Gesta Francorum.Edited for student use by William Turpin 1. The purpose of this edition. This text of the Anonymous Gesta Francorum is intended primarily for students of Classical Latin with a preliminary knowledge of grammar and vocabulary, as acquired perhaps in a year of introductory Latin at the college or university level. It may also be helpful to students in schools, or to anyone returning Latin after some time away from it. The Latin of the Gesta Francorum is usually quite straightfoward, even allowing for features that will be unfamiliar to those new to Medieval Latin, and the narrative has sufficient momentum that it it will often allow the reader to guess intelligently at what is being said. Although the notes often identify grammar and vocabulary specific to Medieval Latin (ML), I have not attempted to point to every instance in which the Latin of the Gesta departs from what a Classical Latinist would expect. Instead, I have tried to offer help whenever a student of Classical Latin (CL) might easily be puzzled or misled by Medieval usage, and in such cases I have thought it important to indicate the word or construction that we would expect to find in Classical Latin. Note also that I have often treated as “Medieval” Latin words that would more accurately be labelled “Late Latin” or “Ecclesiastical Latin.” For a detailed study of the Latin of the Gesta see the article by John Gavignan, “The Syntax of the Gesta Francorum” (see below). In this commentary if a Latin word is glossed in the notes with full lexical item and translation, with or without a citation from the Oxford Latin Dictionary (OLD), it means that the word occurs in Classical Latin authors, whether such usage is common or not. If a word is simply translated into English the word or the particular meaning will usually be Medieval Latin, usually designated as such with the abbreviation ML or a reference to translators. The text took as a starting point that of Rosalind Hill, though I have occasionally preferred alternative readings. For ease in reading I have printed v for consonantal u. For convenience I have subdivided the long paragraphs printed in the standard editions. For each section I give the number of the “book,” the standard paragraph number, and then a third number, unique to this edition. 2. the Gesta Francorum. The Anonymous Gesta Francorum is one of the most important histories for the First Crusade, and probably the oldest that survives. It appears to be first-hand account of the events described, and may even have been written as a kind of intermittent diary. The text falls into eight sections, each marked by a kind of interim conclusion, and it has been suggested (by Bréhier) that each section represents an individual section of the author’s memoirs. Moreover the author never writes as though he had knowledge of how his story was going to turn out, and sometimes (as with Tatikios) writes as though the events had occurred very recently. Also, it strikes me that his careful registry of the days of the week during the siege of Jerusalem suggest that he was writing in the immediate aftermath of events. Scholars differ as to whether our author was a knight, a cleric,1 or a cleric working closely with a knight. He seems to have joined the First Crusade as a follower of Bohemond of Taranto, and his vernacular language may thus have been some form of French, or a South Italian dialect. Our author joined Bohemond at Amalfi, and stayed with him for the events at Nicaea, Dorylaeum, and Antioch. In ———————————— 1 Morris 66: “The acceptance of single authorship makes it virtually certain that Anon was a clerk.” November of 1098 he seems to have joined the Provençal army of Raymond of Toulouse, following him to Arca, Jerusalem, and Ascalon, with which he ends his story (August 1099). The text may have been published in Jerusalem the by winter of 1101-2. Ekkehard of Aura refers to a “little book” on the First Crusade that he read in Jerusalem in 1101, and Ekkehard borrows from the Gesta Francorum.1 The Gesta may even have been finished by the end of 1099, since it makes no reference to the deposition of Arnulf. 3. Abbreviations AG = Mahoney, Anne, ed. Allen and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges. Newburyport, MA, 2001. [The standard basic grammar for classical Latin in the US. All references are to the 2001 edition.] Bréhier = Bréhier, Louis. Histoire Anonyme de la Première Croisade. Paris, 1964. [Latin text and French translation, with some notes] CL = Classical Latin. Dass = Dass, Nirmal. The Deeds of the Franks and Other Jerusalem-Bound Pilgrims: The Earliest Chronicle of the First Crusades. Lanham, MD, 2011. [translation and notes, without Latin text.] Du Cange = Du Cange, Charles, et al., Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis, Niort: L. Favre, 1678, rpt. 1883–1887 (10 vol.) [This lexicon, still valuable, is available (and searchable) online, at http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/doc/schema] France = France, John. Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade. Cambridge, 1994. Hill = Hill, Rosalind. The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford, 1962. [Latin text and translation] Hagenmeyer = Hagenmeyer, H. Anonymi Gesta Francorum. Heidelberg, 1890. [Latin text and commentary] Hiebl = Hiebl, Manfred. Die Taten der Franken [German translation, online at http://www.manfredhiebl.de/Gesta-Francorum/gesta-francorum.htm] Lees = Lees, Beatrice A., ed. Anonymi Gesta Francorum et Aliorum Hierosolymitanorum. Oxford, 1924. [Latin text] LL = Late Latin LS = Lewis, Charlton T., and Charles Short. A New Latin Dictionary. Oxford and New York, 1891. [available online, and apparently as an Iphone Ap. This is a better Latin dictionary than the OLD for texts written after the 2nd century AD, especially the ecclesiastical Latin that is fundamental to the Gesta Francorum.] ML = Medieval Latin. MSS = Manuscripts. Niermeyer = J. F. Niermeyer, Mediae latinitatis lexicon minus. Leiden, 1976, revised 1984. [The 1976 edition is available online] OLD = Glare, P. G. W., ed. Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford, 1982. [The most comprehensive dictionary of classical Latin, i.e. to the end of the second century] Russo = Russo, Luigi. Le Gesta Dei Franchi e Degli Altri Pellegrini Gerosolimitani. Alessandria, 2003. [Latin Text and Italian translation, with useful introduction and notes]. sc. = scilicet, i.e. we need to understand something not expressed in text. Smail = Smail, R. C. Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193. Cambridge, 2nd ed., 1995. ———————————— 1 Morris disagrees about this. 4. Select Bibliography On the First Crusade in general Runciman, S. A History of the Crusades. Cambridge, 1951–54. [the classic narrative; volume 1 is on the First Crusade]. Riley-Smith, J. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. London, 1986. France, John. Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade. Cambridge, 1994. Asbridge, Thomas. The First Crusade: A New History. Oxford, 2004. [highly readable; perhaps the best introduction] Rubenstein, Jay. Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse. New York, 2011. [available as audio book from Audible.com etc. Also highly readable, with a particular interest in the mentality of the crusaders]. Frankopan, Peter. The First Crusade: The Call from the East. London, 2012. [a consideration of the Byzantine perspective] On the Gesta Francorum in particular. Jamison, Evelyn. “Some Notes on the Anonymi Gesta Francorum, with Special Reference to the Norman Contingent from South Italy and Sicily in the First Crusade.” In Studies in French Language and Mediæval Literature Presented to Professor Mildred K. Pope, 183–208. Manchester, 1939. Gavignan, John Joseph. “The Syntax of the Gesta Francorum.” Language 19, no. 3 (1943): 10–102. [An extremely detailed study of the Latin of the Gesta Francorum and its differences from Classical Latin; its references are to the text of Lees, on which see below]. Harari, Yuval Noah. “Eyewitnessing in Accounts of the First Crusade: The Gesta Francorum and Other Contemporary Narratives.” Crusades 3 (2004): 77–99. [questions how much of the narrative is really an authentic first-person report] Morris, C. “The Use of the Anonymous Gesta Francorum as Narrative History.” Reading Medieval Studies 19 (1993): 55–71. France, J. “The Use of the Anonymous Gesta Francorum in the Early Twelfth-Century Sources for the First Crusade.” In From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies, 1095–1500, A. V. Murray, 29–42. Turnhout, 1998. Rubenstein, Jay. “What is the Gesta Francorum and Who is Peter Tudebode?” Revue Mabillon 16 (2005) 179-204. Kostick, Conor. The Social Structure of the First Crusade. Leiden and Boston, 2008. [contains a good chapter on the Gesta Francorum]. On medieval Latin in general. Strecker, Karl. Introduction to Medieval Latin, 1929, trans. 1957. Stotz, Peter. Handbuch Zur Lateinischen Sprache Des Mittelalters. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft 2. Abt. 5. T., 1–5 Bd., 1996–2004. Dinkova Bruun, Greti. “Medieval Latin.” In A Companion to the Latin Language, 284–302. Chichester, 2011. On the sounds of Classical and Medieval Latin. Brooks, Clive. Reading Latin Poetry Aloud: A Practical Guide to Two Thousand Years of Verse. Cambridge, 2007. [comes with 2 audio CD’s] note especially the recordings of the entire text by Rodrigo Gier, on the website for “Medieval Latin (Summer 2013): The Gesta Francorum.” Gesta Francorum Gesta et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum Liber I 1.1.1 Cum iam appropinquasset ille terminus quem dominus Iesus cotidie suis demonstrat fidelibus, specialiter in evangelio dicens: “Si quis vult post me venire, abneget semetipsum1 et tollat crucem suam et sequatur me,”2 facta est igitur3 motio valida per universas Galliarum regiones, ut si aliquis Deum studiose puroque corde et mente sequi desideraret, atque post ipsum4 crucem fideliter baiulare5 vellet, non pigritaretur6 Sancti Sepulchri viam celerius arripere. Apostolicus namque7 Romanae sedis8 ultra montanas partes quantocius9 profectus est cum suis archiepiscopis, episcopis, abbatibus, et presbiteris10, coepitque subtiliter11 sermocinari et predicare,12 dicens, ut13 si quis animam suam salvam14 facere vellet, non dubitaret humiliter viam incipere Domini, ac si denariorum15 ei deesset copia, divina ei satis16 daret misericordia. 1.1.2 Ait namque domnus17 apostolicus “Fratres, vos oportet multa pati pro nomine Christi, videlicet miserias, paupertates, nuditates, persecutiones, egestates, infirmitates, fames, sites 18 et alia huiusmodi, sicuti Dominus ait [Hill p. 2] suis discipulis: ‘Oportet vos pati multa pro nomine meo’19, et: ‘Nolite erubescere loqui ante facies20 hominum; ego vero21 dabo vobis os et eloquium’22, ac deinceps: ‘Persequetur vos larga retributio’23.” Cumque iam hic sermo paulatim per universas regiones ac Galliarum patrias24 coepisset crebrescere, Franci audientes talia protinus25 in dextra crucem suere26 scapula27, dicentes sese Christi unanimiter sequi vestigia, quibus de manu erant redempti tartarea. 28 Iamiamque29 Galliae suis remotae sunt domibus.30 ———————————— 1 semetipsum (ML) = sese (CL). Matthew 16:24: Tunc Iesus dixit discipulis suis: Si quis vult post me venire, abneget semetipsum, et tollat crucem suam, et sequatur me. 3 “Therefore” is superfluous here, since cum ... appropinquasset is a cum clause of attendant circumstances (AG § 546); omit in translation. 4 i.e. post Deum ipsum. 5 bāiulo (1) “to carry a burden, to bear something heavy.” 6 pigritaretur (ML) = pigraret (CL) “be slow to.” 7 “on the other hand, but” (ML; Niemeyer) 8 The apostolicus sacrae sedis was the Pope, i.e. Urban II, 1088-1099. The reference here is to the famous Council of Clermont, 18-28 November 1095. 9 quantōcius “as quickly as possible.” 10 “priests.” 11 here “elegantly.” 12 praedicō (1) “proclaim.” 13 ut + subj. can express indirect statement in ML. 14 salvus, a, um “safe” (CL); in ML this often means “saved” in the Christian sense. 15 dēnārius, iī, m. “denarius”; (ML) “penny.” 16 satis can be an indeclinable neuter noun, “enough” “a sufficiency”; here direct object of daret. 17 domnus (ML) = dominus (CL). 18 sitis, is, f. “thirst.” 19 Acts 9:16 (loosely): Ego enim ostendam illi quanta oporteat eum pro nomine pati. 20 faciēs, faciēī, f. “face”; here accusative plural. 21 vērō “in truth” (CL) = “but, however” (ML); it is typically postpositive, i.e. does not stand first in a sentence. 22 2 Timothy 1:8: Noli itaque erubescere testimonium Domini nostri, neque me vinctum eius: sed collabora Evangelio secundum virtutem Dei; Luke 21.15: ego enim dabo vobis os et sapientiam, cui non poterunt resistere et contradicere omnes adversarii vestri. 23 retrībūriō, ōnis, f. “reward, recompense” (LL); Matthew 5:12: gaudete, et exsultate, quoniam merces vestra copiosa est in caelis. Sic enim persecuti sunt prophetas, qui fuerunt ante vos. 24 regiones and patriae are here “duchies” and “counties” (ML); patria in the plural is only poetic in CL. 25 prōtinus, adv. “forthwith, immediately” (OLD 3). 26 suō, suere, suī, sūtum “sew”. Either a historical infinitive or dependent on coepisset. 27 “shoulders”; in CL scapulae, ārum f. pl. means “shoulder blades”; scapulum is ML. 28 Tartareus, a, um “of the underworld.” 29 iamiamque, adv. “at this time”; a strengthened form of iam. 30 Hill: “So they set out at once from their homes in the lands of the Franks.” Literally “So at once the Gallic lands were removed from their homes.” [??] Lees has Iam iamque Galli e suis remoti sunt domibus, which seems much easier. 2 1.2.1 Fecerunt denique1 Galli tres partes. Vna pars Francorum in Hungariae intravit regionem, scilicet2 Petrus Heremita,3 et dux4 Godefridus,5 et Balduinus frater eius,6 et Balduinus comes7 de Monte.8 Isti potentissimi milites9 et alii plures quos ignoro venerunt per viam quam iamdudum10 Karolus Magnus mirificus rex Franciae aptari11 fecit usque Constantinopolim.12 1.2.2 Petrus vero supradictus primus venit Constantinopolim in kalendis Augusti13 et cum eo maxima gens Alamannorum.14 Illic invenit Lombardos et Longobardos15 et alios plures congregatos, quibus imperator16 iusserat [Hill p. 3] dari mercatum,17 sicuti18 erat in civitate, dixitque illis “Nolite transmeare Brachium,19 donec20 veniat maxima Christianorum virtus,21 quoniam vos tanti22 non estis, ut cum Turcis preliari23 valeatis.” Ipsique Christiani nequiter deducebant se,24 quia palatia urbis sternebant25 et ardebant, et auferebant plumbum26 quo ecclesiae erant coopertae27 et vendebant Grecis. Vnde imperator iratus est iussitque eos transmeare Brachium. Postquam transfretaverunt, non cessabant agere omnia mala, comburentes et devastantes domos et ecclesias. Tandem pervenerunt Nicomediam, 28 ubi divisi sunt Lombardi et Longobardi et Alamanni a Francis,29 quia Franci tumebant superbia. Elegerunt Lombardi et Longobardi seniorem30 super se, cui nomen Rainoldus31, Alamanni similiter. 1.2.3 Et intraverunt32 in Romaniam33 et per quatuor dies ierunt ultra Nicenam urbem34 inveneruntque quoddam castrum35 cui nomen Exerogorgo,36 quod erat vacuum gente.37 Et ———————————— 1 denique (ML) = itaque or nam (CL); in CL denique means “finally.” “namely”; scīlicet in CL can mean “I mean” or “that is to say” (OLD 5). 3 Peter the Hermit. 4 “leader” (CL) = “duke” (ML) 5 Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine. 6 Baldwin, who will become Count of Edessa and then King of Jerusalem. 7 “companion” (CL) = “count” (ML) 8 Baldwin, count of Mons. 9 mīles in this text regularly means “knight,” as opposed to pedes, peditis, m. “foot-soldier.” 10 iamdūdum, adv. “long ago.” 11 aptō (1) here perhaps “fix” (OLD 1) or “prepare” (OLD 4). 12 Hill: “The ascription to Charlemagne is legendary”; see also J. Stuckey, “Charlemagne as Crusader? Memory, Propaganda, and the Many Uses of Charlemagne’s Legendary Expedition to Spain.” In The Legend of Charlemagne in the Middle Ages: Power, Faith, and Crusade, edited by M. Gabriele and J. Stukey, 137–52. New York, 2008. 13 i.e. August 1, 1096. 14 i.e. Germans. 15 Italians from the north (Lombards) and from the south (Longobards). 16 i.e. Alexius Comnenus, the Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. 17 mercātus, ūs, m. “market, fair” (CL) but in our text often “provisions, supplies”; it is not clear to me whether this might include provisions given free of charge. 18 sicuti = sicut, here “as much as.” 19 brac(c)hium, (i)ī, n. “arm”; the the Brachium Sancti Georgi (see below, 1.3), i.e. The Bosporus. [Hill calls it the Hellespont.] 20 dōnec, conj. “until.” 21 virtūs, virtūtis, f. here “strength,” i.e. “largest part.” 22 CL would be tot. 23 prēlior, prēliārī, prēliātus (ML) = proelior, proeliārī, proeliātus (CL), “to fight.” 24 “conduducted themselves in a disgraceful fashion.” 25 sternō, sternere, strāvī, strātum here “level, knock down” (OLD 6). 26 plumbum, ī, n. “lead”; for the Byzantine use of sheet lead for roofs see Robert Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium (Princeton, 1999), 148-152. 27 cooperiō, cooperīre, cooperuī, cooperitum “cover completely.” 28 Modern Izmit. 29 here the Franci are specifically the subjects of the king of France. 30 senior in ML often = “leader, commander” (cf. siegneur). 31 Rainald. 32 sc. Alamanni. 33 Romania was “the land of the Romans”, i.e. Asia Minor. 34 i.e. Nicaea, modern Iznik. 35 castrum in ML is often “castle” or “stronghold,” usually but not always intended to be permament. It can also mean a fortified settlement. 36 Xerigordon; its location has never been identified. 37 CL would be vacuum de gente. gens in ML often means “army,” but it’s not clear whether it has that meaning here. 2 apprehenderunt illud, in qua1 invenerunt satis frumenti2 et vini et carnis, et omnium bonorum abundantiam. Audientes itaque Turci quod3 Christiani essent in castro, venerunt obsidere4 illud. Ante portam castri erat puteus,5 et ad pedem castri fons vivus, iuxta quem6 exiit Rainaldus insidiari7 Turcos. Venientes vero Turci in festo sancti Michahelis,8 invenerunt Rainaldum et qui cum eo erant, occideruntque Turci multos ex eis. Alii fugerunt in castrum. 1.2.4 Quod confestim Turci obsederunt, eisque aquam abstulerunt. Fueruntque nostri9 in tanta afflictione sitis, ut flebotomarent10 suos equos et asinos, quorum sanguinem bibebant. Alii mittebant zonas11 atque panniculos12 in piscinam,13 et inde exprimebant [Hill p. 4] aquam in os suum. Alii mingebant14 in pugillo15 alterius, et bibebant. Alii fodiebant humidam terram, et supinabant se, terramque sternebant16 super pectora sua,17 pro nimia ariditate sitis. Episcopi vero et presbiteri confortabant nostros et commonebant ne deficerent. Haec tribulatio fuit per octo dies. Denique dominus Alamannorum concordatus est18 cum Turcis, ut traderet socios illis, et fingens se exire ad bellum, fugit ad illos19 et multi cum eo. Illi20 autem qui Deum negare noluerunt, capitalem sententiam susceperunt. Alios quos ceperunt21 vivos adinvicem22 diviserunt quasi oves.23 Alios miserunt ad signum24 et sagittabant eos; alios vendebant et donabant quasi animalia. Quidam conducebant suos in domum suam, alios in Corosanum,25 alios in Antiochiam,26 alios in Aleph,27 aut ubi ipsi manebant.28 Isti primo felix29 acceperunt martirium pro nomine Domini Iesu. 1.2.5 Audientes denique Turci quod30 Petrus Heremita et Guvalterius Sinehabere31 fuissent32 in Cyvito,33 quae supra Nicenam urbem est, venerunt illuc cum magno gaudio ut occiderent illos et eos qui ———————————— 1 CL would be either quā (“where”) or in quo (castro) frūmentum, ī, n. “grain.” 3 quod + subjunctive occasionally in CL can express indirect statement (OLD 5); in ML the construction is common. 4 infinitive of purpose (AG § 460); rare in CL but common in ML. 5 puteus, ī, m. “well.” 6 iuxtā (prep. + acc.) “beside, next to.” 7 insidior (1) either “ambush” or more likely “attack” (see OLD 3); infinitive of purpose. 8 i.e. Michaelmas, September 29, 1096. 9 Note that our author often uses nostri as a substantive (“our men”); this is a good CL usage 10 “bled.” 11 zōna, ae, f. “belt, girdle.” 12 panniculus, ī, m. “rag.” 13 piscīna, ae, f. “fishpond” (CL) = “sewer” (ML); Niermeyer has only “baptismal font” and “basin.” 14 mingo (ML) = meiō, meiere, mixī or minxī, mictum or minctum (CL), “urinate.” 15 pugillus, ī, m. “a fistfull” (CL); i.e. they cupped their hands. 16 sternō, sternere, strāvī, strātum “spread.” 17 pectus, pectoris, n. “breast, chest” can be plural even for a single person. 18 concordō (1) “bring about a harmonious relationship” (OLD 3); here virtually deponent 19 i.e. to the Turks. 20 The Franks who remained, and were taken by the Turks. 21 the subject now is Turci. 22 “with one another,” “among themselves.” 23 ovis, ovis, f. “sheep.” 24 literally “they sent (them) to the target”; i.e. they set them up as targets. 25 Khorasan refers properly to the NE region of Persia; the Anonymous uses it to refer to the territory controlled by the Seljuk Turks. See Russo ad loc. 26 Antioch on the Orontes, the capital of Roman Syria; modern Antakaya, in Turkey. 27 Modern Aleppo. 28 maneo here (ML) means “live, dwell”; here it means “where they lived when they were not on campaign,” i.e. “back home” (vs. in domum suam, which I take to mean “where they were staying at the moment”). 29 fēlix, fēlicis “happy, fortunate, good” (CL); here “blessed” (ML). 30 auod can introduce an indirect statement (with a verb in indic. or subj.) even in CL (OLD 5) 31 Walter Sans-Avoir (“Walter the Penniless”). He was lord of Boissy-sans-Avoir, near Paris, and not penniless at all, but the “sans-avoir” part of Boissy-sans-Avoir was taken as a nickname, or was misunderstood. 32 CL would be imperfect subjunctive. 33 Kivotos / Cibotos / Civetot, a fort near Helenopolis, on the Sea of Marmara. 2 cum ipsis erant. Cumque venissent, obviaverunt Guvalterio cum suis, quos Turci1 mox occiderunt. Petrus vero Heremita paulo ante ierat Constantinopolim, eo quod2 nequibat refrenare illam diversam3 gentem, quae nec illum nec verba eius audire4 volebat. Irruentes vero Turci super eos5 occiderunt multos ex eis; alios invenerunt dormientes, alios nudos, quos omnes necaverunt, cum quibus quemdam6 sacerdotem invenerunt missam7 celebrantem, quem statim super altare8 martirizaverunt. 1.2.6 Illi vero qui evadere [Hill p. 5] potuerunt Cyvito9 fugerunt; alii precipitabant se in mare, alii latebant in silvis et montanis. Turci vero, persequentes10 illos in castrum, adunaverunt ligna, ut eos comburerent cum castro. Christiani igitur qui in castro erant miserunt ignem in ligna congregata, et versus11 ignis in Turcos quosdam eorum concremavit, sed12 ab illo incendio Deus nostros tunc liberavit. Tandem Turci apprehenderunt illos vivos, diviseruntque illos sicut prius fecerant alios, et disperserunt illos per universas regiones has, alios in Corosanum, alios in Persidem. Hoc totum est factum in mense Octobri. Audiens imperator quod Turci sic dissipassent13 nostros, gavisus est14 valde, et mandavit fecitque eos15 Brachium transmeare. Postquam ultra16 fuerunt, comparavit17 omnia arma eorum. 1.3.1 Secunda vero pars intravit in Sclaviniae18 partes, scilicet comes de Sancto Egidio Raimundus19 et Podiensis episcopus.20 1.3.2 Tertia autem pars per antiquam Romae viam venit.21 In hac parte fuerunt Boamundus,22 et Richardus de Principatu,23 Rotbertus comes Flandrensis,24 Rotbertus Nortmannus,25 Hugo Magnus,26 Eurardus de Puisatio,27 Achardus de Monte Merloi,28 Isuardus de Musone,29 et alii plures. Deinde venerunt ad portum Brandosim30 aut Barim31 sive Otrentum.32 Hugo denique Magnus et Willelmus ———————————— 1 Turci is also the subject of venissent and obviaverunt. eo quod (ML) = quod (CL); eo quod is CL, but emphatic. 3 diversus, a, um here perhaps “differing in identity, distinct” (OLD 5e), or perhaps “holding divergent views” (OLD 5d). 4 to “obey him or listen to what he said” (Hill). 5 CL would be in eos. 6 quemdam = quendam. 7 missa, missae, f. “Mass” (ML). 8 altāria, ium, n. pl. “altar” (in CL usually in plural). 9 ML can use a dative for place to which; CL would be accusative. 10 CL (rarely) and ML (frequently) use the present (active) participle as though it were a perfect, since except for deponent verbs there is no perfect active participle. 11 vertō, vertere, vertī, versum “turn.” Alternatively, versus could be the adverb “in that direction, toward the quarter named” (OLD 1). 12 sed = et. 13 dissipō (1) here “shatter, destroy completely.” 14 gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus “rejoice.” 15 i.e. the Franks who survived. 16 i.e. on the other (western) side of the Hellespont. 17 comparō (1) here “collect.” 18 i.e. roughly the area of the former Yugoslavia. Raymond had travelled over the Alps into Northern Italy and around the Adriatic by road. 19 Raymond IV, Count of Saint Gilles (also of Toulouse, but he preferred Saint Gilles). 20 The Bishop of Le Puy, i.e. Adhémar, the papal legate. 21 i.e. the old Via Egnatia, the Roman road from Durazzo (modern Dures, in Albania) to Constantinople. 22 Bohemond of Taranto, son of Robert Guiscard. 23 Richard of the Principality, son of the Count of Salerno and a relative of Bohemond; eventually he ruled Edessa (1105-1108). 24 Robert II, Count of Flanders. He had already been a pilgrim to Jerusalem (1086-1089) and had developed good relations with the emperor Alexius. 25 Robert, Duke of Normandy, also called Robert Curthose, because he was short. He was the eldest son of William the Conqueror, and was a cousin of Robert of Flanders. 26 Hugh of Vermandois, son of Philip I of France. “Magnus” may be a misunderstanding of “maisné” i.e. “the younger.” 27 Everard of Puiset, Vicomte of Chartres. 28 Achard of Montmerle. 29 Isard of Mouzon. 30 Roman Brundisium, modern Brindisi. The accusative ending in -im is CL, especially for Greek nouns, which may help to explain the ending here; see AG § 75. 31 Roman Barium, modern Bari. 32 modern Otranto. 2 Marchisi filius1 intraverunt mare [Hill p. 4] ad portum Bari, et transfretantes venerunt Durachium.2 Audiens vero dux illius loci hos prudentissimos3 viros illic esse applicatos,4 mox mala cogitatio5 cor eius tetigit6, illosque apprehendit, ac iussit Constantinopolim imperatori7 caute duci, quo8 ei fidelitatem facerent.9 1.3.3 Dux denique10 Godefridus primus omnium seniorum11 Constantinopolim venit cum magno exercitu, duobus diebus12 ante Domini nostri Natale,13 et hospitatus est extra urbem, donec iniquus imperator iussit eum hospitari14 in burgo15 urbis. Cumque fuisset hospitatus dux, secure16 mittebat armigeros17 suos per singulos dies, ut paleas18 et alia equis necessaria asportarent.19 Et cum putarent20 exire fiducialiter21 quo22 vellent, iniquus imperator Alexius imperavit Turcopolis23 et Pinzinacis24 invadere illos et occidere. 