasslands and wastelands. There is no wind mast on site.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 132kV local substation in Dilla or transmitted outward to the 400kV substation in Soddo which is about 88km away. construction conditions are better. The electric energy can enter the 400kV backbone network. The outward transmission ability is stronger. The electric energy of wind farm can also transmitted outward together with hydropower by 207 Others Weight percent. It is at the end of the eastern part of the grid. There is no wind mast on site. which is relatively beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. The condition of the road for external transportation is slightly bad without restrictions. Raised terrace and gentle relief are good for generating proper wind energy conditions. with excellent outward transmission conditions. 2. 2. The area is dominated by grasslands and wastelands.5m/s at distance is only less than 2km. It is next to the load center of Mek’ele and the consumption is convenient. so the electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 230kV substation in Mek’ele and the access conditions are very convenient. The annual average wind speed of the on-site wind mast is about 6. 85 . The population density is lower. The access road is about 10km long with greater gradient locally. The wind farm is next to the load centers of Harar and Dire Dawa. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions and huge development potential. 30 2. It has a low-mountain hilly micro-terrain. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. 1. According to the numerical simulation analysis. 30 1. The wind farm has better terrain conditions with farmlands dominated. 2. The outward transmission ability is stronger. The construction is easier. The construction conditions are better. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted outward to the 400kV substation in Soddo. low and gentle hilly area. There is no wind mast on site. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 400kV local key substation and transmitted outward together with hydropower. 2. According to the numerical simulation analysis. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 84 88 . 2. the 230kV backbone network and is suitable for large-scale development. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and is worthy of large-scale development. The wind farm is flat and the altitude of it is within 2300m-2350m. 23 1. The electric energy can be consumed by Gonder or transmitted outward together with hydropower to the capital or Sudan by the backbone network. 2. directly connected to grid of the capital. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are more villages. It has a plateau-hill terrain on the west side of Great Rift Valley and the topography within the wind farm undulates slightly. It is located on the edge of the plateau terrace on the southeast side of Debre Markos and the windward terrain is beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. On the margin of terrace. a little longer distance for sending. The wind farm is near Highway No41. The electric energy can be transmitted outward to the capital or Kenya for consumption. The access conditions are very convenient. 30 2. The outward transmission distance is about 18km and the outward transmission conditions are excellent. The area is dominated by farmlands and woodlands. It has a hilly micro-terrain. low population density. 2. 87 10 Based on the elementary understanding. The conditions of access roads are better and it is about 10km away from the major highway. The electric energy can enter the 400kV backbone network. good for generating proper wind energy conditions. The wind farm is about 40km away from the capital load centre. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and 2.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. There are more villages. The distance is shorter and the 208 Based on the elementary understanding. With 230kV transmission line but without substation nearby. Long mileage of external highway. The overall terrain within the wind farm is flat and does not undulate greatly. Weight scores F14 Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Sendafa North wind farm 18 2. 26 10 1. this wind farm has common wind resources conditions and is worthy of development. Name Weight scores F12 Debre Markos East wind farm Weight scores F13 Soddo wind farm Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. 30 20 10 1. restriction for passing Blue Nile 24 1. better construction conditions and common road conditions with no major highway. Only a few country roads are available for use. The major Based on the elementary understanding. There is no wind mast on site. According to the numerical simulation analysis. which is relatively beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. ASL: 2850m~3100m 1. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 25 1. The altitude of the wind farm is within 1650m-2050m. 2. 1. which indicates that this wind farm is suitable for large-scale development.: 10% 100 40m high. The electric energy can be consumed by Gonder or transmitted outward to Sudan in future. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 230KV substation in Gondar. The electric energy of wind farm can be directly transmitted to the 230KV substation in KOKA which is about 42km away. According to the numerical simulation analysis. 2. there's no sensitive objective but numerous dwellings. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2800m-2900m. The wind farm is about 40km away from the capital load centre. The conditions of access roads are better and the center of the wind farm is about 4km away from the major highway. There are a few villages. but there is no wind mast data around it. 2. The major highway leads to the capital. 2. Highway 3 is on the west side of the wind farm. With 230kV transmission line but without substation nearby. a little longer distance for sending. Based on the elementary understanding. The condition of the highway for external transportation is complex with longer transport mileage. External transportation conditions are convenient without restrictions. ASL: 2500m~2600m. External transportation conditions are convenient without restrictions. 2. 2. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and is suitable for large-scale development. 23 25 1. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions and is suitable for large-scale development. 209 highway leads to the capital. Weight scores 28 Phase II Iteya wind farm 1. Weight scores F15 Sendafa South wind farm Weight scores F16 F17 Gondar North Wind farm 23 consumption is convenient. good for generating proper wind energy conditions. A few country roads are available for use. better construction conditions and common road conditions with no major highway. The outward transmission distance is about 33km. 24 8 1. there is no sensitive target 88 80 95 . According to the numerical simulation analysis. but there is no wind mast data around it. It is located on the edge of the high terrace on the east of Great Rift Valley and the wind farm is flat. which is relatively beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. 2. It is located on the edge of the plateau terrace along Highway 3 on the north side of Gondar and the topographic prominence is beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. The construction conditions in the area are better. It has a flat-farmland micro-terrain. The distance is short and the consumption is convenient. The altitude of the 1. 