IATENEO DE ILOILO Santa Maria Catholic School High School Department Science Program Pison Avenue, Brgy. San Rafael, Mandurriao, Iloilo City Musical Tesla Coil: Manipulating Electric Currents to Make Music An Investigative Project In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Physics Submitted to: Engr. Herman M. Lagon, Ph.D. Submitted by: Jozelle Jan Alpanghe Baquiano Gershom Sabueso Dureza Jenson Patrimonio Espanta Rolando Mallare Nielo III Andrea Mae Sorongon Solas MARCH 2012 II ATENEO DE ILOILO Santa Maria Catholic School High School Science Program Pison Ave., San Rafael Mandurriao, Iloilo City APPROVAL SHEET This Investigative Project entitled ―Musical Tesla Coil: Manipulating Electric Currents to Make Music‖ in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Physics IV, has been examined, accepted and approved. Investigators Jozelle Jan Alpanghe Baquiano Member Jenson Patrimonio Espanta Member Rolando Mallare Nielo Member Andrea Mae Sorongon Solas Member Gershom Sabueso Dureza Leader Approved by: ENGR. HERMAN MAGBANUA LAGON, Ph.D. Subject Teacher Date of Approval: III ABSTRACT Gershom Sabueso Dureza, Andrea Mae Sorongon Solas, Jozelle Jan Alpanghe Baquiano, Rolando Mallare Nielo, Jenson Patrimonio Espanta Musical Tesla Coil Investigative Project ATENEO DE ILOILO Santa Maria Catholic School High School Department Pison Ave., San Rafael Mandurriao, Iloilo City 2012 Tesla Coils had been considered as a new step to transmitting electricity without wires and thus becoming an object of fascination over the world. That fascination had also found its way to the researchers wanting to create their own. Its abilities to transform ordinary power into high frequencies to be able to create music and light fluorescent bulbs pushed the researchers to investigate how it really works. The objective of the study was to test manipulation of high frequency electric currents in order to create ―sounds‖ from the device, which was measured through the length of the arc of the Tesla Coil, weight of the metallic torus and the number of coils. To examine and discover the different factors, the investigators used dB meter to measure the pitch of the discharged current and is translated into notes through its top load. The investigators formulated several hypotheses regarding the topic in order to help them arrive at conclusions. Each hypothesis was tested several times until the researchers arrived at a result wherein it can become a basis which variables are to be changed to further improve their experiment. After the testing, it was found out that the investigation was a failure because of certain discrepancies and errors in determining the materials and assembling it. The investigation was also withdrawn due to the dangers that the investigators failed to review. The materials used by the investigators were bought from D’Jeans Electrical Shop. These aided the investigators in fulfilling their goal in answering the question: ―What are the factors that will affect the voltage and the pitch produce by a tesla coil?‖ From the findings of the researchers, they were able to construct a plasma ball instead of having the original musical tesla coil as planned. Mrs. assistance. Marilyn Pineda. Alan Baquiano.IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We. and Mrs. With his assistance we were able to learn new concepts and things that we could use in our life. Mr. would like to express our deepest and utmost gratitude and appreciation to the following people who. for their unending moral support. our Physics teacher. for letting us borrow hard bound Investigations and a 9. and for allowing us to finish our Investigation during weekends. We would like to thank the school for giving us this chance to be able to further improve our scientific skills. We thank him for the tips on how to improve our project. the researchers. The Investigator’s parents. . Herman Magbanua Lagon. have helped in making this study possible and complete: First to Engr. Last. D’Jeans Electrical Supply for supplying us with our materials and helping us make the Tesla coil. Ateneo de Iloilo. Our Alma Mater. the school’s laboratory in charge. for exposing us to the hardships and joys of completing an investigative study. but most importantly to God Almighty for keeping us steadfast and patient throughout the investigation. for accommodating us in their home during the testing of our project. and inspiration he has given to us. for the consultations. in one way or another. parents of Jozelle Baquaino. Mr.000V transformer in order for us to finish the project. We are really grateful for his patience and considerations to us despite our shortcomings. ground and construct the tesla coil. The Electricians in D’Jeans Electrical Supply for helping us construct and connect electrical parts of the Tesla Coil. Donald Patrimonio for helping us design. ........... ..1 Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………………............................2 Definition of terms………………………………………………………………………..............iii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………iv Chapter 1: Introduction …………………………………………………………….................3 Chapter II: Review of Related Literature………………………………………….1 Hypotheses………………………………………………………………………………................. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………… APPENDICES….................. Chapter IV: Results and Analysis……………………………………………………… Chapter V: Conclusions and Recommendations…………………………………….2 Scope and Delimitations………………………………………………………………........…1 Background of the Study …...5 Chapter III: Methodology……………………………………………………………...........................V TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page………………………………………………………………………………..... Procedures……………………………………………………………………………….…i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………ii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….. Photo Gallery……………………………………………………………………………................... Materials………………………………………………………………………………….2 Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………....... Financial Report………………………………………………………………………….......................... transformers. electricity plays a big role in the society. However. The Sorcerer’s Apprentice. to absorb the excess voltage and increase the efficiency of the electronics used. the researchers come up with the problem: What are the factors that will affect the voltage and the pitch produce by a tesla coil? . That is the reason why before the electronics will work. it is an air-core transformer and also called resonant transformer circuit that has an air. the study of Musical Tesla Coil gives knowledge that will answer on how it works and how it can explain the interaction of electromagnetism and sound. electricity go through these transformers in order to regulate the voltage to be used. In fact it is involved in almost anything. Transformers are the ones which converts electricity to the right voltage for a certain appliance. core is used to produce high voltages at high frequencies alternating current (AC) electricity higher than other electrical discharges. rather than iron. is not just a good