Industrial Internship ReportInternship At M/s. AGRI GOLD PROJECTS LTD. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement For the award of Bachelor of Technology By ANUJ SRIVASTAVA (12D95A0101) & SHUJATH ULLA KHAN (11D91A0195) & Y. SHIVAPRASAD (11D91A01B4) Under the guidance of Mr. G. Venkata Ratnam HoD, Civil Engineering Department Department of Civil Engineering Aurora’s Scientific, Technological and Research Academy, (Affiliated by JNTU, Hyderabad) Bandlaguda, near Chandrayanagutta, Hyderabad -500 005 August 2014 CERTIFICATE TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN This is to certify that Mr. ANUJ SRIVASTAVA, SHUJATH ULLA KHAN & Y. SHIVAPRASAD bearing a Hall Ticket. No:- 12D95A0101, 11D91A0195 & 11D91A01B4 B.Tech final year Civil Engineering student of Aurora’s Scientific, Technological & Research Academy (ASTRA), Chandrayanagutta, Bandlaguda, Hyderabad, has completed their Internship from 18th June 2014 to 17th August, 2014 in AGRI GOLD PROJECTS LIMITED Agri Gold Towers, 6-3-680/A/B, Thakur Mansion Lane, Near Somajiguda Circle, Punjagutta, Hyderabad – 500082. His Conduct during the said Internship period was good and we wish his all success in his future endeavor. Signature of Head the organization with seal economic. Economy in construction. The expected growth of construction volume demands sophisticated managerial talent to properly manage these big projects. Optimum utilization of machinery. there is a need for it to be more active. Optimum utilization of man power. Ensures proper utilization of resources. Duties of a Supervisor To verify the standards of materials. To check the process of construction practices followed in the work. Construction being critical to improve the standard of living of the people. Coordination between different agencies involved in construction. . The progressive use of sophisticated technology has made construction capital intensive.Importance of Construction Sector The changes in the political. social and other conditions make different demand on construction sector. Facilitate the execution in a planned and efficient manner. quality of workmanship with that of specifications and drawings. To reject the substandard material and to be careful in recommending substitutes. Objectives of Construction Sector: Speed of construction. faster and quality conscious. Control on quality of material and workmanship. Construction activities have increased manifold and become progressively more complex. To have regular check over the control of cost and should be seen that no extra cost is incurred in completing any item of the work. To check any mistakes or errors that are observed in the drawing or designs and necessary steps should be taken to rectify such mistakes as early as possible. Various Stages in a Completion of Building Soil Bearing Capacity Earthwork excavation Foundation Plinth Superstructure and columns Sills. lintels and weather shades Roofs (or) slab Steps and stairs Ground and upper floors Finishes for wall . To get an idea about the type of equipment and other plant required and the exact time when they are needed. To assist the contractor in the interpretation of the contractor documents by regular consultation. To maintain good coordination among different agencies connected to the work. To check the progress of work as per the schedule and all necessary steps should be taken to avoid slow progress of work. Soil Bearing Capacity:Bearing capacity is the ability of soil to safely carry the pressure placed on the soil from any engineered structure without undergoing a shear failure with accompanying large settlements. To select safe and most economical type of foundation. Therefore. Applying a bearing pressure which is safe with respect to failure does not ensure that settlement of the foundation will be within acceptable limits. To determine the depth of the foundation. To assign the suitable safe bearing capacity of the underlying soil. To find the depth of water table. This is the ultimate bearing capacity (qu). settlement analysis should generally be performed since most structures are sensitive to excessive settlement. Ultimate Bearing Capacity:The generally accepted method of bearing capacity analysis is to assume that the soil below the foundation along a critical plane of failure (slip path) is on the verge of failure and to calculate the bearing pressure applied by the foundation required to cause this failure condition. A bearing capacity failure results in very large downward movements of the structure. typically 0. . Objectives of Soil Investigation: To know the quantities and thickness of underground soil so as to predict the behavior of foundation under loading. Bearing pressures exceeding the limiting shear resistance of the soil cause collapse of the structure which is usually accompanied by tilting. to