30 10 1. The overall terrain within the wind farm is flat with slightly greater undulation locally. Name Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. 1. 25 1. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 30 10 1. There is no wind mast data on site. The construction conditions are great.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. 20 1.: 10% 100 is suitable for large-scale development. Flat with less relief. with a distance of no more than 100km. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are slightly more villages. Based on the elementary understanding. The highway shall pass through more mountainous areas with restricted sections locally. directly connected to grid of the capital. low population density. As preliminarily learned. The wind farm has better terrain conditions with farmlands dominated. However. Name Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% wind farm is within 2100m-2150m. Others Weight percent. It has a low-gentle-hill terrain in plains and the topography within the wind farm undulates slightly. with potential for large-scale development. The vegetation density of the area is low. Power can be sent to Djibouti for digestion. 2. Score 100 10 Based on the elementary understanding. capacity of such digestion is limited. A few country roads are available for use. 2. Some country roads are available for use. there's good wind resource condition. The population density is not high. which is beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. The external traffic conditions are convenient without restrictions. 30 10 1. The terrain does not undulate greatly. 2. Weight scores F18 Bu’I East wind farm Weight scores F19 Aysha wind farm 30 1. there's advantageous wind resource condition. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2200m-2500m. 25 1. External transportation conditions are good without restrictions.: 10% in the wind farm. It is located on the plateau terrace on the east of Great Rift Valley and the wind farm is flat and open. It has a north-south ridge-type terrain on the west side of Great Rift Valley. Highway 9 is on the west side of the wind farm with a distance of about 2km. There is a highway directly leading to Djibouti Port within the wind farm. Sending is required due to limited digestion capacity of local grid. Its access to grid depends on future building of sending line. 30 1. The construction conditions are better. 20 1. The construction conditions are great. there is no 83 83 90 . 30 8 1. There is no resident basically. But the wind farm temperature is high. The land surface is dominated by wastelands. 2. The electric energy can be transmitted outward to the capital for consumption by the 230kV lines. 2. The traffic conditions are convenient. 210 2. According to numerical simulation analysis and data from anemometer tower around. It has a small-hill micro-terrain. According to numerical simulation analysis and site wind observations. with potential for large-scale development. there's advantageous wind resource condition. which is beneficial to form enrichment of wind 2. Highway 8 is next to the wind farm.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. 2. support sending to 132kV substation of Butajira by a distance about 27km. The altitude of the wind farm is within 700m-750m. 23 1. or to the capital by building transmission line. Weak grid conditions. According to numerical simulation analysis and site wind observations. Based on the elementary understanding. The overall construction conditions are better. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are also a few woodlands. and there are more requirements for wind turbine. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. with huge development potential. 15 1. Support sending to 132kV substation of Awash II hydropower station or to the capital by building transmission line. F20 Weight scores 30 Phase I Bolo wind farm 1. The condition of access road is better. No existing roads in the area are available for use. It has a flat-farmland micro-terrain. There are a few Based on the elementary understanding. It has a ridge-type terrain. The construction is easy. There's no anemometer tower in the site. The site has not been covered by grid. 2. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 1. There is no wind mast on site. It has a raised terrace in plains and the wind farm is flat. The area is flat. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. It has a flatland micro-terrain on a terrace.: 10% sensitive target in the wind farm. However. There is no wind mast on site. The site is far from load center. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2400m-2450m. this wind farm has common wind resources conditions and is worthy of development. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 400kV key substation in Bahir Dar. 2. Diche Oto wind farm Weight scores 25 Bahir Dar wind farm 1. 15 30 1. Power must be sent to the capital for digestion. The traffic conditions are convenient but the access road has greater gradient locally. External transportation conditions are good without restrictions. The highway shall pass through more mountainous areas with restricted sections locally. 22 1. The overall construction conditions are excellent. access capacity is limited. 30 24 211 Others Weight percent. 2. The altitude of the wind farm is within 1880m-2140m. The altitude of the wind farm is within 450m-630m. The external traffic conditions are convenient without restrictions. 10 Based on the elementary understanding. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions and huge large-scale development potential. Highway No8 is about 20km away from the west side of the wind farm.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. 2. There is a highway directly leading to Djibouti Port within the wind farm. There is a gravel road leading to the wind farm. Name Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% resources. The electric energy can be consumed by Gonder or transmitted outward together with hydropower to the capital or Sudan by the backbone network. Weight scores 18 2. 2. Given limited digestion capacity. there's good wind resource condition. According to numerical simulation analysis and site wind observations. The overall terrain within the wind farm is flat with slightly greater undulation locally. 2. which is suitable for wind farm construction. 1. Low and gentle hills are the dominant terrain within the wind farm. 10 82 . except for the National Roads. and there are more requirements for wind turbines. It is located on the plains on the east side of Lake Tana. Score 100 78 8 Based on the elementary understanding. There is no resident basically. 2. But the wind farm temperature is higher. The mileage of the highway for external transportation is longer. No existing roads are available for use. 2. 2. 30 1. which brings heavier loss. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are more villages. The land surface is dominated by deserts. According to the numerical simulation analysis. The vegetation density of the area is low. thus distance of sending is longer. The outward transmission distance is about 11km and the outward transmission conditions are excellent. Power can be sent through local 230kV substation. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. According to the numerical simulation analysis. Weight scores F21 F22 28 villages. power must be sent. 28 25 1. The construction conditions are great. with potential for large-scale development. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 2. There is an unhardened road leading to the wind farm. There's no anemometer mast in the site. power from the site can be sent together with power from hydropower station. It is located on the edge of the high terrace on the east of Great Rift Valley and the wind farm is flat. 1. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 132KV substation in Assela or directly transmitted to the 230KV substation in KOKA which is about 55km away. According to the numerical simulation analysis. F23 Name Assela wind farm Weight scores F24 Jacho wind farm Weight scores F25 Phase II Bolo wind farm Weight scores Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. but the distance is longer. and adjusted by hydropower station. There are a few villages.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No.: 10% 100 1. Power must be sent to the capital for digestion. There is no wind mast on site. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions and huge large-scale development potential. which is greatly beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. According to numerical simulation analysis and data from anemometer tower around. 25 30 1. The construction conditions are great. The area is dominated by farmlands and woodlands. It has a flat-farmland micro-terrain. 1. 2. It has a hilly terrain on a big terrace. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2500m-2600m. there's advantageous wind resource condition. 73 10 Based on the elementary understanding. The wind farm is about 20km away from Highway 9. It is located on the plateau terrace on the east of Great Rift Valley and the wind farm is flat and open. Part of the electric energy can be consumed locally and the other part can be transmitted outward to the capital for consumption. 2. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2100m-2200m. External transportation conditions are good. 2. New line is needed to send power to Koka substation or the capital. The altitude of the wind farm is within 1600m-2800m. External transportation conditions are good without restrictions. According to the numerical simulation analysis. External transportation are better without restrictions. which is beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. 1. 2. 28 1. A few country roads are available for use. It has a plateau-terrace terrain on the west side of Great Rift Valley and the topography within the wind farm does not undulate greatly. Only a few country roads are available for use. There are a few villages. Highway No8 is about 20km away from the west side of the wind farm. It has a flat-farmland micro-terrain. The construction conditions are better. 10 90 . there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. Highway 8 is next to the wind farm. this wind farm has common wind resources conditions and is worthy of development. 2. The traffic conditions are convenient. 22 212 30 Based on the elementary understanding. which is relatively beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. 20 1. 93 10 Based on the elementary understanding. 2. Power can be sent to Gilgel Gibe III hydropower station. 2. A few country roads are available for use. There is a gravel road leading to the wind farm. There is no wind mast on site. The traffic conditions are convenient but the access road has greater gradient locally. 2. 18 1. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. The village density is slightly high. Given local digestion capacity is limited. The conditions of existing roads in the area are worse. The voltage level of the local power grid in the area where the wind farm is located is too low to meet the outward transmission requirements of wind power. The outward transmission conditions are relatively excellent. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 96 10 Based on the elementary understanding. There is lots of vegetation within the wind farm.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Name Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. There is no wind mast on site. The mileage of the highway for external transportation is longer. 2. According to the numerical simulation analysis. 20 18 1. The outward transmission ability is stronger. Given local limited digestion capacity. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to Fincha Hydropower Station nearby and transmitted outward together with hydropower. External highway is long and passes many hilly sections. 28 1. The area is dominated by sparse wastelands and there are also a few farmlands and woodlands. 2. There is no wind mast on site. 64 10 Based on the elementary understanding. The construction is easier. 2. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 132kV local substation in Dilla or transmitted outward to the 400kV substation in Soddo which is about 66km away. The electric energy can be transmitted outward to the capital or Kenya for consumption. which is relatively beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are more villages. The overall terrain within the wind farm is flat and does not undulate greatly. The road conditions in the area are worse and no major roads are available for use. The population density is lower. The electric energy can enter the 400kV backbone network. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are more villages. 2. 28 1. 1. The outward transmission distance is about 70km. It has a low-mountain hilly micro-terrain. The electric energy is mainly transmitted outward together with hydropower to the capital or Sudan by the backbone network. power must be sent together with hydropower through backbone 213 30 1. 2. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 2. this wind farm has common wind resources conditions and is worthy of development. According to the numerical simulation analysis. The site is far from major highway and poor for entry. It is on both sides of Highway 3 on the south side of Dangla and has a plateau terrain. F26 Weight scores F27 Dilla West wind farm Weight scores F28 Dangla wind farm 16 1. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2200m-2500m. The overall terrain within the wind farm is flat and does not undulate greatly. restricted in local sections. this wind farm has common wind resources conditions 1. The construction is easier. 2.: 10% 100 Hula wind farm 1. The outward transmission distance is about 26km. The altitude of the wind farm is within 1450m-1700m. 2. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions and large-scale development potential. 1. 2. It is located on the edge of the plateau terrace on the east side of Great Rift Valley and the topography within the wind farm undulates slightly. The wind farm is flat and the altitude of it is within about 2200m-2500m. It has a raised plateau-terrace terrain and the north-south distribution is beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. According to the numerical simulation analysis. Project site Type No. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 400kV key substation in Bahir Dar. 67 . The highway shall pass through more Based on the elementary understanding. The traffic conditions are convenient and the condition of access road is better. Highway 6 is next to the east side of the wind farm. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. 15 1. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and is worthy of large-scale development. The wind farm is over 30km away from the 132kV substation in Harar. 24 2. According to the numerical simulation analysis. It has a plateau-mountain terrain. 2. 1. so it is necessary to 214 87 72 56 .: 10% 100 and is worthy of development. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 18 1. 1. Long mileage of external highway. Highway 5 is on the south side of the wind farm with a distance of about 3km. There is no wind mast on site. F30 F31 network. The highway shall pass through more mountainous areas with restricted sections locally.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. Weight scores 22 20 20 10 Babile wind farm 1. The area is dominated by wastelands and the village distribution is scattered. 23 1. The terrain of the wind farm does not undulate greatly and the altitude of it is within 2100m-2350m. The overall terrain within the wind farm is flat and does not undulate greatly. 2. According to the numerical simulation analysis. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2180m-2550m. Based on the elementary understanding. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and is worthy of large-scale development. The overall construction conditions are good. The planning area may coincide with the protected area. The electric energy can be consumed by Gonder or transmitted outward together with hydropower to the capital or Sudan by the backbone network. which is beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. The road conditions in the area are worse and no major roads are available for use. 30 24 10 1. mountainous areas with restricted sections locally. The access road has greater gradient locally. 1. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 400kV local key substation and transmitted outward together with hydropower. The altitude of the wind farm is within 1550m-1620m. The access conditions are very convenient. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. The electric energy is mainly transmitted outward to the capital for consumption. The mileage of the highway for external transportation is longer. It is located on the low and gentle mountains in the southeast of Harar and the topography undulates slightly. Ambo Wind farm 2. It is located on the edge of the plateau terrace on the southwest side of Debre Markos and the windward terrain is beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. There is no wind mast on site. restriction for passing Blue Nile. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 230kV substation in Addis Alem and transmitted outward to the capital. 10 Based on the elementary understanding. The construction is easier. 1. 2. There is no wind mast on site. It is a low-mountain wind farm and the topographic undulation is slightly greater. The outward transmission distance is slightly long and the outward transmission capacity may be restricted. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are a few country roads. which is beneficial to form better wind energy conditions. Name Weight scores F29 Debre Markos West wind farm Weight scores Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. 2. It has a low-gentle-mountain micro-terrain and the terrain does not undulate greatly. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are more villages. Sending to 230kV substation of Gonder by a distance about 60km needs line of higher voltage class. According to the numerical simulation analysis. 1. 23 There are some villages. A 230kV high-voltage line passes through the wind farm. Landform of the site is a little bitty with local slight relief. good for generating proper wind energy conditions. The road for external transportation shall pass through mountainous with greater camber and gradient in many sections.: 10% make further verification. The area is basically dominated by grasslands and wastelands and there are also some farmlands. The wind farm is near Highway NO4. Weight scores F32 Dabat wind farm Weight scores F33 Phase I Weldiya wind farm 23 1. with potential for large-scale development. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and huge development potential. According to simulation analysis and data from anemometer tower around. 10 70 . 2. Lower voltage class of grid around can't support sending of wind power. supporting development to some extent. There are many hill roads and high slope in some sections of external highway. There is no wind mast on site. The consumption is convenient. 2. there's moderate wind resource condition.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. Most of the site is farmland. transport cost is high. 68 5 Based on the elementary understanding. According to numerical simulation analysis and data from anemometer tower around. The electric energy of wind farm is transmitted to the backbone network. or directly transmitted outward to Weldiya. finally entering local power grid. The population density is not high. The access traffic conditions convenient. 20 Others Weight percent. The terrain within the wind farm does not undulate greatly. Besides the poor transport conditions. Transportation of large-scale equipments cannot be achieved. 5 1. 2. 2. Weight scores 15 2. On the margin of the terrace in the west of East African Great Rift Valley. with not a few villages. low and gentle hilly area with individual wide relief. There's 3# highway to the west of the wind farm. There's no data from anemometer tower in the site. microtopography: low and gentle hilly area. Local power absorption capacity is very limited. 25 215 1. There's no anemometer tower in the site. 15 20 1. Score 100 5 Based on the elementary understanding. 28 1. External highway is complicated and long and passes many hilly sections. 2. ASL: 3300~3500m. On the raised plateau in the southeast of Dabat. so the outward transmission and consumption are relatively convenient. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. there's good wind resource condition. Some major highways pass through the area. It can be transmitted outward together with the electric energy of Tisaba Hydropower Station. 2. good for enrichment on hilltop，ASL: 2500m~2600m. so the electric energy can be transmitted to the backbone network by T connection. Name Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% 2. The wind farm is near the load centers of Harar and Dire Dawa. 2. restricted in local sections. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. But the power transmission distance is relatively longer and the loss rate is higher. 1. F34 Name Gondar East wind farm Weight scores F36 Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. 10 Based on the elementary understanding. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 230KV substation in Gondar. 70 10 Based on the elementary understanding. which is beneficial to form better wind energy conditions. The electric energy of wind farm is transmitted to the backbone network. It is located on the plateau terrace on the northeast side of Lake Tana and the topographic prominence is beneficial to form enrichment of wind energy. 2. 23 1. so the transportation conditions are worse. But the power transmission distance is relatively longer and the loss rate is higher. According to the numerical simulation analysis. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2650m-2740m. 15 25 20 1. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and is suitable for large-scale development. so the electric energy can be transmitted to the backbone network by T connection. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 230KV substation in Gondar. The terrain within the wind farm does not undulate greatly. The area is basically dominated by grasslands and wastelands and there are also some farmlands. It can be transmitted outward together with the electric energy of TISABA Hydropower Station. The electric energy can be consumed by Gonder or transmitted outward to Sudan in future. It is the located on the raised plateau terraces on the east side of Gondar and the terrain is beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. It has a low-mountain. It is further away from the major highway and the mileage of the highway for external transportation is longer. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. The overall terrain within the wind farm is flat with slightly greater undulation locally. A 230kV high-voltage line passes through the wind farm. The outward transmission distance is about 42km. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 2. Based on the elementary understanding. so the outward transmission and consumption are relatively convenient. 20 1. The outward transmission distance is about 16km. According to numerical simulation analysis and data from anemometer tower around. The area is dominated by farmlands and has a small population. The area is dominated by farmlands and has a small population. 1. 2. finally entering local power grid. Some major highways pass through the area. 20 1. 216 2. supporting development to some extent. The highway shall pass through more mountainous areas with restricted sections locally.: 10% 100 1. There are constraints and the cost of reconstruction works is higher. there's moderate wind resource condition. The condition of the access highway is complex with greater gradient locally. The population density is not high. The highway shall also pass through a tunnel. 73 73 . or can be directly transmitted to Weldiya. The terrain within the wind farm does not undulate greatly and the altitude of it is within 2650m-3000m. There is no wind mast data on site. 1. The overall terrain within the wind farm is flat with slightly greater undulation locally. gentle-hill and terraced terrain. The external access highway passes through an uphill mountain road with greater gradient and more curves. 1. 2. Phase II Weldiya wind farm Weight scores F35 Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Rufa'el wind farm 2. The altitude of the wind farm is about 3500m. Gibi III Hydropower Station under construction and transmitted outward together with hydropower. The major asphalt highway is about 3km away from the north side of the wind farm. External transportation conditions are convenient without restrictions. The consumption is convenient. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 132kV substation in Debre Birhan. 2. There is no wind mast on site. The traffic conditions are worse. there's moderate wind resource condition. Name Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. The outward transmission ability is stronger. The altitude of the wind farm is 3000m-3500m. 2. so it is necessary to make further verification. The topographic undulation within the wind farm is slightly greater. It is about 12km away from the Hydropower Station. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 15 1. The electric energy can be consumed by Gonder or transmitted outward to Sudan in future. The electric energy can be transmitted outward to the capital or Kenya for consumption. 2. 1. There are farmlands and woodlands in the area and the population density is common. According to numerical simulation analysis and data from anemometer tower around. According to the numerical simulation analysis. 10 78 . According to the numerical simulation analysis. The outward transmission project has a distance of about 20km. 20 1. 68 5 Based on the elementary understanding. There are a few villages. 2. Some highways pass through part of the area and the construction volume of the roads in the area is slightly greater. The area is dominated by farmlands and woodlands. which is relatively beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and is suitable for large-scale development. The conditions of access roads are better and it is about 10km away from Highway 1. The construction is slightly difficult. 2. In future. 30 217 2. The roads for external transportation shall go through mountainous areas with restricted sections locally. Weight scores F37 Debre Birhan wind farm Weight scores F38 Bale wind farm 23 20 1. which is greatly beneficial to form better wind energy conditions.: 10% 100 2. The wind farm is about 20km away from Debre Birhan and about 125km away from the capital load centre. supporting development to some extent. 18 23 1. There is no wind mast on site. The electric energy can enter the 400kV backbone network. It has a plateau-mountain terrain.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. Weight scores 2. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2290m-2600m. It has a terraced terrain and is located on the edge of the salient terrace on the west side of Great Rift Valley. 25 1. this wind farm has common wind resources conditions and is worthy of development. the electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the G. The condition of the access highway is complex with greater gradient locally. It is further away from the major highway and the mileage of the highway for external transportation is longer. The highway shall pass through more mountainous areas with restricted sections locally. The outward transmission conditions are convenient. It has a plateau-mountain terrain on the west side of Great Rift Valley and the topography within the wind farm undulates greatly. 20 10 Some forest reserves may be involved in the wind farm. 2. Transportation of large-scale equipments cannot be achieved. The wind farm is about 10km away from the 132kV substation in Harar. The area is dominated by sparse woodlands and there are also a few farmlands and villages. which is beneficial to form better wind energy conditions. The access conditions are better and the traffic conditions are convenient. 23 25 1. It has a low-gentle-mountain terrain and the topography does not undulate greatly. Jijiga wind farm 2. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and huge development potential. The wind farm is near Highway 4. The consumption is convenient. Based on the elementary understanding. which is beneficial to form better wind energy conditions. The consumption is convenient. The altitude of the wind farm is within 1950m-2250m. The road for external transportation shall pass through mountainous areas with greater camber and gradient in many sections. It is located on the low and gentle north-south chine in the west of Jijiga. The construction conditions are relatively better. 2. some forest reserves may be involved around the wind farm. There is no wind mast on site. 25 25 5 10 1. 1. 2. It is located on the low and gentle mountains in the northeast of Harar and the topographic undulation is slightly greater. 2. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. The wind farm is near the load centers of Harar and Dire Dawa. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are a few country roads. which is beneficial to form better wind energy conditions. The road for external transportation shall pass through mountainous areas with greater camber and gradient in many sections. It has a low-mountain micro-terrain. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and huge development potential. The vegetation density of the area is not high. The wind farm is at the end of the eastern part of the State Grid. The wind farm is about 10km away from the 132kV substation in Harar. 65 58 65 . The access conditions are better and the traffic conditions are convenient. 2. But the construction of the roads in the area is slightly difficult.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. Based on the elementary understanding. According to the numerical simulation analysis. According to the numerical simulation analysis. The wind farm is near Highway 4. There are some villages. F39 Name Harar West wind farm Weight scores Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. 2. 1. The altitude of the wind farm is within 1900m-2200m. so it is necessary to make further verification. so the outward transmission capacity may be restricted. No existing roads are available for use. F40 Harar East wind farm Weight scores F41 1. 218 5 5 1. It has a mountain micro-terrain with better mountain consistency. It has a gentle-mountain micro-terrain with steeper slopes locally. The overall construction conditions are better. The overall construction Based on the elementary understanding. The altitude of the wind farm is within 1750m-2000m. The outward transmission conditions are better but the outward transmission capacity may be restricted. There is no wind mast on site. The outward transmission conditions are better but the outward transmission capacity may be restricted. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 1. Transportation of large-scale equipments cannot be achieved.: 10% 100 1. 1. The wind farm is near the load centers of Harar and Dire Dawa. The population density is low. It has a low-gentle-hill terrain on the west side of Great Rift Valley.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2300m-2500m. According to numerical simulation analysis and data from anemometer tower around. 1. Transportation of large-scale equipments cannot be achieved. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. On the margin of the terrace in the west of East African Great Rift Valley. 67 69 . 1. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 230kV substation in Alaba on the east. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. The construction condition is common. there's advantageous wind resource condition. Name Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. It has a low-gentle-hill terrain. 2. 2. 1. The wind farm is about 30km away from Debre Birhan and about 135km away from the capital load centre. Based on the elementary understanding. The road for external transportation shall pass through mountainous areas with greater camber and gradient in many sections. there's moderate wind resource condition. this wind farm has common wind resources conditions and is worthy of development. The consumption is convenient.: 10% 100 2. The access conditions are better and the traffic conditions are convenient. According to the numerical simulation analysis. so please pay attention to avoiding the impact such as turbine noise on residents. But there are more residents. 219 24 5 1. 18 20 1. minor roads’ condition is worse. Highway 9 is near the west side of the wind farm. low hilly area. The area is basically dominated by grasslands and wastelands and there are also some farmlands. with huge development potential. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. The construction conditions are better. However. 5 10 Based on the elementary understanding. ASL: 2800~3500m. Weight scores F42 Durame wind farm Weight scores F43 Debre Sina wind farm 30 2. The area is dominated by farmlands and woodlands. Sending is required due to limited digestion capacity of local grid. The village density is high. which is relatively beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. Some country roads are available for use. 2. The condition of access road is better. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 132kV substation in Debre Birhan. Highway No1 passes through the area. There is no wind mast on site. 2. The linear distance of outward transmission is about 30km. The electric energy can be consumed by local power grid and it can also enter the main network for outward transmission through Weltike Substation. 2. The outward transmission project has a distance of about 27km. The conditions of access roads are better and external transportation conditions are convenient. 20 conditions are slightly bad. supporting 1. 2. The terrain within the wind farm does not undulate greatly. The wind farm is near Highway 4. According to numerical simulation analysis and site wind observations. 2. 3 74 . There is no wind mast on site. there are more residents in the wind farm. Some country roads are available for use. According to the numerical simulation analysis. Name Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. which is greatly beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. Some country roads are available for use. this wind farm has common wind resources conditions and is worthy of development. The construction conditions are better. The area is relatively flat. The area is dominated by farmlands and woodlands. There are slightly more villages. There is no wind mast on site.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. But the consumption capacity is limited. which is greatly beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. The outward transmission distance is about 15km. so please pay attention to avoiding the impact of factors such as turbine noise on residents. Based on the elementary understanding. support sending to 132kV substation of Butajira by a distance about 30km (with limited access capacity). there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 20 25 1.: 10% 100 development to some extent. But there are more residents. Highway 9 is on the west side of the wind farm with a distance of about 2km. The condition of access road is better. It is located on the edge of the high terrace on the west side of Great Rift Valley. 1. 2. with a high terraced terrain. Weight scores F44 Bu’I West wind farm 13 1. Sending is required due to limited digestion capacity of local grid. Weak grid conditions. It has a low-gentle-hill terrain and the terrain does not undulate greatly. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 132k substation in Butajira. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are also a few woodlands. 2. It is located on the edge of the terrace uplifting gradually on the west side of Great Rift Valley. 2. 23 20 220 28 73 5 Some forest reserves may be involved in the wind farm. According to the numerical simulation analysis. 1. so it is necessary to make further verification. Weight scores F45 Butajira wind farm Weight scores 23 23 23 10 1. The access road is about 30km long with greater gradient in a few sections. It can supply power to local loads to reduce the load flow of power grid. The altitude of the wind farm is within 3200m-3400m. Highway 9 is on the east side of the wind farm. 1. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. 2. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2280m-2600m. or to the capital by building transmission line. 2. this wind farm has better wind resources conditions and is worthy of large-scale development. The construction conditions are better. so please pay attention to avoiding the impact such as turbine noise on residents. There are more villages. 