example of a scientific instrument but also an entertainment and exhibit tool. and became the part of everyday use.VI CHAPTER 1 Introduction Background of the Study Nowadays. especially during the part when the protagonist was able to create music from the electricity being released by the Tesla Coil. Statement of the Problem After days of deciding for the investigative project. In line with that. in this study the researchers also want to develop a Tesla Coil which can control its current discharge and create music according to the user’s will. electronic chips and most of all. the researchers hope to develop a small scale Tesla Coil that can create music through shooting high frequency currents. in reflection on the breakthrough of the technology today. What makes the researchers' curiosity provoked them is when they discovered the sounding property of the tesla coil. Musical Tesla Coil. Like the tesla coil. In this study. As a one of the instruments that gives not only breakthroughs. before these electronics are at hand. it started with the invention of circuit boards. But. The study was inspired by a well-known movie. the researchers choose Musical Tesla Coil. Musical Tesla Coil is not just a tangible instrument that will amaze students but also to learn and encourage them to explore the fields of electromagnetism. the higher the voltage it releases. sound and its relationship. Significance of the Study Students are the ones who would benefit from the results of the study. the following hypotheses are advanced: 1) The longer the height of the coil. All these apply these ideas in conducting study on the Musical Tesla Coil. It is only limited to small experimentations due to the incorporation of home-made materials into . sound and its relationship. the lower the voltage will be produced by the top load. this study aims to produce only a small scale Tesla Coil. With these. Physics Enthusiasts and Future investigators can also use the study. 2) The more number of turns on the coils made in the secondary coil. However. the greater the voltage and the higher the pitch produced.VII Hypotheses In view of the preceding question. This study covers the concept about electromagnetism. both will have an ideas and knowledge about the abilities of the Tesla coil and its related works of electromagnetism. 3) The bigger the top load. Scopes and Delimitation The general of the study is to gather information about how Musical Tesla Coil works in producing sound using electrical currents and what can electricity do for our society. for this works hand in hand about the abilities of electromagnetism and its works. Teachers are be benefited too in a way that it can be a good instrument that would help the teachers in giving new ideas and interest in the discussion. It will be altered and will be tried to manipulate in order to create music. 3. protons having positive charge). Electric Current Electric current is any movement of electric charge carriers. 2.com/ . 4. Top Load Top Load is a donut or toroid shape part of the tesla coil.g. This head part of the tesla coil . Pitch ..a site that gives plan and construction of a tesla coil) In this study.thefreedictionary. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value. The study also needs the help of experts and a good place in order to promote safety and to help in the construction and experimentation of the Tesla coil. This study may also be used for further improvement of the Tesla coil. it is the crucial part of the Tesla Coil.teslacoildesign. electric current that flows out from the power source. it is the power source to operate the tesla coil. which is dependent on electrc current received. Definition of terms 1.com/Power+supply An online dictionary that explains the concept about power supply). use to distribute electric charges to create musical tone. Power Supply A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads. the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source(http://encyclopedia. In this study. such as subatomic charged particles (e.britannica.VIII the making of the Tesla Coil. The variety of some power supply will be used to manipulate the electric in the contraption. which may result to slight inaccuracy. Investigators are to test their set-up from a certain distance away from the Tesla coil to avoid accidents from happening. or holes (electron deficiencies that may be thought of as positive particles)(http://www. It acts as a capacitor in the circuit(http://www.com/ Ebchecked/topic/182467/electric-current an online encyclopedia that explains the concept about electric current) In this study. electrons having negative charge. ions (atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons). thefreedictionary. coil is referred to the number of turns of wires wound around the core. it is the intensity of the sound produce by the Musical Tesla Coil. . usually for the purpose of creating dramatic electric arcs and lightning effects or for producing xrays.(Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. dependent on the frequency of the sound. Webster's Vest Pocket Dictionary.(Merriam-Webster. releasing its charge in huge current flows that generate extremely high voltages (up to ten million volts) through an open-air transformer.(2010) Science. it is the tallness needed by the tesla coil in order to receive the desired voltage to the top load. Environment.353) In this study. (http://www. A spark gap periodically shorts out the capacitor. The primary coil will be represented by a 2 inch PVC pipe coupling and was attached to the middle portion of the secondary coil. The secondary coil will be wound around a cylinder cardboard and both will be painted with varnish for further insulation. Coil Coil is a structure consisting of something wound in a continuous series of loops. p. 5. Webster's Vest Pocket Dictionary.146) In this study. Tesla coils use step-up transformers to boost the voltage of a power supply and build up large charges in a capacitor. the amount of volts received by the the top load in order to produce sound 7. 8. Technology and Society : Physics. p 549) In this study. 2004) In this study. p. This is one of the independent variables. (Merriam-Webster’s Intermediate Dictionary. 