1.3.4 Balduinus25 itaque, frater ducis, haec audiens, misit se in insidiis,26 tandemque invenit eos occidentes gentem27 suam, eosque invasit forti animo, ac Deo iuvante superavit eos. Et apprehendens sexaginta ex eis, partem occidit, partem duci fratri suo presentavit. Quod cum audisset imperator, valde iratus est. Videns vero dux inde28 iratum imperatorem, exiit cum suis de burgo et hospitatus est extra urbem. Sero autem facto,29 infelix imperator iussit suis exercitibus invadere ducem cum Christi gente.30 Quos dux persequens invictus cum Christi militibus31 septem ex illis occidit, persequendo alios usque ad portam civitatis. Reversusque dux ad sua tentoria mansit inibi per quinque dies, donec pactum iniit cum [Hill p. 7] imperatore,32 dixitque illi imperator ut transfretaret Brachium sancti ———————————— 1 William son of the Marquis, brother of Tancred and nephew of Bohemond. Modern Durazzo; see above on per antiquam Romae viam. The different contingents crossed at various times, from December 1095 to April 1096. 3 in ML the superlative sometimes = the positive or the comparative. 4 applicō (1) here “to land” (from a ship). 5 mala cogitatio is now the subject, even though the sentence began with dux illius loci as the subject; the breakdown of grammar is called anacolouthon (Greek for “it doesn’t follow”) 6 the change in subject, from dux to cogitatio eius, is not strictly grammatical; in CL this can be a conscious rhetorical device (anaclouthon), but it is also characteristic of colloquial Latin and ML. 7 CL would be ad + acc. 8 quo can = ut in CL and ML. 9 “for them to swear loyalty to him.” quo can be used instead of ut to introduce a purpose clause; fidelitatem facere is a ML phrase. 10 “meanwhile”; we have now returned to the story of Godfrey of Bouillon, introduced in the story of the first group of Franks; section 2 above. 11 senior is ML for “leader.” 12 ablative of time when (not accusative of extent of time) 13 23 December, 1065. 14 hospitor (1) “be put up as guest” (OLD); here probably “camp” (ML) 15 burgus, i, m. “fort” (CL); here “suburb” (ML). 16 “safely.” 17 armiger, armigerī, m. “armor-bearer, squire.” 18 palea, ae, f. “straw” (in CL usually plural). 19 asportō (1) “carry off. 20 “they expected”; in CL putō (1) means “think.” 21 “confidently”; i.e. they had no reason to suspect an attack. 22 quō1, adv. “to what place, whither?”; here introducing an indirect question 23 “Turcopuli”: Turkish mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine emperor. According to Asbridge 129 they were half-Greek and half-Turkish. See Russo ad loc. for references. 24 Patzinaks / Petchenegs, ethnic Mongolians serving as Byzantine mercenaries. 25 The famous Baldwin I, of Boulogne. 26 CL would be misit se in insidias. 27 Here gens has its common ML meaning of “army. 28 “for that reason.” 29 “But when it was late in the evening,” literally “but lateness having been created”; sērus, a, um “late” can be used as a neuter substantive (OLD 5a). 30 i.e. with the rest of the Franks, specifically the noncombattants (the populus). See 31 i.e. the Franks. 32 i.e. he swore an oath of allegiance to the Byzantine emperor, probably on Easter Sunday, 1096. 2 Georgii, permisitque eum habere omnem mercatum ibi, sicut est Constantinopoli; et pauperibus elemosinam1 erogare,2 unde potuissent3 vivere. 1.4.1 At bellipotens Boamundus,4 qui erat in obsidione5 Malfi, Scafardi Pontis,6 audiens venisse innumerabilem gentem Christianorum de Francis, ituram7 ad Domini Sepulchrum, et paratam8 ad prelium9 contra gentem paganorum, coepit diligenter inquirere quae arma pugnandi 10 haec gens11 deferat, et quam ostensionem12 Christi in via portet, vel quod signum13 in certamine sonet. Cui per ordinem14 haec dicta sunt: “Deferunt arma ad bellum congrua, in dextra vel inter utrasque scapulas crucem Christi baiulant; sonum vero ‘Deus vult, Deus vult, Deus vult!’ una voce conclamant. 1.4.2 Mox Sancto commotus Spiritu, iussit preciosissimum pallium,15 quod apud se habebat, incidi,16 totumque statim in cruces expendit. Coepit tunc ad eum vehementer concurrere maxima pars militum qui erant in obsidione illa, adeo ut Rogerius comes17 pene18 solus remanserit, reversusque Siciliam dolebat et merebat19 quandoque20 gentem amittere suam. Denique, reversus iterum in terram suam,21 dominus Boamundus diligenter honestavit22 sese ad incipiendum Sancti Sepulchri iter. Tandem transfretavit mare cum suo exercitu, et cum eo Tancredus Marchisi filius,23 et Richardus princeps,24 ac Rainulfus frater eius, et Rotbertus de Ansa,25 et Hermannus de Canni,26 et Rotbertus de Surda Valle,27 et Robertus filius Tostani,28 et Hunfredus filius [Hill p. 8] Radulfi,29 et Ricardus filius comitis Rainulfi, et comes de Russignolo30 cum fratribus suis, et Boello Carnotensis,31 et Alberedus de Cagnano,32 et Hunfredus de Monte Scabioso.33 ———————————— 1 “charity, alms.” Presumably this means that the emperor was supporting the poorest of the Franks, rather than helping the poor of Constantinople as an act of penance. 2 ērogō (1) “pay out”; the infinitive is presumably dependent on dixitque illi imperator. 3 CL would be possent. 4 Bohemond was mentioned in 1.3.2, first in the list of Franks in the third group. He was relatively late in joining the crusade. 5 obsidiō, ōnis, f. “siege.” 6 The siege, in the summer of 1996 was of the Duchy of Amalfi, which had rebelled against the Normans. The Normans were besieging a tower defending the “Bridge of Boats” (or perhaps just “Wooden Bridge”), over the river Sarno, near the present village of Ponte di Scafati. For details, see Jamison 188-191. 7 “to go”; the future active participle can (rarely) express purpose in CL. 8 paratam (esse) agrees with innumerablem gentem Christianorum, and continues the indirect statement depending on audiens. 9 prelium (ML) = proelium, iī, n. “battle” (CL). 10 “what kinds of weapons”; literally “what weapons of fighting.” 11 i.e. haec gens Christianorum de Francis, the Frankish crusaders. 12 ostensiō, ōnis, f. “the action of exposing to view” (CL), here “display” or “emblem” (ML). 13 “war-cry” (Hill). 14 Hill leaves per ordinem untranslated, but Bréhier translates dans la même ordre. As Bruce Venarde observes, the answers to Bohemond’s questions come in the order in which he asked them. 15 pallium, iī, n. “cloak.” 16 incīdō, incīdere, incīdī, incīsum here “cut into pieces” (OLD 4d) 17 Count Roger, brother of Robert Guiscard and the uncle of Bohemond. 18 pene (ML) = paene (CL). 19 mereō, merēre (ML) = maereō, maerēre (CL), “be sad, grieve”; here with an infinitive (ML). 20 quandōque “inasmuch as” (CL), here “since” (ML). 21 Bohemond was Prince of Taranto. 22 honestō (1) “grace, adorn” (CL), here “equip” (ML). 23 Tancred son of the Marquis, Bohemond’s famous nephew. 24 Richard of the Principality. 25 Robert of Anse. 26 Herman of Cannes. 27 Robert of Sourdeval. 28 Robert Fitz-Toustan. 29 Humphrey Fitz-Ralph. 30 The count of Russignolo. 31 Boel of Chartres. 32 Aubré of Cagnano. 33 Humphrey of Monte Scaglioso. 1.4.3 Hi omnes transfretaverunt ad Boamundi famulatum,1 et applicuerunt Bulgariae partibus;2 ubi invenerunt nimiam3 abundantiam frumenti et vini et alimentorum corporis. Deinde, descendentes in vallem de Andronopoli,4 expectaverunt gentem suam, donec omnes pariter transfretassent. Tunc Boamundus ordinavit concilium cum gente sua, confortans,5 et monens omnes ut boni et humiles essent; et ne depredarentur terram istam, quia Christianorum erat, et nemo acciperet nisi quod ei sufficeret ad edendum. 1.4.4 Tunc exeuntes inde, venerunt per nimiam plenitudinem6 de villa7 in villam, de civitate in civitatem, de castello in castellum, quousque8 pervenimus9 Castoriam;10 ibique Nativitatem Domini solemniter celebravimus;11 fuimusque ibi per plures12 dies, et quesivimus mercatum, sed ipsi noluerunt nobis assentire,13 eo quod valde timebant nos, non putantes nos esse peregrinos,14 sed velle populari15 terram et occidere illos. Quapropter apprehendebamus boves, equos et asinos, et omnia quae inveniebamus. Egressi de Castoria, intravimus Palagoniam,16 in qua erat quoddam hereticorum17 castrum. Quod undique18 aggressi sumus, moxque nostro succubuit19 imperio. Accenso itaque igne, combussimus castrum cum habitatoribus suis. Postea pervenimus ad flumen Bardarum.20 1.4.5 Denique perrexit dominus Boamundus ultra, [Hill p. 9] cum sua gente, sed non tota. Remansit enim ibi comes de Russignolo, cum fratribus suis. Venit exercitus imperatoris, et invasit comitem cum fratribus suis, et omnes qui erant cum eis. Quod audiens Tancredus rediit retro, et proiectus21 in flumen natando22 pervenit ad alios, et duo milia miserunt se in flumen sequendo Tancredum. Tandem invenerunt Turcopulos et Pinzinacos dimicantes23 cum nostris. Quos repente fortiter invaserunt, et prudenter24 eos superaverunt. Et apprehenderunt plures ex illis, et duxerunt illos ligatos ante domini Boamundi presentiam. Quibus ait ipse, “Quare, miseri, occiditis gentem Christi et meam? Ego cum vestro imperatore nullam altercationem habeo.” Qui responderunt: “Nos nequimus aliud agere. In roga25 imperatoris locati sumus,26 et quicquid nobis imperat, nos oportet implere.” Quos Boamundus ———————————— “in Bohemond’s service”; famulātus, ūs, m. “servitude” (CL) can mean “allegiance” in ML (see Niermeyer). They landed at various points on the coast of Epirus (modern Albania), especially at modern Valona; “Bulgaria” evidently extended to the Adriatic. 3 nimius, a, um, normally “excessive” in CL but here “very great” (OLD 4); this meaning is frequent in our author 4 Dropoli, in the valley of the river Viusa / Vioussa, now forming part of the border between Greece and Albania. 5 “strengthening them”; confortō (1) is LL, frequent in the Vulgate 6 i..e. the countryside was prosperous and rich in provisions. nimius, a, um in CL = “excessive, too much of” but in ML more often means “much, a great deal of.” 7 “village”; in CL villa means “farm building.” 8 “until” (ML); in CL quousque means “how far?” 9 Notice the change to the first person plural; our author was presumably a part of this expedition. 10 Modern Kastoria, in the Modern Greek province of West Macedonia. 11 December 25, 1096 12 plures in ML can = complures, i.e. “many” rather than “more.” 13 assentio, assentīrī, assensus “agree.” 14 peregrīnus, ī, m. “foreigner” (CL); “traveller, pilgrim” (ML). The Gesta regularly uses the word for a crusader. 15 populor (1) “ravage, plunder.” 16 Monastir, now Bitola, in the Republic of Macedonia, in the Pelagonia valley. 17 Perhaps Manichees (Hill); Runciman identifies them as Paulicians, dualists associated with Armenia. 18 undique, adv. “from all sides, everywhere”; in ML it can also mean “completely. 19 succumbō, succumbere, succubuī, succubitum here “give in to” (see OLD 3); the subject is quod (= castrum) 20 The Vardar, now forming part of the border between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia. 21 “throwing himself”; a “middle” use of the passive. 22 The gerund in the ablative can = a present participle. This is rare in CL but frequent in ML. 23 dīmicō (1) “fight.” 24 “skilfully, courageously”; in ML prudenter often looses its connection with intelligence and wisdom 25 “in the pay of”; roga, ae, f. (ML only), “power, authority.” 26 locō (1) in CL can mean both “place” and “award a contract for”; i.e. either the men have been “placed in the service of the emperor” or they have been “hired in service to the emperor,” though in the latter case in roga seems superfluous. 1 2 impunitos permisit abire. Hoc bellum factum est in quarta feria,1 quae est caput ieiunii.2 Per omnia benedictus Deus. Amen. Explicit liber I. Incipit liber II. Liber II February 20 to June 19, 1097 2.5.1 [Hill p. 10] Mandavit infelix3 imperator,4 simul cum nostris nuntiis, uni ex suis quem valde diligebat, quem et corpalatium5 vocant, ut nos secure deduceret per terram suam, donec veniremus Constantinopolim. Cumque transiremus ante illorum civitates, iubebat habitatoribus terrae ut nobis asportarent mercatum, sicut faciebant et illi quos diximus.6 Certe tantum timebant fortissimam gentem domni Boamundi, ut nullum nostrorum sinerent intrare muros civitatum. Volueruntque nostri quoddam castrum aggredi et apprehendere, eo quod erat plenum omnibus bonis. Sed vir prudens Boamundus noluit consentire, tantum pro iustitia terrae7 quantum pro fiducia imperatoris. Vnde8 valde iratus est cum Tancredo et aliis omnibus. Hoc factum est vespere. Mane vero facto,9 exierunt habitatores castri, et cum processione deferentes in manibus cruces, venerunt in presentiam Boamundi. Ipse vero gaudens recepit eos, et cum letitia10 abire permisit illos. 2.5.2 Deinde venimus ad quamdam urbem quae dicitur Serra,11 ubi nostra fiximus tentoria, et sat habuimus mercatum, illis diebus conveniens.12 Ibi Boamundus concordatus est cum duobus corpalatiis, et pro amicitia eorum ac pro iustitia terrae iussit reddi omnia animalia quae nostri depredata 13 tenebant. Deinde pervenimus ad Rusam civitatem.14 Grecorum autem [Hill p. 11] gens exibat et veniebat gaudens in occursum domini Boamundi, nobis deferens maximum mercatum, ibique nostros tetendimus15 papiliones16 in quarta feria17 ante Cenam Domini;18 ibi etiam Boamundus totam gentem suam dimisit, perrexitque loqui19 cum imperatore Constantinopolim, ducens tamen secum paucos milites. Tancredus remansit caput militiae Christi, vidensque peregrinos cibos emere, ait intra se 20 quod exiret21 extra viam, et hunc populum conduceret ubi feliciter viveret. Denique intravit in vallem quamdam22 plenam omnibus bonis quae corporalibus nutrimentis sunt congrua; in qua Pascha Domini23 devotissime celebravimus. ———————————— “on the fourth day of the week” (Hill), i.e. Wednesday. feria, ae, f. in ML is “day of the week”; in CL feriae, ārum, f. pl. is “religious festival, holy day.” 2 Literally “the start of the fasting”, i.e Ash Wednesday. 18 February 1097. 3 “wretched” (ML). 4 The Byzantine emperor, Alexius II Comnenus. 5 “curopalates” (a Byzantine official). See the review of Hill by Runciman. 6 [I am not sure who these people are; presumably the inhabitants who supplied the Franks when they first crossed the Adriatic (1.4.3)] 7 i.e. he wanted to treat the territory with justice. 8 unde (ML) = quamobrem (CL). 9 “But in the morning.” Mane facto is an ablative absolute. CL would say simply mane (adv.) but mane can also be an indeclinable neuter noun. 10 letitia (ML) = laetitia (CL). 11 Serres, in the Greek province of Macedonia. 12 “suitable for the season,” which was Lent. 13 depredata (ML) = depraedata (CL), from dēpraedor (1) “to plunder.” 14 Possibly Xanthi or Komotini, both to the west of the Maritza. 15 tendō, tendere, tetendī, tentum or tensum here “stretch out” i.e. “pitch” (OLD 3). 16 “tents; pavilions”; in CL pāpiliō, ōnis, m. means “butterfly” or “ghost.” 17 “Wednesday,” as above. 18 Good Friday. 19 infinitive of purpose. 20 “within himself”; i.e. he was talking to himself. 21 the imperfect subjunctive here expresses future time; CL would require acc. + fut. infinitive. 22 the Maritza valley. 23 Easter. 1 2.6.1 Cum imperator audisset honestissimum virum Boamundum ad se venisse, iussit eum honorabiliter recipi, et caute hospitari extra urbem. Quo hospitato,1 imperator misit pro eo2, ut veniret loqui simul secreto3 secum. Tunc illuc venit dux Godefridus cum fratre suo; ac deinde comes Sancti Egidii4 appropinquavit civitati. Tunc imperator anxians5 et bulliens6 ira, cogitabat quemadmodum callide fraudulenterque comprehenderet hos Christi milites. Sed divina gratia revelante, 7 neque locus neque nocendi spatium ab eo vel a suis inventa sunt. Novissime8 vero congregati omnes maiores natu9 qui Constantinopoli erant, timentes ne sua privarentur patria, reppererunt in suis consiliis atque ingeniosis scematibus10 quod nostrorum duces, comites, seu11 omnes maiores,12 imperatori sacramentum fideliter facere deberent. Qui13 omnino14 prohibuerunt, dixeruntque: [Hill p. 12] “Certe indigni sumus,15 atque iustum nobis videtur nullatenus16 ei sacramentum iurare.” 2.6.2 Forsitan17 adhuc18 a nostris maioribus sepe19 delusi erimus.20 Ad ultimum21, quid facturi erunt?22 Dicent quoniam23 necessitate compulsi, nolentes volentesque,24 humiliaverunt25 se ad nequissimi imperatoris voluntatem. Fortissimo autem viro Boamundo, quem valde timebat,26 quia olim27 eum sepe cum suo exercitu eiecerat de campo,28 dixit, quoniam29 si libenter ei iuraret, quindecim dies eundi terrae30 in extensione31 ab Antiochia retro,32 daret, et octo in latitudine. Eique tali modo iuravit, ut si ille fideliter teneret illud sacramentum, iste suum33 nunquam preteriret.34 Tam fortes et tam duri milites, cur hoc fecerunt? Propterea igitur, quia multa coacti erant necessitate. 2.6.3 Imperator quoque omnibus nostris fidem et securitatem dedit, iuravit etiam quia35 veniret nobiscum pariter cum suo exercitu per terram et per mare; et nobis mercatum terra marique fideliter ———————————— 1 ablative absolute; in CL the subject should not be connected with the rest of the sentence. “the emperor sent for him”; a ML use of pro + abl. 3 sēcrētō, adv. “in private.” 4 The Count of St. Gilles. 5 “being troubled” (ML). CL has angō, angere, anxī, anctum “choke; trouble; be troubled.” 6 bulliō, bullīre “boil, seethe.” 7 revēlō (1) “reveal (a secret)” or “unmask (a deception).” 8 “finally.” 9 “the aristocracy”; in CL maiores natu would mean “the elders. 10 scematibus (ML) = schematibus (CL). 11 seu = et. 12 maior in ML often = “leader.” 13 namely nostrorum duces, comites, seu omnes maiores. 14 omnīnō, adv. “in every respect, absolutely.” 15 “we don’t deserve this.” 16 “in no way.” 17 forsitan, adv. “perhaps.” 18 “however”; in CL adhuc means “furthermore.” 19 sepe (ML) = saepe (CL). 20 Future perfect. Hill translates as though it were perfect, but Bréhier explains that the author is caught up in the immediate events, or writes as though he is: “people might say that we are always going to be deceived by our leaders, but what else can the do. 21 “finally” or “to crown all” (OLD ultimus 5b or 6f). 22 “what did they do in the end” (Hill). The futures are perhaps to be explained as reflecting what the leaders said at the time, i.e. “what are (we) going to do?” 23 here “that” (ML); in CL quoniam means “because.” 24 i.e. “whether they wanted to or not”; “willy-nilly.” 25 “humbled themslves” (ML) 26 sc. imperator. 27 ōlim, adv. here “previously” (OLD 1) 28 Bohemond, fighting for his father Roger Guiscard, had fought the Byzantines in the Balkans in 1082–1084. 29 quoniam (ML) = ut (CL). 30 i.e. “fifteen days ride” as a measure of distance. 31 i.e. in length. 32 “Beyond Antioch.” 33 sc. sacramentum 34 “violate” (ML); in CL praetereō, praeterīre, praeteriī or īvī, praeteritum can mean “neglect.” 35 quia + indicative can express indirect statement in CL but very rarely (OLD 6); in ML it is common, with both indicative and subjunctive. 2 daret, ac omnia nostra perdita diligenter restauraret, insuper et neminem nostrorum peregrinorum conturbari vel contristari in via Sancti Sepulchri vellet aut permitteret. 2.6.4 [Hill p. 13] Comes autem Sancti Egidii1 erat hospitatus extra civitatem in burgo, gensque sua remanserat retro. Mandavit itaque imperator comiti, ut faceret ei hominium2 et fiduciam, sicut alii fecerant. Et dum imperator haec mandabat, comes meditabatur 3 qualiter vindictam4 de imperatoris exercitu5 habere posset. Sed dux Godefridus et Rotbertus comes Flandrensis aliique principes dixerunt ei, iniustum fore, contra Christianos pugnare. Vir quoque sapiens Boamundus dixit, quia si aliquid iniustum imperatori faceret6, et fiduciam ei facere prohiberet,7 ipse ex imperatoris parte fieret. Igitur comes, accepto consilio a suis, Alexio vitam et honorem iuravit,8 quod nec per se nec per alium ei9 auferre10 consentiat11, cumque12 de hominio13 appellaretur,14 non se pro capitis periculo15 id facturum.16 Tunc gens domni Boamundi appropinquavit Constantinopoli. 2.7.1 Tancredus vero et Richardus de Principatu propter17 iusiurandum imperatoris latenter transfretaverunt Brachium, et fere18 omnis gens Boamundi iuxta19 illos. Et mox exercitus comitis Sancti Egidii appropinquavit Constantinopoli. Comes vero remansit ibi cum ipsa sua gente. Boamundus itaque remansit cum imperatore, ut cum eo consilium acciperet, quomodo mandarent mercatum gentibus20 quae erant ultra Nicenam civitatem. Dux itaque Godefridus ivit prius Nicomediam simul cum [Hill p. 14] Tancredo, et aliis omnibus, fueruntque ibi per tres dies. Videns vero dux quod nulla via pateret per quam posset conducere has gentes usque Nicenam civitatem, quoniam per illam viam per quam prius alii transierant non posset modo21 tanta gens transire, misit ante se tria milia hominum cum securibus22 et gladiis, qui incidissent et aperuissent hanc viam, quae patefacta fieret nostris peregrinis usque Nicenam urbem. Quae via fuit aperta per angustam23 et nimis24 immensam montanam, et faciebant retro25 per viam cruces ferreas ac ligneas, quas ponebant super stipites,26 ut eas nostri peregrini cognoscerent. 2.7.2 Interea pervenimus ad Niceam, quae est caput totius Romaniae,27 in quarto die, II nonas Maii,28 ibique castrametati sumus. Priusquam autem Boamundus venisset ad nos, tanta inopia panis fuit inter ———————————— 1 The Count of St. Gilles. “homage” (ML). 3 note the imperfect: the count was in the process of thinking about this. 4 vindicta, ae, f. “punishment, vengeance” (OLD 2). 5 i.e. vengeance on the emperor’s army; CL would use an objective genitive, vindictam exercitus. 6 sc. comes Sancti Egidii. 7 “refused”; prohibeō in CL is normally transitive. 8 i.e. the count dedicated his “life and honor” to the emperor; the oath is said to be less comprensive than hommage and fealty. 9 i.e. from Alexius; dative of disadvantage 10 the object to be understood is honorem. 11 the present subjunctive here expresses future time; CL would require acc. + fut. infinitive. 12 CL would be cum tamen or sed cum. 13 “homage,” i.e. “doing homage.” 14 “was asked, was approached (about).” 15 “even at the risk of capital punishment.” 16 indirect statement, with dixit implied; even if asked, he would swear fealty to no one else. 17 propter, prep. + acc. “because of”; here in the sense of “to avoid. 18 fēre, adv. “approximately, almost.” 19 iuxtā, prep. + acc., here “along with” (see OLD 4) 20 i.e. the Franks. 21 modo here perhaps means “recently, just.” 22 secūris, is, f. “ax.” 23 “steep” (ML); in CL angustus means “narrow.” 24 nimis, adv. “too much, excessively,” but also “very, exceedingly” (OLD 1 and 3). [In ML the meaning “very” seems to predominate.] 25 retrō, adv. “behind” (OLD 2a). 26 stīpes, itis, m. here “stake.” 27 Nicaea was the capital of the Ottoman province named Romania (“Rum”) after its original “Roman” inhabitants, i.e. Byzantine Greeks. 28 May 6. 2 nos, ut unus panis venderetur viginti aut triginta denariis. Postquam venit vir prudens Boamundus, iussit maximum mercatum conduci per mare, et pariter utrinque1 veniebant2, ille per terram et ille per mare, et fuit maxima ubertas in tota Christi militia. 2.8.1 In die autem Ascensionis Domini3 coepimus urbem circumquaque4 invadere, et aedificare instrumenta lignorum atque turres ligneas, quo5 possemus murales turres sternere. Tam fortiter et tam acriter aggredimur urbem per duos dies, ut etiam foderemus6 murum urbis. Turci quippe qui erant in urbe, miserunt nuntios aliis, qui venerant adiutorium civitati dare, in hunc modum,7 quo8 audacter secureque approximent et per meridianam9 introeant portam, quoniam ex illa nemo eis erit10 obviam11 nec contristabit.12 Quae porta ipsa die a comite sancti [Hill p. 15] Egidii in die sabbati post Ascensionem Domini et episcopo Podiensi13 hospitata14 fuit. Qui comes, veniens ex alia parte, protectus divina virtute ac15 terrenis fulgebat armis, cum suo fortissimo exercitu. 2.8.2 Hic itaque invenit contra nos venientes Turcos. Qui16 undique signo crucis armatus,17 vehementer irruit super illos atque superavit. Dederuntque fugam, et fuit mortua18 maxima pars illorum. Qui19 rursus venerunt, auxilio aliorum, gaudentes et exultantes ad certum bellum, trahentes secum funes,20 quibus nos ligatos ducerent Corosanum.21 Venientes autem letantes, coeperunt ex cacumine22 montis paulatim descendere. Quotquot descenderunt, illic, cesis23 capitibus a manibus nostrorum,24 remanserunt.25 Proiiciebant autem nostri capita occisorum funda26 in urbem, ut inde Turci magis terrerentur. 2.8.3 Denique comes sancti Egidii et episcopus Podiensis consiliati sunt in unum27 qualiter28 facerent subfodi29 quamdam turrim,30 quae erat ante tentoria eorum.31 Ordinati sunt homines qui hanc suffodiant, et arbalistae32 et sagittarii qui eos undique defendant. Foderunt namque illam usque ad ———————————— 1 utrinque (ML) = utrimque (CL), “in both ways,” i.e. by both land and sea. the plural anticipates ille (mercatus) per terram et ille per mare. 3 May 14, 1097. 4 “on all sides” (ML). 5 quō2, adv. and conj., here “in order that” (OLD 3); like ut, quo can introduce a purpose clause 6 fodiō, fodere, fōdī, fossum here “dig out”, i.e. “undermine.” 7 literally “in this way,” i.e. “with this as a message.” 8 quo here = ut. 9 merīdiānus, a, um “southern”; construe with portam. 10 CL would be subjunctive in a causal clause (in implied indirect statement). 11 obviam, adv. “in the way”, “so as to meet”; in our author often with dative (OLD 2b). 12 “will harm”; contristō (1) in CL means “sadden.” 13 The bishop of Le Puy. 14 “was occupied”; hospitor (1) “put up as guest” (CL), here treated as a true passive (ML). 15 ac is superfluous (and thus emphatic), as though our author forgot that protectus is a participle, or had written protectus est. 16 i.e. the comes 17 presumably the point is metaphysical / theological, not a comment on his specific physical appearance. 18 CL would be mortua est. Our author has constructed an equivalent using the adjective mortuus, a, um 19 CL would be Sed illi. 20 fūnis, is, m. “rope, cable.” 21 Khorasan, the region of Persia mentioned in Book I; CL would be ad Corosanum. 22 cacūmen, inis, n. “peak.” 23 cesis (ML) = caesis (CL). 24 a manibus nostrorum = a nostris. 25 “they lay there.” 26 funda, ae, f. “sling” (CL); here, obviously, some kind of catapult. 27 “together.” 28 quāliter, adv. “how?” (OLD 1), here introducing an indirect question 29 suffodiō (subfodiō), suffodere, suffodī, suffosum “dig under, tunnel under” (OLD 1); present passive infinitive. 30 turris, is, f. “tower”; for the declension see AG § 67 31 CL would be sua. 32 “cross-bowmen.” 