over 10 ft. in magnitude. A bearing capacity failure of this type usually occurs within 1 day after the first full load is applied to the soil.5 ft. etc. etc. exactly in accordance with the lines. Classification of Soil for ExcavationFor payment to contractors for excavation. It shall be taken to exact widths and levels of the lowest step of the foundations. Hard/dense soil 3. used to best advantage by a skilled operator. levels. shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer-in-Charge. as directed. Cut is defined as removing material to lower the elevation of an area. Bottom surfaces and sides of all excavation shall be trimmed and formed to required levels. the bottom surfaces shall be sufficiently watered and thoroughly rammed. Before laying the foundation concrete. metal ling. To make allowances for the likely settlement of foundation. careful removal of all the materials of whatever nature and whether dry or wet. etc. footing. Fill is defined as placing material to raise the elevation of an area. Ordinary rock not requiring blasting . The bottom surface of the excavation in rock shall be made as level and true as possible. The powerful heavy equipment. grades. Earthwork Excavation:Excavation shall include site clearance. curves and dimensions etc. is a joy to behold. Excavation is often used as a broad term which includes cut (or excavation) and fills (or embankment). the earthworks have been classified into the following categories: 1. Soft/loose soil 2. Compaction must take place during a fill operation to increase the density of the soil material being placed. basement. and the sides shall be left plumb where the nature of soil permits its. slops. Earth excavation and grading can be a fascinating part of a construction project. The bearing capacity of soil plays a major role in deciding the type of foundation.4. If the depth of the foundation is greater than its width the foundation is classified as a deep foundation. 1. Depending on whether the soil is hard soil or soft soil. Shallow Foundations:Shallow foundations are usually placed within a depth D beneath the ground surface less than the minimum width B of the foundation. starts with the laying of foundations. Hard rock where blasting is allowed 5. Foundations are broadly classified into shallow foundations and deep foundations. Hard rock where blasting is not allowed If excavation work is given on contract. there should be mutual understanding of these definitions between owner and contractor as payments for excavation of the different categories differ vary widely. a specific type of foundation is adopted. Before designing the foundation. Foundation:Foundation of a structure is like the roots of a tree without which the tree cannot stand. The safe bearing capacity of soil should be 180N/mm2 to 200N/mm2. The construction of any structure. Shallow foundations consist of spread and continuous footings. the type of soil is determined. wall . be it a residence or a skyscraper. The depth of the foundation means the difference of level between the ground surface and the base of the foundation. In sloped or stepped footings. to prevent unequal settlements of foundation. To provide a level and hard surface. A single drilled shaft often has greater load bearing capacity than a single pile. overturning or other disturbing forces like wind. A continuous footing is a spread footing where W > 10B. on large area. etc. than mat foundations. Deep foundations may be designed to carry superstructure loads through poor soil (loose sands. or as long as 200 ft. Deep foundation support is usually more economical for depths less than 100 ft. for the superstructure. soft clays.footings and mat etc. A spread footing distributes column or other loads from the structure to the soil. To distribute the load uniformly to the soil. where B ≤ W ≤ 10B. drilled shafts or stone columns. Functions of Foundation: To distribute the load of the structure. so that the intensity of load does not exceeded the safe bearing capacity of the underlying soil. and the angle of slope or depth and location of steps should be such that the design requirements are satisfied at every section. or more and may consist of driven piles. To increase the stability of the structure against sliding. rain. . the effective cross-section in compression shall be limited by the area above the neutral plane. Deep Foundations:Deep foundations can be as short as 15 to 20 ft. 2. and collapsible materials) into competent bearing materials. Centre line marking on the field is done before excavating the land by using center line plan.Layout of Building:The real meaning and purpose of setting out (layout) is to transfer the plan. Record spot levels of the ground. Base Line:For setting out /layout. Burji is also constructed for . These are constructed on both ends of walls /columns and center line should be marked on the top surface of the burjis with the help of base line. This line is very necessary and useful for layout. 