6. Tesla Coil Tesla coil is an electrical device that generates extremely high voltages. (Ferrer and Ungson. The wire that will be used by the group is a 24-gauge.IX Pitch is the highness or lowness of a sound. distance from top to bottom. Incorporated. Height Height is the altitude. Voltage Voltage is a quantity or amount of volts or electric current.com/tesla+coil an online dictionary that explain the concept about tesla coil) In this study. it will be used as a tool of creating music through its capability of shooting high frequency currents. has a combination of two circuits. it produces a magnetic field. gives him aid in researching on high-voltage electricity and wireless. Indeed he spent the majority of his career attempting to achieve wireless power.edu/~kier/tesla/index. One of the coils is made of heavy wire and has just a few turns around the tube.eng. The magnetic field induces current in the fine wire. the frequency of the current in the finer coil is much higher. As a result. both wound together around a hollow tube. Using this device.html. he invented some equipment. He also lit more than 200 lamps over the distance of 40 km (25 mi) without the use of intervening wires. Tesla Coil.X CHAPTER 2 Review on the Related Literature This part of the study presents the conceptual literature and related studies about the factors affecting the Musical Tesla Coil. When an alternating current passes through. These reviews are intended to facilitate deeper understanding of the investigation Related Concepts A.current systems that underlie the modern electrical power industry. it gave way to some of what that world has now. Each circuit has a coil of wire. the coil of heavy wire . He conducted much research in this area. Although he made little profit from his works. Discovery of the Tesla coil Tesla Coil was invented by Nikola Tesla. Tesla produced an electric spark 41 m (135 ft) long in 1899. electrical engineer and inventor. From http://www. Tesla's invention. and the voltage is also higher in the finer coil. From the Academic American Encyclopedia. including the Tesla Coil. Because of the difference in the wire and number of turns.utah. According from the Article ―Nikola Tesla‖ on Encarta 2011. it says that he devised the alternating. The highfrequency current of a large Tesla coil can energizer the gas -filled tubes from a long distance. which is a kind of transformer. Tesla invented his coil with the intention of transmitting electricity through the air. wherein it shows the knowledge of the group about Tesla coils. The other circuit coil is made of finer wire wound many times around the tube. His setup was . a Siberian-American physicist. used to supply high voltage to the front of television picture tubes. essential for the resonant transformer effect. (One of the very first particle accelerator designs. and even the electromagnetic nature of the earth and its atmosphere. generated its high voltage in a Tesla coil. He purposed using a few coils spread across the globe to transmit electrical energy through the earth. wireless power. which Extremely Ingenious Engineering explains what resonant transformer is. . Tesla himself used larger or smaller versions of his invention to investigate fluorescence.html. Resonant Transformers Musical Tesla Coil is a one of a Resonant Transformer. converting the input to a high-voltage signal at a comparatively high frequency. wherein Public Broadcasting Service introduces about Tesla coil. Today. x-rays.html. made possible by advances in solid state power transistors. Where ever power was needed one would need only a receiving coil to convert the power into a useful form. The high-power resonant transformer is driven at relatively high frequencies. it became a powerful radio transmitter. resonance transformer converts a low-voltage DC input into a high-voltage periodic signal at frequencies up to a hundred kilohertz. This DC is input to the transformer.eieconcepts. which is converted to a high-frequency driving signal. C. According to the http://www. In fact.XI simple. This driving signal initiates the resonant effect in the primary and secondary coils of the transformer. up to a hundred kilohertz.) The coil has become a commonplace in electronics.org/tesla/ins/lab_tescoil. most practicable radios utilized Tesla coils in their transmission antennas. B. According to http://www. Applications of the Tesla Coil After the discovery of the Tesla Coil. high-voltage labs often operate such devices.com/resonant_transformers.pbs. essential for the resonant condition to occur in the device. biological effects. by Rolf Wideroe in 1928. using novel conversion circuitry can output DC or any other utilization voltage. radio. present on the device’s secondary coil. The transformer. in a form known as the fly back transformer. in the early decades of radio. Tesla had some successes in this area but his investors found it impractical and refused to support further research. streaming electrical displays—it is not difficult to reach a quarter million volts. and amateur enthusiasts around the world build smaller ones to create arcing. Tesla made an antenna of the highvoltage end of his secondary. the applications about the tesla coil were felt in 1920's. Many of the events witnessed on the show are a result of electromagnetic phenomena inherent to the Island. The output is then converted into DC and then to any other utilization power by a novel rectifier arrangement. One of the primary novelties of the device is the ability to output DC from a high-frequency power signal. such as the DHARMA Initiative and Claudia's people. Electromagnetism is one of the DHARMA Initiative's fields of study (as stated in the Swan Orientation Film). notably the simultaneous transmission of power and data through the use of spatially distributed resonant transformers.cfm showng by the APS (American Physical Society) about Duddell's work.org/publications/apsnews/201012/physicshistory. rather than winding ratio of the coils. Electromagnetism Electromagnetism broadly refers to the properties of electric and magnetic fields. According to http://www.XII The resonant transformer effect is an old technology renewed by the infusion of modern semiconductor technology. however. This transformer can replace traditional transformers in a broad range of applications. still quite inefficient. So London . the output is pulled from the secondary coil by an output coil. In fact. The energy radiates to different areas around the Island which have been tapped by various groups of people. the early use of these devices was for the generation and transmission of radio. A novelty of resonant transformers is that the high voltage developed is a consequence of the resonant effect. The source of the electromagnetism on the Island is the Heart of the Island.aps. even though Thomas Edison had invented them by then. William Duddell's “Musical Arcs” Musical Arcs is also known as plasma speaker. The lamps did not use incandescent light bulbs. Those bulbs were very new. D. a related study of musical tesla coil. The high voltage generation and electromagnetic field control technology from this device is also used in other EIE applications. Related Studies A. and too dim to illuminate London’s dark streets and alleyways. the streets of London were lit entirely by electric means. by 1900. Once a high voltage is developed in the transformer. They envision this technology as useful to various manufacturing processes or power handling. although they proved ideal for indoor lighting. including power distribution. and a magnetic standard. eventually teaching at the City and Guilds Institute in London. It is unclear whether Duddell knew of Simon’s work. He was apprenticed to an electronics shop as a teenager. In 1899. a German scientist named Dr. Simon had noticed that an electric arc could ―sing‖ if one modulated the voltage to its power source. and arc lamps weren’t practical for indoor use. and ended up inventing the first fully electrical instrument. and