2. Meanwhile. There is no wind mast on site. It is located in the low mountain wind farm in the north of Yabelo. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions and large-scale development potential. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are also a few woodlands. According to the numerical simulation analysis. It is located in the hilly area on the west side of Great Rift Valley. which is relatively beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. so need to avoiding the impact such as turbine noise on residents. 2. 5 28 221 Others Weight percent. The area is dominated by sparse woodlands.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. The population density is not high. 27 1. 2. 2. 2. 20 1. The conditions of existing roads in the area are worse. The power grid conditions need to be improved in the future. 2. so it is necessary to make further verification. 18 20 1. The condition of access road is better. Local electric energy consumption ability is very limited. The linear distance of outward transmission is about 12km. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 132kV substation in Hosaina on the west. which is beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. The construction conditions are better. Highway 9 is near the west side of the wind farm. Village density is high there. But there are more residents. Highway 9 is on the west side of the wind farm with a distance of about 2km. which is beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. The construction is easy. A grade highway passes through the wind farm. Some country roads are available for use. this wind farm has common wind resources conditions and is worthy of development. Construction conditions are better. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2100m-2330m. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. The population density is very low. Score 100 67 76 10 Based on the elementary understanding. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2300m-2550m. 28 1. 2. The linear distance of outward transmission is about 32km. Some country roads are available for use. 1. The traffic conditions are convenient. There is no wind mast on site. so it is difficult for outward transmission. this wind farm has common wind resources conditions and is worthy of development. There is no wind mast on site. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. F46 Name Fonka West wind farm Weight scores F47 Fonka East wind farm Weight scores F48 Yabelo wind farm Weight scores Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% 1. 18 2. The electric energy can be consumed by local power grid and it can also enter the main network for outward transmission through Weltike Substation. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. 5 Based on the elementary understanding. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. some forest reserves may be involved in the wind farm. The altitude of the wind farm is within 2100m-2300m. According to the numerical simulation analysis. The electric energy of wind farm can be transmitted to the 132kV substation in Hosaina on the west. The electric energy can be consumed by local power grid and it can also enter the main network for outward transmission through Weltike Substation. 1. 24 1. It has a ridge-type terrain. It has a ridge-type terrain on the west side of Great Rift Valley. 2. According to the numerical simulation analysis. 8 68 .: 10% There is no sensitive target in the wind farm. The condition of access road is better. 2. It has a hilly terrain. There is no backbone network covering the area. 1. The area is dominated by farmlands and there are also a few woodlands. It has a low-mountain terrain with better mountain consistency. 1. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. It is necessary to further verify whether the site is involved with military zone or protection zone. 2. There is no wind mast on site. easy for digestion. It is located on the salient low and gentle mountains in the northeast of Mega. The area is dominated by sparse woodlands. ASL: about 3000m. Highway 6 is next to the wind farm. There is no backbone network covering the area. According to the numerical simulation analysis. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions and large-scale development potential. 2. The site is on hilly area that is difficult for construction. with enrichment of wind source. The site is good for external transport without restriction. so it is difficult for outward transmission. There's 1# highway to the south of the site. No existing roads in the area are available for use. 2. 27 5 1. 222 Based on the elementary understanding. The altitude of the wind farm is about 2100m. 66 66 89 . 1. It has a low-mountain micro-terrain with better mountain consistency and slightly steeper slopes locally. According to numerical simulation analysis and site wind observations. 2. There is no wind mast on site. with potential for large-scale development. Local of the approach road is high slope. 2. 1. No existing roads in the area are available for use.: 10% 100 1. The traffic conditions are convenient and the access road is about 4km long. The power grid conditions need to be improved in the future. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. The area is dominated by sparse woodlands. External transportation conditions are better without restrictions. Based on the elementary understanding. 1. There's no anemometer 1. It is located on the salient low and gentle mountains in the northeast of Mega. which is greatly beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. so it is difficult for outward transmission. this wind farm has excellent wind resources conditions and large-scale development potential. Neighbor Sulalta substation hinge. The altitude of the wind farm is about 1900m-2100m. The population density is very low. Local electric energy consumption ability is very limited. 8 2. which is greatly beneficial to form enrichment of wind resources. The construction is slightly difficult. 2. Most of the site is waste land and forestry land. According to the numerical simulation analysis. F49 Name Mega East wind farm Weight scores F50 F51 Mega West wind farm Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. The construction is slightly difficult. easy for sending. Local electric energy consumption ability is very limited. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 2. There is no backbone network covering the area. Hilly area on plateau. 2. 26 8 1. Power can be sent to load center of the capital. Weight scores 27 5 26 Addis Ababa wind energy and solar energy demonstration base 1.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. The population density is very low. It has a low-mountain micro-terrain with better mountain consistency and slightly steeper slopes locally. The traffic conditions are convenient. there's advantageous wind resource condition. The power grid conditions need to be improved in the future. Highway No6 is next to the wind farm. It is about 11km away from Awash Hydropower Station and about 25km away from Koka Hydropower Station.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project site Type No. The construction conditions are excellent. 2. 