2 radices muri, summiseruntque postes et ligna, ac deinde miserunt ignem. Sero1 autem facto, cecidit turris iam in nocte, sed quia nox erat, non potuerunt preliari cum illis.2 Nocte vero illa surrexerunt festinanter Turci, et restauraverunt murum tam fortiter, ut, veniente die, nemo posset eos laedere ex illa parte. 2.8.4 Modo venit comes de Nortmannia, et comes Stephanus,3 et alii plures, ac deinceps Rogerius de Barnavilla.4 [Hill p. 16] Boamundus denique obsedit5 urbem in prima fronte,6 et iuxta eum Tancredus, et postea dux Godefridus, ac deinde comes Flandrensis, iuxta quem Rotbertus Nortmannus, et iuxta eum comes Sancti Egidii, iuxta quem Podiensis episcopus. Ita7 vero per terram8 fuit obsessa, ut nemo auderet exire neque intrare. Fueruntque ibi omnes congregati in unum: et quis poterat numerare tantam Christi militiam? Nullus ut puto tot prudentissimos milites nec antea vidit nec ultra9 videre poterit. 2.8.5 Erat autem ex una parte urbis immensus lacus10, in quo11 Turci suas mittebant naves, et exibant et intrabant, et afferebant herbam, ligna et alia plura. Tunc nostri maiores, consiliati in unum, miserunt nuntios Constantinopolim dicturos imperatori, ut faceret naves conduci ad Civito,12 ubi portus est, atque iuberet congregari boves, qui eas traherent per montanas et silvas, usque13 approximent14 lacui. Quod continuo15 factum fuit, suosque Turcopulos16 mandavit cum eis. Die vero quo naves fuerant17 conductae, noluerunt eas statim mittere in lacum; sed nocte superveniente miserunt eas in ipsum lacum, plenas Turcopolis bene ornatis armis. 2.8.6 Summo autem diluculo stabant18 naves optime ordinatae, per lacum properantes contra urbem. Videntes eas Turci mirabantur, ignorantes an esset eorum19 gens an imperatoris. Postquam autem cognoverunt esse gentem imperatoris, timuerunt usque ad mortem, plorantes et lamentantes; Francique gaudebant, et dabant gloriam Deo. Videntes autem [Hill p. 17] Turci quod nullatenus20 ex suis exercitibus adiutorium habere possent, legationem mandaverunt imperatori, quia civitatem sponte redderent,21 si eos omnimodo22 abire permitteret cum mulieribus et filiis et omnibus substantiis suis. Tunc imperator, plenus vana et iniqua cogitatione, iussit illos impunitos abire sine ullo timore, ac sibi 23 eos Constantinopolim cum magna fiducia adduci. Quos studiose servabat, ut illos ad Francorum nocumenta24 et obstacula paratos haberet. ———————————— 1 the neuter singular of sērus, a, um “late” can mean “a late hour.” cum illis = cum Turcis. 3 Count of Blois and Chartres; he was the brother-in-law of Robert of Normandy. 4 Roger of Barneville (Barnville-sur-Mer, Manche, according to Hill; Barneville Cartaret, in Normandy, according to Dass). 5 obsideō, obsidēre, obsēdī, obsessum here “besiege, blockade” (OLD 4) 6 i.e at the main gate 7 Ita is picked up by ut: “so (closely) beseiged ... that.” 8 The significance of this qualification becomes clear in the next chapter. 9 ultrā, adv. here “subsequently, thereafter” (OLD 2). 10 the Ascanian Lake, modern Lake Iznik. 11 CL would be in quem. 12 Kivitos / Civitos, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Nicomedia, near modern Altinova, about fifty km. west of Nicomedia (modern Izmit). 13 CL would be usque dum, “until.” 14 CL would retain the imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence. 15 continuō, adv. “forthwith, immediately.” 16 Byzantine mercenaries, see 1.3.3. 17 CL would be erant. 18 stabant in CL would be erant; stō in ML develops into an auxiliary verb (as in Italian: sto parlando means “I am in the process of speaking. 19 CL would be sua. 20 “in no way.” 21 reddo, reddere, reddidī, redditum can mean “hand over” or “surrender” (OLD 11). 22 “in every way.” 23 i.e. to the emperor 24 nocumentum (ML) = noxa, ae, f. (CL), “harm.” 2 2.8.7 Fuimusque in obsidione illa per septem ebdomadas1 et tres dies,2 et multi ex nostris illic receperunt martyrium, et letantes gaudentesque reddiderunt felices animas Deo; et ex pauperrima gente multi mortui sunt fame pro Christi nomine. Qui in caelum triumphantes portarunt stolam3 recepti4 martyrii, una voce dicentes: “Vindica Domine sanguinem nostrum, qui pro te effusus est; qui es benedictus et laudabilis in secula seculorum.5 Amen.” Explicit liber II. Incipit liber III. Liber III The Battle of Dorylaeum (July 1, 1097). Dorylaeum (modern Eskişehir) was an important Roman waystation, dominating the road system of central Anatolia. The battle in fact seems to have taken place about four km. north of modern Bozüyük, in the same valley as Dorylaeum, but about 40 km. to the west.6 3.9.1 [Hill p. 18] Interea reddita7 civitate et Turcis deductis Constantinopolim, unde imperator magis magisque gavisus quod civitas reddita sit8 eius9 potestati, iussit maximas elemosinas erogari10 nostris pauperibus. Denique prima die qua recessimus a civitate,11 venimus ad quemdam pontem,12 ibique mansimus per duos dies. Tertia autem die, priusquam lux coepisset oriri, surrexerunt nostri; et quia nox erat non viderunt tenere13 unam viam, sed sunt divisi per duo agmina, et venerunt14 divisi per duos dies.15 In uno agmine fuit vir Boamundus, et Rotbertus Normannus, et prudens Tancredus, et alii plures. In alio fuit comes Sancti Egidii, et dux Godefridus, et Podiensis episcopus, et Hugo Magnus, comesque Flandrensis, et alii plures. 3.9.2 Tertia vero die irruerunt Turci vehementer super Boamundum, et eos qui cum ipso erant. Continuo16 Turci coeperunt stridere17 et garrire18 ac clamare, excelsa voce dicentes diabolicum sonum nescio quomodo19 in sua lingua. Sapiens vir Boamundus videns innumerabiles Turcos procul, stridentes et clamantes demoniaca voce, protinus iussit omnes milites descendere,20 et tentoria celeriter ———————————— 1 ebdomas (ML) = hebdomas, ados, f. “seven-day period”; (ML) “week.” Nicaea fell on June 19, 1097; the siege had begun on May 14, Ascension Day; see 2.8.1 above. 3 stola, ae, f. “robe”; i.e. the famous “robe” of a martyr: see Rev. 7:9: Post haec vidi turbam magnam, quam dinumerare nemo poterat ex omnibus gentibus, et tribubus, et populis, et linguis: stantes ante thronum, et in conspectu Agni amicti stolis albis, et palmae in manibus eorum. Also Rev. 10.11: Et datae sunt illis singulae stolae albae, etc. 4 presumably genitive singular, with martyrii 5 secula seculorum (ML) = saecula saeculorum (CL); literally “for the ages of the ages,” i.e. “for ever and ever.” seculorum is genitive of intensity (not CL). See Rev. 6.10: et clamabant voce magna dicentes: Usquequo Domine (sanctus, et verus), non iudicas, et non vindicas sanguinem nostrum de iis qui habitant in terra? 6 See France 170-175; idem 175-185 for a detailed discussion of the battle 7 “captured.” 8 CL would pluperfect subjunctive, in secondary sequence. Here redeō seems to have its CL meaning or “return.” 9 CL would be suo. 10 ērogō (1) “pay out, disburse. 11 On June 26; see France 169 12 The bridge was at a place called Lefke, about 25 km. east of Nicaea, over what is now called the Göksu river. 13 “so as to keep to”; the infinitive of result is ML. 14 “they went along”; in CL veniō means “come” rather than “go. 15 It is not in fact clear whether the division of the army was accidental (as our author suggests) or intentional; see France 169-170 16 continuō, adv. “forthwith, immediately.” 17 strīdō, strīdere, strīdī “shriek”; Smail 76 notes that westerners often commented on the Turkish battle cries. 18 garriō, garrīre, garīvī “chatter.” 19 “nescio quo modo “in some (strange) way or other”; OLD nescio 7c 20 from their horses, apparently 2 extendere.1 Priusquam tentoria fuissent2 extensa, rursus dixit omnibus militibus: “Seniores et fortissimi milites Christi, ecce modo3 bellum angustum est undique [Hill p. 19] circa nos. Igitur omnes milites eant viriliter obviam illis, et pedites prudenter et citius extendant tentoria.”4 3.9.3 Postquam vero hoc totum factum est, Turci undique iam erant circumcingentes nos,5 dimicando6 et iaculando, ac spiculando,7 et mirabiliter longe lateque sagittando. Nos itaque quamquam nequivimus resistere illis, neque sufferre pondus tantorum8 hostium, tamen pertulimus illuc unanimiter gradum.9 Feminae quoque nostrae in illa die fuerunt nobis in10 maximo refugio, quae afferebant ad bibendum aquam nostris preliatoribus, et fortiter semper confortabant illos, pugnantes et defendentes. Vir itaque sapiens Boamundus protinus mandavit aliis, scilicet comiti de Sancto Egidio, et duci Godefrido, et Hugoni Magno, atque Podiensi episcopo, aliisque omnibus Christi militibus, quo festinent11 et ad bellum citius approximent, dicens: “Et si hodie luctari12 volunt13, viriliter veniant.” Dux itaque Godefridus audax et fortis, ac Hugo Magnus simul venerunt prius cum suis exercitibus; episcopus quoque Podiensis prosequutus14 est illos, una15 cum suo exercitu, et comes de Sancto Egidio iuxta illos cum magna gente. 3.9.4 Mirabantur ergo nostri valde unde esset exorta tanta multitudo Turcorum, et Arabum et Saracenorum,16 et aliorum quos enumerare ignoro; quia pene omnes montes et colles et valles et omnia plana loca, intus et extra,17 undique erant cooperta de illa excommunicata18 generatione. Factus est itaque sermo secretus inter nos laudantes19 et consulentes20 atque dicentes: “Estote omnimodo21 [Hill p. 20] unanimes in fide Christi et Sanctae Crucis victoria, quia hodie omnes divites,22 si Deo placet, effecti eritis." 3.9.5 Continuo23 fuerunt ordinatae nostrorum acies.24 In sinistra parte fuit vir sapiens Boamundus, et Rotbertus Nortmannus, et prudens Tancredus, ac Robertus de Ansa et Richardus de Principatu. 25 ———————————— 1 tentoria extendere (ML) = castra ponere (CL). The Franks were placing their pack animals and non-combatants into a “hollow square” for defence; presumably they were not literally “pitching their tents.” 2 CL would be essent. 3 modo, adv. here (and frequently) “now.” 4 i.e. The knights would attack on horseback; the footsoldiers would take care of the baggage, and fight to defend it. In the event, the knights wered driven back to the camp and fought there until saved by the rest of the army. 5 On the Turkish tactic of surrounding an enemy see Smail 79; also 9.29.3 below. 6 dīmicō (1) “fight, struggle.” 7 “throwing javelins” (Hill). [but how is that different from iaculando?] 8 CL would be tot. 9 gradum perferro here means “step forward” (ML only?), i.e. “advance” (on horseback?); note that our author appears to have taken part in this attack. 10 “for,” i.e. they “acted as the best refuge; CL would use a dative of purpose (AG § 382), with no preposition. 11 CL would be imperfect subjunctive, in secondary sequence. 12 luctor (1) “contend, struggle.” 13 We would expect vultis ... viliter veniatis, but Boamund is portrayed speaking to his allies in the third person plural. 14 prosquutus (ML) = prosecutus (CL). 15 ūnā, adv. “together”; regularly combined with cum in CL (OLD 1) 16 Our author regularly refers to Saraceni, sometimes along with Turci and Arabi. He presumably means non-Turkish and non-Arabian muslims of the Near East; see on 5.13.2. 17 i Perhaps because the land was flat within the valleys and outside them? 18 “accursed” (ML, Hill). 19 sc. deum. 20 [sc. deum as with laudantes? or are they talking among themselves? Dass has “God was praised and counsel given.” 21 “in every way.” 22 Hill takes this in the literal, not spiritual, sense: “This is an interesting example of the way in which the crusaders combined genuine devotion with an eye to mundane advantage.” 23 continuō, adv. “forthwith, immediately.” 24 aciēs, aciēī, f. here “battle-line” (OLD 6b). France 181 comments that “this is the tidiness of hindsight,” and that the Franks cannot have had time to get organized. 25 According to Hill our author fought on the left with these leaders. Episcopus vero Podiensis venit per alteram montanam,1 undique circumcingens2 incredulos3 Turcos. In sinistra quoque parte equitavit fortissimus miles Raimundus comes de Sancto Egidio. In dextera vero parte fuit dux Godefridus, et acerrimus miles Flandrensis comes, et Hugo Magnus, et alii plures, quorum nomina ignoro. 3.9.6. Statim autem venientibus militibus nostris, Turci et Arabes, et Saraceni et Agulani4 omnesque barbarae nationes dederunt velociter fugam, per compendia5 montium et per plana loca. Erat autem numerus Turcorum, Persarum, Publicanorum,6 Saracenorum, Agulanorum, aliorumque paganorum trecenta sexaginta milia, extra Arabes, quorum numerum nemo scit nisi solus Deus. Fugerunt vero nimis velociter ad sua tentoria, ibique eos diu morari non licuit. Iterum vero arripuerunt fugam, nosque illos persecuti sumus occidentes, tota una die. Et accepimus spolia multa, aurum, argentum, equos et asinos, camelos, oves, et boves et plurima alia quae ignoramus.7 3.9.7 Et nisi Dominus fuisset nobiscum in bello, et aliam cito nobis misisset aciem,8 nullus nostrorum [Hill p. 21] evasisset, quia ab hora tertia usque in horam nonam perduravit haec pugna.9 Sed omnipotens Deus pius et misericors, qui non permisit suos milites perire, nec in manibus inimicorum incidere, festine10 nobis adiutorium misit. Sed fuerunt illic mortui duo ex nostris milites honorabiles, scilicet Gosfredus de Monte Scabioso,11 et Willelmus Marchisi filius,12 frater Tancredi, aliique milites et pedites quorum nomina ignoro. 3.9.8 Quis unquam tam sapiens aut doctus audebit describere prudentiam militiamque et fortitudinem Turcorum? Qui putabant13 terrere gentem Francorum minis suarum sagittarum, sicut terruerunt Arabes, Saracenos, et Hermenios,14 Suranios15 et Grecos. Sed, si Deo placet, nunquam tantum valebunt, quantum nostri.16 Verumtamen dicunt se esse de Francorum generatione,17 et quia18 nullus homo naturaliter debet esse miles nisi Franci et illi. Veritatem dicam quam nemo audebit prohibere. 19 Certe si in fide Christi et Christianitate sancta semper firmi fuissent, et unum Deum in trinitate confiteri voluissent Deique Filium natum de Virgine matre, passum, et resurrexisse a mortuis et in caelum ascendisse suis cernentibus discipulis, consolationemque20 Sancti Spiritus perfecte misisse,21 et eum in caelo et in terra regnantem recta mente et fide credidissent, ipsis potentiores vel fortiores vel bellorum ingeniosissimos nullus invenire potuisset.22 Et tamen, gratia Dei, victi sunt a nostris. Hoc bellum est factum, primo die Iulii. ———————————— 1 France 181 idenfities this hill as one of the “glacial drumlins” to be found at the site of the battle; see 181 and Fig. 6d ML frequently uses the present participle for action subsequent to that of the main verb. 3 incrēdulus, a, um “disbelieving”; here in a religious sense. 4 Hill suggests these may be Albanians of the Caucasus (Aghovanians); Jamison thought they were Arabs (α’ γαρηνοι' ), i.e. descendants of Hagar (see Genesis 16 and 21). Dass explains them as “Arabs from Sicily and North Africa.” 5 compendium, iī, n. in the plural can mean “short cut”; here “pass.” 6 ’Paulicians,” as before. Paulicians believed that Jesus was not properly the son of God but had been adopted by him, but Dass suggests that our author uses the term for heretics in general 7 [I take it this is the “royal we”: the author here says, as he does elsewhere, that he doesn’t have a complete list. 8 i.e. the Franks summoned by Bohemond in 3.9.3. 9 I.e. the battle lasted from 8:00 AM to around 2:00 PM. Our author is apparently using the Roman method of counting the hours of the day, starting at dawn. 10 “in haste.” 11 Godfrey of Monte Scaglioso, or possily Humphrey of Monte Scaglioso; see Hill p. 8. 12 William “son of the Marquis. 13 “were expecting”; in CL putō (1) means “think.” 14 Armenians. 15 Syrians. 16 Here our author breaks into his historical narrative with a comment about the present and future. 17 [Is there any evidence for this? It seems an odd thing for the Turks to say.] 18 “that” (ML). 19 “to deny” (ML). 20 consōlātiō, ōnis, f. “consolation” (CL), here probably “comfort. 21 The language here approximates that of the Nicene Creed. 22 Bréhier notes that this is the oldest evidence for the mutual respect of Franks and Turks. 2 Explicit liber III. Incipit IV. Liber IV. The Franks head towards Antioch. July-October, 1097. The exact route they took is uncertain, but it seems clear that they went south and east, instead of following the pilgrim route east and then south. This was apparently to encourage the Christian inhabitants, especially Armenians, to revolt from Turkish domination.1 4.10.1 [Hill p. 22] Postquam vero Turci, inimici Dei et sanctae Christianitatis, omnino fuerunt devicti, per quatuor dies et noctes fugientes huc et illuc, contigit2 ut Solimanus3 dux illorum, filius Solimani veteris,4 fugeret de Nicea. Qui invenit decem milia Arabum, qui dixerunt ei: “O infelix et infelicior omnibus gentilibus,5 cur tremefactus fugis?” Quibus Solimanus lacrimabiliter respondit: “Quoniam6 olim cum habuissem7 omnes Francos devictos, eosque putarem iam in captivitate dum (ligatos8 paulatim9 voluissem ligare adinvicem),10 tunc respiciens retro, vidi tam innumerabilem gentem eorum, ut si vos aut aliquis illic adesset, putaret quod omnes montes et colles vallesque et omnia plana loca plena essent illorum multitudine. Nos igitur illos cernentes, statim coepimus capere subitaneum11 iter, timentes tam mirabiliter, ut vix evaserimus de illorum manibus, unde12 adhuc13 in nimio terrore sumus. Et si michi14 et verbis meis velletis credere, auferretis15 vos hinc, quia si et ipsi potuerint vos solummodo16 scire,17 unus ex vobis vix18 amplius19 evadet vivens.” At illi audientes talia, retrorsum verterunt dorsa, et se expanderunt per universam Romaniam. 4.10.2 Tunc veniebamus nos persequentes iniquissimos Turcos, cotidie fugientes ante nos. At illi venientes ad cuncta castra sive urbes, fingentes et deludentes habitatores terrarum illarum, dicebant: “Nos devicimus Christianos omnes, et superavimus [Hill p. 23] illos, ita ut nullus eorum iam unquam audeat erigere20 se ante nos; tantum21 permittite nos intus intrare.” Qui intrantes spoliabant ecclesias et domos et alia omnia, et ducebant equos secum et asinos et mulos, aurum et argentum et ea quae reperire ———————————— 1 For the possible route, dates, and strategic thinking, see France 185-196 contingō, contingere, contigī, contactum can be impersonal “it happens that” and take ut + subj. (OLD 8c) 3 Suleiman, the sultan of Rum. Modern scholars usually refer to him as Kilij Arslan. 4 Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, founder of the Sultinate of Rum 5 “than all (other) foreigners”; gentilis, gentile only rarely means “foreigner” in CL, but the meaning is frequent in LL and ML, especially the Vulgate, where it is means “gentiles” (i.e. non-Jews, or pagans). Notice that our author makes no effort to give Kilij Arslan vocabularly appropriate for a Musli 6 quoniam in ML can be used like quotation marks; omit in translation. 7 i.e. when he thought he had them; unless habeo here means “regard, look on, treat (as)” (OLD 24) 8 “in fact” (Hill) 9 paul(l)ātim, adv “gradually” or “bit by bit” (OLD ab); here perhaps “for a while,” with voluissem 10 “with one another,” “in pairs.” According to Hill “the Author deliberately makes all his Muslim characters speak in slightly bizarre fashion.” Dass suggests this may be in imitation of “the florid formality of eastern courtly speech.” 11 subitāneus, a, um “sudden.” 12 “wherefore,” “and so”; unde, rel. adv., can be used to connect sentences (OLD 7b) 13 “besides that”; adhuc (ML) = praeterea (CL). 14 michi (ML) = mihi (CL). 15 Present contrary to fact condition, AG § 517 16 “only. 17 = si et ipsi potuerint solummodo scire vos (hic esse) 18 “barely one of you.” 19 amplius, adv., here perhaps “anymore, for long” (OLD 5b). 20 ērigō, ērigere, ērexī, ērectum here “rouse, excite, stimulate” (OLD 7) 21 tantum, ī, n. used as an adverb, “only, just, merely” (OLD 8) 2 poterant. Adhuc quoque1 filios2 Christianorum secum tollebant, et ardebant ac devastabant omnia convenientia sive utilia, fugientes et paventes valde ante faciem nostram. 4.10.3 Nos itaque persequebamur eos per deserta3 et inaquosam et inhabitabilem terram,4 ex qua vix vivi evasimus vel exivimus. Fames vero5 et sitis undique coartabant6 nos, nihilque penitus7 nobis erat ad edendum, nisi forte vellentes8 et fricantes9 spicas10 manibus nostris, tali cibo quam miserrime vivebamus. Illic fuit mortua maxima pars nostrorum equorum,11 eo quod12 multi ex nostris militibus remanserunt pedites; et pro penuria equorum, erant nobis boves loco caballorum,13 et pro nimia necessitate succedebant14 nobis capri15 et multones16 ac canes ad portandum. 4.10.4 Interea coepimus intrare in terram optimam, plenam corporalibus alimentis et deliciis omnibusque bonis; ac deinceps appropinquavimus Yconio.17 Habitatores vero terrae illius suadebant et ammonebant nos, nobiscum ferre utres18 plenos aqua, quia illic19 in itinere diei unius est maxima penuria aquae. Nos vero ita fecimus, donec pervenimus ad quoddam flumen,20 ibique hospitati sumus per duos dies. Coeperunt autem cursores21 nostri ante ire, donec pervenerunt ad Erachiam,22 in qua erat Turcorum nimia congregatio, exspectans et insidians, quomodo posset23 Christi milites nocere. Quos Turcos Dei omnipotentis [Hill p. 24] milites invenientes audacter invaserunt. Superati itaque sunt inimici nostri in illa die, tamque celeriter fugiebant quam sagitta fugit, emissa ictu valido cordae 24 et arcus.25 Nostri igitur intraverunt statim in civitatem, ibique mansimus per quatuor dies. 4.10.5 Illic divisit se ab aliis Tancredus Marchisi filius, et Balduinus comes frater ducis Godefridi, simulque intraverunt vallem de Botrenthrot.26 Divisit quoque se Tancredus, et venit Tharsum27 cum suis militibus. Exierunt denique Turci de urbe, et venerunt obviam eis, atque in unum congregati ———————————— 1 “still further.” Dass observes that this is an early reference to the Turkish practice of abducting Christian boys and raising them to be soldiers, such as the Janissaries of a later era 3 dēsertus, a, um “uninhabited, wilderness” (OLD 1) 4 Rizzo identifies this as the “Deserto salato” i.e. “Salt Desert.” 5 vērō in our text sometimes means “and” rather than “but”; see OLD 6 6 coartō (1) “constrict” in ML means “afflict, oppress.” 7 penitus, adv. “completely, utterly” (OLD 5); it is used much as we use “absolutely.” 8 vellō, vellere, vellī or vulsī, vulsum “pull up, pick” (of plants). 9 fricō (1) “rub.” 10 spīca, ae, f. “an ear of grain.” Here presumably wild plants, such as cactuses and aloes (Dass). Wolf notes that the language reflects that of Luke 6.1: Factum est autem in sabbato secundo, primo, cum transiret per sata [“crops”], vellebant discipuli eius spicas, et manducabant confricantes manibus. 11 Either “of the horses belonging to our troops (nostri),” or “of our horses” (noster, nostra, nostrum); the second reading seems preferable, since the author immediately goes on to talk about multi ex nostris militibus 12 eo quod here = “with the result that” (ML). 13 caballus, ī, m. “riding-horse” or “pack-horse”; here probably the former is meant; knights typically travelled with horses for travel as well as their war-horses. 14 succēdō, succēdere, sucessī, sucessum here “take the place of” (as a replacement; see OLD 4) 15 caper, caprī, m. “goat.” 16 “sheep” (ML); CL is ovis, ovis m./f. 17 Iconium, modern Konya. 18 uter, utris, m. “leather bag.” 19 llīc, adv. “there. 20 The Çarşamba-Su, according to Dass. 21 “scouts”; in CL cursor, ōris, m. means “runner.” 22 Heraclea Cybistra, modern Ereğli (Province of Konya), 149 km. East of Konya. 23 the subject is Turcorum nimia congregatio. 24 corda (ML) = chorda (CL), here “bowstring.” 25 arcus, arcūs, m. “bow” (for shooting arrows). [Are there classical precedents for the arrow simile? Notice that our author gives more details in his simile than we might expect.] 26 Identified as modern Bozantra, in ancient Cilicia, but Bozantra is not in Google Maps. 27 Tarsus, the most important city in Cilicia. 2 properaverunt ad bellum contra Christianos. Appropinquantibus itaque nostris et pugnantibus, dederunt inimici nostri fugam,1 revertentes in urbem celeri gressu. 4.10.6 Tancredus vero miles Christi pervenit laxatis loris,2 et castrametatus est3 ante portam urbis. Ex alia igitur parte venit vir inclitus comes Balduinus cum suo exercitu, postulans Tancredum, quatinus4 eum amicissime in societatem5 civitatis dignaretur suscipere.6 Cui ait Tancredus: “Te omnimodo in hac societate denego.” Nocte itaque superveniente, omnes Turci tremefacti fugam una 7 arripuerunt. Exierunt denique8 habitatores civitatis sub illa9 noctis obscuritate, clamantes excelsa voce: “Currite invictissimi Franci currite, quia Turci expergefacti 10 vestro11 timore omnes pariter recedunt.”12 4.10.7 Orta autem die, venerunt maiores civitatis, et reddiderunt sponte civitatem, dicentes illis qui super hoc13 litigabant14 adinvicem15: “Sinite16 modo17 seniores sinite, quia volumus et petimus dominari18 et regnare super nos illum qui heri tam viriliter pugnavit cum Turcis.” Balduinus itaque mirificus comes altercabatur et litigabat cum Tancredo [Hill p. 25] dicens: “Intremus simul et spoliemus civitatem, et qui plus potuerit habere, habeat, et qui poterit capere, capiat.” Cui Tancredus fortissimus dixit: “Absit hoc a me. Ego namque Christianos nolo expoliare. Homines huius civitatis elegerunt me dominum super se, meque habere desiderant.” Tandem nequivit vir fortis Tancredus diu luctari 19 cum Balduino comite, quia illi magnus erat exercitus; tamen20 volens nolensque21 dimisit22 eam, et viriliter recessit cum suo exercitu; fueruntque ei23 statim traditae duae optimae ciuitates, videlicet Athena24 et Manustra,25 et plurima castra. 4.11.1 Maior vero exercitus, scilicet Raimundus comes de Sancto Egidio, et doctissimus Boamundus, duxque Godefridus, et alii plures, in Hermeniorum intraverunt terram,26 sitientes atque aestuantes Turcorum sanguinem. Tandem pervenerunt ad quoddam castrum, quod tam forte erat, ut nichil 27 ei ———————————— 1 fugam dare and similar expressions are CL, though mostly poetic (see OLD fuga 7; Verg. Aen. 7.24); the normal CL idiom would be dederunt (terga) fugae or dederunt (terga) in fugam; see OLD do 18d. 2 lōrum, ī, n. here “reins” (OLD 3b). laxatis loris means “at full gallop, at full speed” (ML). 3 “and encamped.” 4 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). In CL quatenus (quatinus) means “how far? to what extent?”; in ML it is often used instead of ut in purpose clauses and clauses of volition. 5 societās, ātis, f. “partnership.” 6 i.e. Baldwin was asking to join in seizing the city. 7 “as one, together.” 