used charcoal strips as electrodes. but he conducted numerous experiments of his own. and Russian inventor Paul Jablochkoff devised a version in 1870 that used two parallel carbon rods to lengthen the service life. He had a knack for invention. In 1809. Such systems required daily maintenance by a small army of technicians. This created a sufficiently intense light for illumination. Duddell was privately educated in both England and France. The intense heat of the arc also ate away the electrodes until the gap became too great for a spark to jump across. and the batteries depleted quickly because of the large currents used. he connected two wires to a battery. and Davy’s arc lamp became a popular component of his public lectures.XIII street lamps used carbon arc lamps. but his knowledge of electricity came not from formal studies. So arc lamps were costly to operate. An English physicist named William Duddell set out to find a solution. and soon found its way to London and the US as well. producing a brilliant light in the process. but the only real remaining problem was a constant humming noise–a byproduct of the generated sparks. too. He . Arc lamps were not immediately suitable for street lighting. A few years earlier. British chemist Humphrey Davy is credited with inventing the arc lamp. Generators became widely available in the 1840s. building an Oscillograph capable of photographic recording and observing of oscillating frequency waveforms. a thermogalvanometer to measure very low currents. and the light fluctuated far too wildly to be of practical use. Arc lighting debuted in Paris in June 1878 as part of an exposition. They required large batteries or generators. Duddell decided to tackle the humming problem in London streetlights. Born in 1872. Modified versions of his thermogalvanometer are still used today. generating light via a continuous electric sparks. where he received much of his education. but from a natural curiosity about how things worked. The effect had been known since the early 1800s. when scientists started building the first large batteries and noticed that electric current jumped across a gap in a circuit from one electrode to another. the better to calibrate ballistic galvanometers of the era. he was able to produce musical notes. This led to his invention of the ―singing arc. Duddell’s ―singing arc‖ amounted to little more than an amusing novelty of engineering. Later inventors realized that the device could be used as a radio transmitter just by attaching an antenna. and cost $200. but it did give Duddell an idea. synthesizers and similar technologies commonly used today. And those who witnessed Duddell’s demonstration of his invention noticed another peculiar effect: nearby arc lamps that used the same power source also played the ―music‖ being generated by the singing arc. and then used acoustic horns and telephone receivers to convert those waveforms into sound. He even managed to construct a network of wires so that people in New York City could subscribe to his Telharmonic transmissions. which is a shame. There was also a musical telegraph from 1876 and an electro-mechanical piano from 1867. The availability of components like solenoids and motors led to many versions of electromechanical instruments.000 to build– but even though the prototype has been lost. based on that unusual effect. The instrument was far too bulky to enjoy widespread use–it weighed 200 tons and was 60 feet long. easily filling a room. because several scientists speculated about the potential for playing music over London’s lighting network. It was not the first such electric instrument.XIV also discovered that varying the voltage powering the lamps allowed him to control the audio frequencies via a resonating circuit. This did not eliminate the humming problem he had set out to solve. The Telharmonium relied upon an array of 145 large rotary generators (dynamos) to create alternating currents at different audio frequencies. However. In his later years he took on secret research for the US government.B. Duddell died young. It was patented in 1897 and built in 1906 by Thaddeus Cahill. England’s Institute of . or patented his invention. a Parisian inventor named J. the ―singing arc‖ was the first electronic instrument that could be heard without an amplifier. Alas. By attaching a makeshift keyboard. He never developed it further. at the age of 45. and was elected to the Royal Society in 1907. Delaborde built an electronic harpsichord.‖ which he first exhibited to a group of electrical engineers in 1899. Back in 1761. The other major electric instrument that appeared around the same time was the Telharmonium. But despite the fact that he toured the country demonstrating his invention. Nature reported on the invention in 1900. it is recognized as a precursor to such instruments as electronic organs. Duddell went on to serve as president of the Institute of Electrical Engineers. ." In the Tesla's Magnifying transmitter. or of smaller amperage and immense electro-motive force. the earth's diameter passing through the pole should be an odd multiple of . The maximum electric tension is merely dependant on the curvature of the surfaces on which the charged elements are situated and the area of the latter. three requirements seem to be essential to the establishment of the resonating condition. and can be used in the production of currents of tremendous volume and moderate pressure. modern music makers are hearkening back to the past. wherein Jean-Louis Naudin discusses The Magnifying Transmitter.. Besides the above. are of considerable area and arranged in space along ideal enveloping surfaces of very large radii of curvature. and at proper distances from one another thereby insuring a small electrical surface density everywhere so that no leak can occur even if the conductor is bare. Today. a number of facts ascertained by me clearly show. For the present it will be sufficient to state.fr/html/tmt. More than this. from a few too many thousands of cycles per second. awarded to scientists who have made contributions to the advancement of the knowledge of physics. B. Tesla said that Tesla Magnifying Transmitter: ".XV Physics named its Duddell Medal in his honor.Stated otherwise.. Nikola Tesla has said in a patent about improvements relating to the Transmission of Electrical energy.. Duddell would have approved. First. creating music with ―singing Tesla coils‖ and similar technologies. It is suitable for any frequency. And electric instruments revolutionized the music industry. According to http://jnaudin. that the earth behaves like a perfectly smooth or polished conductor of inappreciable resistance. He said that "..free. the energy is continuously bounced back and forth between the earth and the reflecting capacitance at a rate timed to a natural rate of the earth.It is a resonant transformer with a secondary in which the parts charged to a high potential. The Tesla Magnifying Transmitter The Magnifying Transmitter by Nikola Tesla is another kind electromagnetic instrument.. that the movement of electricity through it follows certain laws