Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment GROUP ASSIGNMENT PANIPAT CE00306-2-HCIU HUMAN COMPUTER INTERCATION AND USABILITY PT1181/82 HAND OUT DATE HAND IN DATE WEIGHTAGE 21 AUGUST 2013 11 NOVEMBER 2013 50% INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES: 1. Students are advised to underpin their answers with the use of references (cited using the Harvard Name System of Referencing). 2. Late submission will be awarded zero (0) unless Extenuating Circumstances (EC) is upheld. 3. Cases of plagiarism will be penalized 4. The assignment should be in both hardcopy and softcopy: The hard copy of the assignment should be bound in an appropriate style (comb bound ) The softcopy of the written assignment and source code where appropriate should be on a CD in an envelope /CD cover and attached to the hardcopy. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 1 Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment GROUP ASSIGNMENT PANIPAT CE00306-2-HCIU HUMAN COMPUTER INTERCATION AND USABILITY In-Course Assignment Topic- Interface Design Assignment LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Group Number-….. HAND OUT DATE HAND IN DATE Submitted By: Aakash Bathla(GL) PT1182214 Kawal Deep Singh Shubham Sharma PT1183306 PT1181138 21 AUGUST 2013 11 NOVEMBER 2013 Submitted To: Mr. Ravi Sachdeva(Module Lecturer) Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 2 Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Marking Scheme (CE00306-2 HCIU Assignment) Marks will be accorded to the team members for all work carried out in their respective section. The following are the marks that are to be awarded to each team member for the work done by the entire group. Student Name: Intake No.: Marks (70%) 10 15 Group Plan Walkthrough Critical Discussion and Application of User Requirements: To include the selection of data gathering methods the actual user profiling process performed discussions on task analysis conducted the impact of user profiling and task analysis on the design Critical Discussion and Application of Usability Goals and Competitive Analysis: To include the selection of design principles the selection of usability goals competitive analysis the impact of the activities on the design Critical Discussion and Application of Design and Prototype: To include parallel design, peer to peer evaluation and its impact on the design. each screen purpose and strategy behind its design Critical Discussion and Application on Testing: To include details on heuristic evaluation performed details on the formative testing performed details on the impact of the results to the final prototype Individual Research and Reference Use of research to support decision making (appropriate use of citations and references) in relevant to: User Profiling Usability Goals and Competitive Analysis Design and Prototype Testing Each member will be responsible for documenting the research section for one chosen usability engineering section identified above Note: A group of three will only choose the first three sections for the individual component. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 15 15 15 Marks (30%) 20 Page 3 • Major sections of criteria missing Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 4 .Level 2(Computing) HCIU 5 Group Assignment Presentation: Demonstration of the final prototype/ability to explain the whole usability engineering process undertaken Overall achievement of the learning outcome: Understanding of the overall HCI consideration for the project 5 Performance Criteria: Criteria: Remarks Distinction • Outstanding. comprehensive and clear explanation or implementation of the A: 70%+ criteria • A quality piece of work giving full coverage of the criteria Credit • Effective and well standard of criteria used with some minor limitations B: 60-69% Credit C: 50:59% • Acceptable and sufficient of criteria used with some severe limitations Pass • Some criteria used with major limitations D: 40-49% Marginal Fail E: 30-39% Fail F: 0-29% • Insufficient and unclear of criteria used. investigate.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment BE (HONS) IN COMPUTING In-course Assignment Information Sheet CE00306-2 Human Computer Interaction & Usability Assignment Interface Design Assignment Subject Intakes Date Assigned Date Due Lecturer Submission : : : : : Human Computer Interaction & Usability PT1181/82 21 August 2013 11 November 2013 Ravi Sachdeva : Softcopy & Hardcopy LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this assignment. The incourse work is to be completed as a piece of cooperative and collaborative group work. 2. You need to work in a team of 4/3 members. Apply common techniques in HCI to plan. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 5 . model. Assignment Overview You are to complete one piece of intensive course work for the module HCIU which is worth 50% of the module overall marks. you should be able to: 1. Show fundamental issues of human computer interaction and cost effective assessments of usability. synthesis and evaluate a small-scale prototype. The design should be made with respect to the HCI design guidelines. A fully functional system is not expected to be produced.Level 2(Computing) Topic of the Assignment: HCIU Group Assignment You are required to develop an interface of a Library Management System. some limited functionality (such as dummy output) is expected in order to demonstrate the ability of the system. the team members are to meet together and brainstorm for this project. you are required to submit your proposal which includes the following requirements: You need to draw a scheme of work that shows how and when your team will perform the usability engineering activities (as identified on page 3 of this document) Your plan should include details of the tasks (including meetings) that will be involved and what deliverables you will produce as the usability project proceeds. It should be an interactive application which can be developed using an authoring tool of your choice. documentation and presentation will be scheduled. First Stage At the initial stage of this project.g. one or more team members being absent for short periods. including the final report itself. implementation. normally during one of the usual timetabled slots. You are advised to include some spare time in your plan for unforeseen events e. You will need to make a 10-minute appointment to do this. However. As a team. Database backend are not necessary. Deliverable: You will be expected to ‘walk through’ your plan with a module tutor during week 5 of the module (for up to 10% – see the Marking Scheme in page 4). Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 6 . Once this proposal is approved then you and your team can move on to the second stage of the project where design. Do note that the purpose of this assignment focuses on the user interface and what goes into the entire design process that will give it a certain look and feel. The workload matrix is to be signed off by each team member. Complete and detailed research is required for each activity. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 7 . This will contribute to the individual marks during the presentation. the team is required to discuss the progress of the project every two weeks.Level 2(Computing) Second Stage HCIU Group Assignment Your team will work through the following usability engineering activities: User Requirement User Profiling/Stakeholder analysis Task analysis Usability Goals and Competitive Analysis Identifying usability principles used in the system Competitive Analysis Prototype and Walkthrough Parallel design Storyboarding and description of each screen purpose and strategy behind its design Testing of Design Heuristic evaluation Formative Testing General Implementation Final presentation References Complete documentation (maximum 10000 words) must be produced to contain all the activities that the development team went through in producing the system. As this is a group assignment. it is expected that the usability engineering activities are to be carried out together as a team. Each member will be responsible for documenting the research section of one chosen usability engineering section. Throughout the development cycle. Documentation of the discussions is to be included as part of the submission together with a detailed workload matrix to show the participation of all group members. Each member must demonstrate knowledge and ability to explain each activity and the justifications of any decision made. Presentation: Demonstration of the final prototype/ability to explain the whole usability engineering process undertaken Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Marks (70%) 10 15 15 15 15 Marks (30%) 20 5 Page 8 . peer to peer evaluation and its impact on the design.Level 2(Computing) Marking scheme HCIU Group Assignment Marks will be accorded to the team members for all work carried out in their respective section. The following are the marks that are to be awarded to each team member for the work done by the entire group. each screen purpose and strategy behind its design Critical Discussion and Application on Testing: To include details on heuristic evaluation performed details on the formative testing performed details on the impact of the results to the final prototype Individual Research and Reference Use of research to support decision making (appropriate use of citations and references) in relevant to: User Profiling Usability Goals and Competitive Analysis Design and Prototype Testing Each member will be responsible for documenting the research section for one chosen usability engineering section identified above Note : A group of three will only choose the first three sections for the individual component. Group Plan Walkthrough Critical Discussion and Application of User Requirements: To include the selection of data gathering methods the actual user profiling process performed discussions on task analysis conducted the impact of user profiling and task analysis on the design Critical Discussion and Application of Usability Goals and Competitive Analysis: To include the selection of design principles the selection of usability goals competitive analysis the impact of the activities on the design Critical Discussion and Application of Design and Prototype: To include parallel design. • Major sections of criteria missing Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 9 . comprehensive and clear explanation or implementation of the A: 70%+ criteria • A quality piece of work giving full coverage of the criteria Credit • Effective and well standard of criteria used with some minor limitations B: 60-69% Credit C: 50:59% • Acceptable and sufficient of criteria used with some severe limitations Pass • Some criteria used with major limitations D: 40-49% Marginal Fail E: 30-39% Fail F: 0-29% • Insufficient and unclear of criteria used.Level 2(Computing) HCIU 5 Group Assignment Overall achievement of the learning outcome: Understanding of the overall HCI consideration for the project Performance Criteria: Criteria: Remarks Distinction • Outstanding. Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Acknowledgement - Around a period of two months we were working hard to achieve our goal. family and everybody else who helped us anyways in our assignment. We are very much grateful to our Module Lecturer Mr. Though there were lots of problems we had to face but we all worked together and moved on and on. He was always there to listen and to give advice and He also taught us how to express our ideas. Today we are out with flying colours. We greatly acknowledge the working contribution of Director Sir. I want to acknowledge all my friends and colleagues who supported us in our assignment. Ravi Sachdeva for her continuous support in the development of the assignment and have enabled us to complete our assignment on time. Last and but not the least. First. we would like thank to APIIT INDIA to provide us the opportunity to do such an assignment. We are strived hard to complete our assignment. We would also like to thank all our friends. Now after the completion of our group assignment we are happy to see the best results. who encouraged us and provided us with all kinds of facilities including Ultra modern Library and computer Lab. Group Member„s Name: Aakash Bathla(Group Leader) Kawal Deep Singh Shubham Sharma PT1182214 PT1183306 PT1181138 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 10 . Our goal was to give an outstanding and appreciating performance. Mr. Ravi Sachdeva (Module Lecturer) APIIT SD INDIA Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 11 .Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Certification: This is to Certify that Group Consisting of Aakash Bathla (Group Leader) Kawal Deep Singh Shubham Sharma (PT1182214) (PT1183306) (PT1181138) Has Successfully Completed their Project named “LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” of the Module ”Human Computer Interaction and Usability” As Per Staffordshire University Guidelines and Under my Guidance. 10 Certification ………………………………………………………………………………..Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Table of Contents Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………………. 11 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 12 . we are going to introduce a new interface which will be helpful to every computer user and it would not provide the majorfunctionalities but would also provide the user with the simplest interface and easily navigation to menus and sub-menus. evaluation and implementation of interaction computing Systems for human is and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 13 . Usability and Simplicity. HCIU is a very broad discipline that encompasses different specialties with different concerns regarding computer development. As this site is mainly used by student and library faculties. A System that can be easily understandable and navigated by the kids. It has become the necessity of every college and school. The Site is being developed by keeping the following considerations in mind such as: Effectiveness. As a group we are decided to develop an attractive and user friendly “LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”. Efficiency. HCIU is concerned with the design. Designing and evaluating interfaces on the basis of relevant knowledge and appreciation of human capabilities. Understanding the key issues in the field of Human-Computer Interaction.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Introduction: The Term HCIU stands for “Human Computer Interaction and User Interface” .It is the study of interaction between user and Computer. It is one of the popular sites that can be seen by everyone. Storyboarding 3.3 33.3.4.3 33.2.4.4 33.4 33.3 33.3.3 33. Heuristic evaluation 4. Testing of Design 4. Competitive Analysis 2.3 33. Software prototyping 3.4 33. Identifying usability goals 2.4 33. User Profiling and data gathering 1. User Requirement 1.1. Prototype and Walkthrough 3.3 33. Parallel design 3.3 33.3 33.3 33.3 33. Documentation 33.3 33. Usability Goals and Competitive Analysis 2.3 33. Stakeholder analysis 1.4 33. Formative Testing 4.3 100 33.3 33.1.3 33.4 33.3 33.3 100 4.3 33.4 3.4 33.3 33.Level 2(Computing) Workload Matrix: HCIU Group Assignment Aakash Bathla Kawal Deep Singh Shubham Sharma 1.3 33.3 33.4 33.2.4.4 33.4 100 33.3 33.2. Documentation 33.1.3.3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 14 .3.3 33. Task analysis 1. Documentation 33.1. Design principles 2. Documentation 2.2.3 33. 1. General 5.2. Implementation 5. Documentation 33% 33% 34% Group Member Aakash Bathla(PT1182214) Signature ____________________ Kawal Deep Singh(PT1183306) ____________________ Shubham Sharma(PT1181138) ____________________ Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 15 .Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 5. Just designing appropriate would not help. preferences and skills. Doesn‟t do what the user‟s needs. because the system will fail if it. We need to find out the demands from the user to achieve the goal of the system. 1. either individuals.0 User Requirements 1. We do user profiling to identify the interest of all the stakeholders who may affect or be affected by the system. In other words we can say that the user profiling is the activity of gathering data regarding intended user. since.2 Why we user Profiling? The purpose of user profiling is to gather information about the requirements from the users. users attribute may vary from place to place and may other factors too. background. User Profiling involves identifying user attributes like physical proximities.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 1. Is inappropriate to the user.1. So that the system must match the user‟s task and must meet the user requirements Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 16 .1 What is User Profiling? The Process or act of “establishing and collecting the knowledge about the users related to any specific system of all the users who are expected to use the system and also of what these users want to do” can be termed as user profiling.1.1 User Profiling 1. which may help in co-coordinating and prioritizing user requirements. Another Purpose of user profiling is to give adequate feedback or just to make the system enjoyable and satisfaction. novice or casual or expert ones. it is important to understand the capabilities and limitations of those we are designing for our users.1. In order to make the system. Without proper User Profiling. the interface will fail if it does not know what the actual user require. remember and easy to use.