8 dēnique “finally, at length” in CL can = “next” in ML 9 ille, illa, illud in ML can be used like a definite article; they become the definite articles in Romance languages (ille > Italian il, Spanish el, French le; illa > la) 10 expergēfaciō, -facere, -fēcī, -factum “stir up.” 11 CL would be vestri, objective genitive (AG § 347-8) 12 note that the present of recedunt is “real,” not a historical present 13 “this business, this affair,” i.e. the dispute between Trancred and Baldwin in the preceeding paragraph 14 lītigō (1) “quarrel” (OLD 2). 15 “with one another,” “among themselves.” 16 sinō, sinere, sīvī (siī), situm here “let a thing pass,” “never mind!” (OLD 2). 17 modo, adv. “just” or “now”. In CL it usually means “now” in a vague sense, as in “now let me tell you a story”; in ML it can mean “at this time.” 18 dominor (1) “rule.” 19 luctor (1) “contend, struggle.” 20 tamen (ML) = itaque (CL). 21 i.e “willy-nilly.” 22 dīmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum, here “leave” (OLD 4). 23 i.e. to Tancred 24 Adana. 25 Ancient Mopsuestia, modern Mamistra; Rizzo suggests Ceyhan. 26 SE Asia Minor and N. Syria had been controlled by Armenians between 1069 and 1085 27 nichil (ML) = nihil (CL). possent facere. Erat autem ibi homo quidam nomine Symeon,1 qui in illa ortus fuit regione, quique hanc petiit2 terram, quo eam de3 manibus defenderet inimicorum Turcorum, cui sponte illi4 dederunt terram, quique remansit ibi cum sua gente. Nos denique exeuntes inde pervenimus feliciter, 5 usque Cesaream Cappadociae.6 4.11.2 A Cappadocia autem egressi, venimus ad quamdam civitatem pulcherrimam et nimis 7 uberrimam,8 quam paululum ante nostrum adventum obsederant Turci per tres ebdomadas, sed non superaverant. Mox illuc advenientibus nobis, continuo tradidit9 se in manu10 nostra, cum magna laetitia. Hanc igitur petiit quidam miles, cui nomen Petrus de Alpibus,11 ab [Hill p. 26] omnibus senioribus, quatinus12 eam defenderet in fidelitate Dei, et Sancti Sepulchri, et seniorum, atque imperatoris. Cui cum nimio amore gratis13 concesserunt14 eam. 4.11.3 Sequenti nocte audivit Boamundus quod Turci, qui fuerant in obsessione civitatis, frequenter15 precederent nos. Mox preparavit se solummodo16 cum militibus, quatinus17 illos undique18 expugnaret, sed eos invenire non potuit. 4.11.4 Deinde venimus ad quamdam urbem nomine Coxon,19 in qua erat maxima ubertas omnium bonorum quae nobis erant necessaria. Christiani igitur videlicet alumni20 urbis illius reddiderunt se statim, nosque fuimus ibi optime per tres dies, et illic maxime sunt recuperati nostri. Audiens itaque Raimundus comes quod Turci qui erant in custodia21 Antiochiae discessissent, in suo invenit consilio22, quod23 mitteret illuc aliquos ex suis militibus, qui eam24 diligenter custodirent.25 Tandem elegit illos quos legare volebat, videlicet Petrum de Castellione vicecomitem,26 Willelmum de Monte Pislerio,27 Petrum de Roasa,28 Petrum Raimundum de Pul,29 cum quingentis30 militibus. 4.11.5 Venerunt itaque in vallem prope Antiochiam ad quoddam castrum Publicanorum,31 illicque audierunt Turcos esse in civitatem eamque fortiter defendere preparabant. Petrus de Roasa divisit se ibi ———————————— 1 Dass suggests that he was an Armenian prince. CL would have a pluperfect. 3 CL would be a. 4 i.e. Raimundus etc. 5 fēlīciter, adv. “successfully, with good results” (OLD 2). 6 Modern Kayseri. 7 In ML nimis can modify a superlative, and means simply “very.” 8 Hill idenfities this as Plastencia; France 191 argues that is must have been Comana, in Cappadocia, near modern Şar, in Adana Province. 9 sc. illa civitas. 10 CL would be in manum. 11 Peter d’Aups, who had previoiusly served under Robert Guiscard and Alexius Comnenus. 12 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). 13 gratia, ae, f. “favor”; the ablative plural, usually in form gratis, can mean “for no reward but thanks, for nothing” (OLD 8). 14 the subject is omnes seniores 15 frequenter, adv. “in large numbers.” 16 sōlummodo, adv. “only, alone”; i.e. Bohemond wanted to attack the Turks independently of the other leaders. 17 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). 18 undique in CL would mean “from all sides,” but Hill translates “wherever they were.” 19 Ancient Cocussus, modern Gueuk-su / Göksun. 20 alumnus, ī, m. here “son” or “child” (OLD 2), i.e. “inhabitant”; nom. plural, with Christiani. The inhabitants were mostly Armenians. 21 ”in charge of,” i.e. in the garrison of. 22 i.e. he decided, after consulting with his advisors. 23 quod (ML) can = ut (CL). 24 i.e. Antiochiam. 25 CL would be (e.g.) caperent; presumably the capture of the city without a garrison is taken for granted. 26 Peter, the seneschal of Castillon-sur-Dordogne (Gironde). 27 William of Montpellier. 28 Peter of Roaix, though Dass suggests Roa 29 Peter Raymond of Hautpoul. 30 quingentī, ae, a “five hundred. 31 Paulicians, a (heretical) sect of dualists associated with Armenia; in CL publicani are public contractors, including tax-collectors. 2 ab aliis, et proxima nocte transivit prope Antiochiam, intravitque vallem de Rugia1; et invenit Turcos et Saracenos, et preliatus est cum eis, et occidit multos ex eis, et alios persecutus 2 est valde. Videntes hoc3 Hermenii habitatores terrae illius, illum fortiter superasse paganos, continuo [Hill p. 27] reddiderunt se. Ipse vero statim cepit Rusam4 civitatem, et plurima castra. 4.11.6 Nos autem qui remansimus, exeuntes inde, intravimus in diabolicam montanam,5 quae tam erat alta et angusta, ut nullus nostrorum auderet per semitam,6 quae in monte patebat, ante alium preire.7 Illic precipitabant se equi, et unus saumarius8 precipitabat9 alium. Milites ergo stabant undique tristes, feriebant se manibus pre10 nimia tristitia et dolore, dubitantes quid facerent de semetipsis11 et de suis armis, vendentes suos clipeos12 et loricas13 optimas cum galeis,14 solummodo propter15 tres aut quinque denarios, vel prout quisque poterat habere.16 Qui autem vendere nequibant, gratis a se iactabant, et ibant. 4.11.7 Exeuntes igitur de exsecrata montana, pervenimus ad civitatem quae vocatur Marasim. 17 Cultores18 vero illius civitatis exierunt obviam nobis letantes, et deferentes maximum mercatum, illicque habuimus omnem copiam, expectando19 donec veniret domnus Boamundus. Venerunt itaque nostri milites in vallem, in qua regalis civitas Antiochia sita est, quae est caput totius Syriae, quamque dominus Iesus Christus tradidit beato Petro apostolorum principi,20 quatinus21 eam ad cultum sanctae fidei revocaret;22 qui vivit et regnat cum Deo Patre in unitate Spiritus Sancti Deus, per omnia secula seculorum. Amen. [Explicit liber IV. Incipit liber V.] LIBER V After a quick victory at the “Iron Bridge,” about 20 km. E of Antioch, the Franks arrive at the gates of the city (21 October 1097). Thanks to the terrain they were able to blockade only three of the city gates, and after a while the Turks began harassing the Franks. ———————————— Identified by Hill and France as The Riha valley / valley of Ruj, east of Antioch (modern Şanliurfa); Dass identifies as Al-Ruj. i.e. he put them to flight. 3 hoc is redundant, introducing the indirect statement: “seeing this ... that he ....” 4 Hill identifies this tentatively as Ruweha; Dass suggests Al-Arus / Allaruz or Qastun 5 An unidentified mountain in the Anti-Taurus range 6 sēmita, ae, f. “path, track.” 7 preire (ML) = praeire (CL). 8 “beast of burden”; see Niermeyer sv. sagmarius. 9 praecipitō (1) “cause to fall headlong.” 10 pre (ML) = prae (CL), which in ML can mean “because of.” 11 semetipsis (ML) = sese (CL). 12 clipeus, ī, m. “shield. 13 lōrīca, ae, f. “corselet, cuirass”; in CL they can be of leather as well as sheet-metal; the crusaders typically wore coats of chain-mail, not breastplates 14 galea, ae, f. “helmet. 15 “for the price of” (ML). 16 “any price they could get.” 17 Marash, modern Kahramanmaraş 18 “the peasants.” 19 CL would be expectantes; see above [qv.] on the ML use of the gerund in the ablative singular 20 Christian tradition held that St. Peter was the first bishop of Antioch and founder of the rich Christian tradition in that city; he is associated with Antioch in Acts 11:26; Gal. 2:11-21. 21 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). 22 revocaret here = vocaret, unless our author is misremembering Acts. 1 2 5.12.1 [Hill p. 28] Cum coepissemus1 appropinquare ad Pontem Farreum,2 cursores nostri, qui semper solebant nos precedere, invenerunt Turcos innumerabiles congregatos obviam eis 3, qui dare adiutorium Antiochiae festinabant. Irruentes igitur nostri uno corde et mente super illos, superaverunt Turcos. Consternati sunt barbari, dederuntque fugam, et multi mortui sunt ex eis in ipso certamine. Nostri igitur superantes illos Dei gratia, acceperunt spolia multa, equos, camelos, mulos, asinos, honustos4 frumento et vino. Venientes denique nostri, castrametati sunt super ripam fluminis. Protinus vir sapiens Boamundus cum quatuor milibus militum venit ante portam civitatis,5 vigilare6 si forte aliquis nocte latenter exiret aut intraret civitatem. 5.12.2 Crastina vero die pervenerunt usque ad Antiochiam media die, in quarta feria quae est XII kalendas Novembris,7 et obsedimus8 mirabiliter tres portas civitatis,9 quoniam in alia parte deerat nobis locus obsidendi, quia alta et nimis angusta montana10 nos coartabat. Tantum autem timebant nos undique11 inimici nostri Turci, qui erant intus in urbe, ut nemo eorum auderet offendere12 aliquem ex nostris, fere per spatium dierum quindecim. Mox hospitantes13 nos circa Antiochiam, repperimus illic omnem abundantiam, videlicet vineas14 undique plenas, foveas15 plenas frumento, arbores refertas pomis, et alia multa bona corporibus utilia. 5.12.3 [Hill p. 29] Hermenii et Suriani, qui erant intus in urbe, exeuntes et ostendentes se fugere, cotidie erant nobiscum, sed eorum uxores in civitate. Illi16 vero ingeniose investigabant nostrum esse17 nostramque qualitatem, referebantque omnia his qui erant in urbe inclusi. Postquam vero Turci fuerunt edocti de nostra essentia, coeperunt paulatim de urbe exire, nostros peregrinos undique coangustare, 18 non solum ex una parte, sed undique erant latentes obviam nobis19 ad mare et ad montanam. 5.12.4 Erat autem non longe castrum, cui nomen Aregh,20 ubi erant congregati multi Turci fortissimi, qui frequenter conturbabant nostros. Audientes itaque nostri seniores talia, nimis doluerunt, miseruntque ex militibus suis qui21 diligenter explorarent locum, ubi erant Turci. Reperto igitur loco ubi latebant, nostri milites, qui quaerebant22 illos, obviant23 eis. At nostris paulatim retrogredientibus ubi24 sciebant Boamundum esse cum suo exercitu, statim fuerunt illic mortui duo ex nostris. Hoc audiens Boamundus ———————————— 12 cum coepissmemus appropinquare = CL cum appropinquaremus. coepi in ML loses much of its sense of “begin” and becomes an auxiliary verb for expressing past tense. 2 “Orontes Bridge” or “Iron Bridge”; the River known to the Greeks and Romans was now named the Far, which some authors seem to have misunderstood as a reference to iron; thus one manuscript cited by Hill has Pons Ferreus. 3 CL would be sibi. 4 onustus, a, um “laden with”; honustus is archaic Latin but also ML 5 The St. Paul Gate, the northern gate of Antioch guarding the road to the “Iron Bridge. 6 vigilō (1) here “be watchful or alert” (OLD 4); infinitive used to express purpose (common in ML). 7 Wednesday, October 21. 8 The subject has shifted from 3rd person plural to 1st person plural. 9 The St. Paul Gate (N. of Antioch), the Dog Gate and the Gate of the Duke (W. of Antioch) 10 Mount Silpius. 11 undique, adv. here “in all respects” (OLD 4), i.e. “completely. 12 offendō offendere, offendī, offensum “strike” (OLD 1), i.e. (ML) “attack.” 13 hospitor (1) “put up as a guest or lodger”; deponent verbs regularly have present active participles, AG § 190a 14 vīnea, ae, f. “vines in a vineyard” (OLD 1), i.e. “vineyard. 15 fovea, ae, f. “pit.” 16 Illi picks up eorum. 17 “our existence,” i.e. “our nature”; use of the infinitive as a substantive modified by a possessive adjective is CL, but colloquial. 18 “to attack” (Hill); in CL coangustare means “to make narrow; confine in a small space.” 19 “wherever they could lay ambush for us” (Hill). 20 Also referred to as Harem or Harim. It was about 25 km. east of Antioch and is said to have guarded a bridge over the Orontes (but see France Fig. 4). 21 the antecedent is as understood eos. i.e miserunt ... eos qui ... explorarent. Note that qui ... explorarent is a relative clause of purpose. 22 quaerō, quaerere, quaes(i)ī or quaesīvī, quaesītum here “search for, hunt for” (OLD 1). 23 obviō (1) “act contrary to, go against” (+ dat.) (CL); here “attack.” 24 “to the place where.” surrexit cum suis, ut fortissimus Christi athleta, et barbari irruerunt contra illos,1 eo quod nostri erant pauci; tamen simul iuncti inierunt bellum.2 Mortui sunt vero multi ex nostris inimicis, et capti alii ducti sunt ante portam urbis, ibique decollabantur, ut3 magis tristes fierent qui erant in urbe. 5.12.5 Exibant quidem alii de civitate, et ascendebant in quamdam portam, et sagittabant nos, ita ut sagittae eorum caderent in domini Boamundi plateam4; et una mulier occubuit5 ictu sagittae. 5.13.1 [Hill p. 30] Congregati sunt itaque omnes maiores nostri, et ordinaverunt concilium, dicentes: “Faciamus castrum in vertice montis Maregart,6 quo securi atque tuti possimus esse a Turcorum formidine.” Facto itaque castro atque munito, omnes maiores illud invicem custodiebant. Iamiam coeperant frumentum et omnia nutrimenta corporum nimis esse cara ante Natale Domini. Foras 7 penitus non audebamus exire, nichilque penitus in terra Christianorum invenire poteramus ad edendum. In Saracenorum namque terram nemo intrare audebat nisi cum magna gente. Ad ultimum8 statuerunt nostri seniores concilium,9 ordinando10 qualiter regerent11 tantas12 gentes. Invenerunt in consilio, ut una pars nostri iret diligenter attrahere stipendium,13 et ubique14 custodire exercitum15; alia quoque16 pars fiducialiter remaneret custodire hostem.17 Boamundus denique dixit: “Seniores et prudentissimi milites, si vultis et bonum vobis videtur, ego ero cum Flandrensi comite, iturus cum eo.” 5.13.2 Celebratis itaque gloriosissimae solempnitatibus Nativitatis, in die lunae, secunda scilicet feria,18 egressi sunt illi, et alii plus quam viginti milia militum et peditum,19 ac sani et incolumes intraverunt terram Saracenorum.20 Congregati quippe erant multi Turci et Arabes et Saraceni, ab Hierusalem et Damasco et Aleph,21 et ab aliis regionibus, qui veniebant fortitudinem Antiochiae dare. Audientes itaque isti Christianorum gentem conductam esse in illorum22 terram, illico preparaverunt se ad bellum contra Christianos; [Hill p. 31] atque summo diluculo23 venerunt in locum24 ubi gens nostra erat in unum. 5.13.3 Diviseruntque se barbari et fecerunt duas acies, unam ante et aliam retro, cupientes ex omni parte circumcingere nos. Egregius itaque comes Flandrensis undique25 regimine26 fidei signoque crucis ———————————— 1 i.e. Bohemond and his men. “they joined battle in good order” (Hill). 3 CL would use quo with a comparative. 4 platae, ae, f. “street”; here “camp” (Hill). 5 occumbō, occumbere, occubuī “meet one’s death, fall.” 6 The Franks named this mountain “Malregard” i.e. “Dirty Look Hill.” It overlooked the St. Paul Gate, and putting a fort there could help prevent attacks out of that gate against the Franks. 7 forās, adv. “outside.” 8 “finally” (OLD ultimum 5b). 9 either “they organized a meeting” or “they came up with a plan. 10 CL would be ordinantes 11 regō, regere, rexī, rectum here “direct the activities of” (OLD 7), i.e. “take care of, provide for. 12 CL would be tot. 13 stīpendium, (i)ī, n. “wages, salary,” but here (ML) “supplies.” 14 ubique, adv. here “everywhere” (OLD 2) 15 “and to protect the flanks of our forces” (Hill). 16 “but”; quoque (ML) here = vero (CL). 17 “host” (ML). hostis in the Gesta can mean both “enemy” (CL, masculine), and “host” (ML, apparently feminine); thus hostis in our text often means “the Frankish army,” particularly the army along with its camp-followers. 18 i.e. Monday; 28 December, 1097. 19 France is certain that this number is impossibly high 20 Here we perhaps get a hint at what the author means by “Saracen”; i.e. non-Turkish and non-Arabian muslims in the region 21 Aleppo. 22 CL would be suam. 23 “at daybreak”: the author uses this formula nine more times. 24 al-Bara. 25 “totally” (ML), as at 1.4.4 26 regimen, inis, f. “control” (CL) but “guardianship” in ML (Niemeyer 7). 2 (quam fideliter cotidie baiulabat) armatus, occurrit illis, una cum Boamundo.1 Irrueruntque2 nostri unanimiter super illos. Qui statim arripuerunt fugam, et festinanter verterunt retro scapulas 3, ac mortui sunt ex illis plurimi, nostrique coeperunt4 equos eorum et alia spolia. Alii vero, qui vivi remanserant, velociter fugerunt, et in iram perditionis5 abierunt. Nos autem revertentes cum magno tripudio,6 laudavimus et magnificavimus trinum et unum Deum, qui vivit et regnat nunc et in aevum. Amen. Explicit liber V. Incipit liber VI. LIBER VI 6.14.1 [Hill p. 32] Turci denique, inimici Dei et sanctae christianitatis, qui erant intus in custodia civitatis Antiochiae, audientes dominum Boamundum et Flandrensem comitem in obsessione non esse, exierunt de civitate, et audacter veniebant preliari nobiscum, insidiantes 7 undique in qua parte obsidio8 esset languidior, scientes prudentissimos milites foris9 esse; inveneruntque quod10 in una11 martis die12 possent obsistere nobis et ledere.13 Venerunt vero iniquissimi barbari caute, et irruerunt vehementer super nos,14 et incautos occiderunt multos ex nostris militibus et peditibus. Episcopus quoque Podiensis in illa amara die perdidit senescalcum15 suum, conducentem et regentem eius vexillum.16 Et nisi esset flumen quod erat inter nos et illos, sepius17 invasissent nos, atque maximam lesionem18 fecissent in nostram gentem. 6.14.2 Egrediebatur tunc vir prudens Boamundus cum suo exercitu de terra Saracenorum, venitque in Tancredi montanam,19 cogitans an forte ibi valeret invenire aliquid quod potuisset20 deferri21. Nam totam terram in expendio miserant22; alii quippe invenerant, alii vero vacui redierant. Tunc vir sapiens Boamundus increpavit eos23 dicens: “O infelix et miserrima gens, O vilissima omnium Christianorum, cur tam celeriter vultis abire? Sinite,24 modo25 sinite, usquequo26 erimus congregati in unum, et [Hill ———————————— 1 France 239 suggests that “together with Boamund” is meant figuratively, and that the Flemish and Norman contingents fought separately irruō, irruere, irruī here “charge” (OLD 2) 3 scapulae, ārum, f. pl. “shoulder” (OLD); here “back.” 4 coeperunt (ML) = ceperunt (CL). 5 cp. Romans 9:22: Quod si Deus volens ostendere iram, et notam facere potentiam suam, sustinuit in multa patientia vasa irae, apta in interitum, etc. 6 tripudium, (i)ī, n. “a ritual dance in triple time”; here perhaps “a dance of triumph” (ML). 7 insidior (1) here “be on the lookout for” (OLD 5), here governing an indirect question introduced by qua parte. 8 obsidiō, ōnis, f. “siege.” 9 “outside”; foris (ML) = foras (CL); i.e. away from Antioch. 10 “that”; indirect statement with a verb of perception using quod + indicative (OLD quod 5) 11 in ML unus, a, um can almost = the indefinite article (cf. French un, une etc.) 12 “on a Tuesday”; 29 December, 1097. 13 “to harm”; ledere (ML) = laedere (CL). 14 CL would be in nos. 15 “his seneschal,” i.e. his chief steward. 16 vexillum, ī, n. “banner.” 17 sepius (ML) = saepius (CL). 18 lesiō (ML) = laesiō, ōnis, f. “harm, hurt” (CL). 19 This was south-west of Antioch; we learn at 8.19.1 that Tancred was to command a fort there (“La Mahomerie”?). 20 CL would be posset. 21 “to carry off” (as plunder). 22 “For our men had pillaged all the land” (Hill); Bruce Venarde explains the phrase as, literally, “they put the whole land into loss.” expendium is not a CL word; in ML it means “expense, outlay” or “dole” (Niemeyer). For the precise identity of “our men” see next note. 23 Hill understands these men as Franks escaping from the defeat described in 6.14.1, though there is no reference there to retreating or deserting. They might possibly be other Franks, not in Bohemond’s army, who were simply wandering in search of plunder, and thus the subject of totam terram in expendio miserant. But it seems most natural to take them, with Bréhier, as Bohemond’s own troops: he had led them onto the mountain to look for plunder, and when they did that (nam) some were successful and some (proabably most) were not (alii quippe invenerant, alii vero vacui redierant). In the process, we infer, they scattered, and were therefore berated by Bohemond. Afterwards he returned to his camp (ad suam hostem) leading those same men (cum suis), most of whom were empty-handed (plus vacuis quam honustis). 24 “stop!”; see on 4.10.5 25 modo, adv. “just, only”; regularly used in command or requests (OLD 1b) 26 “until” (ML). 2 p. 33] nolite errare sicut oves non habentes pastorem.1 Si autem inimici nostri invenerint vos errantes, occident vos, quia die noctuque vigilant, ut vos sine ductore segregatos sive solos inveniant; vosque cotidie occidere et in captivitatem ducere laborant.” Cumque finis esset dictis, rediit ad suam hostem, 2 cum suis3 plus4 vacuis quam honustis.5 6.14.3 Videntes autem Hermenii et Surani quod nostri penitus vacui rediissent, consiliati in unum abibant per montaneas6 et prescita loca,7 subtiliter8 inquirentes et ementes frumentum et corporea alimenta, quae ad hostem deferebant in qua erat fames immensa; et vendebant onus unius asini octo purpuratis,9 qui appreciabantur10 centum viginti solidis11 denariorum. Ibi quidem sunt mortui multi ex nostris, non habentes pretium unde tam carum12 emere potuissent. 6.15.1 Willelmus igitur Carpentarius13 et Petrus Heremita, pro14 immensa infelicitate ac miseria ipsa, latenter recesserunt.15 Quos Tancredus persequens apprehendit, secumque reduxit cum dedecore16; qui dextram17 et fidem illi dederunt, quia18 libenter ad hostem redirent et satisfactionem senioribus facerent. Tota denique nocte Willelmus, uti mala res,19 in tentorio domini Boamundi iacuit. Crastina vero die summo diluculo, veniens erubescendo20 ante Boamundi presentiam stetit. Quem alloquens Boamundus dixit: “O infelix, et infamia totius Franciae, dedecus21 et scelus Galliarum, O nequissime omnium quos terra suffert, cur tam turpiter fugisti? Forsitan ob hoc, quod voluisti tradere hos milites et hostem Christi, sicut [Hill p. 34] tradidisti alios in Hispania.”22 Qui omnino tacuit, et nullus sermo ex eius ore processit. Adunaverunt sese omnes fere Francigenae,23 rogaveruntque humiliter ne deterius ei facere24 permitteret.25 Annuit ille sereno vultu, et ait: “Hoc pro vestri amore libenter consentiam, si mihi toto corde et mente iuraverit quod nunquam recedet ab Hierosolimitano itinere, sive bono sive malo; et Tancredus neque per se neque per suos aliquid contrarii26 ei consentiet fieri.” Qui,27 auditis his verbis, voluntarie concessit. Ipse28 vero protinus dimisit eum29. Postmodum30 vero Carpentarius, maxima captus turpitudine, non diu morans furtim recessit. ———————————— 1 cp. Mt. 9:36. [check this] “to his camp”; see on 5.13.1 3 i.e. “with his own men. 4 plus ... quam (ML) = potius ... quam (CL). 5 honustus, a, um (ML) = onustus, a, um (CL) “laden.” 6 montanea (ML) = mons, montis, m. (CL). 7 i.e. paths they already knew. 8 “carefully.” 9 “Purples,” translating the Greek hyperperoi, or nomismata, gold pieces valued at 1/72 of a pound. 10 “were valued at” (+ ablative of price AG § 416-417). 11 solidi, i.e. “shillings.” 12 cārus, a, um “costly”; here a neuter substantive (ML). 13 He was Viscount of Melun (near Paris); his nickname was due to his enormous physical strength in battle; later authors have some colorful stories. 14 pro + abl. (ML) = propter + acc. (CL). 15 recēdō, recēdere, recessī, recessum here “withdraw” (OLD 7); i.e. they tried to leave the camp. 16 dēdecus, oris, n. “disgrace.” 17 dextra can = dextra manus. 18 quia (ML) = ut (CL). 19 “like a piece of rubbish” (Hill). 20 erubescendo (ML) = erubescens (CL), “blushing for shame.” 21 dēdecus, oris, n. “disgrace.” 22 He had deserted during a campaign against the Moors in Spain. 23 Francigenae are “Franks” from the northern provinces of France; William’s fellow “Frenchmen” plead of his behalf. 24 facere in CL would here be fieri 25 the subject is Bohemond; ei refers to William. 26 “anything against his interests”; contrarii is a partitive genitive, AG § 346.3. 27 Tancred. 28 Bohemond. 29 William the Carpenter. 30 postmodum “afterwards, later.” 2 6.15.2 Hanc paupertatem et miseriam pro nostris delictis1 concessit nos habere Deus. In tota namque2 hoste non valebat aliquis invenire mille milites, qui equos haberent optimos. 6.16.1 Interea inimicus Tetigus,3 audiens quod exercitus Turcorum venissent4 super nos, ait se timuisse, arbitransque nos omnes perisse, atque in manibus5 inimicorum incidisse, fingens omnia falsa, dixit: “Seniores et viri prudentissimi, videte quia nos sumus hic in maxima necessitate, et ex nulla parte nobis adiutorium succedit. Ecce modo6 sinite me in Romaniae patriam7 reverti, et ego absque8 ulla dubitatione faciam huc multas naves venire per mare, onustas frumento, vino, hordeo,9 carne, farina et caseis,10 omnibusque bonis quae sunt nobis necessaria. Faciam et equos conduci ad vendendum, et [Hill p. 35] mercatum per terram in fidelitate imperatoris11 huc advenire faciam. Ecce haec omnia vobis fideliter iurabo, et attendam.12 Adhuc13 quoque et domestici mei et papilio14 meus sunt in campo, unde et firmiter credite, quia quantocius15 redibo.”16 6.16.2 Sic itaque fecit finem dictis. Fuit ille inimicus, omnia sua dimisit17 in campo,18 et in periurio manet et manebit. Itaque tali modo inerat nobis maxima necessitas, quia Turci undique prestringebant nos, ita ut nullus nostrorum auderet iam exire extra tentoria. Nam illi constringebant nos ex una parte, et fames cruciabat ex alia. Succursus19 vero et adiutorium nobis deerat; gens minuta20 et pauperrima fugiebat Cyprum, Romaniam, et in montaneas.21 Ad mare utique22 non audebamus ire, propter timorem pessimorum Turcorum; nusquam23 erat nobis via patefacta. 6.17.1 Itaque audiens dominus Boamundus innumerabilem gentem Turcorum venientem24 super nos,25 caute venit ad alios, dicens: “Seniores et prudentissimi milites, quid facturi erimus? Nos namque tanti 26 non sumus, ut in duabus partibus pugnare valeamus. Sed scitis quid faciemus?27 Faciamus ex nobis duas partes. Pars peditum remaneat iugiter28 custodire papiliones, et quibit29 nimis obsistere his qui in ———————————— dēlictum, ī, n. “offense, fault.” this explains pauperitatem et miseriam. 