'Burjis' and its' Distance:Burji or marking pillars are masonry pillars constructed with bricks and cement mortar. The following preliminary works should be executed before actual planning of layout for the house. etc. A center line marking makes the construction accurate and easy to execute. the most important requirement is to establish a baseline. This is marked on the ground as per site plan requirement with the help of offsets which are taken from the existing road or existing building. This can be marked in the field with the help of baseline. This line should be transferred to Burjis and be kept up to the completion of foundation work. Clear the site from all grass. Construct a permanent bench mark in construction area. length and width of its foundation on the ground so that the foundation can be excavated for construction of purposed building as per drawing. Centre Line:Centre line divides the plan into two equal parts. trees. bushes. Burjis are very useful for the layout.C) in a ratio of (1:4:8) or (1:4:5) as per the Plan. Laying Brick work up to plinth level. . Laying out Plain Cement concrete (P. pedestal. Laying Damp proof course on the walls. The plinth course forms the first course of the rising wall immediately above the footings. 4. Different Processes in Foundation Work:1. Spacing between Foundations:Foundations on footings spaced sufficiently close together to intersect adjacent shear zones may decrease bearing capacity of each foundation. coarse gravel. 7. small stones. statue. Excavation of earth work in trenches for foundation. Increases in settlement of existing facilities should be checked when placing new construction near existing facilities. 2. Refilling of earth in the building portion up to the required height according to plinth level.C. to minimize any reduction in bearing capacity.5B. Laying the footing in case of raft or column construction. monument or structure rests. often made of a more durable material than the rest of the wall or column. 6. 3. a plinth is the base or platform upon which a column. Centre line marking of columns by using burjis. The Basement is completely filled by the layers of fine sand. The plinth is a slightly thicker course at the base of a wall or a column. Plinth Level (or) Height of Basement:In architecture. Spacing’s between footings should be at least 1. Refilling of earth around the walls. Accuracy of the foundation can be checked with the help of Burji at any time during construction. fine gravel. 5.indicating the plinth level of the building. 8. Burjis should be kept intact till completion of foundation work. They support brick walls resting on top of plinth beams. DPC (Damp-proof course) of bitumen coating is usually provided on top of this plinth beam. Two numbers of mm (or 3 numbers of 6mm) high strength steel. Functions of Plinth Beam: They connect columns in the two principal directions to act as earthquake ties. . bound by 8mm stirrups at some distance depending on depth of the beam are provided as reinforcement for the plinth beam. Plinth Beams:We have seen that the projecting part of the wall immediately above the ground up to the ground floor level is known as plinth. both on top and bottom. In first class buildings. In addition. it is made 10to 15cm in depth and extending the full width of the upper wall.rocks and firm soil. Functions of the plinth: To prevent the building from damp or moisture penetration into it. This is called a Plinth Beam. for getting crack free walls. Under normal condition. especially in clayey soils. an RCC beam is usually provided in the main walls above the ground level and just below the ground floor level. To improve the elevation of the building. To act as a retaining wall so as to keep the filling in position below raised floor of the build. It gives an appearance of additional stability to the building and also the clearance from the ground level. The height of the basement varies with local conditions. This causes bending and shears in plinth beams. The height of the plinth should not be less than 450mm from surrounding ground level. Brickwork in foundations is saved by providing plinth beams. To transmit the load of the super structure to the foundation. cavity wall construction etc. Dampness at Basement level:One of the primary objectives of building is that it should keep dry. sills and roof beams. faulty construction or poor material. which are constructed above the plinth level i. Columns are frequently used to support beams and arches on which the upper part of walls or ceilings rests. It should be compacted in layers of flooding. rectangular or circular in shape. walls. integral damp-proofing. Generally the