Introduction to Geologic Hazards A Field Guide for Geotechnical Engineers

Geologic HazardsA Field Guide for Geotechnical Engineers Roy E. Hunt, P.E., P.G. © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 52500_FM.indd 3 1/24/07 12:57:08 PM For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work. mechanical. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive.com (http:// www.H844 2006 363. 978‑750‑8400. MA 01923. including photocopying.copyright. No part of this book may be reprinted. CCC is a not‑for‑profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. Natural disasters. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW.S. transmitted. and sources are indicated. etc. FL 33487‑2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 1‑4200‑5250‑0 (alk. 2. TA705. Geologic hazards : a field guide for geotechnical engineers / by Roy E. without written permission from the publishers. and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. a separate system of payment has been arranged. Second Edition © 2005 by CRC Press. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information.crcpress.indd 4 1/24/07 12:57:08 PM . Roy E.34’9‑‑dc22 2006052993 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www. Engineering geology‑‑Handbooks. I. manuals. paper) 1. Title.com © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group. For orga‑ nizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC. Suite 300 Boca Raton. now known or hereafter invented. LLC 52500_FM. or utilized in any form by any electronic. Danvers. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number‑10: 1‑4200‑5250‑0 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑1‑4200‑5250‑3 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. LLC. please access www.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.This material was previously published in Geotechnical Engineering Investigations Handbook. 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A wide variety of references are listed.taylorandfrancis. microfilming. an Informa business No claim to original U. but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.copyright. cm. and recording. ..1......12 Seafloor Instability .........5..........2 Regional and Total Slope Studies .........................92 1.............................123 1..............2 Changing Slope Geometry ....................................................................................3 Planar Slides in Rock Masses ............5.................2.2 Slope Failure Form Characteristics ................................29 1...........2 Falls .......3............................................130 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group.............................5.............90 1................4.......................................................................................................................................................6 Lateral Spreading and Progressive Failure ............117 1.................................3 1.......3 1........3 1.......11 1.................117 1..........................2.............................................qxd 1/18/2007 3:44 PM Page v Contents Author .............................................................................................................59 1..........11 Soil and Mud Flows.................................3....................................3 Surface Water Control .......................53 1......4 Internal Seepage Control ......................................................................................4.4 Elements of Slope Stability .............................................................................ix Introduction .........1....................59 1.........10 Rock-Fragment Flows ...................................................................................................................2 Hazard Recognition...............................................................97 1..................................4 1..................................................................................................4 Treatment of Slopes ............................................................................27 1...............................................................................1........................27 1..............106 1..............4.........................................3....................................................................................2.................................................9 1....1 Creep .................................76 1.............52 1..................................6 Retention .2.....3 Slope Characteristics ...................................4...............18 1............................................92 1.........................................4.................................................2.........................2.........59 1....108 1.........................................................................................................2.............87 1...........1 General........................................................5 Hazard Maps and Risk Assessment ..............................................................47 1.............................................................2...........5 Instrumentation and Monitoring..........4 Rotational Slides in Rock .........5 Rotational Slides in Soils.........................................................................19 1.....7 Debris Slides .....................................................1 Introduction ..5 Investigation: A Review .....................................1 Chapter 1 Landslides and Other Slope Failures ..............................................................................4 Weather Factors ...........................................20 1...............................................................18 1............................................................2...............................................3 Detailed Study of Cut............................2.....................................................................................................1.....................9 Debris Flows ....................................5 Side-Hill Fills ........................8 Debris Avalanches ..................3 Rating the Hazard and the Risk ............................................5..........3.....1 General Concepts .......... LLC .....57 1........................5.............................3..............................2........102 1........................................... Fill........................................................................................................................126 1.................................................................127 1.1 General... or Failure Area ................................................................................................................101 1..................................................52 1......................4........................45 1..................................3 Assessment of Slopes ..................CRC_52500_FM...........2 Stability Analysis: A Brief Review...........................4 Case Study .................................................................1 General.2................................. ........................2 Collapsible or Metastable Soils ........................6 Subsidence Prevention and Control and Foundation Support..........................3 Objectives and Scope....................3 Predicting Collapse Potential .....................4.........................................................169 2..........................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................3......160 2.............160 2.....1 General...............148 2....2.................................................................................206 3......................151 2..............................187 2.............2 Groundwater and Oil Extraction ....137 2......................................................165 2.........139 2.....................................................2...........197 3.....................132 Further Reading ..............4 Support of Surface Structures ....................................................................................156 2.............................................................................................1.......... LLC ..............169 2...................................................................3 Investigation .............6.............3.....178 2....................176 2.............155 2...............................................................................5 Piping Soils and Dispersive Clays................................................2 Seismic Waves............................3 Scope and Objectives....5 Subsidence Prevention and Control .............................................1.................144 2..1...............4 Solution of Rock ..............198 3.......................................................................3..............................................195 Chapter 3 Earthquakes .......6.................................................................3.....152 2.......2...........................................................................................190 References .........................................................1 General..........................................5.................1.......2 Solution Phenomenon and Development ..2...............................................................2....................180 2.............................................................................................................................................................4 Intensity and Magnitude ....................2 Surface Effects..............................................................................................3 Physiographic Occurrence ..........................203 3...............................................5...............2...............4 Treatment and Support of Structures .................................................1 General..................184 2....................140 2..................................197 3.........................................................................................................................................2 Swelling in Soils ....................................................141 2............. Collapse......................................................................1 Subsurface Effects ........................................2.135 Chapter 2 Ground Subsidence.....................................2 Geographic Distribution ......................................................................................................................................................................6 Heave in Soil and Rock ..............................................................................................................................4.......................................................CRC_52500_FM...............138 2....................................................1 Subsidence Occurrence ..................3 Ground Motion.209 3.4.