3 Tatikios, the representative of Emperor Alexius. 4 venissent presumably plural despite the singular subject (exercitus) in a constructio ad sensum (synesis), see AG § 280a. Or exercitus could be plural 5 CL would be in manūs. 6 here “just, only.” 7 Her Romania (“Rum”) reflects the way a Byzantine Greek like Tetigus would refer to the Byzantine Empire. 8 absque, prep. + abl. here “apart from, without” (OLD 2). 9 hordeum, ī, n. “barley.” 10 cāseus, ī, m. “cheese.” 11 “under the emperor’s safe-conduct” (Hill). 12 attendō, attendere, attendī, attentum here “give one’s attention to” (OLD 8), i.e. “supervise.” 13 adhūc, adv. here perhaps “still.” Hill translates “meanwhile.” 14 “tent, pavilion” (as at 2.5.2). 15 “as quickly as possible.” 16 CL would be present subjunctive, in primary sequence. 17 “left”; see on 4.10.5. 18 “in camp”; for this ML meaning of campus see Niemeyer 7, who says it is 13th century; the more common ML meaning is “battlefield.” 19 “help, support” (Niemeyer) 20 “the rank and file” (Hill). 21 CL would be fugiebat ad Cyprum, etc. 22 utīque, adv. “without doubt, absolutely.” 23 nusquam, adv. “nowhere. 24 sc. esse, depending on audiens in a ML form of indirect statement: audiens gentem venientem esse; CL would be audiens gentem venire 25 CL would be in nos. 26 CL would be tot. 27 The indicative in an indirect question is rare in CL. 28 iūgiter “continually, continously” (CL) = “In a body” (Hill). 29 quibit (ML) = quivit (CL) < queō, quīre, quīvī or quiī, “be able.” CL would have the present tense. 1 2 civitate sunt. Alia vero pars militum nobiscum veniat obviam inimicis nostris, qui hic hospitati sunt prope nos, in castello Areg1 ultra pontem Farreum.” 6.17.2 Sero autem facto, exiit e tentoriis vir prudens Boamundus cum aliis prudentissimis militibus, ivitque iacere2 [Hill p. 36] inter flumen et lacum.3 Summo diluculo iussit protinus exploratores exire, et videre quot sunt4 Turcorum turmae,5 et ubi sint, aut certe quid agant.6 Exierunt illi, coeperuntque subtiliter inquirere, ubi essent acies Turcorum reconditae. Viderunt tandem Turcos innumerabiles segregatos7 venire ex parte fluminis divisos per duas acies; maxima vero virtus8 illorum veniebat retro.9 Reversi sunt namque10 celeriter speculatores, dicentes: “Ecce, ecce veniunt! Igitur estote 11 omnes parati, quia iam prope12 nos sunt.” Dixitque vir sapiens Boamundus aliis: “Seniores et invictissimi milites, ordinate adinvicem13 bellum.” Responderuntque illi: “Tu sapiens et prudens, tu magnus et magnificus, tu fortis et victor, tu bellorum arbiter et certaminum iudex, hoc totum fac; hoc totum super14 te sit. Omne bonum quod tibi videtur,15 nobis et tibi operare et fac.”16 6.17.3 Tunc Boamundus iussit, ut unusquisque principum per se17 dirigeret aciem suam ordinatim.18 Feceruntque ita; et ordinatae sunt sex acies.19 Quinque20 vero ex eis21 ierunt adunatim22 invadere illos. Boamundus itaque paulatim gradiebatur retro23 cum sua acie. Iunctis igitur prospere nostris, unus comminus24 percutiebat alium25. Clamor vero resonabat ad celum26. Omnes preliabantur insimul.27 Imbres telorum obnubilabant aerem.28 Postquam venit maxima virtus illorum quae erat retro, acriter invasit nostros, ita ut nostri paululum iam cederent retro. Quod ut vidit vir doctissimus Boamundus, ingemuit. 6.17.4 Tunc precepit29 suo conostabili,30 scilicet Rotberto filio Girardi,31 dicens: “Vade32 quam citius33 potes, [Hill p. 37] ut vir fortis, et esto acer in2 adiutorium Dei Sanctique Sepulchri. Et revera3 ———————————— 1 Earlier spelled Aregh. “to take a position, lie in wait” (ML); in CL iacēre means “to lie” (i.e to be lying down); “be inactive” (OLD 9). 3 i.e. between the Orontes River and the Lake of Antioch 4 WCL would be sint, in an indirect question (AG § 574), the next two indirect questions do use the subjunctive (ubi sint ... quid agant). 5 turma, ae, f. “squadron” (of cavalry). 6 CL would be imperfect subjunctive, in secondary sequence. 7 i.e. in the two groups about to mentioned. 8 virtūs, virtūtis, f. here “strength,” i.e. “largest part.” 9 This was a third, much bigger group. 10 “on the other hand, but” (ML; Niemeyer) 11 estōte is the 2nd person plural future imperative of sum (CL). 12 prope prep. + acc. “near” (CL). 13 “with one another,” “among yourselves.” “by turns” (Hill). 14 super (ML) = penes (CL), prep. + acc., “under the control of.” 15 omne bonum quod tibi videtur = omne quod tibi videtur bonum 16 “see to it that we and you both do it”; the et before fac seems to be merely an intensive. 17 per se (ML) = ipse (CL). 18 ordinātim, adv. “in orderly formation.” 19 i.e. the Franks were to fight in six separate units 20 sc. acies. 21 CL would be quinque eorum 22 “joined together.” 23 retrō, adv. “behind” (OLD 2) 24 comminus, adv. “in hand-to-hand fighting, at close quarters.” 25 “another” (of the enemy). 26 celum (ML) = caelum (CL). 27 insimul, adv. “together” (OLD). 28 āēr, āeris, m. (f.) “air, lower air”; in CL the accusative singular is usually aera (a Greek accusative), but aerem does also appear. The motif is familiar from Herodotus 7.226 and elsewhere. On the volume of Turkish arrows (fired from horseback) see Smail 81. Russo cites D’Angelo, Storiofrafi p. 95. 29 precepit (ML) = praecepit (CL). 30 “to his constable.” 31 Robert Fitz-Gerard. He was Count of Buonalbergo and cousin of Bohemond. 32 vādō, vādere “go.” 2 scias quia hoc bellum carnale non est4 sed spirituale. Esto igitur fortissimus athleta Christi. Vade in pace; Dominus sit tecum ubique.” Fuit itaque ille,5 undique signo crucis munitus, qualiter leo perpessus6 famem per tres aut quatuor dies, qui exiens a suis cavernis, rugiens7 ac sitiens sanguinem pecudum, sicut improvide8 ruit inter agmina gregum, dilanians oves fugientes huc et illuc; ita agebat iste inter agmina Turcorum. Tam vehementer instabat illis, ut linguae vexilli9 volitarent super Turcorum capita. 6.17.5 Videntes autem aliae acies quod vexillum Boamundi tam honeste esset ante alios delatum, ilico10 redierunt retrorsum, nostrique unanimiter invaserunt Turcos; qui omnes stupefacti arripuerunt fugam. Nostri itaque persecuti sunt illos et detruncaverunt11 usque ad pontem Farreum. Reversi sunt autem Turci festinanter in castrum suum,12 acceperuntque13 omnia quae ibi reperire potuerunt, totumque castrum spoliaverunt, miseruntque ignem et fugerunt. Hermenii et Surani scientes Turcos omnino perdidisse bellum, exierunt et excubaverunt14 per arta loca, et occiderunt et apprehenderunt multos ex eis. 6.17.6 Superati sunt itaque, Deo annuente, in illo die inimici nostri. Satis vero recuperati15 sunt nostri de equis et de aliis multis quae erant illis valde necessaria. Et centum capita mortuorum detulerunt ante portam civitatis, ubi legati16 ammirati17 Babyloniae18 castrametati fuerant,19 qui mittebantur20 [Hill p. [Hill p. 38] senioribus.21 Illi qui remanserant in tentoriis, tota die preliati sunt22 cum illis qui erant in civitate, ante tres portas civitatis.23 Factum est hoc bellum in die martis ante caput ieiunii24, quinto idus Februarii,25 favente domino nostro Iesu Christo, qui cum Patre et Spiritu Sancto vivit et regnat Deus, per immortalia secula seculorum, Amen. Explicit liber VI. Incipit liber VII. LIBER VII 33 “as quickly as possible”; CL would use quam + superlative. “for (the purpose of providing)”; ML often uses in + acc. to express purpose. 3 “truly”; see OLD rēs 6b. 4 CL would be present subjunctive, in primary sequence. 5 i.e. Bohemond. 6 perpetior, perpetī, perpessus “suffer.” 7 rūgiō, rūgīre “roar.” 8 “unexpectedly”; in CL improvide means “carelessly.” 9 “the points of his banner” (Hill); Bohemond came very close to the Turks. 10 īlicō, adv. “at once, thereupon” (OLD 2) 11 dētruncō (1) “cut to pieces, behead” (CL); “slaughter” (ML). 12 castrum here is “camp,” not “fort.” 13 i.e. the Franks. 14 excubō (1) “keep guard, keep watch” (CL); “set up ambushes” (ML). 15 reciperō (recuperō) (1), “recover.” Here a deponent verb recuperor (ML). 16 lēgātus, ī, m. “ambassador.” 17 “of the emir.” 18 i.e. Cairo. “The Fatimids of Cairo, who were Arabs and Shi’ites, were bitter opponents of the orthodox Sunni dynasty ruling in Baghdad (which was under the influence of the Saljuquid Turks), and were trying ally with the Franks against the coalition of orthodox Muslims and Turks.” (Hill) 19 CL would be erant. 20 translate as though pluperfect. 21 sc. nostris. 22 translate as pluperfect. 23 i.e the Bridge Gate, St. Paul’s Gate, and St. George’s Gate; there were two other gates which the Franks were unable to blockade. 24 i.e. Shrove Tuesday, the Tuesday of Holy Week. 25 Shrove Tuesday, 9 February. 2 7.18.1 [Hill p. 39] Reversi sunt nostri agente Deo triumphantes, et gaudentes de triumpho quem in die illo habuerunt devictis inimicis, qui sunt per omnia1 superati2 semper, fugientes huc et illuc, vagantes et errantes, alii in Corrozanam, alii vero in Saracenorum introierunt terram.3 Videntes autem nostri maiores quod male tractarent4 et constringerent nos inimici nostri qui erant in civitate, die ac nocte vigilantes et insidiantes5 qua parte nos ledere6 possent, congregati in unum dixerunt: “Priusquam perdamus gentem nostram, faciamus castrum ad machumariam7 quae est ante urbis portam, ubi pons est, ibique forsitan poterimus nostros constringere inimicos.” Consenserunt omnes, et laudaverunt quod bonum esset ad faciendum. Comes de Sancto Egidio primus dixit: “Estote mihi in adiutorium ad faciendum castrum, et ego muniam ac servabo.” 7.18.2 Respondit Boamundus: “Si vos vultis et alii, ibo vobiscum ad portum Sancti Simeonis8 diligenter conducere illos qui illic sunt homines,9 ut peragant hoc opus; alii qui sunt remansuri muniant se undique ad defendendum.” Comes igitur et Boamundus perrexerunt ad Sancti Simeonis portum. Nos vero, qui remansimus, congregati in unum, castrum incipiebamus, dum Turci preparaverunt se ilico,10 et exierunt extra civitatem obviam [Hill p. 40] nobis ad prelium. Sic itaque irruerunt super nos, et miserunt nostros in fugam, occideruntque plures ex nostris, unde tristes valde fuimus. 7.18.3 Crastina autem die videntes Turci quod maiores nostri deessent et quod preterita die ivissent ad portum, preparaverunt se, et ierunt obviam illis venientibus e portu. Tunc videntes comitem et Boamundum venientes et conducentes illam gentem, mox coeperunt stridere et garrire ac clamare vehementissimo clamore, circumcingendo undique nostros, iaculando, sagittando, vulnerando, et crudeliter detruncando. Nam tam acriter invaserunt nostros ut illi inirent fugam per proximam montaneam, et ubi via eundi patebat. Qui potuit celeri se gressu expedire, evasit vivus: qui vero fugere nequivit, mortem suscepit. Fueruntque in illa die martyrizati ex nostris militibus seu peditibus plus quam mille, qui, ut credimus, in caelum ascenderunt, et candidati stolam martyrii receperunt. 7.18.4 Itaque11 Boamundus viam quam tenuerant non tenuit,12 sed celerius cum paucis militibus ad nos venit, qui eramus in unum congregati. Tunc nos accensi occisione nostrorum, Christi nomine invocato et Sancti Sepulchri confidentes itinere, iuncti simul pervenimus contra eos ad bellum, eosque invasimus uno corde et animo. Stabant vero, inimici Dei et nostri,13 undique iam stupefacti et vehementer perterriti, putantes nostros se devincere et occidere,14 sicut fecerant gentem comitis et Boamundi. Sed Deus omnipotens hoc illis non permisit. Milites igitur veri Dei, undique signo crucis armati, irruerunt acriter [Hill p. 41] super illos et fortiter invaserunt. Illi autem celeriter fugerunt, per medium angusti pontis, ad illorum introitum.15 7.18.5 Illi qui vivi nequiverunt transire pontem pre16 nimia multitudine gentium et caballorum, ibi receperunt sempiternum interitum cum diabolo et angelis eius. Nos itaque illos superavimus, impellentes ———————————— 1 “completely.” = qui per omnia superati sunt. 3 [The “land of the Saracens” is presumably Arabia.] 4 the subject is inimici nostri etc. 5 insidior (1) here “be on the lookout for” (OLD 5), here governing an indirect question introduced by qua parte “where.” 6 ledere (ML) = laedere (CL). 7 “at the mosque.” 8 At the mouth of the Orontes River, about 14 miles from Antioch. 9 Men were available from Genoese and English ships in the harbor. 10 īlicō, adv. “there, on the spot” (OLD 1) or “at once, thereupon” (OLD 2). 11 “And so”: itaque can be used to resuma a story after a digression; OLD 2. 12 i.e. he went by a different route. 13 Objective genitive: the Turks were “the enemies of God and also of us.” 14 CL would devicturos et occisuros esse. 15 “to their entryway,” i.e. to the gate by which they entered the city. 16 pre (ML) = prae (CL). 2 in flumen et deicientes. Vnda vero rapidi fluminis undique videbatur fluere rubea Turcorum sanguine. Et si forte aliquis eorum voluisset reptare1 super pontis columnas2, aut natando ad terram moliretur3 exire, vulneratus est4 a nostris, undique stantibus super ripam fluminis. Rumor quoque et clamor nostrorum et illorum resonabat ad caelum. Pluviae telorum et sagittarum tegebant polum,5 et claritatem diei. Mulieres Christianae urbis veniebant ad muri fenestras, spectantes misera fata Turcorum, et occulte plaudebant manibus. Hermenii et Surani iussu maiorum Turcorum, inviti seu spontanei sagittas iaciebant foras ad nos. 7.18.6 Mortui sunt etiam in anima et corpore duodecim ammiralii6 de Turcorum agmine in prelio illo, et alii prudentissimorum et fortiorum militum, qui melius7 civitatem pugnando defendebant; numerus quorum fuit mille et quingenti.8 Alii, qui remanserant vivi, iam amplius non audebant clamitare, vel garrire, die neque nocte, sicut ante solebant. Omnes itaque nos vel illos solummodo separavit nox, noxque divisit9 utrosque in preliando, iaculando, spiculando, sagittando. Sic superati sunt inimici nostri virtute Dei et Sancti Sepulchri, et ulterius10 non valuerunt talem virtutem habere, neque in voce, neque in opere, sicuti prius. Nos itaque valde fuimus refecti in illa die multis rebus quae satis erant nobis necessariae, et de equis. 7.18.7 [Hill p. 42] Crastina vero die summo diluculo exierunt alii Turci de civitate, et colligerunt omnia cadavera foetentia11 Turcorum mortuorum, quae reperire potuerunt super ripam fluminis, exceptis illis quae in alveo12 latebant eiusdem fluminis; et sepelierunt13 ad machumariam14 quae est ultra pontem ante portam urbis; simulque15 illis consepelierunt pallia16, bisanteos aureos,17 arcus, sagittas, et alia plurima instrumenta, quae nominare nequimus.18 Audientes itaque nostri quod humassent mortuos suos Turci, omnes sese preparaverunt, et venerunt festinantes ad diabolicum atrium,19 et iusserunt desepeliri et frangi tumbas eorum, et trahi eos extra sepulchra. Et eiecerunt omnia cadavera eorum in quandam foveam20, et deportaverunt cesa21 capita ad tentoria nostra quatinus22 perfecte sciretur eorum numerus, excepto quod23 oneraverant quatuor equos, de nuntiis ammirali Babiloniae, et miserant ad mare.24 7.18.8 Quod videntes Turci doluerunt nimis, fueruntque tristes usque ad necem.25 Nam cotidie dolentes, nichil aliud agebant nisi flere et ululare. Tertia vero die26 coepimus simul iuncti cum gaudio ———————————— 1 reptō (1) “crawl, creep.” Presumably the bridge had arches, not “columns.” 3 mōlior, mōlīrī, mōlītus “strive.” 4 a mixed condition (CL): an iterative subjunctive in the protasis would typically have the imperfect indicative in the apodosis, AG § 518c. 5 polus, ī, m. “the sky” (OLD 2). 6 “emirs.” 7 “well, rather well.” 8 quingentī, ae, a “five hundred.” 9 dīvidō, dīvidere, divīsī, dīvīsum here “make to cease” (OLD 4). 10 ulterius, adv. here “any more” (OLD 2b). 11 foeteō, foetēre “stink.” 12 alveus, ī, m. “channel, river bed” (OLD 3). 13 sepeliō, sepelīre, sepelīvī or sepeliī, sepultum “bury” (corpses). 14 “the mosque.” 15 “along with”; a rare use in CL (OLD 12). 16 pallium, iī, n. “cloak.” [This seems odd: did Muslims normally bury their dead with grave goods?] 17 “gold bezants.” 18 [Presumably a way of saying “things I can’t list in detail” rather than “things that are so strange I don’t know the words for them.] 19 i.e. the mosque. 20 fovea, ae, f. “pit.” 21 cesa (ML) = caesa (CL). 22 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). 23 “except for the fact that”; ablative absolute, with the subject supplied by the quod clause (rare in CL). 24 [Presumably the heads were to from there to Egypt, to underscore news of the Frankish victory.] 25 “they were ‘sad to death.’” 26 March 8. 2 magno aedificare castrum supradictum,1 de lapidibus scilicet quos abstraximus de tumulis Turcorum. Peracto2 itaque castro, mox coepimus ex omni parte coangustare3 inimicos nostros, quorum superbia ad nichilum iam erat redacta. Nos autem secure ambulabamus huc et illuc, ad portam4 et ad montaneas, laudantes et glorificantes Dominum Deum nostrum, cui est honor et gloria per omnia seculorum secula. Amen. Explicit liber VII. Incipit liber VIII. LIBER VIII 8.19.1 [Hill p. 43] Iamiam omnes semitae5 pene prohibitae et incisae6 undique erant Turcis,7 nisi ex illa parte fluminis ubi erat castrum et quoddam monasterium.8 Quod castrum si fuisset a nobis perfecte munitum, iam nullus eorum auderet extra civitatis portam exire. Conciliaverunt se denique nostri, et una voce concorditer dixerunt: “Eligamus unum ex nobis, qui robuste9 teneat illud castrum, et nostris inimicis prohibeat montaneas et plana,10 et introitum urbis ac exitum.” Tancredus igitur primus protulit se ante alios dicens: “Si scirem11 quid proficui12 mihi attigerit, ego sedule13 cum meis solummodo hominibus corroborarem castrum, et viam, per quam inimici nostri solent frequentius saevire,14 viriliter devetabo illis.” Qui continuo spoponderunt15 ei quater centum marcas16 argenti. 8.19.2 Non adquievit17 Tancredus; tamen18 perrexit cum suis honestissimis militibus ac servientibus,19 et extemplo20 abstulit undique vias Turcis, ita ut nulli auderent ex eis, iam timore eius perterriti, extra urbis portam exire; neque propter herbam neque propter ligna neque propter ulla necessaria. Remansit vero ibi Tancredus cum suis, coepitque vehementer ubique coangustare civitatem. Ipsa21 quoque die veniebat maxima pars Hermeniorum et Suranorum secure22 de montaneis, qui ferebant alimenta Turcis in adiutorium civitatis. Quibus advenit obviam Tancredus et apprehendit eos, et omnia quae deferebant; videlicet frumentum, vinum, hordeum23, oleum, et alia [Hill p. 44] huiusmodi. ———————————— 1 See 7.18.1-2. peragō, peragere, perēgī, peractum here “finish” (OLD 5a). 3 “to attack” (Hill); in CL coangustare means “to make narrow; confine in a small space.” 4 Bréhier read portum, i.e. the road to St. Simeon’s Port. Hill argues that portam makes sense if you look at the plan of Antioch, for which see R. Grousset, Histoire des Croisades, 1.69. 5 sēmita, ae, f. “path, track.” 6 incīdō, incīdere, incīdī, incīsum here “interrupt” (OLD 5a), i.e. “block.” 7 dative of disadvantage. 8 the monastery of St. George, above St. George’s Gate. 9 “firmly.” 10 plana = plana loca. 11 The condition is framed as present contrary fact condition (imperfect subjunctive in protasis and apodosis), but the reference in fact is to future time (devotabo illis). 12 “what (of) reward”; proficuum in ML can mean “profit” (Du Cange); for the partitive genitive see AG § 346. 13 sēdulē, adv. “carefully.” 14 saeviō, saevīre, saeviī, saevītum “behave ferociously, rage” (OLD 1); i.e. the Turks were using this path to attack the Franks. 15 spondeō, spondēre, spopondī, sponsum “promise.” 16 “marks.” 17 acquiescō, acquiescere, acqēvī here “rest, relax” (OLD 1). 18 CL would be et. 19 serviens, technically a present participle, means “sargeants,” i.e. footsoldiers or cavalrymen with inferior to knights in weaponry and social status (see Russo ad loc.) 20 extemplō, adv. “at once, immediately.” 21 CL would be eadem. 22 “confidently.” 23 hordeum, ī, n. “barley.” 2 Sic itaque robuste et prospere deducebat se Tancredus, iamque habebat prohibitas et incisas omnes semitas Turcis, donec1 Antiochia esset capta. 8.19.3 Omnia quae egimus antequam urbs esset2 capta nequeo enarrare, quia nemo est in his partibus3 sive clericus sive laicus qui omnino possit scribere vel narrare, sicut res gesta est. Tamen aliquantulum dicam.4 8.20.1 Erat quidam ammiratus5 de genere Turcorum cui nomen Pirus6, qui maximam amicitiam receperat cum Boamundo. Hunc sepe Boamundus pulsabat7 nuntiis adinvicem missis, quo eum infra8 civitatem amicissime reciperet; eique christianitatem liberius promittebat, et eum se divitem facturum cum multo honore mandabat.9 Consensit ille dictis et promissionibus, dicens: “Tres turres custodio, eique10 libenter ipsas promitto, et, quacunque hora voluerit, in eas eum recolligam.”11 Erat itaque Boamundus iam securus12 de introitu civitatis, et gavisus serenaque mente, placido vultu venit ad omnes seniores eisque iocunda13 verba intulit, dicens: “Viri prudentissimi milites, videte quomodo nos omnes in nimia paupertate et miseria sumus, maiores sive minores; et ignoramus penitus qua parte melius 14 succedat nobis. Igitur si vobis bonum et honestum videtur, eligat se ante alios unus ex nobis, et si aliquo modo vel ingenio civitatem adquirere vel ingeniare15 potuerit per se16 vel per alios, concordi voce ei urbem dono17 concedamus.” Qui omnino prohibuerunt, et denegaverunt dicentes: “Nemini dimittetur haec civitas, sed omnes aequaliter habebimus illam. Sicut aequalem habuimus laborem, sic inde aequalem [Hill p. 45] habeamus honorem.” Itaque Boamundus, auditis his verbis, paulominus18 subridens protinus recessit. 8.20.2 Non multo post audivimus nuntios de exercitu hostium nostrorum, Turcorum, Publicanorum,19 Agulanorum,20 Azimitarum,21 et aliarum plurimarum nationum; statimque adunaverunt se omnes maiores nostri simul, tenueruntque concilium, dicentes quoniam22 “si Boamundus potuerit adquirere civitatem aut per se23 aut per alios, nos una libenti corde ultro ei donamus, eo tenore24 ut si imperator venerit nobis in adiutorium, et omnem conventionem25 nobis (sicut promisit et iuravit) attendere voluerit, nos ei eam iure reddemus. Sin autem,26 Boamundus eam in suam habeat potestatem.” ———————————— 1 “until (the time that)”; the author is not claiming that Tancred’s actions caused the fall of Antioch. CL would be indicative. 3 i..e. in Antioch or vicinity (if the passage was written immediately after the capture). See Bréhier ad loc. 4 The events of April and May of 1098, including a truce, have been omitted 5 “emir.” 6 Firuz; it has been suggested that he was an Armenian [which makes no sense to me since I thought the Armenians were Christians]; see Forse, J. H. “Armenians and the First Crusade.” Journal of Medieval History 17 (1991). 7 pulsō (1) here “importune with prayers” (OLD 7b). 8 CL would be intra. 9 mandō (1) here “order, command” (OLD 6). 10 i.e. to Bohemond. 11 “I will meet, I will welcome.” 12 sēcūrus, a, um “confident” (OLD 3). 13 “joking”; iūcundus (iōcundus) ML = iocōsus (CL). [I assume this really means “tricky, deceitful”.] Russo “con gioia.” 14 i.e. “a better situation.” 15 “or engineer its downfall” (Hill); “invent (a way to deal with).” 16 per se (ML) = ipse (CL). 17 ei ... dono is a double dative. 18 “a little less.” 19 Paulicians. 20 Agulani; mentioned at 9.3 above; possibly Albanians from the Caucusus. 21 “Azymites.” Their identity is disputed; According to Hill they are Armenians, and the Greek words means “eaters of unleavened bread” (in the service of Holy Communion / Mass), which was one of the points of contention between the Western and Eastern churches in 1054. See Loutchitkaja. 22 quoniam in ML can be used like quotation marks; omit in translation. 23 per se (ML) = ipse (CL). 24 “with this condition, on this understanding.” 25 “agreement, pact”; conventionem ... attendere seems to mean “stand by his agreement.” 26 “Otherwise” (ML). 2 8.20.3 Mox itaque Boamundus coepit humiliter amicum suum1 cotidiana deprecari petitione, promittendo humillima,2 maxima, et dulcia, in hunc modum: “Ecce vere tempus modo habemus idoneum, in quo possumus operari quicquid boni volumus, ergo adiuvet me nunc amicus meus Pirrus.” Qui3 satis4 gavisus de nuntio, ait se illum adiuvare5 omnino, sicut agere deberet. Nocte itaque veniente proxima,6 misit caute filium suum pignus7 Boamundo, ut8 securior fieret de introitu urbis. Misit quoque ei verba in hunc modum, ut in crastinum omnem Francorum gentem summoneri9 faciat, et quasi in Saracenorum terram depredari vadat10 dissimulet, ac deinde celeriter revertatur per dextram montaneam11: “Ego vero,” ait, “ero intentione12 erecta prestolans13 illa agmina, eaque recipiam in turres quas in mea habeo potestate ac custodia.” 8.20.4 Dein Boamundus iussit celeriter ad se vocari quendam servientem [Hill p. 46] suum, videlicet Malam Coronam,14 eique precepit ut quasi preco15 commoneret Francorum maximam gentem, quatinus16 fideliter prepararet se in Saracenorum itura terram. Factumque est ita. Credidit itaque Boamundus hoc consilium duci Godefrido, et Flandrensi comiti, comiti quoque de Sancto Egidio, atque Podiensi episcopo, dicens quia17: “ Dei favente gracia,18 hac nocte tradetur nobis Antiochia.” 8.20.5 Ordinata sunt denique haec omnia. Milites tenuerunt plana et pedites montaneam, tota nocte equitaverunt et ambulaverunt usque prope auroram, ac deinceps coeperunt appropinquare ad turres quas ille19 vigil20 custodiebat. Confestim descendit Boamundus et precepit omnibus, dicens: “Ite securo animo et felici concordia, et ascendite per scalam in Antiochiam, quam statim habebimus, si Deo placet, in nostra custodia.” Venerunt illi usque ad scalam quae iam erat erecta et fortiter ligata 21 ad civitatis moenia, et ascenderunt per illam homines fere sexaginta ex nostris; ac divisi sunt per turres quas ille observabat. 8.20.6 Videns hoc Pirrus, quod tam pauci ascendissent ex nostris, coepit pavere, timens sibi et nostris, ne in manus Turcorum inciderent, dixitque: “Micró Francos echomé22 (hoc est: paucos Francos habemus). Vbi est acerrimus Boamundus? Vbi est ille invictus?” Interim descendit quidam serviens Longobardus23 deorsum24, et cucurrit quantocius ad Boamundum, dicens: “Quid hic stas, vir prudens? ———————————— 1 i.e. Firuz. “most flattering.” 3 i.e. Firuz 4 satis (ML) = multum (CL). 5 CL would be adiuturum esse. 6 JThe night of June 2, 1098. 7 pignus, pigneris or pignoris, n. “pledge.” 8 CL would use quo with a comparative. 9 “to be summoned.” 10 vādō, vādere “go.” 11 Hill: Firuz’ towers were on the SE corner of the city walls, and thus to the right of St. George’s Gate for the Franks who were camped outside the gate to the South. 12 intentiō, ōnis, f. “concentrated attention” (OLD 2). 13 praestōlor (1), here “wait for.” 14 i.e. he was “Sargeant Bad-Crown.” He is not otherwise known, but thought to be a Norman from South Italy. 