column may be square. lintels. Columns transfer the loads from the beams or slabs to the footings or foundations. The dampness in the building is caused due to bad design. It causes efflorescence which may leads to disintegration of bricks. Superstructure:It consists of all parts of the building. stones. A sand layer with thickness of 30cm for very clayey soils and at least 15cm for soils other than sand should be placed above the fill. Sand filling In Basement:Flooring concrete for ground floors should not be laid directly on the original earth work described above without sand filling except in cases where the foundation soil itself is sand. tiles etc. They are:- . Column:A vertical member whose effective length is greater than 3 times its least lateral dimension carrying compressive loads is called as column. surface treatment. guniting. Dampness can be prevented by adopting Membrane damp-proofing. Dampness not only reduces the life of the structure and cause unhealthy conditions for the occupants. They transfer the loads on to the foundation.e. The reinforcement in the column is designed as two types. In any column that has larger cross sectional area than that required supporting the load. of longitudinal bars to be provided is 4 for rectangular columns and 6 for circular columns. Load bearing walls are used to transmit the load from the roof and from upper floors to the foundation.8% of required area and not the area actually provided. The diameter of lateral ties shall not be less than 1⁄4 of the diameter of largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6mm.Longitudinal reinforcement: The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0. The effective lateral support is given by transverse reinforcement either in the form of circular rings capable taking up circumferential tension or by polygonal links (lateral Ties) with internal angles not exceeding 135 ° . Walls can built with different kinds of material such as bricks. wood. glass etc. . Walls:Wall is the structure built to divide the building in to no. the minimum percentage of steel shall be 0. Minimum no. Minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars is 12mm. Transverse reinforcement:A reinforced concrete compression member shall have transverse or helical reinforcement so disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has effective lateral support against buckling. stones. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not exceed 300mm. of rooms.8% and not more than 6% of gross cross sectional area of the column. The ends of the transverse reinforcement shall be properly anchored. Brick Masonry:Bricks laid in systematical way are bounded together with mortar to form a homogenous mass capable of withstanding and transmitting forces without failure is called brick masonry. 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 For example. 𝟐 . we will consider it in greater detail than other topics. Brick masonry As brick work is an important part of building construction. it is called a queen closer.Masonry:The art of construction of structure with stone. Terms Generally Used in Brickwork:𝟏 1. 4. Header:-A brick lay with its 𝟒 in × 3 in end parallel to the 𝟐 face of the wall. 5. Rubble masonry 2. A brick cut at the corner along the midpoints of the adjacent sides is a king closer. Masonry can be classified into 3 types. Ashlars masonry 3. This is at times used in junctions of walls. Frog:-The indentation on one or both of the 𝟒 in × 9in surfaces of the brick. Bat:-Any portion of a brick cut or broken across its length. half bat will be 𝟒 in × 𝟒 in ×3in size. Stretcher:-A brick lay with its 9 in × 3 in side parallel to the face of the wall. Bed:-The bottom surface of the brick which rests upon the mortar spread to receive it. brick or any other building blocks and mortar is called masonry. When it is cut into two equal halves. Closer:-The portion of a brick cut along the lengths in such a way as one long face remains intact. 𝟏 6. They are:- 1. 3. 2. lintels for discharging rainwater clear of walls is called Throating.5 1:4 or 1: :4 Below 5 5-15 15-25 >25 Mortar Strength 2 1 2 1:3 or 1: :3 4 10 . Perpends:-The vertical joints separating the bricks in either length or cross direction are known as Perpends. Throating:-The groves provided at the end of corbels. Lap:-The horizontal distance between the vertical joints in successive courses is termed as a lap. Plinth Course:-The horizontal course of stone or brick provided at the base of the wall at floor level above the ground level is called plinth course. fine aggregate and water in suitable proportions. 13. This is used to bond masonry units. 11. 12. Recommended mortars for Brickwork Mortar is the plastic mixture of binding materials like cement or lime. 9. 8. Quoins:-The stones used at the corners are quoins. 