with nearly mathematical rigor. with capacity and self-induction uniformly distributed along the axis of symmetry of waves propagation and transmitting slow electrical oscillations without sensible distortion and attenuation.htm. the terrestrial conductor is thrown into resonance with the oscillations impressed upon it just like a wire. that the frequency should be smaller than twenty thousand per second. but simply act as capacity.240 kilometers per second. in which case there will be but one node. over the earth's surface. . that is. To give an idea I would say. strictly speaking. the opposite the transmitter. The lowest frequency would appear to be six per second. will not resonate. there are disadvantages met with in many cases when the former is made too large. and returning from the region diametrically opposite the pole. The chief of theses are due to the fact that an increase of the capacity entails a lowering of the frequency impulses or discharges and diminution of energy of vibration. it is necessary to employ oscillations. that irrespective of frequency. With these gathered information. the wave or wave train should continue for a certain interval of time. the researchers are challenged to find the similar data and observation during the experimentation. Second. which he have estimated to be not less than 1/12-or probably 0. at or near the ground plate. in which the rate of radiation of energy into space in the form of Hertzians or electromagnetic waves is very small. for while a great quantity of electricity may also be displaced by a large capacity charged to low pressure. and. He added that to produce an electrical movement of the required magnitude it is desirable to charge the terminal as highly as possible. with a mean velocity of about 471. With oscillations still slower the earth.XVI the quarter wave-length. . and which is taken in passing to. paradoxical as it may seem. of the ratio between the velocity of light and four times the frequency of the currents.08484-of a second. and the variation of potential will be more or less uniform over its entire surface. The most essential requirement is. These researches and reference motivate to bring progress and welfare to all investigative project and breakthroughs in the future. in order to enhance the upcoming projects. however. through shorter waves might be practicable. Screwdrivers 18. Overall. . in this case. Power Switch 11. Electrical wire 26. Ground Rod 10. the plywood. Copper wire (60 m) 22. This prevents arcing and allows space for a tap point. Plywood (3' X 3') 9. Power Supply 2. Rubber tape These materials were all purchased at ACE Hardware and D’Jeans’ Electrical Supply while some were bought from Manila or were be provided by the experts. Primary Capacitors 7. PFC capacitor 4. Drill 14. Wire cutters 15. AC Line Filter 3. Magnetic wire 25. Step up Transformer 24. Wrench 20. Light bulb 27. It consists of the list of materials and equipments to be used and the procedures that will be sequence according to the order of the hypothesis stated in the study. Digital Voltmeter 13. Procedures Creating the Primary Coil Typically 1/4 inch copper tubing is used to make the primary coil. Pliers 16.XVII CHAPTER 3 Methodology This chapter describes the research methodology. NST filter 5. Fluorescent 28. Soldering iron and solder 12. Db meter 23. The researchers used a flat copper ribbon to save space leaving about 1/4 inch spacing between turns. Sockets 19. The primary coil can be constructed on just about any non conductive material. NST Protection 8. Measuring tape 17. the project costs 2150 pesos. Spark Gap 6. Epoxy 21. Materials This investigation used the following materials for the study: 1. Tape the ends of the magnet wire down when finished and leave a couple feet of extra wire until only a couple of inches is left to the top load. Secure the wire with tape or drilling a couple small holes in the PVC and threading the wire through. Secondary Coil The secondary wire is typically thin (22 AWG to 28 AWG) magnet wire wound on a PVC form. Be sure to leave about a foot or two of magnet wire unwound on the end. plates on the secondary. The researchers used thin gloves to protect them from any form of injury while winding the coil on the PVC Top Load The most common method of toroid construction is to wrap aluminum dryer duct around an aluminum pie pan. Do not use pipes with the metal strip as the metal strip quickly shorts out the coil. although cardboard or most other non-conductive materials can be used.XVIII The material should be strong enough to support the weight of the copper. Wound the coil slowly and if possible by hand to make sure that the coils don’t overlap each other on each turn. One end should attach to the secondary earth ground. Use the natural shape of the coil to help do the winding. Be careful not to leave any space between the windings. bolts. A non-conductive nylon bolt was used to attach the top load to the secondary coil. The ring should not be completely closed. Keep some tension on the wire as you wind it. Try not to straighten and bend the tubing or wire too much as this will cause to harden. The researchers aimed for about 1000 coils on the secondary coil. Plastic wire ties with notches every 1/4 inch are attached to the primary coil to help it stay in place. Then a strike ring is attached about 2 inches above the outer most turn this ring stops arcs from the top load from reaching the primary coil. Make sure the PVC pipe should be clean and dry. Smaller coils that do not produce arcs long enough to reach the primary coil do not require a strike ring. Do away with any metal screws. The secondary coil is usually wound on PVC pipe. Start by securing the end of the magnet wire a few inches from the end of the PVC. You can also use a spun aluminum toroid. Have some tape handy to easily hold the wire for rest breaks or untangling. although it never hurts to have one. A top load can be made of practically anything with a smooth shape covered in aluminum foil . If you get copper tubing or wire that is coiled or wound on a spool do not unwind it before making the primary coil. An arc strike to the primary coil can produce a voltage spike large enough to kill the primary caps and / or NSTs. Grounding After wiring. in order to hear the sound. Otherwise. so 4 inch diameter dryer duct should be wrapped around an 8 inch pie pan for a total overall diameter of 16 inches. shorter arcs.XIX The size of the top load and the amount of power applied dictates the size and number of arcs that the Tesla coil produces. then it produces numerous simultaneous.gif in the appendix. After adjusting. The Battery should be disconnected and adjust the spark gap to its width. wherein. The overall diameter of the toroid should be about 4 times the ring diameter. Tuning refers to the process of adjusting the resonant frequencies of the whole circuit to the same frequency. meaning a secondary coil wound on 4 inch PVC pipe should use 4 inch diameter dryer duct. using soldering iron. the procedures are to be repeated until it would be in correct circuit Tuning Before running the coil the