15 preco (ML) = praeco (CL), “herald.” 16 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). 17 quia in ML can be used like quotation marks; omit in translation. 18 gracia (ML) = gratia (CL); ablative. 19 Firuz. 20 i.e. without going to sleep. 21 ligō (1) “fasten, bind.” 22 Firuz was speaking Greek: “Mikrous Frangkous echomen.” 23 i.e. man from southern Italy. 24 deorsum, adv. “down, in a downward direction” (OLD 1). 2 Quamobrem huc venisti?1 Ecce nos iam tres turres habemus!” Motus est ille2 cum aliis, et omnes gaudentes pervenerunt usque ad scalam. Videntes itaque illi, qui iam erant in turribus, [Hill p. 47] coeperunt iocunda voce clamare: “Deus vult!” Nos vero idem clamabamus. 3 8.20.7 Nunc coeperunt ilico mirabiliter4 ascendere, ascenderunt tamen, et cucurrerunt festinanter in alias turres. Quos illic inveniebant, morti tradebant, fratrem quoque Pirri occiderunt. Interea forte rupta est scala, per quam noster erat ascensus,5 unde inter nos orta est immensa angustia et tristitia. Quamquam autem scala fuisset fracta, tamen quaedam porta erat iuxta nos clausa, in sinistra parte, quae quibusdam manebat incognita. Nox namque erat, sed tamen palpando6 et inquirendo invenimus eam, omnesque cucurrimus ad illam, et, ipsa fracta,7 intravimus per eam. 8.20.8 Tunc innumerabilis fragor8 mirabiliter resonabat per totam urbem. Non adquievit Boamundus his, sed ilico imperavit honorabile vexillum deferri sursum,9 coram10 castello,11 in quodam monte.12 Omnes vero pariter stridebant in civitate. Summo autem diluculo audientes illi qui foris erant in tentoriis vehementissimum rumorem strepere per civitatem, exierunt festinantes et viderunt vexillum Boamundi sursum in monte, celerique cursu properantes, venerunt omnes, et per portas intraverunt in urbem; et interfecerunt Turcos et Saracenos quos ibi reppererunt, extra illos qui fugerant sursum in castrum.13 8.20.9 Alii vero Turcorum per portas exierunt, et fugientes vivi evaserunt. Cassianus14 vero dominus illorum timens valde gentem Francorum dedit se omnimodo fugae, cum aliis multis qui erant cum eo; et fugiendo pervenit in Tancredi terram non longe a civitate. Fatigati vero [Hill p. 48] erant equi eorum, miseruntque se in quoddam casale,15 et mersi sunt in unam domum. Cognoverunt ergo eum habitatores illius montaneae,16 scilicet Surani, et Hermenii; et confestim apprehenderunt eum, truncaveruntque caput illius, et tulerunt ante Boamundi presentiam, ut inde mererentur libertatem accipere. 17 Balteum18 quoque eius et vaginam19 appretiaverunt20 sexaginta bizanteis. 8.20.10 Haec omnia gesta sunt tertia die intrante mense Iunio, quinta feria, III nonas Iunii.21 Omnes namque plateae22 civitatis iam undique erant plenae cadaveribus mortuorum, ita ut nemo posset sufferre ibi esse, prae23 nimiis foetoribus.24 Nullus vero poterat ire per semitam civitatis, nisi super cadavera mortuorum. ———————————— 1 Another rhetorical question, i.e. “remember what is at stake here!” i.e. Bohemond. 3 I.e. “we said Deus vult! too.” 4 “in amazing numbers.” 5 ascensus, ūs, m. “ascent.” 6 palpō (1) “stroke, caress”; here presumably “pat, feel.” 7 ablative absolute; in CL the subject (ipsa) should not be connected with the rest of the sentence (ad illam ... per eam). 8 fragor, ōris, m. “commotion” (OLD 3). 9 sursum, adv. “up”; in CL normally “in an upwards direction.” 10 cōram “before” (prep. + abl., OLD 3); here “next to.” 11 “the citadel,” still held by the Turks. 12 i.e. one of the hills next to the citadel. 13 i.e. the castellum, the citadel. 14 Yaghi Siyan, governor of Antioch for Milikshah, the Seljuk sultan. Russo refers us to Encyclopedia of Islam, 1, 517. 15 “village.” 16 “of that mountain”; montanea (n. pl.) (ML) = mons (CL) 17 “as the price of their freedom” (Hill); they were not slaves or captives, so presumably this means “so that the Franks would spare them.” 18 balteum, ī, n. “baldric,” i.e. an over the shoulder sword belt; it was the symbol of knighthood. 19 vāgīna, ae, f. “sheath, scabbard.” 20 “were worth”; cp. CL pretium, (i)ī, n. 21 Thursday, June 3. 22 platea, ae, f. “street. 23 prae + abl. (ML) = propter + acc. (CL). 24 foetor, ōris, m. “stench.” 2 Explicit liber VIII. Incipit liber IX. LIBER IX 9.21.1 [Hill p. 49] Curbaram1 princeps militiae soldani2 Persiae—dum adhuc3 esset Corrozanum,4 quantocius Cassianus, ammiralius Antiochiae, legationem ei misit, quo sibi succurreret in tempore oportuno, quoniam gens fortissima Francorum eum5 impeditum6 graviter obsidebat7 in Antiochia, et si adiutorium ei8 impenderet,9 urbem Antiochenam illi traderet, aut eum maximo munere ditaret. cumque iam habuisset10 maximum exercitum Turcorum, ex longo collectum tempore, et licentiam Christianos occidendi accepisset a Calipha,11 illorum apostolico,12 ilico inchoavit iter longae viae Antiochiae. Hierosolimitanus ammiralius13 in adiutorium cum suo exercitu venit. Rex Damasci14 illuc venit, cum maxima gente. Idem vero Curbaram congregavit innumeras gentes paganorum, 15 videlicet Turcos, Arabas, Saracenos, Publicanos, Azimitas, Curtos,16 Persas, Agulanos, et alias multas gentes innumerabiles. Et Agulani fuerunt numero tria milia; qui neque lanceas neque sagittas neque ulla arma timebant, quia omnes erant undique cooperti ferro et equi eorum, ipsique nolebant in bellum ferre arma nisi solummodo gladios. 9.21.2 [Hill p. 50] Isti omnes venerunt in17 obsidionem Antiochiae, ad dispergendum Francorum collegium.18 Et cum appropinquassent urbi, venit obviam illis Sensadolus19 filius Cassiani20 ammiralii Antiochiae, et continuo cucurrit ad Curbaram lacrimabiliter rogans eum et dicens: “Invictissime princeps, te supplex precor, quatinus21 modo mihi succurras, quoniam Franci undique obsident me in Antiocheno oppido, urbemque in suo tenent imperio; nosque alienare22 a regione Romaniae23 sive24 Syriae, adhuc25 autem et Corrozani,26 cupiunt. Omnia patravere27 quae voluerunt, patrem occidere28 meum: nichil aliud superest nisi ut me et te et omnes alios ex genere nostro interficiant. Ego namque iamdudum tuum exspecto29 auxilium, ut mihi succurras in hoc periculo.” ———————————— 1 Karbuqa / Kerbogah (Cuburam is indeclinable). He was Amir of Mosul, and led the first serious response to the Crusader invasion. The grammar of what follows is irregular. I have punctuated to indicate an anacolouthon. 2 “the Sultan”; i.e. Barkyaruq, son of Malikshah. 3 adhūc adv. here “still” (OLD 3b). 4 Khorasan. 5 CL would be se. 6 impediō, impedīre, impedīvī or impediī, impedītum “impede, obstruct.” 7 CL would be subjunctive, in implied indirect discourse. 8 CL would be sibi. 9 impendō, impendere, impendī, impensum “pay out, spend” (CL), i.e. “give, bring, send.” 10 sc. Curburam. 11 the Abbassid khalif of Baghdad. 12 “the Pope.” 13 The Emir of Jerusalem, Sukman-ibn-Ortuq. 14 Duqaq. 15 some of the people mentioned are in fact Christian heretics. 16 Kurds. 17 “for” (purpose). 18 “the gathering, the collection.” 19 Shems-ed-Daula. 20 Yaghi Siyan. 21 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). 22 aliēnō (1) “transfer” (CL); here “expell” (ML). 23 Rum. The genitive of equivalence is rare in CL. 24 CL would be et. 25 “and besides that”; adhuc (ML) = praeterea (CL). 26 “and even from Khorasan.” 27 patrō (1) “accomplish”; third person plural, = patrāvērunt. 28 occīdere = occīdērunt. 29 remember that exspecto means “wait for, await.” 9.21.3 Cui ait ille: “Si vis ut ex toto corde in tuo sim proficuo1 tibique fideliter in hoc succurram periculo,2 illud oppidum3 in meam trade manum; et tunc videbis qualiter in tuo ero proficuo, idque4 faciam custodire meos homines.” Ait illi Sensadolus: “Si potes5 omnes Francos occidere, michique capita eorum tradere, tibi dabo oppidum tibique faciam hominium,6 et in tua fidelitate custodiam illud oppidum.” Cui Curbaram: “Non ita” inquit “erit; sed continuo in meam manum committe castrum.” 7 Tandem volens sive nolens commisit illi castrum. 9.21.4 Tertia vero die postquam intravimus civitatem, eorum precursores ante urbem precurrerunt. Exercitus autem illorum ad pontem Farreum castrametatus est; et expugaverunt turrim, et occiderunt omnes quos illic invenerunt; et nemo evasit vivus nisi dominus illorum, [Hill p. 51] quem invenimus ligatum in vinculis ferreis, facto maiore bello.8 Crastina vero die, moto exercitu, paganorum appropinquaverunt9 urbi, et castrametati sunt inter duo flumina,10 steteruntque ibi per duos dies. Recepto itaque castro,11 Curbaram convocavit unum ammiralium ex suis, quem sciebat veracem, mitem et pacificum, et ait illi: “Volo ut intres in fidelitatem meam custodire12 hoc castrum, quoniam ex longissimo tempore scio te fidelissimum, ideoque precor te ut summa cautela hoc serves oppidum.” Cui ait ammiralius: “Tibi unquam de tali nollem obedire officio13. Sed tamen hoc faciam, illo tenore, ut si Franci eiecerint14 vos15 de mortali prelio et vicerint, eis continuo tradam hoc castrum.” Dixitque illi Curbaram: “Tam honestum et prudentem te cognosco, ut omne quicquid boni vis agere ego consentiam.” 9.21.5 Reversus est itaque Curbaram ad suum exercitum; et protinus Turci deludentes16 Francorum collegium, detulerunt ante conspectum Curbaram17 quemdam vilissimum ensem18 rubigine19 tectum, et deterrimum arcum ligneum, et lanceam nimis inutilem, quae abstulerant nuper pauperibus peregrinis; dixeruntque: “Ecce arma, quae attulerunt Franci obviam nobis ad pugnam.” Tunc Curbaram coepit surridere, palam dicens omnibus: “Haec sunt arma bellica et nitida20, quae attulerunt Christiani super21 nos in Asiam, quibus putant nos et confidunt expellere ultra confinia Corrozanae, et delere omnia nostra ultra Amazonia flumina,22 qui propulerunt omnes parentes nostros a Romania et Antiochia urbe regia, [Hill p. 52] quae est honorabile caput totius Syriae?”23 ———————————— 1 “support, assistance”; dative of purpose. [I would take take succurram here as present subjective, parallel to ut in tuo sim proficuo. Hill translates as a future: “If you want my sincere help, I will faithfully give you assistance in this peril.” 3 “the citadel.” 4 id = oppidum. 5 CL would be poteris. 6 “homage.” 7 i.e. the citadel. 8 “when we had fought the Great Battle” (Hill); i.e. they rescued the leader from captivity after the battle about to be described. Note that CL would avoid ending a sentence with an ablative absolute. 9 The subject is “the enemy”; in CL the subject of the main verb should not closely associated so closely with the subject of the ablative absolute. 10 the Orontes and the Qara-su. 11 i.e. once the citadel was turned over to him. 12 Infinitive of purpose (ML) with intres in fidelitatem. 13 de tali ... obedire officio means “obey an order of this kind.” officium (ML) = mandatum (CL). 14 “drive you back” (Hill). 15 perhaps “Plural of Reverence” (not CL); or the speaker has switched from the first person singular (tibi) to “you (and your soldiers).” 16 “mocking.” 17 here Cubaram (indeclinable) is genitive. 18 ensis, ensis, m. “sword.” 19 rōbīgō, inis, f. (also rūbīgō), “rust.” 20 nitidus, a, um “shining, bright.” 21 super + acc. (ML) = contra + acc. (CL). 22 The Amazons lived, supposedly, somewhere in the steppes of central Asia. Kerbogah speaks like an heir of Greco-Roman mythological traditions. 23 The reference is to a successful Byzantine campaign of the 10th century. 2 9.21.6 Mox convocavit suum notarium,1 et ait: “Scribe cito plures cartas2 quae in Corrozania sint legendae; videlicet Caliphae nostro apostolico, ac nostri regi domino Soldano3 militi fortissimo, atque omnibus prudentissimis Corrozanae militibus, salus et immensus honor. Satis sint leti4 et gavisi iocunda concordia, et satisfaciant ventribus, imperent et sermocinent 5 per universam regionem illam, ut omnino dent sese ad petulantiam6 et luxuriam7, multosque filios patrare congaudeant8, qui contra Christianos fortiter pugnare prevaleant9; et libenter suscipiant haec tria arma, quae olim abstulimus a Francorum turma,10 et discant modo quae arma attulerunt super nos11 gens Francigena. Adhuc quoque12 sciant omnes quoniam13 ego cunctos Francos intus in Antiochia conclusos habeo, et castrum in mea libera teneo voluntate, illi vero deorsum14 sunt in civitate. Habeo etiam omnes illos iam in mea manu, eosque faciam aut capitalem subire sententiam, aut deduci in Corrozanam in captivitatem nimiam, eo quod minantur nos suis armis propulsare et expellere ab omnibus finibus nostris; ceu15 eiecerunt omnes parentes nostros a Romania siue Syria. Amodo16 iuro vobis per Machomet et per omnia deorum nomina,17 quoniam ante vestram non ero rediturus presentiam, donec regalem urbem Antiochiam et omnem Suriam sive18 Romaniam atque Bulgariam usque in Apuliam19 adquisiero20 mea forti dextera, ad deorum [Hill p. 53] honorem et vestrum, et omnium qui sunt ex genere Turcorum.” Sic fecit finem dictis. 9.22.1 Mater vero eiusdem Curbaram quae erat in Aleph21 civitate, denuo22 venit ad eum, dixitque illi lacrimabiliter: “Fili, suntne vera quae audio?” Cui ait ille: “Quae?” Et dixit illa: “Audivi quia bellum vis committere cum Francorum gente.” Ait ille: “Verum omnino scias.” Dixit illa: “Contestor 23 te, fili, per omnium deorum nomina, et per tuam magnam bonitatem, ne bellum cum Francis committas, quoniam tu es miles invictus, et te e campo24 ab aliquo victore fugientem quisquam minime25 invenit. Diffamata est tua militia26 ubique, omnesque prudentes milites, audito tuo nomine, contremiscunt. Satis scimus, fili, quoniam tu es bellipotens et fortis, nullaque gens Christianorum vel paganorum ante tuum conspectum aliquam virtutem habere potuit; sed fugiebant solummodo audito tuo nomine, sicut oves ante leonis furorem fugiunt, ideoque obsecro te, karissime fili, ut meis adquiescas consiliis, et ne unquam in tuo hesites27 animo, aut in tuo inveniatur28 consilio, ut bellum velis incipere cum Christianorum gente.” ———————————— 1 “scribe.” “letters.” 3 “Sultan.” 4 leti (ML) = laeti (CL). Perfect passive participle + sum (ML) = imperfect (CL). 5 sermōcinor (1) “chat, converse” (CL), i.e “tell, proclaim” (ML). 6 petulantia, ae, f. here “wantonness, sexual indulgence” (OLD c). 7 luxuria, ae, f. “indulgence, extravagance” (CL), here “lust” (ML). 8 congaudeant (ML) = gaudeant (CL). 9 praevaleant (ML) = valeant (CL). 10 turma, ae, f. “squadron” (of cavalry). 11 CL would be in nos. 12 “still further.” 13 quoniam + indicative or subjunctive can express indirect statement in ML. 14 deorsum, adv. here “down below” (OLD 2). 15 “as” (Hill). 16 “Henceforth.” 17 “The Author always assumes that the Muslims are polytheists” (Hill). 18 CL would be et. 19 “The Author, a follower of Bohemond, had probably been born and bred in southern Italy. Hence he makes the conquest of Apulia the supreme vaunt of the Muslim leader” (Hill). 20 acquīrō, acquīrere, acquīsī(v)ī, acquīsītum “acquire.” 21 Aleppo. 22 dēnuō, adv. here “in turn, then again” (OLD 4). 23 contestor (1) “call to witness” (CL), “beseech” (ML). 24 “battlefield.” 25 CL would be non. 26 “military talent.” 27 “let it never be fixed in your mind.” 28 impersonal; the subject is ut bellum velis incipere etc. 2 9.22.2 Tum Curbaram, materna audiens monita, feroci respondit sermone: “Quid est hoc, mater, quod mihi refers? Puto quod insanis1, aut furiis es plena. Enimvero mecum habeo plures ammiralios, quam Christiani sint,2 sive maiores sive minores.” Respondit ei mater sua: “O dulcissime fili, Christiani nequeunt vobiscum bellare, scio namque quod non valent vobis pugnam inferre, sed deus eorum pro ipsis cotidie pugnat, eosque die noctuque sua protectione defendit, et vigilat super eos sicut pastor vigilat super gregem suam; [Hill p. 54] et non permittit eos laedi nec conturbari ab ulla gente, et quicumque volunt eis obsistere, idem eorum deus conturbat illos, sicut ait ipse per os David prophetae: ‘Dissipa gentes quae bella volunt.’3 Et alibi: ‘Effunde iram tuam in gentes quae te non noverunt, et in regna quae nomen tuum non invocaverunt.’4 9.22.3 “Antequam vero preparati sint ad incipiendum bellum, eorum deus omnipotens et bellipotens simul cum sanctis5 suis omnes inimicos iam habet devictos; quanto magis modo faciet circa vos qui eius estis inimici, et qui preparastis vos eis obsistere tota virtute?6 Hoc autem, karissime, in rei veritate scias, quoniam7 isti Christiani filii Christi vocati sunt8; et, prophetarum ore,9 filii adoptionis et promissionis,10 et, secundum apostolum,11 heredes Christi sunt,12 quibus Christus hereditates repromissas iam donavit, dicendo per prophetas: ‘A solis ortu usque ad occasum erunt termini vestri, et nemo stabit contra vos.’13 9.22.4 “Et quis potest his dictis contradicere vel obstare? Certe si hoc bellum contra illos incoeperis, maximum tibi erit dampnum14 ac dedecus,15 et multos fideles tuos milites perdes, et universa spolia quae apud te habes amittes, et nimio pavore fugiendo everteris. Tu autem in hoc bello non morieris modo, sed tamen in hoc anno,16 quoniam ipse deus non statim iudicat offendentem se, exerta ira,17 sed, quando vult, punit eum manifesta vindicta, ideoque timeo ne te iudicet poenali [Hill p. 55] tristitia. Non morieris, inquam, modo, verumtamen perditurus es inpresentiarum18 habita19.” 9.22.5 Curbaram denique valde dolens intimis visceribus, auditis maternis sermonibus, respondit: “Mater karissima, quaeso te, quis dixit tibi ista de gente Christiana, quod deus eorum tantum eos amet, et quod ipse pugnandi virtutem in se20 retinet21 maximam, et quod illi Christiani vincent nos in Antiochena prelia,22 et quod ipsi capturi sunt nostra spolia, nosque persecuturi magna victoria; et quod in hoc anno moriturus sum morte subitanea?”23 Tunc respondit ei mater sua dolens: “Fili karissime, ———————————— 1 insāniō, insānīre, insānuī or insāniī, insānitum “be out of one’s mind”; CL would be present subjunctive (rarely), or acc. + inf. “than there are Christians”; in CL quam after a comparative takes the indicative. 3 Psalm 67:31. 4 Psalm 78:6. 5 “saints.” 6 “with all your might” (Hall). 7 “that.” 8 Hall notes that this is not theologically correct; Christians are called “the children of God”; some MSS make the correction. 9 “by the mouth of the prophets” (Hall); [I’m not sure what this is a reference to] 10 A loose rendering of Romans 9:8 and Galatians 4:5. 11 St. Paul. 12 Cf. Romans 8:17. 13 Loosely quoting Deuteronomy 11:24-25 or Joshua 1:4-5. 14 dampnum (ML) = damnum (CL), “loss, damage.” 15 dēdecus, oris, n. “disgrace.” 16 “but yet in this very year” (Hill). [But Karbuqa did not die until October 1101 at the earliest; if this passage was written in the summer of 1098, after the Battle of Antioch (so Hill), would we not expect nec tamen in hoc anno? The whole point is that death should not come quickly.] 17 “when his wrath is roused” (Hill); [exerta (ML) = exorta (CL).] 18 “at the moment”; with habita. 19 “the things that you have”; CL does not use the perfect passive participle as though it were a present passive. 20 “within himself.” 21 CL would be present subjunctive (rarely), or acc. + inf. 22 prelia (ML) = proelia (CL). 23 subitāneus, a, um “sudden.” 2 ecce sunt plus quam centum annorum tempora,1 de quibus inventum est in nostra pagina2 et in gentilium voluminibus, quoniam gens Christiana super nos foret ventura, et nos ubique victura, ac super paganos regnatura; et nostra gens illis ubique erit subdita. Sed ignoro, utrum modo an in futuro3 sint haec eventura. Ego utique4 misera sum te secuta ab Aleph urbe pulcherrima, in qua speculando atque ingeniose rimando5 respexi in caelorum astra, et sagaciter scrutata sum planetas, et duodecim signa, sive6 sortes7 innumeras. In eis omnibus repperi quoniam gens Christiana nos ubique est devictura, ideoque de te valde timeo nimis maesta, ne ex te remaneam8 orbata.”9 9.22.6 Dixit illi Curbaram: “Mater karissima, dic michi omnia, quae in corde meo sunt incredula.”10 Quae ait: “Hoc, karissime, libenter faciam, si sciero ea quae tibi sunt incognita.” Cui ille dixit: “Non 11 sunt igitur Boamundus et Tancredus Francorum dii, et non eos liberant [Hill p. 56] de12 inimicis suis? et quod13 ipsi manducant14 in uno quoque prandio duo milia vaccas et quatuor milia porcos?” Respondit mater: “Fili karissime, Boamundus et Tancredus mortales sunt sicut alii omnes, sed deus eorum valde diligit eos prae15 omnibus aliis, et virtutem preliandi16 dat eis prae ceteris. Nam deus illorum—est Omnipotens nomen eius, qui fecit caelum et terram et fundavit maria et omnia quae in eis sunt; 17 cuius sedes in caelo parata in aeternum, cuius potestas ubique est metuenda.” Ait filius: “Si 18 ita est causa, cum eis preliari non desinam.” Itaque audiens mater eius quod nullo modo adquiesceret consiliis suis, maestissima recessit retrorsum in Aleph, deferens secum cuncta spolia quae conducere potuit. 9.23.1 Tertia vero die armavit se Curbaram et maxima pars Turcorum cum eo, veneruntque ad civitatem ex illa parte in qua erat castrum. Nos autem putantes19 resistere posse illis, paravimus bellum contra eos. Sed tam magna fuit virtus illorum, quod20 nequivimus illis resistere, sicque coacti intravimus in civitatem, quibus fuit tam mirabiliter arta21 et angusta porta, ut illic fuerint multi mortui oppressione aliorum. Interea alii pugnabant extra urbem, alii intus, in quinta feria,22 per totum diem usque ad vesperam. 9.23.2 Inter haec Willelmus de Grentamenilg,23 et Albricus24 frater eius, et Wido Trursellus25, et Lambertus Pauper,26 isti omnes timore perterriti de hesterno bello quod duraverat usque ad vesperam, nocte latenter demissi sunt per murum, fugientes [Hill p. 57] pedibus contra27 mare, ita ut neque in ———————————— 1 i.e. “it was more than a hundred years ago.” i.e. the Koran; pāgina, ae, f. is here “a piece of writing, pages” (OLD 1c). 3 sc. tempore. 4 utīque, adv. “without doubt, absolutely.” 5 rīmor (1) “examine, explore.” 6 CL would be et. 7 sors, sortis, f. here “fortune” (OLD 8). 8 CL would be sim. 9 orbō (1) “deprive, make childless.” 10 Karbuqua wants more details; the things he doesn’t believe (incredula) are things he doesn’t understand. 11 CL would be nonne. 12 CL would be ab. 13 sc. non est. 14 mandūcō (1) “eat.” 15 “more than.” 16 preliandi (ML) = proeliandi (CL). 17 Exodus 20.11. 18 CL would be etsi, “even if.” 19 “expecting”; in CL putō (1) means “think.” 20 quod (ML) can = ut (CL). 21 artus, a, um “tight, narrow.” 22 i.e. Thursday. 23 William of Grandesnil (near Lisieux). 24 Aubré. 25 Guy Trousseau, Lord of Monthéry, near Paris. 26 Lambert the Poor, Count of Clermont, near Liège. 27 contra + acc. (ML) = ad + acc. (CL). 2 manibus neque in pedibus remaneret aliquid nisi solummodo ossa.1 Multique alii fugerunt cum illis, quos nescio. Venientes igitur ad naves qui erant ad Portum Sancti Symeonis, dixerunt nautis: “Quid hic miseri statis? Omnes nostri mortui sunt, et nos mortem vix evasimus, quia exercitus Turcorum undique obsident alios in urbe.” At illi audientes talia, stabant stupefacti, ac timore perterriti cucurrerunt ad naves et miserunt se in mare. Deinde supervenientes Turci quos invenerunt occiderunt, et naves quae in alveo fluminis remanserant, combusserunt igni et apprehenderunt spolia eorum. 9.23.3 Nos denique qui remansimus nequivimus sufferre pondus armorum illorum, fecimusque murum inter nos et illos, quem custodiebamus diu noctuque. Interea tanta oppressione fuimus oppressi, ut equos et asinos nostros manducaremus. 9.24.1 Quodam vero die, stantibus nostris maioribus sursum ante castellum tristibus ac dolentibus, venit quidam sacerdos2 ante eos et dixit: “Seniores, si vobis placet, audite rem quamdam, quam in visione vidi. Cum nocte una3 iacerem in ecclesia Sanctae Mariae matris Domini nostri Iesu Christi, apparuit mihi Salvator mundi cum sua genitrice et beato Petro apostolorum principe; stetitque ante me et dixit mihi: ‘Agnoscis me?’ Cui respondi: ‘Non.’ His dictis, ecce apparuit integra crux in capita eius. Iterum ergo interrogavit me Dominus dicens: ‘Agnoscis me?’ Cui dixi: ‘Te alio modo non [Hill p. 58] agnosco, nisi quia crucem in capite tui4 cerno sicut Salvatoris nostri.’ Qui dixit: ‘Ego sum.’ Statim cecidi ad pedes eius, rogans humiliter ut subveniret nobis in oppressione illa quae super nos erat. Respondit Dominus: ‘Bene adiuvi vos, et amodo5 adiuvabo. Ego permisi vos habere Niceam civitatem, et omnia devincere bella, et conduxi vos huc usque,6 et condolui vestrae miseriae quam passi fuistis in obsidione Antiochiae. Ecce in auxilio oportuno,7 misi vos sanos et incolumes in civitatem, et ecce: multam pravamque dilectionem8 operantes,9 cum Christianis et pravis paganis mulieribus, unde immensus foetor ascendit in caelum.’ 9.24.2 “Tunc alma Virgo et beatus Petrus ceciderunt ad pedes eius, rogantes eum et deprecantes, ut suum in hac tribulatione adiuvaret populum. Dixitque beatus Petrus: ‘Domine, per tot tempora tenuit paganorum gens domum meam, in qua multa et ineffabilia mala fecerunt. Modo vero expulsis inimicis inde, Domine, letantur10 angeli in caelis.’ Dixitque mihi Dominus: ‘Vade ergo et dic populo meo, ut revertatur ad me, et ego revertar ad illum, et infra quinque dies mittam ei magnum adiutorium; et cotidie decantet responsorium Congregati sunt,11 totum cum versu.’12 Seniores, si hoc non creditis esse verum, sinite modo me in hanc scandere turrim, mittamque me deorsum; si vero fuero incolumis, credatis hoc esse verum, sin autem ullam lesionem13 fuero passus, decollate me, aut in ignem proicite me.” ———————————— 1 I.e. they were worn down to the bone. His name was Stephen; see Raymond d’Agiles, Historia Francorum. (PL vol. 155, 612). 3 Either with nocte, approaching an indefinite article, or “together with” (sc. cum sociis). 4 in capiti tui (ML) = in capiti tuo (CL). 5 “henceforth.” 6 “this far.” 7 “providing timely assistance.” 8 “enjoyment” (?); or “selection.” 9 sc. vos. 10 letantur (ML) = laetantur (CL). 11 [Hill refers to Psalm 47:5: quoniam ecce reges congregati sunt convenerunt in unum (= Psalm 48.4, “For, lo, the kings were assembled, they passed by together.”) But the language appears in medieval breviaries for the 2nd sunday in October, associated with 2nd Maccabees: Congregati sunt inimici nostri et gloriantur in virtute sua contere fortitudinem illorum domine et disperge illos ut cognoscant quia non est alius qui pugnet pro nobis nisi tu deus noster. This of course seems much more appropriate to the situation. The same language gets adopted in Renaissance motets, associated at least some of the time with sieges. Note the motet by Clément Janequen: “Congregati sunt,” motet à quatre voix in "Liber cantus triginta novem motetos", J. de Buglhat, Ferrara 1538: performance: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Puk8OI0BnUE.] 12 Hill: “together with the doxology,” i.e. Gloria Patri et Filio etc. [So also Bréhier. But see previous note. I would have thought this just meant that were supposed to sing the whole thing, as it appears in the breviaries] 13 lesionem (ML) = laesionem (CL). 