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................qxd 1/18/2007 3:44 PM Page vi References ............................................3 Subsurface Mining .........1....................................1 Introduction .........................5...............................................................168 2................4 Strength Properties of Coal .........183 2....................................................137 2.....191 Further Reading ..........2 The Hazards ................................3..........148 2....................1...................................................................3.....................4.........................................................................................................................................................4 Significant Examples ...................................1 The Source...........203 3...........................................................................6..............183 2..............................................5.137 2.....................137 2........................................138 2........2................5 Soil Subsidence and Collapse ...5......2 Longwall Panel Extraction .............3 Room and Pillar Method (Also “Breast and Heading” Method) .169 2......................................................137 2.............203 3......................................160 2...................................1 General.......................214 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group............................................1 General...197 3..................159 2..5 Investigation of Existing Mines ..... and Heave ........2 Earthquake Elements ...........................3 Swelling in Rock Masses.................2..................................................6....4 Treatments to Prevent or Minimize Swelling and Heave ..... 220 3...5...................3 Subsidence and Liquefaction ..............................263 3....302 A...............................................................................................................4.........................7 Duration .............3.......................................................................301 A..3 Global Tectonics ...................................3 Site Ground-Response Factors ..................302 A........................................................3.........................................................................................................................................4..269 3...............2 The Earth .........................................................2................3 Detailed Study of Regional and Local Geologic Conditions.......................................................................................6 Amplification ...301 A..........................1 Introduction .....................................................295 Further Reading ...............................................................290 3....................................................................306 References ...........................5 Seismic Hazard Analysis ...............4........................3.282 3..............................................1 Faulting .........................248 3....1 Introduction .......qxd 1/18/2007 3:44 PM Page vii 3.................4..3..........2.................................................................................................................307 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group..........................7 Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) Analysis .......................................................3.....2 Soil Behavior ..........................3........................227 3........307 Further Reading ..4 Geologic History ...293 References ..............4........................5 Tsunamis and Seiches: Response of Large Water Bodies..........5.......................................................301 A............................................................1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................1 Significance to the Engineer ...........................................................................2 Structural Response ............................................................................................CRC_52500_FM.........................3.................................263 3.............2 Radiometric Dating ..........................5.....................299 Appendix The Earth and Geologic History ....276 3......................271 3...................4.2 The Hypotheses ................................................................6 The Design Earthquake...................................................................................................................................4 Earthquake-Resistant Design: An Overview .......2...............................................6 The Volcano Hazard ......................1 North America: Provides a General Illustration .......4 Evaluation and Analysis ............................................................................265 3.............................5 Attenuation ................................................................. LLC ..............2............................................................................................292 3....................5..2 Cross Section..........303 A..............................................255 3...................................................................8 Recurrence and Forecasting ................................301 A..................................3.........274 3......................................................................5 Limitations in the Present State of the Art.......................................262 3.2.............................245 3............................................5........................................................................................................1 General.............................................................................4..................223 3.........301 A....287 3......................287 3....................................................302 A.233 3...............................................................................2............................................................3 Surface Effects on the Geologic Environment .........233 3.....2 Preliminary Phase ..4......................................................................................4 Response Spectra ............................................303 A.........4 Slope Failures ............5 Investigation: Important Structures in High-Hazard Areas ..........................................................260 3...........4...............................................228 3.287 3................................... East Orange.B. offshore mooring structures in the Philippines and Brazil.. Upsala College. Virgin Islands. He has been the consultant on two new nuclear power plants in Brazil. New York. Engineering Geology Division. New York..S. Holdredge Award. He has received the E. in geology and physics.qxd 1/18/2007 3:44 PM Page ix Author Now in private practice. and Brazil. the U. where he was a partner. and WoodwardClyde Consultants. P. Ecuador. and Pennsylvania.A. Holdredge Award. Association of Engineering Geologists. Association of Engineering Geologists. Brazil. Drexel University.S.E. New Jersey (1952). has more than 50 years of experience in geo-technical and geological engineering. France. and a B. a registered professional geologist in Delaware. for his book Geotechnical Engineering Techniques and Practices (1986) — both books were published by McGraw-Hill. England. P. Indonesia. and the continental United States. for his book Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Manual (1984). a toll road program in Indonesia and a new airbase in Israel. He is a registered professional engineer in New Jersey. Columbia University. Ward and Associates. and the American Institute of Professional Geologists. Geologic Society of America. Puerto Rico. and the Claire P. Pennsylvania. His professional affiliations include the American Society of Civil Engineers (Life Member). Memorial Award. Hunt has been an adjunct professor of engineering geology at the Graduate School of Civil Engineering. Hunt. His past affiliations include Joseph S. Assignments have also taken him to Barbados. where he was director of engineering in the Pennsylvania office. © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group. His education includes an M. and currently holds a similar position in the Geosciences Program at the University of Pennsylvania. in soil mechanics and foundation engineering. and on landslide studies in Bolivia. and a certified professional geologist. Burwell Jr. LLC . and locations throughout the continental United States. Association of Engineering Geologists. and the Claire P. New York (1956).CRC_52500_FM.G. Roy E.