researchers need to tune it. The typical tuning procedure is to tap the primary coil at the suggested number of turns and run the coil checking for the arc length. solder and plywood is to wire up the materials to be place in the contraption with copper wires as a connector to the equipment. Generally the diameter of the toroid ring should be about the same as the secondary coil. Wiring The researchers are referring the wiring system on coil_construction. the researchers are doing the process of tuning to get the longest possible arcs. the researchers check again if it its voltage goes to its right path or not in short circuit. If the toroid is too large the field strength would not be strong enough to allow arcs to breakout. If the top load is small. The location is near the power supply and the secondary coil Adjusting Gaps The researchers are taking care of the widths of all the spark gaps in the Tesla coil needs to be carefully adjusted for optimum performance. The grounding rod should be pound on the ground as close as possible to the Tesla coil generally 6 or 8 foot minimum depth is recommended. grounding is next. Placing a sharp pointed object like a thumb tack (called a break out point) on the toroid creates a disruption in the field and allows the arc to break out from the break out point. As the size of the top load is increased the number of arcs are be reduced and the arc length increases. . 75m-coil C. The researchers advise everyone that they should always maintain proper distance from the tesla coil since it emits electricity in high voltage and may cause severe damage. using the voltmeter. the researchers measured the voltage on the earth ground. The typical tuning procedure is to tap the primary coil at the suggested number of turns and run the coil checking for the arc length. 0. the researchers are to measure its radius and solve to its voltage. The length of the primary and secondary coil was recorded with different combinations.25m-coil -A. After testing the hypothesis. labeled 0. the researchers recorded the data on this table.6 kg of the top load. The voltage was measured with voltmeter along on the earth ground. using the voltmeter and DB meter. the researchers recorded the voltage of the coil release.50m-coil-B and 0. The researchers are doing the process of tuning to get the longest possible arcs. 600 and 800 turns then. even death to the person testing. 0. Testing of Hypothesis 3: Using the 0. in order to hear the sound. Tuning refers to the process of adjusting the resonant frequencies of the whole circuit to the same frequency. The turns that were 400.4 kg and 0. the primary and secondary coil in different sizes. the testing is to put the top load on and to record the data soon as the coil was turned on. Testing of Hypothesis 2: The researchers are going to perform tuning. Likewise on Hypothesis 3.2 kg. Then the researchers recorded the data.XX Testing of Hypothesis 1: The researchers. used 2 kinds of coils. in the table below. Then. . For an average sized Tesla coil . the size of the secondary coil is generally governed by the power output of the power supply. the voltage was found to be slightly lower because the electrons were moving slowly as it reaches the top load.50 0. However.5 0. This is because the electricity had to pass by a lot of coils before it reaches the top load and thus releasing only that certain amount of voltage.25 0. This investigation was aimed to answer this question: What are the factors that will affect the voltage and the pitch produce by a Tesla coil? Here.25 0. Voltage Length of Primary Coil (m) Length of Secondary Coil (m) 0.75 0.75 0. This is because according to research. thus proving that the data recorded above may be wrong and crude. it shows that as length of the primary and secondary coil increases the voltage of the arc released lessens.5 0.25 0. the results of the investigators will be presented in the same sequence as stated in the hypotheses and procedures. Table 1: Length of the coils vs.25 0.75 4000 3600 3150 3850 3500 2700 3500 3100 2600 4100 3800 3300 3500 3550 2850 3650 3050 2450 4200 3750 3100 3900 3200 2950 3450 3200 2500 4100 3700 3200 3750 3400 2800 3500 3100 2500 Trial 1(V) Trial 2 (V) Trial 3 (V) Total Average In the table on top. Although the same electric current was released.5 0.75 0. the researchers found out that there was some inconsistency with the construction of the set up since the diameter of the PVC pipe where the secondary coil was wound was different from each other.XXI CHAPTER 4 Results and Analyses This chapter analyzes and interprets the data revealed in the study. Below is the table that contains the result of the height of the coil and the voltage produced by the top load. The researchers noted that if each of the primary coil used is the same in number of turns. the greater number of turns in the secondary coil. The same results have been observed with the other set-ups and shows that when the length of the primary coil is increased. this data is crude due to the inconsistency of the independent variables.25 m in height. For example the secondary coil on a 1kW Tesla coil with a 4 inch diameter should Number of Trials be about 16 to 20 inches high. while larger coils should be close to 3. It basically shows that as the length of the secondary coil increases.25 m primary coil. or the final voltage released decreased significantly.5 m and series 3 is set-up 1. Figure 1 shows the set-up 1 with 0. The height of the coil should be about 4 or 5 times the diameter in an average sized Tesla coil. the average. the voltage released decreases but then again.3 where the secondary coil measures 0.1 where in the secondary coil also measures 0.75 m in height. Smaller coils should have a height to width ratio close to 6. . while larger coils should have at least a 6 inch diameter. which is 400. Series 2 is set-up 1.25 m Primary Coil R e l e a s e d 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1 2 3 diameter. the higher the voltage was released by the top load. the greater it will produce voltage. Series 1 represents the setup 1.XXII (about 1kW) a 4 inch to 6 inch diameter secondary coil is advisable.2 wherein the secondary coil measures 0. Table 2: Electric Current (V) Number of turns Trial 1(V) Trial 2 (V) Trial 3 (V) Total Average 400 600 800 3150 3600 4000 3500 3450 3750 3900 3900 3850 3500 3650 3900 The table on top shows that the more number of turns of the coil in the secondary coil. Smaller coils should have about 3 inch to 4 inch Set-up 1 with 0. The height to width ratio (also known as the aspect ratio) is Series1 Series2 Series3 V o l t a g e important. 