2 9.24.3 Tunc Podiensis episcopus iussit ut adferentur evangelia et crux, quatinus1 iuraret ille si hoc esset verum. [Hill p. 59] Consiliati sunt omnes maiores nostri in illa hora, ut iurarent omnes sacramentum quod nullus illorum fugeret neque pro2 morte neque pro vita,3 quamdiu vivi essent. Primus dicitur iurasse Boamundus, deinde comes Sancti Egidii, et Rotbertus Nortmannus, ac dux Godefridus, et comes Flandrensis. Tancredus vero iuravit ac promisit tali modo, quia quamdiu secum quadraginta milites haberet, non solum ex illo bello sed etiam ab Hierosolimitano itinere non esset recessurus. Nimis autem exsultavit Christiana congregatio, hoc audiens sacramentum. 9.25.1 Erat autem ibi quidam peregrinus de nostro exercitu cui nomen Petrus,4 cui antequam civitatem intraremus5 apparuit sanctus Andreas apostolus dicens: “Quid agis, bone vir?” Cui ille respondit: “Tu quis es?” Dixit ei apostolus: “Ego sum Andreas apostolus. Agnoscas, fili, quia dum6 villam7 intraveris, vadens ad ecclesiam beati Petri ibi invenies lanceam salvatoris nostri Iesu Christi, ex qua in crucis pendens patibulo8 vulneratus fuit.” Haec omnia dicens apostolus, continuo recessit. 9.25.2 Ipse autem timens revelare consilium apostoli, noluit indicare nostris peregrinis. Estimabat 9 autem se visum10 videre. Et dixit ad eum:11 “Domine quis hoc crediderit?” In illa vero hora accepit eum sanctus Andreas, et portavit eum usque ad locum ubi lancea erat recondita in terra. 9.25.3 Iterum cum essemus ita ut superius12 diximus, venit sanctus Andreas rursus dicens ei: “Quare non abstulisti [Hill p. 60] lanceam de terra, ut ego tibi precepi? Scias revera, quia quicunque hanc lanceam portaverit in bello, nunquam ab hoste superabitur.” Petrus vero continuo revelavit mysterium apostoli hominibus nostris. Populus autem non credebat, sed prohibebat dicens: “Quomodo possumus hoc credere?” Omnino enim erant paventes, et protinus mori putabant. Accessit itaque ille, et iuravit hoc totum veracissimum esse; quoniam ei sanctus Andreas bis in visione apparuerat,13 eique dixerat: “Surge, vade, et dic populo Dei ne timeat, sed firmiter toto corde credat in unum verum Deum; eruntque ubique victuri, et infra quinque dies mandabit eis Dominus talem rem, unde laeti et gavisi manebunt; et si certare voluerint, mox ut14 exierint unanimiter ad bellum, omnes inimici eorum vincentur, et nemo stabit contra illos.” Audientes itaque quod inimici eorum15 ab eis omnino essent vincendi, protinus coeperunt sese vivificare, et confortabant se adinvicem dicentes: “Expergiscimini,16 et estote ubique fortes ac prudentes, quoniam in proximo17 erit nobis Deus in adiutorium, et erit maximum refugium populo suo, quem respicit in merore18 manentem.” 9.26.1 Turci denique qui erant seorsum19 in castello, undique tam mirabiliter coangustabant nos, ut quadam die incluserint tres milites ex nostris in turrim quae erat ante castellum. Exierant namque ———————————— 1 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). “because of.” 3 these are really the same thing. 4 Peter, called Bartholemew. 5 CL would be indicative. 6 dum (ML) = cum (CL). 7 “the city.” 8 patibulum, ī, n. “gibbet.” 9 estimabat (ML) = aestimabat (CL). 10 i.e. a dream or a hallicination. 11 i.e. St. Andrew. 12 superius, adv. “at an earlier stage in the narrative, above” (OLD b). See esp. 9.23.3 above. 13 CL would be subjunctive, in implied indirect discourse. 14 “as soon as”; mox ut is not CL. 15 CL would be sui. 16 expergiscor, expergiscī, experrectus “wake up, rouse oneself.” 17 “soon.” 18 merore (ML) = maerore (CL). 19 seorsum, adv. “separately.” 2 gentiles et irruerant super illos tam acriter, ut nequirent sufferre pondus eorum. Duo ex militibus exierunt de turri vulnerati, et tertius per totum diem viriliter defendebat se de Turcorum [Hill p. 61] invasione, tam prudenter ut in ipsa1 die duos Turcos straverit super aditum muri, caesis2 hastis.3 Nam tres hastae detruncatae sunt illi,4 illa die, in manibus suis. Illi5 vero acceperunt capitalem sententiam. Erat nomen illi Hugo Insanus,6 de exercitu Gosfredi de Monte Scabioso.7 9.26.2 Videns autem vir venerabilis Boamundus quia nullatenus posset conducere gentes sursum in castellum ad bellum—nam qui erant inclusi in domibus timebant, alii fame alii timore Turcorum—iratus est valde iussitque confestim mitti ignem per urbem, in illa parte in qua erat Cassiani 8 palatium. Quod videntes illi qui erant in civitate, dereliquerunt domos et omnia quae habebant, fugiebantque alii in castellum, alii ad portam comitis Sancti Egidii, alii ad portam ducis Godefridi, unusquisque ad suam gentem. Tunc nimia tempestas venti subito surrexit, ita ut nemo posset se regere rectum.9 Boamundus itaque vir sapiens contristatus est valde, timens pro ecclesia sancti Petri et sanctae Mariae aliisque ecclesiis. Haec ira10 duravit ab hora tertia usque in mediam noctem, fueruntque crematae fere duo milia ecclesiarum et domorum. Veniente autem media nocte, statim omnis feritas 11 ignis cecidit.12 9.26.3 Itaque Turci habitantes in castello, intra urbem bellabant nobiscum die noctuque, et nichil aliud disseparabat nos nisi arma.13 Videntes hoc nostri, quod non possent diu haec pati, quoniam qui habebat panem non licebat ei manducare, et qui habebat aquam non licebat bibere, [Hill p. 62] fecerunt murum inter nos et ipsos14 petra15 et calce,16 et edificaverunt castellum et machinas, ut securi essent. Pars autem Turcorum remansit in castello agendo nobiscum bellum, alia vero pars hospitata erat, prope castellum, in una valle. 9.26.4 Nocte quippe superveniente, ignis de caelo apparuit ab occidente veniens, et appropinquans cecidit intra Turcorum exercitus. Vnde mirati sunt et nostri et Turci. Mane autem facto, tremefacti Turci fugerunt omnes pariter pro17 ignis timore, ante domini Boamundi portam, illicque hospitati sunt.18 Pars vero quae erat in castello, agebat bellum cum nostris die noctuque, sagittando, vulnerando, occidendo. Alia autem pars undique obsedit civitatem, ita ut nullus nostrorum civitatem auderet exire aut intrare, nisi nocte et occulte. Ita vero eramus obsessi19 et oppressi ab illis, quorum numerus fuit innumerabilis. Isti autem prophani et inimici Dei ita tenebant nos inclusos in urbe Antiochiae,20 ut multi mortui fuerint fame, quoniam parvus panis vendebatur uno bisantio. De vino non loquar. Equinas namque carnes aut asininas manducabant, et vendebant. Vendebant quoque gallinam quindecim solidis, ovum duobus ———————————— 1 CL would be eadem. caedō, caedere, cecidī, caesum “strike” i.e. “use up, destroy” (OLD 6) 3 hasta, ae, f. 4 hasta, ae, f. “spear, lance.” 5 the two Turks. 6 Hugh the Beserk. 7 Godfrey or Humphrey of Monte Scaglioso. 8 Yaghi Siyan. 9 ”could steer his course aright” (Hill). 10 “this danger” (Hill). 11 feritās, ātis, f. “ferocity.” 12 cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum “fall”; here “subside” (cp. OLD 8). 13 [I assume this just means that they were in close contact, but that neither side could prevail.] 14 CL would be se. 15 petra, ae, f. “rock.” 16 calx, calcis, f. (m.), “limestone, quicklime,” i.e. “mortar.” 17 “because of” (+ abl.); this ML use is common in the GF. 18 i.e. they made camp. 19 perfect passive participle + eram (ML) = pluperfect (CL). 20 The genitive of equivalence, rare in CL. 2 solidis, unam nucem1 uno denario; omnia enim valde erant cara. Folia2 fici et vitis et cardui3 omniumque arborum coquebant et manducabant, tantam famem immensam habebant. Alii coria 4 caballorum et camelorum et asinorum atque boum seu bufalorum sicca decoquebant, et manducabant. Istas et multas anxietates ac angustias quas nominare nequeo passi sumus pro5 Christi nomine et Sancti Sepulchri via deliberanda.6 Tales quoque tribulationes [Hill p. 63] et fames ac timores passi sumus per viginti sex dies. 9.27.1 Imprudens7 itaque Stephanus Carnotensis comes8 quem omnes nostri maiores elegerant ut esset ductor nostrorum, maxima finxit se deprimi9 infirmitate10 priusquam Antiochia esset capta, turpiterque recessit in aliud castrum, quod vocatur Alexandreta.11 Nos itaque cotidie prestolabamur12 eum quatinus13 subveniret nobis in adiutorio qui eramus inclusi in urbe, salutifero carentes auxilio. At ille postquam audivit gentem Turcorum circumcingentem et obsidentem nos, latenter ascendit super proximam montaneam quae stabat prope Antiochiam viditque innumerabilia tentoria, vehementique captus timore recessit, fugitque festinanter cum suo exercitu. Veniens autem in suum castrum, exspoliavit illud,14 et celeri cursu retro vertit iter. 9.27.2 Postquam vero venit obviam imperatori ad Philomenam,15 seorsum16 vocavit eum secreto dicens: “Scias revera quoniam capta est Antiochia, et17 castrum18 minime19 captum est; nostrique omnes gravi oppressione obsessi sunt et, ut puto, a Turcis modo interfecti sunt. Revertere ergo retro quam citius potes, ne et ipsi inveniant te et hanc gentem quam tecum ducis.” Tunc imperator timore perterritus, clam vocavit Widonem20 fratrem Boamundi et quosdem alios, et ait illis: “Seniores, quid faciemus? Ecce omnes nostri districta21 obsessione impediti sunt, et forsitan in hac hora [Hill p. 64] omnes a Turcorum manibus mortui sunt, aut in captivitatem ducti, sicut iste infelix comes turpiter fugiens narrat. Si vultis, revertamur retro celeri cursu, ne et nos moriamur repentina morte, quemadmodum et illi mortui sunt.” 9.27.3 Cum Wido, miles honestissimus, talia audisset, cum omnibus statim coepit plorare, atque vehementissimo ululatu plangere; unaque voce omnes dicebant: “O Deus verus, trinus et unus, 22 quamobrem haec fieri permisisti? Cur populum sequentem te in manibus inimicorum incidere permisisti, et viam tui itineris tuique Sepulchri liberare volentes tam cito dimisisti?23 Certe si verum est hoc verbum quod ab istis nequissimis audivimus, nos et alii Christiani derelinquemus te; nec te amplius ———————————— 1 nux, nucis, f. “nut.” (Hill: “walnut”). folium, (i)ī, n. “leaf.” 3 carduus, ī, m. “thistle.” 4 corium, (i)ī, n. “hide”; “flesh” (Hill). 5 “for”; here with nomine and via deliberanda. 6 delibero (ML) = libero (CL). deliberanda is a gerundive modifiying via. 7 “that coward” (Hill). 8 Stephen, count of Chartres. 9 dēprimō, dēprimere, dēpressī, dēpressum “be weighed down” (CL would probably use opprimō). 10 infirmitās, ātis, f. here “sickness, ill-health.” 11 Alexandretta. 12 here “wait for” means “send for, ask.” 13 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). 14 “he took all his goods” (Hill). 15 Philomelium, near Iconium (Konieh). Alexius was coming to relieve Antioch (Alexiad 11.6). 16 seorsum, adv. “separately.” 17 CL would be sed. 18 “the citadel.” 19 CL would be non. 20 Guy, the half-brother of Bohemond, who was serving as a Byzantine mercenary. 21 distringō, distringere, distinxī, districtum “put opposing strains on”; here districtus seems to mean “intense.” 22 Use of the nominative instead of vocative is poetic in CL. 23 dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum here “dismiss from one’s attention, disregard” (OLD 1c), i.e. “forsake.” 2 rememorabimur, et unus ex nobis non audebit ulterius invocare nomen tuum.” Et fuit hic sermo valde mestissimus1 in tota militia, ita ut nullus illorum sive episcopus sive abbas, seu clericus seu laicus, auderet invocare Christi nomen per plures dies. 9.27.4 Nemo namque poterat consolari Widonem plorantem et ferientem se manibus suosque frangentem digitos2 et dicentem: “Heu mihi,3 domine mi Boamunde, honor et decus totius mundi, quem omnis mundus timebat et amabat! Heu mihi tristis!4 Non merui dolens5 tuam videre honestissimam speciem,6 qui nullam rem magis videre desiderabam. Quis mihi det ut ego moriar pro te, dulcissime amice et domine? Cur ego ex utero matris meae exiens, non statim mortuus fui? Cur ad hanc lugubrem diem perveni? Cur non demersus fui in mare? Cur non ex equo cecidi fracto collo, ut recepissem repentinum interitum? [Hill p. 65] Vtinam tecum recepissem felix martyrium, ut cernerem te gloriosissimum suscepisse finem!” Cumque omnes cucurrissent ad eum quatinus7 consolarentur eum, ut iam finem daret planctui, in se reversus8 ait: “Forsitan creditis huic semicano9 imprudenti militi. Vnquam10 vere non audivi loqui11 de militia12 aliqua, quam idem13 fecisset. Sed turpiter et inhoneste recedit, sicut nequissimus et infelix, et quicquid miser nuntiat, sciatis falsum esse.” 9.27.5 Interea iussit imperator suis hominibus dicens: “Ite et conducite omnes homines istius terrae in Bulgariam,14 et explorate et devastate universa loca, ut cum venerint Turci, nichil possint hic reperire.” Voluissent noluissent nostri reversi sunt retrorsum, dolentes amarissime usque ad mortem; fueruntque mortui multi ex peregrinis languentes15 nec valentes fortiter militiam sequi; remanebantque morientes in via. Omnes vero alii reversi sunt Constantinopolim. 9.28.1 Nos igitur16 auditis sermonibus illius17 qui nobis Christi revelationem retulit per verba apostoli, statim festinantes pervenimus ad locum in sancti Petri ecclesia, quem ille demonstraverat. Et foderunt ibi tredecim homines a mane usque ad vesperam, sicque homo ille invenit lanceam sicut indicaverat. Et acceperunt illam cum magno gaudio et timore, fuitque orta immensa laetitia in tota urbe. 9.28.2 Ab illa hora accepimus inter nos consilium belli. Porro18 statuerunt omnes maiores nostri [Hill p. [Hill p. 66] concilium, quatinus19 nuntium mitterent ad inimicos Christi Turcos, qui per aliquem interpretem interrogaret eos, securo eloquio dicens, quamobrem superbissime in Christianorum introissent terram, et cur castrametati sint, et quare Christi servos occidant et conquassent. 20 Cumque iam finis esset dictis, invenerunt quosdam viros, Petrum scilicet Heremitam et Herluinum,21 illisque ———————————— 1 mestissimus (ML) = maestissimus (CL). i.e he was wringing his hands. 3 Dative of exclamation (ML) = accusative of exclamation (CL). 4 in ML an adjective can be used without grammatical agreement; cf. the nominative of exclamation. 5 “sadly, alas.” 6 speciēs, (ēī), f. “sight; appearance”; here “face.” 7 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). 8 “returning to himself,” i.e. “pulling himself together.” 9 sēmicānus, a, um “gray, grizzled.” 10 unquam ... non (ML) = numquam (CL). 11 non audivi loqui (ML) = non audivi eum loqui (CL). 12 “deed of military valor.” Perhaps a translation of a word such as the French chevalerie, “deed of chivalry.” Morris, C. “The Use of the Anonymous Gesta Francorum as Narrative History.” Reading Medieval Studies 19 (1993): 55–71, at 63. 13 CL would be is. 14 i.e. the European part of the Byzantine empire. 15 langueō, languēre “be sick, be ill.” 16 CL would be interea. 17 i.e. Peter Bartholemew, 9.25.1. 18 porrō “next, furthermore” (CL), here “forthwith” (Hill). 19 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). 20 conquassō (1) “shatter.” 21 Herluin. 2 dixerunt haec omnia: “Ite ad execratum Turcorum exercitum, et diligenter narrate eis haec omnia, interrogantes eos, cur audacter et superbissime introierint terram Christianorum et nostram.” 9.28.3 His dictis, recesserunt nuntii, veneruntque ad prophanum collegium, dicentes omnia missa verba Curbaram1 et aliis, ita: “Satis multumque mirantur nostri maiores et seniores, quamobrem temere2 ac superbissime in Christianorum introistis terram et illorum. Putamus forsitan et credimus, quia ideo huc venistis, quoniam per omnia3 vultis effici Christiani; aut propterea igitur huc venistis, ut per omnia Christianos afficiatis?4 Rogant vos igitur omnes pariter nostri maiores, ut velociter recedatis a terra Dei et Christianorum, quam beatus Petrus apostolus iam dudum predicando5 ad Christi culturam convertit. At illi permittunt adhuc vobiscum deduci omnia vestra, scilicet equos et mulos, et asinos et camelos; oves quoque et boves, et omnia alia ornamenta6 permittunt vobiscum quocumque volueritis ferre.” 9.28.4 Tunc Curbaram, princeps militiae Soldani Persidis, cum omnibus aliis, pleni7 superbia feroci responderunt sermone: “Deum vestrum et vestram christianitatem nec [Hill p. 67] optamus nec volumus, vosque cum illis omnino respuimus.8 Huc usque iam venimus eo, quod valde miramur quamobrem seniores ac maiores, quos memoratis, cur terram quam abstulimus effeminatis gentibus 9 illi vocant esse suam. Vultis namque scire quid vobis dicimus? Revertimini ergo quantocius,10 et dicite vestris senioribus, quia si per omnia cupiunt11 effici Turci, et deum vestrum, quem vos inclini12 colitis, abnegare volunt et leges vestras spernere, nos illis hanc et satis plus dabimus de terra, et civitates et castella, adhuc autem quod nemo vestrorum13 remanebit pedes, sed erunt omnes milites14 sicut et nos sumus; et habebimus semper eos in summa amicitia. Sin autem,15 sciant se per omnia capitalem subire16 sententiam, aut deducti in vinculis Corrozanam in captivitate perpetua servient nobis nostrisque infantibus per sempiterna tempora.” 9.28.5 Nuntii vero nostri velociter reversi sunt retrorsum, referentes omnia quae respondisset eis gens crudelissima. Fertur Herluinus utramque scisse linguam, fuitque interpres Petro Heremitae. Interea exercitus noster, in utraque tremefactus parte,17 ignorabat quid faceret.18 Ex una enim parte coangustabat eos cruciabilis fames, in alia constringebat timor Turcorum. 9.29.1 Tandem triduanis expletis ieiuniis,19 et processionibus celebratis ab una ecclesia in aliam, de peccatis suis confessi sunt et absoluti, fideliterque corpori et sanguini Christi communicaverunt, datisque elemosinis, fecerunt [Hill p. 68] celebrari missas.20 Deinde stabilitae sunt sex acies, ex eis intra civitatem. In prima vero acie, in primo videlicet capite,21 fuit Hugo Magnus, cum Francigenis et ———————————— 1 Karbuqua, here dative. temere, adv. “recklessly.” 3 “in any way possible” 4 afficiō, afficere, affēcī, affectum here “harm” (OLD 5). 5 “by preaching.” 6 “possessions.” 7 pleni is nominative plural, in agreement with Curbaram ... cum omnibus aliis. Presumably a constructio ad sensum. 8 respuō, respuere “reject.” 9 The Byzantines, presumably. 10 “as quickly as possible.” 11 CL would be cupient. 12 “on bended knee” [presumably a ML second declension adjective; CL has inclīnis, e “with bowed head.” 13 vestrorum (ML) = vestrum (CL). 14 i.e. knights. 15 “otherwise.” 16 CL would be subituros esse. 17 in utraque ... parte is explained in the next sentence. 18 the subject is exercitus noster. 19 iēiūnium, (i)i, n. “fast, abstinence from food.” 20 missa, ae, f. “mass, Holy Communion.” They established that masses should be celebrated in the future. 21 “in the vanguard.” 2 Flandrensi comite. In secunda, dux Godefridus cum suo exercitu. In tertia vero fuit Rotbertus Nortmannus cum suis militibus. In quarta fuit Podiensis episcopus, portans secum lanceam Salvatoris cum sua gente, et cum exercitu Raimundi comitis Sancti Egidii; qui1 remansit sursum custodire castellum, pro timore Turcorum, ne descenderent2 in civitatem. In quinta acie fuit Tancredus, cum sua gente. In sexta fuit Boamundus, cum sua militia. Episcopi nostri et presbyteri3 et clerici ac monachi,4 sacris vestibus induti, nobiscum exierunt cum crucibus, orantes et deprecantes Dominum, ut nos salvos faceret et custodiret,5 et ab omnibus malis eriperet. Alii6 stabant super murum portae, tenentes sacras cruces in manibus suis, signando7 et benedicendo nos. Ita nos, ordinati et signo crucis protecti, exivimus per portam quae est ante machomariam.8 9.29.2 Postquam Curbaram vidit Francorum acies tam pulchre ordinatas exire unam post aliam, dixit: “Sinite eos exire, ut9 melius eos habeamus in potestate nostra.” Postquam vero fuerunt foris de urbe, viditque Curbaram ingentem Francorum gentem, valde timuit. Mox mandavit suo ammiralio, qui omnia habebat in custodia,10 ut si ille videret ignem accensum in capite hostis,11 protinus [Hill p. 69] preconari12 faceret13 omnem exercitum redire, sciens Turcos amisisse14 bellum. 9.29.3 Continuo Curbaram coepit paulatim redire retro, contra montaneam; nostrique paulatim persequebantur illos. Denique divisi sunt Turci; una pars ivit contra mare, et alii steterunt illic, putantes15 nostros16 includere inter se. Videntes hoc, nostri fecerunt similiter. Illic fuit ordinata acies septena,17 ex acie ducis Godefridi et comitis Nortmanniae, et caput illius fuit comes Rainaldus. Hanc miserunt obviam Turcis, qui veniebant a mari. Turci autem preliati sunt cum illis, et sagittando multos occiderunt ex nostris. Aliae autem turmae18 ordinatae sunt a flumine usque ad montaneam, quod distat per duo miliaria.19 Coeperunt vero turmae ex utraque parte exire, nostrosque undique circumcingere, iaculando, sagittando, vulnerando. 9.29.4 Exibant quoque de montaneis innumerabiles exercitus, habentes equos albos, quorum vexilla omnia erant alba. Videntes itaque nostri hunc exercitum, ignorabant penitus quid hoc esset et qui essent; donec cognoverunt esse adiutorium Christi, cuius ductores fuerunt sancti Georgius, Mercurius et Demetrius.20 Hec21 verba credenda sunt, quia plures ex nostris viderunt. 9.29.5 Turci autem qui stabant in parte maris, videntes quod non possent sufferre amplius, miserunt ignem in herbam, ut videntes, illi qui erant in tentoriis fugerent.22 [Hill p. 70] At illi cognoscentes illud ———————————— 1 i.e. Raymond. a negative purpose clause. 3 “priests.” 4 monachus, ī, m. “monk.” 5 indirect command. 6 presumably other clergymen. 7 i.e. making the sign of the cross. 8 the mosque; this was the gate leading to the bridge over the Orontes. 9 CL would use quo with a comparative. 10 “who had charge of the host” (Hill). 11 “the army.” 12 “to proclaim”; cp. CL praecō, ōnis, m. “herald, auctioneer.” 13 in ML “cause to” do something = to do it (the “superfluous” use of facio). 14 amitto, amittere, amīsī, amissum here “lose” (OLD 8). 15 “expecting”; in CL putō (1) means “think.” 16 nostros is the object of includere. 17 “a seventh”; in CL septēnī, ae, a is usually plural, and means “seven apiece” or (in singular) “seven-fold.” 18 i.e. Turkish troops; turmae should mean that they were cavalry. 19 mīliārium, (i)ī, n. “milestone.” 20 Saints George, Mercurius and Demetrius, all soldier-saints. 21 hec (ML) = haec (CL). 22 This was the plan described in 9.29.2. 2 signum, arripuerunt omnia honorabilia spolia,1 et fugerunt. Nostri vero paulatim militabant ubi maxima virtus eorum erat, scilicet ad tentoria illorum. Dux Godefridus, et Flandrensis comes, et Hugo Magnus, equitabant iuxta aquam, ubi virtus illorum2 erat. Isti primitus,3 signo crucis muniti, unanimiter invaserunt illos. Videntes hoc, aliae acies simili modo invaserunt illos. Exclamaverunt autem Persae et Turci. Nos itaque, invocantes Deum vivum et verum, equitavimus contra illos; et in nomine Iesu Christi et Sancti Sepulchri incepimus bellum, et, Deo iuvante, devicimus eos. 9.29.6 Turci vero tremefacti arripuerunt fugam, nostrique illos persequebantur iuxta tentoria. Itaque milites Christi magis amabant4 persequi illos quam ulla spolia quaerere. Et persecuti sunt eos usque ad pontem Farreum, ac deinde usque ad castellum Tancredi. Illi5 vero dimiserunt6 ibi papiliones suos, et aurum, et argentum, multaque ornamenta; oves quoque et boves, equos et mulos, camelos et asinos, frumentum et vinum, farinam et alia multa quae nobis erant necessaria. 9.29.7 Hermenii et Surani qui habitabant in illis partibus, audientes nos superasse Turcos, cucurrerunt ad montaneam obviantes illis; et quantos comprehenderunt, ex illis7 interfecerunt. Nos autem revertentes ad civitatem cum magno gaudio, laudavimus et benediximus Deum, qui victoriam dedit populo suo. 9.29.8 Ammiralius itaque, qui castellum custodiebat, videns Curbaram et omnes alios fugientes e campo ante Francorum exercitum, magis timuit. Statim vero cum [Hill p. 71] magna festinatione petebat Francorum vexilla.8 Comes igitur Sancti Egidii, qui illic astabat ante castellum, iussit ei9 portari suum vexillum. Ille10 autem accepit illud, et diligenter misit in turrim. Statim dixerunt Longobardi, qui illic stabant: “Hoc vexillum non est Boamundi.” Interrogavit ille et dixit: “Cuius est?” Qui dixerunt: “Sancti Egidii comitis.” Accessit ille,11 et apprehenso vexillo, reddidit comiti. 9.29.9. Ipsa12 vero hora venit vir venerabilis Boamundus, deditque illi suum vexillum. Ille autem illud accepit cum magno gaudio; et iniit pactum cum domino Boamundo, ut pagani qui vellent 13 Christianitatem recipere essent cum eo, et qui vellent abire, sanos et absque 14 ulla laesione abire permitteret.15 Consensit ille quicquid ei ammiralius postulavit, et continuo misit suos servientes in castellum. Non post multos dies baptizatus est ammiralius, cum illis qui Christum recognoscere maluerunt. Illos vero, qui suas voluerunt tenere leges, fecit dominus Boamundus conduci in Saracenorum terram. Hoc bellum16 factum est in IIII kalendas Iulii,17 vigilia apostolorum Petri et Pauli; regnante domino nostro Iesu Christo, cui est honor et gloria in sempiterna secula. Amen. ———————————— 1 “valuable possessions.” i.e. the Turks. 3 prīmitus, adv. “first.” 4 “they liked, they wanted”; here with infinitive. 5 The Turks. 6 dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum here “give up, leave” (OLD 9). 7 sc. tantos. 8 He asked for the Frankish banners as a sign that he had surrendered. 9 i.e. to the amir. 10 i.e. the amir. 11 the amir. 12 ablative absolute; in CL the subject should not be connected with the rest of the sentence. 13 relative clause of characteristic. 14 absque, prep. + abl. here “apart from, without” (OLD 2). 15 subjunctive in indirect command. 16 bellum, ī, n. can be “battle” (OLD 3). 17 28 June. The feast of Peter and Paul is 29 June. 2 Explicit liber IX. Incipit liber X. LIBER X 10.30.1 [Hill p. 72] Et cum iam essent omnes inimici nostri (Deo trino et uno summoque dignas referimus grates) per omnia devicti huc illucque fugientes, alii semivivi, alii vulnerati, in vallibus et in nemoribus1 et in arvis2 et in viis deficiebant mortui. Populus vero Christi, victores scilicet peregrini, reversi sunt gaudentes felici triumpho,3 devictis hostibus, in civitatem. Statim omnes nostri seniores, videlicet dux Godefridus, comes Sancti Egidii Raimundus, Boamundus, et comes Nortmanniae, comesque Flandrensis, et alii omnes miserunt nobilissimum militem Hugonem Magnum imperatori Constantinopolim,4 ut ad recipiendam civitatem veniret, et conventiones, quas erga5 illos habebat, expleret. Ivit,6 nec postea rediit. 