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment User profiling plays a vital role in framing the system usable which is easy to learn.3 Process of User Profiling – To know who are the users? To know where is the task performed? To know the relationship between the user and the data? To know how often the tasks are performed? To know what are the Time Constraints? Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 17 . User Profiling is done so that it can aspire to the system to match the user‟s tasks and to meet the user requirements. User Profiling consists of three main things: User Profiling Users Goals Tasks 1. The system will fail if it is not as per the requirement of user. To know who are the users? HCIU Group Assignment Under this we have all the features related to the user like how the user look like. skills and all. We get to know what the user knowledge and experience is and what kind of task the user can perform. while sitting.All the things related to their surroundings. To know where is the task performed? Under this we will have an idea about the place and the situation where the system has to work and according to which the system has to design because surrounding environment matters a lot in working of a system. While standing. what kind of lighting do they work under. -Preferences: Under this we can get to know how efficient the user is and how efficiently he/uses the system to meet his/her requirements. It also signifies the age of the user. -Background: Here it means the educational background of the user which shows upto what extent the user can understand the things.Level 2(Computing) 1. the kind of place they sit and work . 2. in a crowded place. Is there confidentiality required or need to hide some information The working space of the user. The user‟s ability and users disabilities like is the user is having any eye sighted problem for which he/she uses glasses. Are users under stress or they are in absolutely light mood while using the system. Its all related to the user outer appearance. where the system is going to be used. the social and religious background of the user which helps a lot in making the system. Identify attributes of users -Physical Characteristics: It is related to the outer appearance of the user. Surrounding noise Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 18 . -Skills: In this we get a fair idea about the skills and task experience of the user. their background. like how the user looks like. 5. To know how often the task are performed? Under this we get to know the about the frequency of using the system to perform any task: Frequent users remember more details so no much assistance is required for them. positioning of functions as in the same manner so that will easy for the user to perform his/her task as per his/her need. Is there any timing relationship between the tasks like if this task is performed then within this much of time span the another task has to be done otherwise there will be time out or the page will expire. Infrequent users may need more help even for simple operations. To know the relationship between the user and the data? Under this we can collect the information about relationship between the user and the data: Personal Data: Is the data always accessed at same machine and personal to the user or not. To know what are the time constraints? Mainly time constraints deal with these Points: What functions will users be in a hurry for and which functions can wait. This all have to decide while designing the system. Can anyone else use the same data or not. So the System is designed in same manner.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 3. Do users move between or work on the same particular machine. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 19 . Is the data passed sequentially between the users? 4. Common Data: Is the data being used is personal to a user or common to all the users. So more and more steps and guidance is given for such types of users in the system. Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Classification of user on the basis of domain knowledge and expertiseThe entire user domain can also be divided on the basis of knowledge possessed by the intended users.the shorter it is more likely it is to be remembered. These users may have problem in maintaining the system as they don‟t have a deep knowledge of the system. They can be categorized as under- Novice User. and of computers and interface concepts. They also have a broad knowledge of computers and interface concepts. They may include that domain of users that has no prime knowledge of basic computer handling and software handling. 5.These are the users who has either no or limited knowledge of the occupational task to be performed. Guidelines for Novice User: 1. They are very new to the system and will need a simple and basic interface. 4. The users in the group come under the less frequent users group and hence may sometimes feel some problems in dealing with the system.These are the users who understand the main concept of the task. 3. Knowledgeable Intermittent Users. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 20 .the novice may not know what is to be done. But this domain will constitute very less numbers of users involved in present era of technology. I here should be sufficient feedback-closure. Each required input should be brief. All initiative should come from the computer. Input procedures should be consistent with user expectations-humans search for patterns and will generalize. Help should always be available-online. 2. Movement: It is related to the displacement of controls in any specific system. Hence. Disability: User may also possess some disability which may restrict them to make full use of system. This user force may include the developers and engineers who all are often involved in developing computer applications. Certain human factors effecting interface working are: 1.These Users may include computer geeks. It deals with the physical abilities and disabilities of the users. Physiology can be covered under three points:- Reaction Time: It is the response which an user takes to response for a action or an activity.It mainly deals with physical build up or body parts of the users. due to their tendency of maintaining close relations to computer world. 1. designers must take care of various techniques for users to access input and output modules. paper use of mouse Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 21 . Disease like Rheumatoid arthritis often restrict user from accessing interface containing too many buttons and splash screens. Knowing users‟ capability and restrictions is important for guiding the arrangement of controls and components of any system. Or it may be termed as the speed of accessibility of different components across the screens of game by the user.2 Human FactorsConsidering Human Factors is a potent part of constructing a design of any system. The design of system or interface is many a time affected by human physiology or built up factors. It vary from one user to another one.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Expert Frequent Users. These mostly use shortcuts to accelerate the works faster. Hence. Physiology:. They are termed as frequent users. Items that are similar tend to be grouped together. It is related with the aspect that how many things we can understand at a same time. While designing the system. It is the capabilities and limitation of visual processing and understanding how users perceive size and depth. This concept must be followed while designing the interfaces for any system. care should be taken about all the human cognition ane perception factors which could affect the output of the sytem. 3. reasoning. 2. memory. Perception: It describes perceiving power of users. According to George Miller‟s (1956) theory. It also deals with time span for which an individual can pay attention to a specific task. thinking. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 22 . Cognition: Cognition is the scientific term for “The Process of thought” and it is basically related to brain of human body.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment control has been considered and tools like arrows keys will be used to handle input modules. It mainly deals with the human understanding. problem solving capabilities. Law of Closure: Describes objects together are seen as a whole. 