21 0.4 0. the testing is to put the top load on and to record the data soon as the coil will be turn on.XXIII 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Average Number Trial 1(V) Trial 2 (V) Trial 3 (V) of turns Total Series1 Series2 Series3 Hypothesis 3: The bigger the top load.15 0. Table 3: The Size of the Top Load vs. 3750 94 3600 94 3600 93 3650 93 3500 94 3600 93 3750 93 3600 93 3650 98 3400 95 3450 92 3500 95 Voltage (V) Pitch (dB) Trial 2 (V) Trial 3 (V) Total Average Voltage Pitch Voltage Pitch Voltage Pitch (V) (dB) (V) (dB) (V) (dB) . Using the 0. the researchers are to measure its radius and solve to its voltage.6 This table shows that the top load with a heavier mass created the greatest voltage and the one with the smallest mass created the highest pitch.4 kg and 0.2 kg.2 0. It is supposed to be the frequency of the sound that is to be tested in order to manipulate the tones created by the musical tesla coil. Then the researchers are going to record the data. the greater the voltage and the higher the pitch produced. The researchers noted that there is little to no effect of the top load to its voltage and its pitch. Likewise on Hypothesis 3. Voltage and Pitch Trial 1(V) Top load In Mass (kg) In circumferen ce (m) 0. 0. in the table below.6 kg of the top load.09 0. using the voltmeter and DB meter. For the future researchers. 2. 2. the following conclusions were derived: 1. Therefore. The second testing was also inconsistent and the hypothesis cannot be proven properly due to incomplete and seemingly contradicting data. There is a significant relationship between the height and the diameter of the shaft of the secondary coil as it creates a higher voltage. Based on the aforementioned findings and conclusions. not enough data was gathered to support this statement. Therefore hypothesis 1 is rejected due to unsure data. The researchers later recommended the following for the improvement of the Musical Tesla Coil: 1. However. The inverse proportionality shows that as the mass of the top load increases. hypothesis 2 is also rejected. they also should explore the idea of finding other factors that can affect the musical Tesla Coil. They should not limit their . 3. because it is not an easy topic to dwell on. They should know all the components and its dynamics in order to create a Musical Tesla Coil.XXIV CHAPTER 5 Conclusions and Recommendations Based on the results of the investigation conducted. 3. there was a discrepancy noted during the testing and tabulating of the data. the pitch of the arc decrease and vice versa. There is a significant relationship between the numbers of turns of the coil in the secondary coil and the voltage released. Thus the investigation was a failure. due to the inconsistency of the independent variables. the researchers recommend that they should never ever waste time and space when they want to investigate about the Tesla coil. Therefore hypothesis 3 is partially not rejected. They should also make sure to schedule early testing dates as to avoid cramming. the investigators generally conclude that an efficient design for the Tesla coil should be properly planned and the independent variables should be consistent with each other. For the future researchers. For the students. as the length of the primary coil increases the voltage released decreases which goes the same with the secondary coil. Also the length of the secondary coil is generally governed by the power of the power supply. But according to the recorded data. There is a significant relationship between the mass of the top load and the pitch the arc releases. the present researchers recommend that they should learn to sort out their priorities and should always be a chapter ahead. However. Also in testing the contraption. the future researchers should be ready with the possible incidents that can happen. like untimely explosion of the capacitors and transformer. . They should always check the safety of the contraption before testing it as to avoid unlikely accidents. They should be well rounded and equipped with the factors that may affect and lead the investigation into a failure.XXV understanding that all things are possible. html 14. j. 2011.). Baker.brainwashed. Audio File. L. from Nutshell High Fidelity: http://www.tripod. from Jamoma. Retrieved August 6. Burnett.org/Speaker_1. (2006).uk/sstate. Johnson.html 10.XXVI BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.html 6. Tesla Coil Impedance.com/thsynth. 2011.d.com/lesson-1. The Ondes Martenot. (n. 2011. from DJ Societyhttp://www.com: http://www. L. Retrieved August 6. Retrieved August 6. (2009.d.html 12. Bloch. March 11). F.classeradio. Retrieved August 6. MacDonald.nutshellhifi. Retrieved August 6. Retrieved August 6.net/~jimlux/hv/medhurst. january 24).com/pdm_article_solid_state.htm 17. from Open Labs: http://www. Matmos. Retrieved August 6. 8. Retrieved August 6. 2011. (2010.hautetfort.thomasbloch. T. Corked Bats. 2011. (n.html#recent 7.). from Scientists of Sounds: http://chercheursdesons. Retrieved August 6. (n. C. 2011.arcattack. 2011. (2008). 2011. JAMOMA: A Modular Standard for Structuring Patches in Max. The Family of Direct Radiators.weebly.pdf 15.hvlabs. Worcester: Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Retrieved August 6.html .). Lux. from Thomas Bloch: musician performer of rare instruments: http://www. Arc Attack.com/common/htdocs/discog/ole799. P.jamoma. from http://home. 2011. 2011. Blinder. S.d. Retrieved August 6. Busoni.).d.com/Page2 3. Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music.p 2. Retrieved August 6. from Wolfram Demonstrations Projecthttp://demonstrations. 2011. from The Audio Advisor: http://eli47. T.d.pdf 16. 18.com/about 9. Cross Sound.d. from http://www. Coil Capacitance. 2011. from arcattack. 2011. 2011.php?site=matmos 19. Catapults. August 12).htm 11. Solid State Tesla Coil. from HV Labs: http://www.wolfram. (1998. from Richie's Tesla Coil Web paghttp://www. Lossius. Clemens.openlabs.com/SeriesRLCCircuits/ 5.com/plasmasonic. (n. S. from Brainwashed.csounds.hr/Branko/07d2.). D.).richieburnett. The Synth. Hunt. O. History of Electronic Music: The demise of the Telharmonium. from Class E radio: http://www. and Tesla Coils: Finding the Truth.d.org/papers/jamoma-icmc2006. Retrieved August 6. 2011. Retrieved August 6.d. R. Jermanis. C.co. Olson.). Retrieved August 6.djsociety.com/archive/2010/12/08/croix-sonore. (2001). from Csounds.org: http://www. Cloutier. Series RLC Circuits. Retrieved Au6.updated for Solid State Devices.html 4. Retrieved August 6. Medhurst's Formulas for celf capacitance of air-core coil. New York: Dover Publications. 2011. (1998). (n.htnet. Csounds. B.net/en_ondes-martenot.com: http://www. G.com: http://www. fromMusic Technology Musician: http://musictechmusician.ksu. 2011. (n. (2009).com/library/speaker-design2.eece.).com/about.). (1962). (2004).html Everything You Wanted to Know About Speakers. from Nikola Tesla and My Thoughts:http://free-ri. (n. Plasma Sonic Speaker. Retrieved August 6.html 13. (2001). (n. Pulse Width (Duration) Modulators. 