10. Various types of mortars mixes used for brick work are as follows:- Brick Strength Mortar Mix (N/mm2) Cement or Cement (N/mm2) Lime 1:6 or 1:2:9 3 1:5 or 1:1:6 5 1 1 7. Arrisers:-The edges of the brick lay on the same bed.7. Junctions:-The meeting place of a longitudinal wall and a cross wall is called a junction. As bricks of different sizes are used in practice in various places. of brick bats. Bonding helps in the distribution of the loads. the width of brickwork is measured by bricks and not by actual measurement. Types of Bonding English Bond:-It is the most commonly used bond for all wall thicknesses. It is the straightest forward of all bonds to lay and give greater strength than any other as it results in fewer through joints and entails the use of a minimum no. Thus using 9’’× 4 brick wall.Bonding of Bricks The art of bonding brickwork consists of the orderly arrangements of the bricks in such a way that continuous or through joints along the walls are also reduced to a minimum. Flemish or Double Flemish Bond:-On elevation. On elevation. Bonding is carried by use of closures (in the header course) or three quarters in the stretcher course. usually taken as 4 1" 2 1" 2 × 3" sizes as headers a half inches in thickness will be obtained. The thickness of mortar joints is usually taken as not more than 6mm (1⁄4 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ) for very good bricks and 10mm (3⁄8 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ) for ordinary bricks. this consists of alternate courses of all headers (length of brick) and all stretchers (side of bricks). It is perhaps not . The thickness of one brick wall is taken as 9 inches. it consists of alternate headers and stretchers in every course. e. It is economical because it requires fewer facing bricks.quite as strong as English bond. . Bats should be used as little as possible and where used. whether on the face or in the interior of the wall. as the lap would not be uniform. Rules of Bonding The bricks should be uniform in size. The bricks in the interior thickness of the very thick walls should be laid with their length across the wall i. should be evenly distributed throughout the whole of the work. However. 2 The vertical joints in the alternate courses should fall in a plumb (vertical) line from the top of the wall to its base. header wise. Good bond is impossible otherwise. this bond is preferred where special bricks are used for facing works on the grounds of greater economy and more interesting appearance. and the proportion of length to breadth is such that the length becomes twice the width plus one joint. The minimum amount by which the bricks in 1 course overlap 1 the bricks in the course below should be 2 inch along the 1 4 length of the wall and 4 inch across the thickness of the wall. frost etc. The minimum reinforcement area of tension reinforcement should not be less than the following 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 = 𝒃𝒅 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒚 = 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 . as the frames of doors and windows are not strong enough to support the weight of the wall above the opening. Lintels are placed over the openings of doors and windows. Weather shades are provided to protect the doors and windows from the weathering agents such as sun. wind etc. They reduce long term deflections and increase the stiffness. Lintel is a horizontal structural member provided to support the weight of the wall above the opening of door or window. Lintels and Weather Shades: Sills protect the top of the wall from wear and tear.Sills. Roof Beams:A roof is the upper part of a building which is constructed in the form of a framework to give protection to building against rain. These beams are generally reinforced in both compression and tension sides hence they are also called as doubly reinforced roof beams. These beams are generally provided to improve the ductility of the beam in earth quack regions. rain. Functions of Sills. And the beams provided to withstand the loads of slab or roof is called roof beams. Lintels and Weather Shades:The wall below the bottom of window frame is called sill of a window. heat. 34% for Fe 250 steel. This works out only 0. Where the depth of the beam exceeds 750mm. The total area of such reinforcement shall be not less than 0. rectangular.1% of the beam area and a spacing not exceeding 300mm. Slabs supports mainly transverse loads and transfers them to the supports by bending action in one or more directions.2% for Fe 415 steel and 0. circular. 