7±2 chunks of information can be held in short-term memory at any time. Law of Similarity:. It can be measured by mainly three laws: Law of proximity: Describes that object near each other tend to be grouped together. because it can affect or affected by the Organisation„s actions. and policies. developing and maintaining the products are known as Facilitating stakeholders. group or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization.It defined stakeholders as “those groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist” The four main categories of stockholders affecting are listed below: Primary Stakeholder : Users who directly uses the system are known as primary stakeholder. Secondary Stakeholder: Those who don‟t work on the system but need reports regarding system at regular interval of time or in other words we can say that who are interested in progress reports of system are kept under the category of secondary stakeholders. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 23 .Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Stakeholder Analysis: Person. The technique can be used alone or with team members. Stakeholder analysis is a technique we can use to identify and access the importance of key people. Facilitating Stakeholder: Those persons who are involved in designing. or institutions that may signifies influence the success of our activity or project. They are the persons who are affected either positively or negatively due to the project. objectives. Tertiary Stakeholder: Those who are the owner of the system and who are investing money and their capital in development of the system comes under the category of tertiary stakeholders. groups of people.e all who are interrelated with loss and profit of system comes under tertiary stakeholders or those who help in managing the system comes under this category. The Stakeholder concept was first used in a 1963 internal memorandum at the Stanford research institute . i. These users actually use all the resources of the system. This may include project managers. system managers etc. We can divide them into smaller groups on the basis of the power they have over the system and the interest these people have in our system. Prioritize our stakeholders All the above mentioned people are somehow linked with our system in one way or the other.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Selection and Justification of the Stakeholder: I already discussed above that stakeholders are the people that are directly or indirectly affected by the organization action. Following are the steps we took to analyze our stakeholders 1. objective and policies. teachers. Identifying the stakeholders In this step we determined all the people who are affected by our work. Thus the system can have following prioritization for their stakeholders: Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 24 . who have influence or power over it. or have an interest in its successful or unsuccessful conclusion. students. high power-low interest and high power-high interest. low power-high interest. This way we created 4 groups with people having low power-low interest. The identified stakeholders are librarian. 4. Primary stakeholder: These are those who directly use the system and here the primary stakeholders are the librarian. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 25 . Facilitating: These are the developers who develop the system and maintain the system and here the students namely aakash bathla. student and faculty as they for whom the whole system is going to be developed. Panipat is the owner of the system who is paying the developers to develop the system. Secondary stakeholder: These are the people who don‟t use or work on the developed system but they want the reports after every certain period of time and here for library management system the secondary stakeholders are director and accountant. Tertiary stakeholder: These are the people who tell the developers to develop the system and here APIIT SD INDIA. 2. 3.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment The stakeholders can be prioritized more precisely as follow: 1. shubham Sharma. kawal deep singh are the developers. projects. where direct reference to the people is required. hypothesis. test hypothesis and evaluate outcomes. for example the national census. Qualitative research is used to explore and understand people‟s benefits experiences. organization or any sort of a resource. which counts people and households. but may miss contextual details. Recommended during early phases of research Recommended during latter phases of research projects. Data is in the form of words. Qualitative All research grounding. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 26 . qualitative and quantitative research. in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions. Quantitative methods are most used in focus group and observation. Data is in the form of numbers and statistics. Quantitative data is more efficient. It generate numerical data or data that can be converted into numbers. attitudes and behavior and interactions. Everything is either 1 or 0. pictures or objects. Data gathering techniques can be divided in to two categories. Quantitative research refers to the data that can be represented with numerical values. ultimately has Quantitative a qualitative There is no such thing as Qualitative data. Qualitative data is more “rich”. able to test and less able to be generalized. time consuming. Data gathering is also defined as a type of tool that is used to gather information from particular company.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Data Gathering Technique: Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest. It is the most efficient and must be used whenever possible. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 27 . Determine scope and resource allocation Coverage of the organization Estimate the level of human. To decide appropriate method of data collection to use. Choose methodology Data Gathering(Questionnaire) Data analysis and evaluation 5. What data we need to achieve the objectives? From whom do you need to collect it? What is the most appropriate way of collecting data in the organization? 2. Develop clear objective Know what we want to achieve Know the organization Identify the stakeholder 3. 4. Develop communication strategy Communication before.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Why do data collection: 1. physical and technical resources. First we must know. financial. during and after Communication of findings and recommendations Communication of implementation of recommendations. Schedule initial visit to user site. Interviews are conducted on one-on-one or small group of people. We discussed about four techniques which are. 4. Data Gathering Techniques: There are various ways of data gathering techniques. Interview Questionnaire Observation Focus Group Interview Interview is one of the most important ways to gather information and create contents for a story. Identify deliverables. 7. The purpose of an interview are to become familiar with different types of interviews. Identify contact persons 6. 2. Gather and read background materials 3. and to identify the components of a good interview. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 28 . Schedule data gathering activities. 8. Establish data gathering objectives. To understand when interviews might be useful for the evaluation. Assign to data gathering teams. Determine what data gathering techniques to use 5.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Steps in data gathering: 1. May be useful for needs assessments and satisfaction surveys. When to use Different Types of Interviews: Structured Interviews Suitable for short. Interviews that use predetermined categories of answers. Open-Ended and In-Depth Interviews Used to gather detailed information. non-sensitive topics Can address program processes and subjective response to program outcomes. In-Depth Interview HCIU Group Assignment Structured Interview: Sometimes referred to as patterned interview.Ended Interview: Broad Questions area asked in a predetermined manner allowing for free-flowing conversation. Open. Help to make connections between the program impact and other aspects of participants‟ lives. In-Depth Interviews : An In-depth Interview is a conversation with an individual conducted by trained staff that usually collects specific information about one person. The main purpose of the structured interview is to pinpoint job skills that are essential to the position. Open-Ended Interview 3. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 29 .Level 2(Computing) Types of Interview: 1. Can be used both to give and receive information. opinions and experiences and to thoroughly document processes. Structured Interview 2. It is time consuming. The Interviewer may be biased and ask close questions. and it allows the analyst to collect information and opinion from respondents. Questionnaire /Survey: Questionnaire is a document containing a set of questions regarding the information that needs to be gathered.Level 2(Computing) Advantages Of Interviews: HCIU Group Assignment 1. 4. Open-Ended Questions: Questions that allow the respondent to write an answer in his/her own words. Closed-Ended Questions: Question that give the respondent a choice of answers to select from. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 30 . Quality of information obtained is largely dependent upon the interviewer. 3. 2. The purposes of a questionnaire are to understand the survey would be useful for the evaluation and to learn about the components of a good questionnaire/survey. Disadvantages of Interviews: 1. Enables Modification to lines of inquiry 6. Add an inner perspective to outward behaviors. Enables us to learn about things that can-not be directly observed. The interviewer can probe deeper into a response given by an interviewee. 2. 3. Increase Accuracy of response. Respondents can raise concerns 5. as returns from questionnaires are usually low. certainly more so than interviews 2. so questionnaires are more objective. activities. Questions may be misunderstood by respondents. Responses to closed-ended questions provide limited depth. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 31 . 4. 3. This potential is not realized. 2. 3. Disadvantages: 1. Potentially information can be collected from a large portion of a group. Including the environment or context. The responses are gathered in a standardized way. Generally it is relatively quick to collect information using a questionnaire. processes and discussions. It is a qualitative method that provides descriptive information about what happens in a program event.Level 2(Computing) Advantages of Questionnaire: HCIU Group Assignment 1. However in some situations they can take a long time not only to design but also to apply and analyze. Survey use requirements an understanding of survey design and statistics. Quantitative analysis is less meaningful when the sample size is small. Observation Observation method is a technique in which the behavior of research subjects is watched and recorded without any direct contact. However return rates can be dramatically improved if the questionnaire is delivered and respond to in time. Validity and reliability may be problematic. Time Consuming 2. recording observation as they are made. Not useful for jobs consisting on mostly mental tasks. to set pay rates. which are: Direct observation: This method observes employees in the performance of their duties. Small sample size 4.Level 2(Computing) Types and Using Observation methods HCIU Group Assignment This method can be independently or in combination with other methods of a job analysis. 6. Useful for manual and psycho-motor tasks. Firsthand observation 2. It includes time and motion study and micro-motion system. Advantages of Observation: 1. Simple to use 3. May bias worker performance 3. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 32 . Requires skilled observer 5. Critical Incident Technique: Though they employ the same method. There are three methods of job analysis based on observation. Verifies data from other sources 4. these methods differ in terms of who the observing. Disadvantages of Observation: 1. Work Method Analysis: This method is used to describe manual and repetitive production jobs and is used by industrial engineers to determine standard rates of production. while making sure that no personal bias affects the course of the interview. objectives and perceptions in an interactive environment. Choose and screen participants 4. Must be able to encourage members of the group to discuss concepts in greater detail. consisting of a meeting room with a round or oval table to enhance communication among the respondents. should be used. Make a presentation To improve the effectiveness of the focus group. a special facility. Convene the focus group meeting 6. The opinions and statements of the respondents enable one to derive strategic information and draw interesting conclusions. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 33 . Develop a discussion format 3. Determine research objectives 2. Conducting a Focus Group The seven basic steps for conducting a focus group are: 1. Select a moderator 5. Collect and analyze the data 7. Some of the desirable qualities are: Must be well-informed in the nuances of the industry being discussed for a better understanding of the discussion.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Focus Group: Focus groups present a unique opportunity to a group of end-users to discuss their needs. Desirable Qualities of moderator The moderator must lead the discussion and ensure that all the predetermined objectives of the interview are met. Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Must be able to encourage a debate among the respondents to generate deeper discussions. However, he/she must not allow the interview to degenerate into an argument. Must encourage the involvement of all the members in the group. Must be adaptable. The moderator should commit the session‟s questionnaire to memory and allow the session to flow smoothly without enforcing an arbitrary question order. Must exhibit significant degrees of empathy with the group, while maintaining control over the interviews. Advantages of focus group 1. Opinions or ideas of the individual group member can be taken and defined by the group, resulting in more accurate information. 2. A snowballing effect can occur, causing the ideas of individual members of the group to be passed around the ground, gathering both momentum and detail. 3. Focus group interviews are generally more interesting to the respondent than individual interviews. As a result, answers are likely to be longer and more revealing. 4. As the questions of the moderator are directed at a group rather than individuals, the degree of spontaneity of resultant answers is often greater in a focus group interview. Disadvantages of focus group 1. Structuring a random sample is a complicated task. The responses of the participants in the interview are likely to be different from those that did not participate. Therefore, nonresponse can be a serious problem. 2. Focus group is generally costlier than other end-user interview alternatives. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 34 Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 3. The moderator can introduce significant biases into the proceedings, should he/she fail to ask certain questions or delve deeply into specific areas. 4. Skilled moderators are difficult to find, and when their services are available, they are often expensive. Selection and justification of a chosen data method Any project or task requires a healthy amount of data. Based on this data, the team can induce its work on the project. Data gathering is simply collecting information is related to a project or task from the user or any other sources. Mainly there are five techniques for collecting or gathering information. Questionnaires Interviews Workshops/Focus Group Naturalistic observation Studying documents The requisites of system being developed significantly depend upon the targeted users and the conditions provided to the system of online library management system when is embryo stage. Moreover, when it comes to the interface designing, It becomes all the more potent to consider user expectations to make the system a popular entity among user community. Hence in order to determine the user requirements and considering the market demands, designers often follow various data gathering techniques. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 35 Level 2(Computing) Data Gathering techniques we chose: HCIU Group Assignment Since we have to design a online library management system project for College, Our project includes large number of users from places which are geographically as well as culturally apart. In this situations questionnaire s can be good option for collecting valuable data. We will prepare printed as well as online questionnaires in order to reach large community. Here‟s a small sample of our questionnaire 1. For how many years are you using your current Library management system? a.) 0 year b.) < 1 year c.) 1-5 year d.) > 5 Year 2. How do you grade performance of your present Library management system? a.) 100% b.) 50%-70% c.) 70%-99% d.) Can‟t say 3. In the Past 10 Years, How many times did your library go through LMS Migration? a.) 0 time b.) 1 time c.) More than once 4. Why did your library take a decision to migrate from earlier Library Management System? a.) Cost Factor – Maintenance Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 36 ) English b. Which font you like most? a. Are you agree.) Not Sure 7.) Quality Improvement c.) Administration reasons d. Which language is suitable for library management system? a.) Any Other please specify___________________________ 8.) Colorless c.) Georgia c.) Arial Black d.) Other Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 37 . that there must be some facility for the disable person in Library management system? a.) Times new Roman b.) No c.) Hindi c.Level 2(Computing) b.) Economic Reasons e.) Colorful b.) Yes b.) New Feature if any_________ HCIU Group Assignment 5.) Not sure 6. Which background color will be best for the online library management system? a.) France d. ) Thrice Weekly c.) No c. The language of the online library management system should be in English and the user must want their personal account in which they can easily view the details of him/her.) Monthly e. In online library management system there must be something for the disable person through which they can easily use the online library Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 38 . Are you comfortable with the library catalogue system? a.) Daily b.) Comfortable c.) Comfortable to a little extent d. How often do you visit your college library? a.) Rarely 10.) Most comfortable b.) Sometime Questionnaire Analysis Conclusion on questionnaire After analyzing the resultant data of the user we find that we should create the online library management system for the students and the faculty. Do you always use the internet? a.) Weekly d.) Not at all comfortable 11.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 9.) Yes b. Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment management system. We change the current library management system from older to newer one only because of Quality Improvement. 1-5 Year-15%.60%. >5 Year-60% Most of the users are under 1Year 15% 10% 0 Year 15% < 1 Year 1-5 Year >5 Year 60% Question 2 How do you grade performance of your present Library management system? Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 39 . <1 Year. like as for a blind person there must be sound. Impact on Design Question 1 For how many years are you using your current Library management system? Analysis Impact 0 Year-10%. 70%-99%-(70%).Level 2(Computing) Analysis Impact HCIU Group Assignment 100%-(10%). How many times did your library go through LMS Migration? Analysis Impact Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 40 .Can‟t say(10%) Grade performance of our system is 10% 10% 10% 100% 50%-70% 70%-99% Can't say 70% Question 3 In the Past 10 Years.50%-70%-(10%). Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 10% 10% 0 time 1 time more than once 80% Question 4 Why did your library take a decision to migrate from earlier Library Management System? Analysis Impact 5% 5% 15% Cost Factor Quality Improvement Economic Reasons Administration reason Any Other 70% Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 41 . Level 2(Computing) Question 8 HCIU Group Assignment Which background color will be best for the online library management system? Analysis Impact 10% Colorful 30% 60% Colorless Not sure Question 9 Are you agree that there must be some facility for the disable person in Library management system? Analysis Impact Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 42 . Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 10% 30% Yes No Not sure 70% Question 10 Analysis Impact Which language is suitable for library management system? Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 43 . Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 5% 5% 20% English Hindi France Any Other 70% Question 11 Analysis Impact Which font you like most? 20% Times New Roman 10% 60% 10% Georgia Arial Black Any Other Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 44 . Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Question 12 Analysis Impact How often do you visit your college library? 8% 10% Daily Thrice Weekly Weekly 60% 30% Monthly Rarely Question 13 Analysis Impact Are you comfortable with the library catalogue system? Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 45 . Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 8% 10% Most Comfortable Comfortable Comfortable to a little extent 30% 60% Not at all Comfortable Question 14 Analysis Impact Do you always use the internet? Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 46 . Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 10% Yes 30% 60% No Sometime Knowledge about user Students:Librarian:- Task Analysis Task analysis is the process of way people performing their jobs: The things they do. Critical elements and potential usability issues are identified. It is process in which task structure is analyzed. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 47 . Goal: The state that the human wishes to achieve. The key terminologies involved in task/analysis are goal and task. user carry out with a product/system. the thing they act on and the things they need to know. It is a method/set of methods for understanding the tasks. Three potential uses of task analysis in the design process Existing system Task Analysis New System Related system Task Analysis Related system Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 48 New System . Construct performance assessments and evaluation. Prioritize and sequence tasks. Specify the knowledge type(declarative. 5.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Task: The activities required in order to bring about the state the human wishes to achieve (the goal). Define and describe in detail the tasks and sub tasks to be performed. structural and procedural knowledge) that characterize a task. Select outcomes that are appropriate for the development. 7. 3. Determine the goals and objectives 2. 8. Determine activities and strategies. Select appropriate media environments. 6. 4. Purpose of task analysis 1. The output of HTA are a hierarchy of tasks and subtasks and also plans describing in what order and under what conditions subtasks are performed. Benefits of using metaphor Easier to learn because it is familiar to user. HTA is a commonly used means of breaking tasks down into a hierarchy of goals Operations and plans. the analogy is conveyed by the use of metaphorical word in place of some other word. Goal: It describes what the user wants to achieve Metaphors:Metaphors are the conceptual model that has been developed to be similar in some way to the aspects of a physical entity. A metaphor is a figure of speech that constructs an analogy between two things or ideas. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 49 . The sub-task are then further divided into sub-tasks when are then grouped as plans that specifies how the tasks might be performed in an actual situation. Enables learning by building upon existing knowledge.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Related system Task Analysis Task synthesis New System Hierarchical Task analysis HTA is a task analysis technique which involves some form of task decomposition to express a whole task into different subtasks. Return Books 7. Login 2. Search books 3. Add/Remove Members 4. Renewal Books 6. A short cut of complete tasks. Selection and justification of task analysis Goals: We have to keep this thing in our mind that the design should be interactive and the users will not get distracted. Login 2. Search Books 8. Display status of books borrowed by him 4.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Provides the powerful way of learning the complexity of a system. Issue Books 5. Goals of our system when librarian uses the system: 1. Add/Remove Books 3. Logout Goals of our system when student uses the system 1. Logout Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 50 . confused while accessing the online library management system. 2 then go to 3.Level 2(Computing) When student uses the system HCIU Group Assignment HTA OF LOGIN 0.1 Enter Username 3.0 LOGIN 1.0 then 2.1 and 3.0 Click submit button 3. Task Analysis of Login Task Open Website Click on Login Fill form Submit Critically H H H H Difficulty L L M L Frequency H H H H Assumptions for Login Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 51 . 3 randomly do 1.0 If user forgot 3.0 Do 1.3.0 Click for Login as Student 3. 3.0 then do 3.1.2.0 Fill the form 4.2 Enter Password 3.4 Plan 3.0 Open the website 2.3 Forgot Password Plan 0. 1 and 3.0 Click Search books 3.2 or 4.0 Open the website 2.2 Enter Password 3. HTA OF SEARCH 0.2 Click on search by book name 4.0 Do 1.2 then do 4.0 Click for login as student 3.0 then 4.0 then 2.0 then 3.1 or 4.3 Click on search by author name Plan 0.3.0 then do 3.3 Forgot Password 4.0 Login form 4.