2011. J. (n.d.edu/~gjohnson/TeslaCoilImpedance.earthlink. XXVII APPENDICES Break down of Expenses PVC 200 Magnetic Wire 150 Labor 400 Services 200 Capacitor 640 Plywood 200 Electrical wire 100 Light bulb 40 Florescent 80 Rubber tape 140 Grand Total: 2150 Php Jozelle Jan Alpanghe Baquiano Member Jenson Patrimonio Espanta Member Rolando Mallare Nielo Member Andrea Mae Sorongon Solas Member Gershom Sabueso Dureza Leader . NHA Mandurriao. Ivy Street. Vinculum Editor/Staff Member Ateneo de Iloilo 2008-2012 Previous Investigative Projects/Research Papers Year Level Name of Project st 1 year Incombustible Paper 2nd year Effects of Worms to Plant Growth 3rd year Biodegradable Plastic th 4 year Tesla Coil .XXVIII RESUME Name: ANDREA MAE SOLAS Address: Lot 5. Age: 48 Occupation: Ship Captain Mother’s Name: Luisa Sorongon Solas Age: 48 Occupation: Business Entrepreneur Languages Spoken: English. photography Career Ambition: Surgeon Schools Attended New Lucena Central School Assumption Convent Grade/Year Level Nursery-Kinder 1 Prep-Grade 6 1st year -4th year School Year 1998-1999 1999-2008 Remarks Honor Student Blue Star Awardee 5th Honorable Mention Mariale Contributor Chinese Honor Student. singing. writing. Knight Quarter Master. fashion designing Hobbies: blogging. OBKBVM.com Parents Father’s Name: Arturo Solas Jr. Lady Bannerman. Filipino Religion: Roman Catholic Skills: photo editing.2 N Landline: N/A Email: andreasolas09@gmail. 1995 Place of Birth: Iloilo Mission Hospital Nationality: Filipino Height: 5’8 Weight: 823. Hiligaynon. Phase 2. Iloilo City Age: 16 Gender: Female Date of Birth: September 19.Knight Armsmeister. Schools Attended Doane Baptist School Assumption Ateneo de Iloilo – SMCS Ateneo de Iloilo – SMCS Grade/Year Level Nursery . Hiligaynon.Paul’s Hospital Nationality: Filipino Height: 5‖8 Weight: 637 N Landline: 337-1844 Email: [email protected] Grade 1 .2008 Remarks 3rd Honors Accelerated Graduate Honor Student Graduated with honors Honor Student Boy Scout’s Member Debate Club Member 2008 . Nielo II Age: 46 Occupation: Provincial Accountant Mother’s Name: Tina M.6 1st year – 4th year School Year 1998 .2011 Previous Investigative Projects/Research Papers Year Level Name of Project 2008 – 2009 Effect of Salty Water to the Growth of Fishes 2009. Nielo Age: 43 Occupation: DSWD Employee Languages Spoken: English. playing football.2001 2001 . singing Career Ambition: to be a successful architect. Tagalog Religion: Roman Catholic Skills: reading.2002 2003 . engineer and CPA.2 Grade 3 .com Parents Father’s Name: Rolando F. sketching Hobbies: playing basketball.XXIX RESUME Name: ROLANDO MALLARE NIELO III Address: Yulo Drive Arevalo. Iloilo City Age:16 Gender: Male Date of birth: October 24.2010 Paper Wall Tile 2010 – 2011 Anti-septic properties of Malunggay to Staphylococcus Aureus 2011 – 2012 Tesla Coil . surfing the net. cooking. 1995 Place of birth: St. drawing. listening to music. exercise. Vice President – Kulinarya . Paul’s Hospital Nationality Filipino Height 5’ Weight 529. Tagalog.2010 The Effect of Vitamin C to Koi Fish (Biology) 2010 -2011 Liquefied Fish Guts as Fertilizers (Chemistry) 2011 .Grade6 1st year – 4th yr School Year 1998-2001 2001-2008 2008-2012 Honor Student – Chinese. Baking Career Ambition: To be a successful doctor Schools Attended Balm of Gilead Learning Center Ateneo de Iloilo SMCS Ateneo de Iloilo Grade/Year Level Nursery .XXX RESUME Name: JOZELLE JAN ALPANGHE BAQUIANO Address: 17 Quezon Street Arevalo Iloilo City Age: 16 Gender Female date of birth October 17. Chinese Religion: Roman Catholic Skills: Volleyball. 4th year representative – Book Club. Surfing the Net. Table Tennis. Hiligaynon. Playing Volleyball. volleyball varsity player Remarks Previous Investigative Projects/Research Papers Year Level Name of Project 2008 – 2009 Combustible Paper(Integrated Science) 2009 .Prep Grade 1.2 N Landline 3363149/3370705 Email: jjbaquiano@yahoo. Playing Table Tennis.1995 Place of birth St. Hobbies: Reading.2012 Musical Tesla Coil(Physics) .com Parents Father’s Name: Alan Baquiano Age: 46 Occupation Businessman Mother’s Name: Josette Baquiano Age: 46 Occupation: Businesswoman Languages Spoken: English. tagalog Religion: Roman Catholic Skills: badminton. Chinese. Espanta Age:50 Occupation mother’s Name: Mary Jean t. Nini Sur Arevalo Iloilo City Age: 17 Gender Male date of birth June 12 1998 Place of birth Doctor’s Hospital Nationality Filipino Height 5’6 Weight 764. biking.XXXI RESUME Name: JENSON PATRIMONIO ESPANTA Address: Sto. basketball Hobbies: surfing internet. Patrimonio Age:51 Occupation: Cashier Languages Spoken: English. bisaya.4 N Landline Email: Parents Father’s Name: Noel D. reading Career Ambition: to be captain Schools Attended Ateneo De Iloilo Ateneo De Iloilo Ateneo De Iloilo Grade/Year Level Nursery-prep Grade 1-Grade 6 1st yr-2nd yr School Year 1998-2001 2001-2008 2008-2009 Remarks Previous Investigative Projects/Research Papers Year Level Name of Project st 1 year Rechargeable Flash Light 2nd year Preserve the pork by honey 3rd year Bio fuel th 4 year Tesla coil . com Parents Father’s Name: Gil Dureza Age 57: Occupation Seaman mother’s Name: Evelyn Dureza Age: 51 Occupation: Housewife Languages Spoken: English.XXXII RESUME Name: GERSHOM SABUESO DUREZA Address: San Antonio. Word Factory Hobbies: Drawing. Manila Nationality: Filipino Height: 5’7‖ Weight: 676. 1996 Place of birth Tondo. San Miguel. Grade 3 Grade 4.2 Landline: 882-0058 Email: gershomdureza@yahoo. Reading Career Ambition Chemist. Engineer Schools Attended Warner Christian Academy Bethel Luther School Colegio de las Hijas de Jesus (CHJ) Ateneo de Iloilo – SMCS Grade/Year Level Preschool Nursery. Iloilo Age: 15 Gender male date of birth August 18. Filipino Religion: Catholic Skills: Scrabble.Grade 6 1st yr – 2nd yr HS School Year 1999 -2000 2000 – 2005 2005 – 2008 2008-2012 Remarks 4th Honor Honorable Mention (all school level) Honorable Mention Diligent Award Honorable Mention Previous Investigative Projects/Research Papers Year Level Name of Project st 1 Year Honey as Pervavative for Meat 2nd Year Eggshell as an Alternative for Plants 3rd Year Vegetable Oil as an Biofuel th 4 Year Musical Tesla Coil : Manipulating Music . This only proves that in the coil. this is because the electricity is used before it reaches the plasma bulb. . This is a picture of the plasma emitted by the tesla coil at initial testing. This is a picture of Jenson holding a fluorescent bulb that touches the coils and made the fluorescent light up. SECONDARY TESTING.XXXIII PHOTO GALLERY INITIAL TESTING USING PLASMA BULB. This was done before the actual testing to make sure that the tesla coil is working. there is electricity running. It can also be noticed that the plasma bulb did not light up. the transformer. Mainly. . Jenson and Jozelle attaching the main parts of the tesla coil to the plywood. the coil and the wires. This picture shows Rolando. ASSEMBLY. This picture shows Jenson attaching the make shift transistor to the tesla coil.XXXIV ASSEMBLY. This picture shows the wire being attached to the transformer.XXXV BURNT PLASMA BULB. This picture shows the burnt side of the plasma bulb after an attempt of increasing the voltage. The plasma bulb could not accommodate the high voltage thus it was burnt. ATTACHING THE WIRES. . . This picture shows the completely assembled tesla coil base. A masking tape was used to secure the end of the coil. This picture shows the top of the tesla coil without the plasma ball nor the top load. PVC PIPE and COILS.XXXVI COMPLETE. e tesla coil . TRANSFORMER.XXXVII COIL WITH PLASMA BULB. This picture shows the plasma bulb. This picture shows the transformer used for the project.