2. The power is transmitted to the local power grid for consumption. Weight scores G1 Debre birhan PV power station Weight scores G2 PV power Metehara PV power station Weight scores G3 Awash PV power station Weight scores G4 Dera Solar PV power station 28 1. The wind farm is open and flat and the land surface is dominated by sparse tropical shrubs. this wind farm has excellent radiation source conditions and huge development potential. 2. so the outward transmission conditions are convenient. It is about 11km away from Awash Hydropower Station and about 25km away from Koka Hydropower Station. The consumption is convenient. It is near the load centers of Dera 223 25 1. so the outward transmission conditions are relatively convenient. It is near the load center of Metehara. 2.: 10% 100 30 26 5 tower in the site. Name Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Others Score Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percent. It is less than 2Km away from AWASH Substation. It is next to Highway 4. this wind farm has excellent radiation source conditions and huge development potential. 2. there is no sensitive target in the wind 99 97 . It is about 2. 30 1. which can reduce the load flow transmission supplied by the local power grid. It is next to Highway 8. so please pay attention to avoiding the impact on animal habitats on site.5Km away from Debre birhan Substation. The transportation conditions are convenient without restrictions. According to the numerical simulation analysis. The area is flat and open and is dominated by grasslands. The wind farm is open and flat and the land surface is dominated by grasslands. 30 1. 1. It is next to a city and Highway 1. 2. It is next to Awash and Highway 4. 27 1. which is very suitable for the construction of large-scale PV power stations. The area is flat and is dominated by wastelands. 28 1. there is no sensitive target in the wind farm. 2. The construction conditions are excellent. The wind farm is open and flat and the land surface is dominated by sparse shrubs. which is suitable for the construction of large-scale PV power stations. so the outward transmission conditions are relatively convenient. 30 1. 2. The wind farm is open and flat and the land surface is dominated by farmlands. 2. The construction conditions are excellent. According to the numerical 1. The Based on the elementary understanding. The area is flat and open and is dominated by farmlands. there is no sensitive target in the PV station. The area is flat and open and is dominated by wastelands. According to the numerical simulation analysis. which is suitable for the construction of large-scale PV power stations. The transportation conditions are convenient without restrictions. 2. 2. The transportation conditions are convenient without restrictions. It is next to the local load center. 30 1. which is suitable for the construction of large-scale PV power stations. 2. 92 3 Based on the elementary understanding. 95 10 The PV station is an animal protection area. According to the numerical simulation analysis. The construction conditions are excellent. 28 1. 10 Based on the elementary understanding. The consumption is convenient. so the outward transmission conditions are convenient. this wind farm has wonderful radiation source conditions and huge development potential. 30 1. grid absorption condition. while the site. Construction conditions (30%): This part is divided into internal condition and external condition. Score 100 10 Remarks for scoring of site selection: To better compare and describe characteristics of the sites preliminarily selected for wind farm projects and solar PV power station projects. the site will be scored as 0. a site is scored by access distance and voltage class. upon classification of resource distribution. The consumption is convenient. power output from which is much higher than absorption capacity around thus can't be absorbed locally or can't be sent. Internal condition refers to internal complexity of a wind farm or PV station. and also an important reference for determining development sequence. this wind farm has wonderful radiation source conditions and huge development potential. a site is scored by class of the basic condition. if there's no substation accessible around.: 10% farm.Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Conditions of wind energy and solar radiation resources Power grid access conditions Construction conditions Name Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% Weight percentage: 30% and Adama. As for grid digestion condition. Each site is scored by class. Resource conditions (30%): This part is established as richness of wind energy or solar energy resource in site. the major considerations are distance from load center and absorption convenience. comprehensive comparison is carried out by means of comprehensive scoring. As for grid access condition. 20. 10). Total of scores in the three parts is final score of the wind farm. 10%) taken into account. 5 or 0. Other conditions (10%): For this part. the site will be scored as 20. If a site is scored as 0 in any of internal condition or external condition. Weight scores simulation analysis. Grid access and absorption conditions (30%): Two factors are considered in this part (grid access condition. 30%). if there's substation accessible around. a site is scored as 10. 224 . The site which has good mobilization and is easy for external transport is scored as 15 while that which is subject to external restriction is scored as 0. 27 Project site Type No. it will be scored as 0 in this part.. The total reflects level of construction conditions. The scoring (total score: 100) is to reflect difference in comprehensive construction conditions among all sites thus establish their priority. 28 30 Others Weight percent. by type and influence level of each condition. The site which is flat and easy for construction is scored as 15 while that which is steep and impossible for construction is scored as 0. grid conditions (access and absorption. with generation basis and quality of resource considered. In detail. Judgment on resource condition is based on results of site anemometry and numerical simulation analysis. The site close to load center and strong in absorption capacity is scored as 10. In detail. is scored as 0. External condition covers mobilization road and external transport condition. transportation conditions are convenient without restrictions. 30%). project construction conditions (30%) and other factors related to project development (environment. with resources (resource conditions. etc. Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Attached Figure 1 Average Wind Speed Distribution at 50m Height in Ethiopia in 1980~2009 225 . Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Attached Figure 2 Average Wind Power Density Distribution at 50m Height in Ethiopia in 1980~2009 226 . Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Attached Figure 3 Available Installed Capacity Distribution of the Wind Resources all over Ethiopia (Unit: Wind Power Density Grade) 227 . Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Attached Figure 4 Total Average Annual Solar Radiation Distribution in Ethiopia in 1980~2009 228 . Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Attached Figure 5 Schematic Diagram of the Development Schedule of Planning Wind and Solar Power Generation Projects in Ethiopia 229 . Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Attached Figure 6 Load Flow Calculation Results of the Power System of Ethiopia in 2015 230 .