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment The person who logged in should have little idea about the online library management system. Task Analysis of Search Book Task Open Website Click on Login Fill form Search Book Submit Critically H H H H H Difficulty L L M M L Frequency H H H H H Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 52 .0 Search Books 1.1 Click on search by book id 4.1 Enter username 3. 0 Open the website 2.2 Enter Password 3. Task Analysis of Display Status Task Open Website Click on Login Fill form Display Status Submit Critically H H H H H Difficulty L L M L L Frequency H H H H H Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 53 .3 Forgot Password Plan 0.0 Click for login as student 3.1 Enter username 3.0 then do 3.0 Click Display Status 5.0 Logout 3.0 then 3.0 then 2. HTA OF DISPLAY STATUS 0.Level 2(Computing) Assumptions for Search Book HCIU Group Assignment The person who logged in should have idea about the book name or book id or author name.1 and 3.0 Display Status 1.0 Do 1.0.0 Login form 4.2 then do 4.0 then do 5. 1.Level 2(Computing) When librarian use the system HTA OF LOGIN HCIU Group Assignment 0.0 then 2.0 If user forgot 3. 3 randomly do 1.2 Enter Password 3.0 LOGIN 1.3.0 Open the website 2.4 Plan 3.3 Forgot Password Plan 0.2 then go to 3.0 Fill the form 4. 3.0 Do 1.2.0 Click for Login as Student 3.0 then do 3.1 and 3.1 Enter Username 3.0 Click submit button 3. Task Analysis of Login Task Open Website Click on Login Fill form Submit Critically H H H H Difficulty L L M L Frequency H H H H Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 54 . 0 then do 4.0 then do 4.0 then 2.2 Click Add Book 4.0 Do 1.0 Add/Remove Book Form 5.2 then do 5. Task Analysis of Add/Remove Book Task Open Website Do Login Fill Add/Remove Book Form Critically H H H Difficulty L L M Frequency H H H Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 55 .0.0 Logout 4.0 Click Add/Remove Book 4.0.1 then do 4.3 then do 4. For Remove Book Plan 0.0 then 4.0 Click for login as Librariant 3.0 then 2. HTA OF ADD/REMOVE BOOK 0.4 Click Remove Book For add Book Plan 0.Level 2(Computing) Assumptions for Login HCIU Group Assignment The person who logged in should have little idea about the online library management system.0 Do 1.3 Enter Book Id 4.0 Open the website 2.1 Fill Basic details of book 4.4 then do 5.0 then 4.0 ADD/REMOVE BOOK 1.0 then do 3.0 then do 3. 0.0 Click Add/Remove Student 4.0 Do 1.3 Enter Student Id 4.0 Click for login as Librariant 3.0 then do 3. Task Analysis of Add/Remove Book Task Open Website Do Login Critically H H Difficulty L L Frequency H H Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 56 .3 then do 4.0 Add/Remove Student Form 5.0 ADD/REMOVE STUDENT 1.0 then 4.0 then 2.0 Logout 4. HTA OF ADD/REMOVE STUDENT 0.1 Fill Basic details of Student 4.2 Click Add Student 4.0 then 2.4 then do 5.0 then do 4.0 then 4.Level 2(Computing) Submit H HCIU L Group Assignment H Assumptions for Add/Remove Book The librarian know the book id of the book which he want to delete the book.2 then do 5.0.0 Do 1.0 then do 3.4 Click Remove Student For add Student Plan 0.1 then do 4.0 Open the website 2.0 then do 4. For Remove Student Plan 0. 1 or 4. HTA OF SEARCH BOOK 0.0 Click for login as student 3.0 Click Search books 5.1 Click on search by book id 4.0 then 2.0 Search Books 1.Level 2(Computing) Fill Add/Remove Book Form Submit H H HCIU M Group Assignment H L H Assumptions for Add/Remove Student The librarian know the book id of the book which he want to delete the book.0 Logout 3.3 Forgot Password 4.0.3 Click on search by author name Plan 0.1 and 3. Task Analysis of Search Book Task Critically Difficulty Frequency Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 57 .2 or 4.0 then do 3.0 Do 1.1 Enter username 3.0 then 3.2 Click on search by book name 4.2 Enter Password 3.2 then do 4.3 then do 5.0 Open the website 2.0 Login form 4.0 then 4. 0 then do 3.0 Fill Issue Book Form 5.0 ISSUE BOOK 1.3 then do 5.0 Logout 4.2 Fill Basic Details Of Student 4.0 Do 1. Task Analysis of Issue Book Task Open Website Do Login Click Issue Book Critically H H H Difficulty L L L Frequency H H H Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 58 .Level 2(Computing) Open Website Click on Login Fill form Search Book Submit H H H H H HCIU L L M M L Group Assignment H H H H H Assumptions for Search Book The person who logged in should have idea about the book name or book id or author name.2 then do 4. HTA OF ISSUE BOOK 0.2 or 4.1 or 4.0 then 3.0 Open the website 2.0 Click for login as Librarian 3.2 Click Issue Book Plan 0.0.0 Click Issue Book 4.0 then 4.1 Fill Basic details of book 4.1 and 3.0 then 2. 0 then 2.2 Fill Basic Details Of Student 4.2 Click Submit Plan 0.2 or 4.0 Click Reniew Book 4.0 Click for login as Librarian 3.1 Fill Basic details of book 4.0 Do 1.0 then 3.1 or 4.0 Fill Reniew Book Form 5.0.2 then do 4.0 then do 3.0 then 4.3 then do 5.0 RENIEW BOOK 1.1 and 3. Task Analysis of Renew Book Task Open Website Do Login Click Issue Book Fill Requirements for Renew Book Critically H H H H Difficulty L L L M Frequency H H H H Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 59 .0 Open the website 2.0 Logout 4. HTA OF RENEW BOOK 0.Level 2(Computing) Fill Requirements for Issue Book Submit H H HCIU M Group Assignment H L H Assumptions for Issue Book The librarian knows the book details to be issued and the student details to whom the book is to be issued. 2 Click Submit Plan 0.0 RETURN BOOK 1.0 Click Return Book 4.0 Logout 4.0 Open the website 2.0 then 3.3 then do 5.1 Fill Basic details of book 4. Task Analysis of Return Book Task Open Website Do Login Click Return Book Fill Requirements for Return Book Submit H L H Critically H H H H Difficulty L L L M Frequency H H H H Assumptions for Return Book Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 60 .0 Fill Return Book Form 5.0 then 2.0 then do 3.0 Do 1.1 and 3. HTA OF RETURN BOOK 0.0 then 4.2 or 4.0.1 or 4.Level 2(Computing) Submit H HCIU L Group Assignment H Assumptions for Renew Book The librarian knows the book details to be Renew and the student details to which the book is to be renewed.2 then do 4.0 Click for login as Librarian 3.2 Fill Basic Details Of Student 4. their relationship and the system behavior. It helps us tp focus on certain things. The participants are given cards showing the site contents. OPEN. Physical Design: It shows the actual look of the screen and details of the designing example: Screen. Conceptual design tells us what and how the system is going to behave. It is a way to involve users in grouping similar elements under a single category Card sorting is quick. There are two types of design: 1. Card Sorting: Introduction: Card sorting is a technique that many designers use as a design method to structure the product or the system. Then. The constraints that are kept in mind while designing could how designing should be done. menus. 1. they are asked to sort/ group cards Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 61 . Graphics. Design and Prototype: Description: Designing is achieving goals within constraints. There are basically two types of card sorting techniques. for whom we are trying to develop and do we want to develop. what would be the cost and timing of designing and other issues. Conceptual Design: It is a basic foundation that defines the structure of the system. including the functional elements of the product. 2. This technique increases the system‟s finding capability. Icons. the main goal of designing to get the overview of what we are trying to develop. inexpensive and a reliable method to structure our website. what should be done.CARD SORTING: It is grouping similar elements under one category.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment The librarian knows the book details to be Returned and the student details who returned the book. ) Administrator c.) Library Member d.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment in the order in which they find it easy to handle. This technique is generative. They are than asked to find the best among those groups. 2. This sorting is usually done. exploring new ideas.requisites for it. Here 4 menus/cards were distributed among the users and were asked to group them logically. This sorting is usually done. The participants are given cards with pre grouped site contents. it is basically used to judge whether a given set of category provides an effective way to organize a given collection of content. CLOSED–CARD SORTING: The best design is searched not a particular element. when the system is wholly new. when the similar kinds of design are available to us.) Contact Us Result of Card Sorting(Menus): Sorting by user 1 Sorting by user 2 Sorting by user 3 Sorting by user 4 Sorting by user 5 Sorting by user 6 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 62 .) About Us f. the designer and doesn‟t have any pre. The design team has conducted the card sorting for the menus of our website. a.) Book Details e.) Home b. This technique is evaluative. Activity of Card Sorting: It is open card sorting. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 63 . So. menu location and many others. So. D . from the above sorting for the header. Activities of Card Sorting 2(Header) Here. of user has selected the sorting like A. font. F Sorting. B. The design team has done card sorting for the header of our website. color. designer has found that the maximum number of users has selected the Card D for design. designers has found that the maximum no. F. Here we have shown 4 headers/ cards. E. C. C. from the above sorting of menus. to understand their likes. E. D. (A) (C) Results Of Card Sorting (Header): Sorting By User1 D Sorting By User2 A Sorting By User3 D Sorting By User4 C Sorting By User5 B Sorting By User6 D Sorting By User7 D (B) (D) Here. The user will choose the best design among these sketches.Level 2(Computing) A B C D E F A C B D E F A B C HCIU B A D E C F A B C D E F Group Assignment A C B E D F D E F Here. dislikes and needs. from the above Card Sorting Technique designer has Selected A. four sketches of headers have been made and shown to six users. which user wants to be implemented into the website on the basis of background. B. from the above Card Sorting Technique designer has selected Card D. customers. It gives last views in a short span of time.It is also defined as an approach to design that attempts to actively involve all stakeholders (e. partners.3.1. several people or the members of the project create an initial design from the same set of requirements. Each member works independently. Parallel design can be broken down into different steps: Design independently Present all the designs Evaluate the designs Implementing the design Parallel Design 1 Parallel Design 2 Parallel Design 3 Parallel Design 4 Participatory Design The design which is based on user requirements or user preferences . These designs work because: The designer is able to get variety of solutions (ideas and concepts) of the problem. end users) in the design process to help ensure that the product designed Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 64 . Parallel Design Sketches 10.g. employees. Introduction In parallel design technique. shares his concepts with the group. and when finished. citizens. It also gives some extent of assuredly that best design and concept is going to be integrated into our system.3.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 10. slideshow has been chosen and from design4. Prototyping reduces development time and development costs. It increases the communication between the team members as they discuss what exactly they want in their system. from design 2. if the user (novice) wants to know what exactly the controls are meant for. It also includes user satisfaction. Participatory Design is an approach which is focused on processes and procedures of design and is not a design style. So through this design designer is able to achieve mapping also. to enhance the visibility of the controls as well as make the interface consistent. So there are fewer chances of website degradation/ unapproved. colour contrast. so that whenever he wants to login/ logout. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 65 . header has been chosen . that what is the use of particular menu option.The final design is fulfilling all the major design principles. best features are taken and implemented into the final design. menubar has been taken. there will be the login information about the user.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment meets their needs and is usable. The home page is achieving visibility here the designer has placed the name of shop at the top middle position. In the top-left corner of the screen. The metaphors used in the menu bar are also giving the feedback. he can do it instantly. The designer has provided the help option. In this design. Prototype is a partial representation of a design that allows users to interact with it and to explore its suitability. So that whenever any user opens the website. From each of the parallel sketches. An appropriate colour combination. Prototyping: It is another kind of method which is used to acquire feedback from the users. font size and tooltips is used. background color has been selected. so this design will also be able to achieve feedback. From parallel sketch one. changes in the colour/ pointer of the buttons on the click or hover event has also been suggested. Here the final design is chosen after discussion between all team members. he gets to see what this website is all about. Hence affordance is achieved (know the properties of the object by just looking at it). from design 3. It gives a genuine feedback.) Low-Fidelity Prototyping 2. The whole story is divided into different screens. easy to design. It provided limited or no functionality.Fidelity Prototyping Low-Fidelity prototyping: It is done at the early stages of the design process and hence it reveals very little features of the final product. It is cheap. They are good for considering early design issues. The storyboards made before designing the online library management system are as follows. They are cheap and quick to produce. Easy to make changes It provides a way for high fidelity prototyping. storyboarding is selected because: It requires team work. It makes it possible to get a formal approval of the design from both programmers and the client before we proceed to the development stage There are two types of prototyping: 1.Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Very useful for user testing as prototyping act as a dummy model that defines the system so the user is able to tell their needs. Storyboarding: It is a sketch or a graphical representation of the outside system. Examples of Low-fidelity prototypes are storyboarding and index cards. In low fidelity prototyping.) High. It is designed by the designer itself without the use of any computer aids on a white sheet of paper. so that designer can enhance its features. It basically tells the whole story of our website in the graphical form. less time consuming. Homepage Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 66 . which shows how a user wants a screen to appear after being developed. 1. Login Page Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 67 .Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 2. Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 3. About us Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 68 . Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 69 . Level 2(Computing) 4. Contact Us HCIU Group Assignment Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 70 . Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 5. Student/Faculty Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 71 . Librarian Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 72 .Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment 6. functional detail of the system. This prototype can also be said as sample final design.Level 2(Computing) 7. Example of high. It is an expensive prototype and it good for sales and marketing of the product for future. Feedback form: HCIU Group Assignment High Fidelity Prototyping: It is fully interactive. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 73 . solid form models.fidelity prototypes is software prototyping. Users can operate on the prototype. It will include screen designs. They enable wide range of usability issues. they faithfully represent the interface to be implemented in the product. quality attributes and impress management. or even perform some real tasks with it. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Page 74 .Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment Conclusion: Design and prototype is an important phase while designing websites. users suggestions can be taken and then the final implementation may be changed accordingly to design according to the needs of the user. With the help of prototype. The design team has drawn the rough sketches in the form of storyboard and screen designs have been used for representing high-fidelity one. The story boarding serves as a low-fidelity prototyping while the screen designs serve as a high fidelity prototype. Both helps in removing the communication gap between the user and the developer.