𝑷𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒙 < 0. side face reinforcement shall be provided along the two faces. Types of Slabs Depending up on the ratio of longer span to short span(𝑙𝑦 ⁄𝑙𝑥 ). Beams or walls are the common supports for the slabs. in buildings. Slabs Slabs are plane structural members whose thickness is small as compared to its length and breadth. Two Way Slab . The maximum area of tension reinforcement should not exceed 4% of the gross cross sectional area.04 𝑏𝐷 Where D = gross depth of the beam The reinforcement shall have concrete cover of thickness neither less than 25mm nor less than twice the diameter of such bar. One Way Slab 2. the slabs are classified in to: 1. triangular etc. Slabs are most frequently used as roof coverings and floors in various shapes as square. e.e.. Minimum Reinforcement:The reinforcement in either direction of span shall not be less than 0. irrespective of longer span to shorter span ratio. . However minimum reinforcement known as distribution steel is provided along the longer span above the main reinforcement to distribute the load uniformly and to resist temperature and shrinkage stresses. along the shorter span and hence it needs main reinforcement in one direction only (along the shorter span) to resist one way bending.. A square slab (𝑙𝑦 = 1) will also acts as one way slab if it is 𝑙 𝑥 supported only on two opposite edges. However. The load is transferred in both the directions to the four supporting edges and hence main reinforcement has to be designed in both the directions to resist two way bending. the slab behaves like a one way slab as it bends in only one direction i. One way slabs bends in one direction i. Two Way Slab:When the slabs are supported on all the four edges and the ratio of longer span to the shorter span (𝑙𝑦 ⁄𝑙𝑥 ) is less than or equal to 2. Note:When a slab is supported only on two opposite edges. the slabs are likely to bend along the two spans and such slabs are called as two way slabs.15% of gross cross sectional area if mild steel is used. perpendicular to the supports (span direction).One Way Slab:Slabs which are supported on all four edges and the ratio of longer span to the shorter span (𝑙𝑦 ⁄𝑙𝑥 ) is greater than 2 are called as one way slab. The stair consists of series of steps with landings at appropriate . Maximum Diameter of Bars:The diameter of the bars shall not exceed one eighth of the total thickness of slab. Distribution Reinforcement:The area of distribution reinforcement shall not be less than 0.12% if high yield strength deformed bars are used.15% of gross cross sectional area if plain bars are used and 0. The spacing of distribution reinforcement in slabs shall not be more than five times the effective depth of slab or 450mm whichever is less. Cover to Reinforcement:Reinforcement shall have concrete cover of thickness as follows:a) At each end of reinforcement bar not less than 25 mm nor less than twice the diameter of such bar. Stair Case:Stairs provide access for the various floors of the building. Spacing of Main Reinforcement:The spacing of main reinforcement in slabs shall not be more than three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300mm whichever is less. b) The bottom cover for reinforcement shall not be less than 20mm or less than the diameter of such bar.12% where high strength deformed bars or welded wire fabrics are used.this value is reduced to 0. Rise and tread are proportional so as to provide convenient and easy access. Where space is less. 4. 3. Types of Stair Cases:1. . Quarters Turn stair Case:-In this stair case. the width of landings should be at least equal to the width of stairs.intervals. The rise may vary from 150 mm to 200 mm. The width of stair depends up on the type of building in which it is projected. Each step has one tread (going) and one rise. Generally in residential buildings. Single Flight stair Case: This type of stair is used in cellars or where the height between the floors is small and the frequency of its use is less. to allow free flow of users. the width of stair is kept as 1 m and in case of public buildings it may be up to 2 m. Open Well Stair Case:-In public buildings where large spaces are available. 2. comfort and ventilation due to its smaller flights with an open well at the center. The room or space where stairs are provided is called stair case. As per IS: 456. dog legged stair case is generally provided resulting in economical utilization of available space. flights run adjoining the walls and provide uninterrupted space at the center of the room. The stretch between the two landings is called flight. Doglegged Stair Case:-The most common type of stairs arranged with two adjacent fights running parallel with a midlanding. the slope or pitch of the stairs should be in between 25° 𝑡𝑜 40°. the tread is in between 250 mm to 300 mm. open well stair case is generally preferred due to its better accessibility. smooth and even surface by covering defective workmanship. one or two storeys of building are constructed underground level. smooth. painting etc. Spiral stair Case:-in congested locations. The upper floors divide the building in to no. Functions of Floors:1. It comprises a central post with precast treads anchored to the central column. such floors below ground level are called basement floors. durable. The function of floor is to provide clean. Finishes for Walls:Wall finishes are of several types. 2. snow etc. Geometrical stair Case:-It is aesthetically superior compared to other types and is generally used in the entrance of cinema theatres and shopping malls. It provides true. It protects the structure form the effect of rain. plastering. sound and fire insulation. Multi-storeyed buildings have other floors also in addition to ground floor. Sometimes. 2. where space available is small. Functions of Finishes of Wall:1.5. sun. they are pointing. of storeys and provide heat. spiral stairs are ideally suited. 6. Ground and Upper Floors:A single storeyed building has only one floor which directly rest on the ground is known as ground floor. strong and water tight leveled surface for users. . shelves. stair case 1:2:4 1cement: 2coarse sand: 4graded stone aggregate 20mm nominal size.C.C.5mm nominal size.5:3 1cement: 1.C Bed 1:5:10 1cement: 5coarse sand: 10 graded stone aggregate 40mm nominal size.Ratios of Mix of Concrete C.R masonry 1:6:12 1cement: 6coarse sand: 12graded stone aggregate 20mm nominal size.C. .C. lintels. R.C columns 1:1.S masonry 1:6 1cement: 6coarse sand Damp Proof Course 1:2:4 1cement: 2coarse sand: 4graded stone aggregate 12.C roof beams and slabs 1:2:4 1cement: 2graded coarse sand: 4graed stone aggregate 20mm nominal size.C. R. R. R.C footing 1:2:4 1cement:2coarse sand: 4graded stone aggregate 20mm nominal size. R.C plinth beam 1:2:4 1cement: 2coarse sand: 4graded stone aggregate 20mm nominal size. C.R. R.5coarse sand: 3graded stone aggregate 20mm nominal size.C chajja. Brick Wall Brick work with F.P. 12mm cement plastering 1:4 (cement:4fine sand) 1:6 (cement:6fine sand) 15mm cement plastering 1:4 (1cement:4fine sand) 1:6(1cement:6fine sand) 20mm cement plastering 1:4 (1cement:4fine sand) 1:6(1cement:6fine sand) Cement Plastering in Course Sand 12mm cement plastering 1:4 (1cement:4fine sand) 1:6(1cement:6fine sand) 15mm cement plastering 1:4 (1cement:4fine sand) 1:6(1cement:6fine sand) .S bricks of class designation 75 in super structure above plinth level up to floor level in all shapes and sizes.5” thick brick wall. 1:4 (1cement:4coarse sand) for 4. 1:6 (1cement: 6: coarse sand) for 9” thick brick wall. Finishing External plastering for height up to 10mts from ground level unless otherwise started (without material). planned the diversification in to Construction Industry and the division. more specifically in the construction sector of Row houses and High-Rise Buildings. Row Houses. Canal. 6-3680/A/B. Agri Gold Projects Ltd. Thakur Mansion Lane. Punjagutta. Hyderabad. High-Rise Buildings. Its Registered Office is located at Hyderabad. AGPL is a multi-core diversified Industrial Conglomerate and the success dossier promoting new trends by developing Layouts. and Club House & Resorts. Earth Works. AGPL continued to strengthen its position and it is regarded as a pioneer and trusted business partner serving the Indian infrastructure growth. AGPL's main thrust is in construction and upgrading of highways and property development including world class townships and commercial buildings using modern technology and equipment. realizing the business potential. planned the diversification in to Construction Industry and the division. (AGPL) is a Company registered under the Companies Act 1956. AGPL has been actively participating in the high growth opportunities offered by Indian Infrastructure Industry. AGPL. As a quality conscious company. Individual Villas. . AGPL is a highly quality conscious company with the motto of "Excellence through Quality". AGPL. realizing the business potential. Somajiguda Circle.AGRI GOLD PROJECTS LIMITED Agri Gold Projects limited is located at Agri Gold Towers. safety. Mission to achieve excellence in quality. reliability by contributing towards community development and nation building. and deliver. and project management enterprise and to create a professional environment that will continually challenge our associates and affiliates to innovate. improve. Our Project Site .Vision of the Company To build a world-class engineering. construction. It increases our ability and attitude towards job. It helps to gain practical knowledge in the field.Advantages of Industrial Training It helps to improve the skills to communicate with the workers. It provides experience to us. It improves our familiarity with technical terms. It helps to improve our manual skills under senior engineers. . material and tools. It shows the way in which various works are done. It teaches us the basics of civil engineering.