10.30.2 Postquam vero haec omnia facta sunt, congregati omnes nostri maiores ordinaverunt concilium, quemadmodum hunc7 feliciter valerent conducere8 et regere populum, donec peragerent iter Sancti Sepulchri, pro quo hucusque9 multa erant passi pericula. Inventum est in concilio, quia nondum auderent intrare in paganorum terram, eo quod valde in aestivo tempore est arida et inaquosa; ideoque acceperunt terminum attendendum10 ad kalendas Novembris.11 Denique divisi sunt seniores, et unusquisque profectus est in terram suam,12 donec esset prope terminus eundi.13 Feceruntque principes preconari14 per urbem universam, ut si forte aliquis egens illic adesset et auro argentoque careret, conventione [Hill p. 73] facta cum illis, remanere si vellet, ab eis15 cum gaudio retentus esset. 10.30.3 Erat autem ibi quidam miles de exercitu comitis Sancti Egidii, cui nomen Raimundus Piletus.16 Hic plurimos retinuit17 homines, milites ac pedites. Egressus est ille cum collecto exercitu ut viriliter introiit in Saracenorum terram, et profectus est ultra duas civitates et pervenit ad quoddam castrum cui nomen Talamania.18 Habitatores castri, scilicet Suriani, confestim sua sponte se tradiderunt ei. Cumque omnes essent ibi fere per octo dies, nuntii venerunt ad eum dicentes quoniam19 hic20 prope nos est castrum Saracenorum multitudine plenum. Ad hoc castrum ilico ierunt Christi milites peregrini, et undique invaserunt illud, quod continuo ab illis captum est, Christi adiutorio. Apprehenderunt igitur omnes illius loci colonos,21 et qui christianitatem recipere noluerunt, occiderunt; qui vero Christum recognoscere maluerunt, vivos conservaverunt. 10.30.4 Reversi sunt itaque, hoc peracto, nostri Franci cum magno gaudio ad prius castrum. Tertia vero die exierunt et venerunt ad quamdam urbem cui nomen Marra,22 quae illic erat prope illos. Erant autem ———————————— 1 nemus, oris, n. “grove.” arvum, ī, n. “plowed field.” 3 ablative of manner (AG § 412). 4 Accusative of motion toward; for the form of the accusative see AG § 82 sv. Paris, Paridis. 5 erga, prep. + acc. “for, with regard to, towards.” 6 sc. Hugo. 7 with populum. 8 “guide.” 9 hūcusque, adv. here “this far, to this extent” (CL); here “to this point.” 10 “they agreed to wait till the first of November” attendendum is a gerundive in the neuter singular (CL), agreeing with terminum. 11 “that they would therefore wait until the beginning of November” (Hill). 12 presumably this means something like “base of operations.” 13 gerund. 14 “And the princes proclaimed”; (the ML “superfluous” use of facio). 15 i.e. by the principes. 16 Raymond Pilet, from Limousin. We infer that our author accompanied him on the expedition about to be described. 17 retineō, retinēre, retinuī, retentum here just “have” (cp. OLD 10). 18 Tell-Mannas. 19 quoniam in ML can be used like quotation marks; omit in translation. 20 hīc, adv. “here.” 21 colōnus, ī, m. “farmer.” 22 Ma’arat. 2 ibi multi Turci congregati, et Saraceni ab Aleph1 civitate, et ab omnibus urbibus et castris quae circa illam sunt. Exierunt ergo barbari contra illos ad bellum, nostrique aestimantes2 luctari3 cum illis preliando, coegerunt eos in fugam; et tamen reversi, per totum diem invadebant nostros adinvicem, 4 et usque ad vesperam perduravit illa invasio. Aestus namque erat immensus. Nequibant iam nostri sufferre tantam sitim, quoniam nullatenus ibi ad bibendum invenire aquam [Hill p. 74] poterant; voluerunt tamen5 ad illorum castrum secure redire. Pro illorum enim peccatis,6 Suriani et minuta gens7 nimio pavore correpti, mox coeperunt viam carpere8 retrorsum. Vt autem Turci viderunt illos retrocedentes, statim coeperunt illos persequi, et victoria illis ministrabat vires.9 Multi namque10 ex ipsis11 reddiderunt animas Deo, cuius amore12 illic congregati fuerant.13 Haec occisio14 facta est quinto die in mense Iulio. Reversi sunt autem Franci illi qui remanserant in suum castrum; et fuit ibi Raimundus cum sua gente per plures dies. 10.30.5 Alii vero qui in Antiochia remanserant steterunt in ea cum gaudio et laetitia magna, quorum rector et pastor extitit Podiensis episcopus. Qui, nutu15 Dei, gravi aegritudine captus est; et, ut Dei voluntas fuit, migravit ab hoc saeculo, et in pace requiescens obdormivit in Domino, in solempnitate scilicet sancti Petri quae dicitur Ad Vincula.16 Vnde magna angustia et tribulatio immensusque dolor fuit in tota Christi militia, quia ille erat sustentamentum pauperum, consilium17 divitum, ipseque ordinabat clericos, predicabat et summonebat18 milites, dicens quia19: “Nemo ex vobis salvari potest nisi honorificet pauperes et reficiat, vosque non potestis salvari sine illis, ipsique vivere nequeunt sine vobis. Oportet igitur ut ipsi cotidiana supplicatione pro vestris orent delictis20 Deum, quem in multis cotidie offenditis. Vnde vos rogo ut pro Dei amore eos diligatis, et in quantum21 potestis, eos sustentetis.” 10.31.1 Non post multum vero temporis venit vir venerabilis Raimundus comes de Sancto Egidio, et intravit in Saracenorum terram, et pervenit ad quamdam urbem quae vocatur Albara, 22 quam invasit una [Hill p. 75] cum suo exercitu, eamque continuo cepit; et occidit omnes Saracenos et Saracenas, maiores et minores,23 quos ibi repperit. Quam postquam suo continuit imperio ad Christi revocavit fidem; quaesivitque consilium a suis sapientissimis viris, ut episcopum in hac urbe devotissime preordinari faceret, qui illam ad Christi cultum fideliter revocaret,24 et, de domo diabolica,25 templum Deo vivo et ———————————— 1 Aleppo. “expecting”; aestimō (1) in CL means “estimate, assess.” 3 luctor (1) “contend, struggle.” 4 adinvicem here means “by turns” (ML). 5 CL would be “igitur.” 6 “for their sins” (Hill). 7 “poor people.” 8 carpō, carpere, carpsī, carptum “pluck”; here “press along (a road, a journey)”; mostly a poetic usage (OLD 8). 9 “and victory increased their strength” (Hill). 10 “then”; in CL namque means “certainly” or “for.” 11 i.e. the Franks. 12 Ablative of cause (AG § 404). 13 CL would be erant. 14 occīsiō, ōnis, f. “slaughter.” 15 nūtus, ūs, m. “nod”; here “a person’s nod as the symbol of absolute power” (OLD 2b). 16 On the Feast of St. Peter’s Chains, August 1, 1098. 17 consilium, (i)ī, n. “advice, council”, i.e. “councilor.” 18 “and he used to give warnings to” 19 quia in ML can be used like quotation marks; omit in translation. 20 dēlictum, ī, n. “misdeed, offence.” 21 “in so far as”; CL would be quantum (OLD B) or quatenus. 22 al-Bara. 23 I.e. both high-born and low-born (though we might expect old and young). 24 subjunctive in a relative clause of purpose. 25 i.e. “(changing it) from (being) a home of the devil,” i.e. a mosque. 2 vero et oracula1 sanctorum consecraret. Novissime2 elegerunt quemdam honorabilem ac sapientissimum virum et duxere3 illum in Antiochiam ad consecrandum. Factumque est ita. Alii autem qui in Antiochia remanserant, fuerunt ibidem cum gaudio et laetitia. 10.31.2 Appropinquante vero termino,4 videlicet festo5 Omnium Sanctorum, regressi sunt omnes maiores nostri in unum, in Antiochiam, omnesque simul coeperunt quaerere qualiter Sancti Sepulchri iter valerent peragere, dicentes, quoniam appropinquaverat eundi 6 terminus, nulla erat hora ad conturbandum amplius.7 10.31.3 Boamundus autem quaerebat cotidie conventionem,8 quam omnes seniores olim habuerant ei in reddendam civitatem9; sed comes Sancti Egidii ad nullam conventionem volebat se emollire10 erga11 Boamundum, eo quod timebat se peierare12 erga imperatorem. Tamen sepe fuerunt congregati in ecclesia sancti Petri, ad faciendum quod iustum erat. Boamundus recitavit suam conventionem, suumque ostendit compotum.13 Comes Sancti Egidii similiter sua patefecit verba, et iusiurandum quod fecerat imperatori, per14 consilium Boamundi.15 Episcopi, et dux Godefridus, [Hill p. 76] Flandrensisque comes, et comes de Nortmannia, aliique seniores divisi sunt ab aliis,16 et intraverunt ubi est cathedra17 sancti Petri, ut ibi iudicium inter utrumque discernerent.18 Postea vero timentes ne Sancti Sepulchri via19 proturbaretur,20 noluerunt aperte dicere iudicium. 10.31.4 Ait denique comes Sancti Egidii: “Priusquam21 via Sancti Sepulchri remaneat,22 si Boamundus nobiscum venire voluerit, quicquid nostri pares,23 videlicet dux Godefridus et Flandrensis comes et Rotbertus Nortmannus aliique seniores, laudaverint, ego fideliter consentiam, salva fidelitate imperatoris.” Hoc totum laudavit Boamundus, et promiserunt ambo in manibus episcoporum, quod nullo modo per se via Sancti Sepulchri deturbaretur. Tunc accepit Boamundus consilium cum suis hominibus, quomodo muniret castrum de alta montanea24 hominibus et victu. Similiter comes Sancti Egidii accepit consilium cum suis, quomodo muniret palatium Cassiani ammiralii,25 et turrim quae est super portam pontis qui est ex parte portus sancti Symeonis—muniret, inquam,26 hominibus et victu, qui27 non deficeret longo tempore. ———————————— 1 “chapels, shrines”; Niemeyer sv oraculum. “eventually.” 3 duxere (duxēre) = duxērunt. 4 cf. 10.32.2: requievimus cum gaudio et letitia magna in Antiochia, per quinque menses et octo dies. 5 festum, ī, n. “festival.” 6 gerund. 7 “it was not time for more quarrelling.” Hill prints hora conturbandum amplius but ad conturbandum is found in early MSS and is much easier Latin. 8 quaerebat ... conventionem means “was asking for the agreement to be honored”; see 8.20.2. 9 i.e. Antioch. 10 ēmolliō, ēmollīre, ēmolluī or ēmoliī, ēmolītum “to soften.” 11 erga, prep. + acc. here “with regard to, respecting” (OLD 3). 12 pēierō (1) “perjure oneself, swear falsely.” 13 “calculation”; compotus (ML) = computum, ī, n. (LL). 14 “in accordance with”; CL would be secundum. 15 “on Bohemond’s advice.” See above 2.6.5. 16 ab aliis = ab aliis senioribus. 17 cathedra, ae, f. “arm-chair”; in CL used especially of a teacher’s chair, but in LL also a bishop’s throne. [So there were Thrones of St. Peter other than the one in the Vatican??] 18 discernō, discernere, discrēvī, discrētum “separate,” “settle, decide” (OLD 3). 19 via (ML) = iter (CL). 20 prōturbō (1) “push out of the way”; subjunctive in a clause of fearing. 21 CL would be potius quam. 22 “Rather than abandon the journey to the Holy Sepulchre” (Hill). In CL remaneō means “remain undisturbed.” 23 “our peers.” 24 The citadel of Antioch. 25 the emir Yaghi Siyan. 26 “he would fortify it, I say”; the author writes with sudden passion. 27 qui introduces a relative clause of purpose, with turrim as antecedent; non deficeret means “survive, hold out.” 2 10.32.1 Status Urbis.1 Haec urbs Antiochia scilicet valde est pulchra et honorabilis, quia infra2 muros eius sunt quatuor montaneae maximae et nimis altae. In altiori3 quoque est castellum aedificatum mirabile, et nimis forte. De deorsum4 est civitas honorabilis et conveniens, omnibusque ornata honoribus, quoniam multae [Hill p. 77] ecclesiae sunt in ea aedificatae. Tercenta et sexaginta monasteria in se continet. Sub suo iugo5 continet patriarcha centum quinquaginta tres episcopos.6 10.32.2 Clauditur civitas duobus muris. Maior quoque valde est altus et mirabiliter latus, magnisque lapidibus7 compositus; in quo sunt ordinatae quater centum et quinquaginta turres. Modisque omnibus est civitas formosa. Ab oriente, clauditur quatuor magnis montaneis. Ab occidente, secus 8 muros urbis fluit quoddam flumen, cui nomen Farfar.9 Quae civitas magnae auctoritatis est. Nam eam prius septuaginta quinque reges constituerunt,10 quorum fuit caput Antiochus rex, a quo dicitur Antiochia.11 Istam civitatem tenuerunt Franci obsessam, per octo menses et unum diem.12 Postea fuerunt intus inclusi per tres ebdomadas13 a Turcis et ab aliis paganis, quorum numero nunquam fuit maior congregatio hominum, vel Christianorum vel paganorum. Tamen adiutorio Dei et Sancti Sepulchri devictis illis a Christianis Dei,14 requievimus cum gaudio et letitia magna in Antiochia, per quinque menses et octo dies.15 10.33.1 Quibus expletis, mense Novembrio discessit Raimundus comes Sancti Egidii cum suo exercitu ab Antiochia, venitque per unam civitatem, quae vocatur Rugia,16 et per aliam quae dicitur Albaria.17 Quarto vero die exeunte Novembrio18 pervenit ad Marram civitatem,19 in qua maxima multitudo Saracenorum et Turcorum et Arabum aliorumque paganorum est congregata, ipseque comes in crastinum20 invasit eam. Non post multum [Hill p. 78] vero temporis Boamundus cum suo exercitu secutus est comites,21 et applicitus est22 cum eis in die dominica. Secunda vero feria23 nimis fortiter invaserunt undique civitatem, et tam acriter tamque fortiter, ut scalae starent erectae ad murum. Sed tam maxima24 virtus paganorum25 erat, quod illa die nichil eos offendere aut nocere potuerunt. 10.33.2 Videntes autem seniores26 quia nichil agere poterant, et frustra laborabant, facit Raimundus comes de Sancto Egidio fieri quoddam ligneum castrum forte et altum. Quod castrum ingeniatum27 et ———————————— 1 Some editors treat this description of Antioch as an appendix; Hill argues for its inclusion here. CL would be intra. 3 the comparative in ML can = superlative. 4 “Down below”; de deorsum (ML) = deorsum (CL). 5 iugum, ī, n. “yoke.” 6 Hill suggests that this means simply “a very large number”; see John 21:11. 7 ablative of source. 8 “along side of”; secus in CL can rarely be a preposition + acc. 9 the Orontes. 10 According to Bréhier, Tudebode (p. 89) gives a list of 75 entirely fictional names. 11 In fact Antioch was founded by Seleucus Nicator, and named for his father Antiochus (300 BCE). 12 21 October 1097 to 3 June 1098 (seven months and fifteen days). 13 5 June to 28 June, 1098. 14 Dei seems superfluous, and is not translated by Hill. 15 28 June to 28 November 1098. 16 Riha. 17 al-Bara. 18 28 November. Novembrio = mense Novembrio. 19 Marra. 20 crastinus, a, um “of tomorrow”; in crastinum means “on the next day” (OLD). 21 i.e. Count Raymond and the other counts. 22 applicō (1) “join.” 23 on Monday. 24 in ML tam can modify a superlative and means simply “very.” 25 quod (ML) can = ut (CL). 26 Nominative absolute (ML). 27 “was engineered.” 2 aedificatum erat super quatuor rotas; super quod stabant plures milites, et Eurardus Venator 1 tubam fortiter sonans. Subter2 vero erant armati milites, qui deduxerunt castrum usque prope urbis murum iuxta turrim quamdam. Quod videns gens pagana, statim fecerunt instrumentum quo iactabant maximos lapides super castrum, ita ut pene nostros milites occiderent. Iaciebant quoque grecos ignes 3 super castrum, putantes illud ardere et devastari.4 Sed Deus omnipotens noluit ut castrum arderet hac vice.5 10.33.3 Supereminebat6 vero omnes muros civitatis. Milites igitur nostri qui erant in superiori solario,7 videlicet Willelmus de Monte Pislerio8 et alii multi, iactabant immensos lapides super illos qui stabant in muro urbis, et ita percutiebant eos super9 clipeos, ut clipeus et inimicus caderent deorsum in civitatem in mortem. Ita faciebant isti, alii vero tenebant in hastis honorabilia signa, 10 et cum11 lanceis et hamis12 ferreis putabant eos trahere ad se, et sic preliati sunt usque ad vesperam. Retro 13 castrum stabant presbyteri, clerici, sacris vestibus induti, orantes et obsecrantes Deum ut suum defenderet [Hill p. 79] populum, et Christianitatem exaltaret, ac paganismum deponeret.14 10.33.4 In alia vero parte certabant nostri milites cotidie cum illis, erigentes scalas ad murum urbis, sed virtus paganorum erat tanta, ut nichil proficere nostri possent. Tamen Gulferius de Daturre15 primus ascendit per scalam in murum, sed statim fuit fracta scala pro multitudine16 aliorum; tamen ascendit ipse cum aliquantis17 supra murum. Illi autem qui ascenderant, expediebant18 circa illos murum. Alii quoque invenerunt aliam scalam, erexeruntque eam festinanter ad murum, et ascenderunt per eam multi milites et pedites, statimque ascenderunt super murum. Saraceni igitur tam robuste invaserunt illos per murum et per terram, sagittando et spiculando comminus cum19 suis lanceis, ut multi ex nostris timore perterriti demitterent se per murum. Tamdiu vero illi prudentissimi viri qui remanserant in muro sufferebant illorum persecutionem, quamdiu20 alii qui subter21 castrum erant foderunt murum urbis. Videntes vero Saraceni quod nostri fodissent murum, statim timore perterriti inierunt fugam in civitatem. Hoc totum factum est in die sabbati ad horam vesperi occidente sole, undecima die intrante Decembri. 22 10.33.5 Boamundus igitur fecit per interpretem loqui Saracenis maioribus, ut ipsi cum suis mulieribus et infantibus aliisque substantiis mitterent se in unum palatium quod est supra portam, ipseque defenderet 23 eos de24 mortali sententia. Intraverunt vero omnes nostri in civitatem, et quicquid boni invenerunt in domibus et in foveis,25 hoc unusquisque ad suum continebat proprium.26 Facto [Hill p. 80] autem die, ———————————— 1 Everard the Huntsman. subter, adv. “underneath.” 3 “Greek fire.” The term was used for any kind of incendiary weapon, as well as the famous Byzantine weapon. 4 CL would be ardituros et devastaturos esse. 5 “this time.” 6 superēmineō, superēminēre “project over, be taller than”; the subject is the castrum. 7 sōlārium, (i)ī, n. “balcony.” 8 William of Montpellier. 9 “upon.” 10 i.e. there were pennants decorating the spears (so Hill, who says “I do not understand the significance of these spears.”) 11 “by means of”; this use of cum + abl. is rare in CL (OLD 11). 12 hāmus, ī, m. “hook.” 13 “behind”; retrō (normally an adverb) can be a preposition + acc. (OLD 2c). 14 dēpōnō, dēpōnere, dēposuī, dēpos(i)tum here “pull down, demolish” (OLD 4). 15 Geoffrey of Lastours (Lastours near Nexon, Haute-Vienne). 16 pro multitudinem (ML) = propter multitudinem (CL). 17 aliquantus, a, um “a certain number.” 18 expediō, expedīre, expedīvī or expediī, expedītum “disengage” (OLD 1), i.e. “clear” (with murum). 19 “by means of”; this use of cum + abl. is rare in CL (OLD 11). 20 here “until” (ML). 21 subter, adv. “underneath.” 22 11 December. 23 indirect statement, introduced by ut, which also introduced an indirect command (mitterent). 24 CL would be a mortali sententia. 25 fovea, ae, f. “pit” (CL), here “cellar.” 26 “kept for his own.” 2 ubicunque reperiebant quemquam illorum sive masculum sive feminam, occidebant. Nullus angulus civitatis deerat vacuus Saracenorum cadaveribus, vixque poterat aliquis per vias ire civitatis, nisi calcando1 super Saracenorum cadavera. Boamundus denique illos quos iusserat in palatium intrare apprehendit, illisque abstulit omnia quae habebant, videlicet aurum, argentum, aliaque ornamenta; alios vero fecit occidi, alios autem iussit conduci ad vendendum Antiochiae. 10.33.6 Mora autem Francorum fuit in illa urbe per unum mensem et quatuor dies; in qua fuit mortuus Oriensis episcopus.2 Fuerunt ibi ex nostris qui illic non invenerunt sicuti opus eis erat,3 tantum ex longa mora, quantum ex districtione famis, quia foris4 nequiverant aliquid invenire ad capiendum, sed scindebant corpora mortuorum, eo quod in ventribus eorum inveniebant bisanteos reconditos; alii vero caedebant carnes eorum per frusta,5 et coquebant ad manducandum. 10.34.1 Boamundus autem non potuit apud comitem Sancti Egidii concordari super id quod petebat,6 iratusque reversus est Antiochiam. Comes igitur Raimundus non diu moratus mandavit per suos legatos Antiochiae,7 duci Godefrido et Flandrensi comiti ac Rotberto Nortmanno et Boamundo, ut ipsi venirent ad Rugiam civitatem8 loqui cum eo. Veneruntque illuc omnes seniores feceruntque concilium quomodo honeste possent tenere viam Sancti Sepulchri, pro qua moti sunt et huc usque9 perventum sit. Nequiverunt concordare Boamundum cum Raimundo, nisi Raimundus comes redderet Antiochiam ei. Noluit comes ad hoc assentire, pro fiducia quam fecerat imperatori. Comites denique [Hill p. 81] et dux reversi sunt in Antiochiam una cum Boamundo. Comes vero Raimundus reversus est ad Marram,10 ubi peregrini erant. Mandavit quoque suis militibus honestare11 palatium, et castellum quod erat supra portam pontis civitatis. 10.34.2 Videns autem Raimundus quod nullus seniorum voluisset, causa eius, ire in viam Sancti Sepulchri, exivit nudis pedibus de Marra, decima tertia die intrante Ianuario,12 et pervenit usque Capharda,13 fuitque ibi per tres dies. Illic adiunxit se comes Normanniae comiti Raimundo. Rex autem Caesareae14 multotiens15 mandaverat per suos nuntios comiti Marrae et Caphardae quod cum eo pacem vellet habere, et de suo16 precium17 ei daret; et Christianos peregrinos diligeret, fiduciamque faceret quia, quantum continet eius18 imperium,19 peregrinis non esset offendiculum20; et mercatum de equis et de corporalibus alimentis daret gaudenter. ———————————— 1 calcō (1) “trample.” The Bishop of Orange. 3 “what they needed.” 4 i.e. outside the walls. 5 frustum, ī, n. “scrap of food” i.e. “slice, hunk.” 6 The details are given by Raimond d’Aguilers, 14, p. 270. The dispute was about when to proceed to Jerusalem. 7 I take Antiochae as locative; Raymond sent his message via legati who were in Antioch (presumably after travelling there). Hill translates as though Antiochae were dative, instead of accusative as we would expect in CL; in this case duci Godefrido ... Boamundo are datives parallel to Antiochae: “sent messengers to Antioch, asking Duke Godfrey ... and Bohemond to come and hold a conference with him at Riha.” 8 Riha. 9 “this far.” 10 Ma’arat. 11 honestō (1) “adorn” (OLD 3), here “fortify.” 12 January 13. 13 Kafartab. 14 i.e. the amir of Shaizar, Ali ibn Munqidh. 15 “frequently.” 16 “from his own resources.” 17 precium (ML) = pretium (CL), i.e. “indemnity.” 18 CL would be suum. 19 sc. eos, = peregrinos, i.e. “as long as they were in his territory.” 20 “the smallest offense.” 2 10.34.3 Exierunt autem nostri et venerunt hospitari iuxta Caesaream, super fluvium Farfar.1 Cumque vidisset rex Caesareae contubernium Francorum tam prope civitatem hospitatum esse, doluit animo, et iussit illis devetari2 mercatum, nisi discederent a civitatis confinio. Crastina vero die misit cum illis3 duos Turcos suos videlicet nuntios, qui eis monstrarent fluminis vadum,4 eosque conducerent ubi invenire possent ad capiendum.5 Denique venerunt in vallem quamdam subter quoddam castrum, ibique depredati sunt plus quam quinque animalium milia, et [Hill p. 82] satis frumenti atque alia bona, unde valde fuit refecta tota Christi militia. Tamen illud castrum6 reddidit se comiti, eique dedit equos et aurum purissimum; et iuraverunt sua lege7 quod peregrinis nil exinde fieret mali. Fuimusque ibi per quinque dies. 10.34.4 Egressi etenim8 inde, pervenimus gaudentes hospitari ad quoddam Arabum castrum. Exivit igitur dominus castri, et concordatus est cum comite. Exeuntes vero inde, pervenimus ad quamdam civitatem pulcherrimam et omnibus bonis refertam, in quadam valle sitam, nomine Kephaliam. 9 Habitatores vero illius, audientes Francos venisse, dimiserunt urbem, et ortos10 plenos oleribus11, et domos plenas alimentis corporalibus, et fugerunt. Tertia die egressi ab illa urbe, transivimus per altam et immensam montaneam, et intravimus in vallem de Sem;12 in qua erat maxima ubertas omnibus bonis; fuimusque ibi per dies fere quindecim. Hic prope nos erat quoddam castrum, in quo erat congregata maxima paganorum multitudo. Quod castrum aggressi sunt nostri, idque fortiter superassent, nisi Saraceni iactassent foras immensas turmas13 animalium.14 Reversi sunt nostri, deferentes omnia bona ad sua tentoria. 10.34.5 Summo autem diluculo collegerunt15 nostri suos papiliones, et venerunt obsidere idem16 castrum, ibique putabant extendere tentoria; sed gens pagana omnino dedit sese fugae, ac dimiserunt 17 castrum vacuum. Intrantes autem nostri invenerunt ibi omnem abundantiam frumenti, vini, farinae, olei, et quicquid eis opus erat. Illic devotissime celebravimus festivitatem purificationis sanctae Mariae, 18 [Hill p. [Hill p. 83] veneruntque illic nuntii de Camela civitate.19 Rex namque illius mandavit comiti equos, aurum,20 et pactus est cum eo quod21 Christianos nullomodo offenderet, sed eos diligeret et honoraret. Rex autem Tripolis22 mandavit comiti, quoniam cum eo fideliter pactum iniret et amicitiam haberet, si ei placeret, misitque illi equos decem et quatuor mulas et aurum. Sed comes ait nullomodo cum eo pacem se recipere, nisi ille Christianus efficeretur. ———————————— 1 The Orontes. “to be prohibited.” 3 i.e. with the Franks. 4 vadum, ī, n. “shallow water, ford.” 5 “that which they could plunder.” 6 i.e. the garrison. 7 “and swore on the Koran” (Hill). 8 “and”; in CL etenim means “‘and in fact.” 9 Kephalia, formerly called Raphania. 10 ortus (ML) = hortus (CL), “garden.” 11 (h)olus, eris, n. “vegetables.” 12 Probably al-Boukeia. 13 turma, ae, f. “troop, squadron” (of cavalry); here “herd.” 14 I assume this means that the saracens were handing over their animals as plunder, hoping the crusaders would not need to capture the stronghold. 15 colligō, colligere, collēgī, collectum “collect,” here “pack up.” 16 CL would be id. 17 the subject is gens pagana, treated here as if plural. 18 Candlemas, 2 February. 19 Modern Homs, which the Franks called “She-Camel”, i.e. La Chamelle (the reasons for this are not known). It was governed by Janah alDawla, atabek of Rudwan of Aleppo. 20 the conjunction is omitted. 21 quod (ML) can = ut (CL). 22 Tripoli was independent, ruled by Fakhr al-Mulk ibn Ammar. 2 10.34.6 Exeuntes autem de optima valle, pervenimus ad quoddam castrum quod dicitur Archae,1 in die lunae scilicet secunda feria mediante Februario;2 circa quod tentoria tetendimus. Quod castrum plenum erat innumerabili gente [Hill p. 84] paganorum, videlicet Turcorum, Saracenorum, Arabum, Publicanorum, et mirabiliter munierant castrum illud, et defendebant se fortiter. Tunc exeuntes quatuordecim ex nostris militibus, ierunt contra Tripolim urbem, quae erat secus3 nos. Isti quatuordecim invenerunt circa sexaginta Turcos, et alios quosdam; qui habebant ante se collectos homines, et animalia plus quam mille quingenta. Qui,4 signo crucis muniti, invaserunt eos, et Deo iuvante mirabiliter superaverunt illos, et occiderunt sex ex illis, apprehenderuntque sex equos. 10.34.7 De exercitu vero Raimundi comitis exierunt Raimundus Piletus,5 et Raimundus vicecomes de Tentoria,6 veneruntque ante Tortosam civitatem,7 et fortiter aggrediuntur illam. Quae nimis erat munita multitudine paganorum. Sero autem iam facto,8 secesserunt9 in quemdam angulum, ibique hospitati sunt10; feceruntque innumerabiles ignes, ita ut11 tota hostis esset ibi. Pagani vero timore perterriti nocte latenter fugerunt, et dimiserunt civitatem plenam omnibus bonis, quae etiam valde 12 optimum portum secus13 mare in se retinet. Crastina autem die venerunt nostri, ut undique invaderent illam inveneruntque illam vacuam. Et intrantes habitaverunt in ea usque dum obsessio esset 14 ante urbem Archae.15 Est prope istam alia urbs, quae dicitur Maraclea.16 Amiralius qui eam regebat pactus est cum nostris, et misit17 nostros in civitatem, nostraque vexilla. 10.35.1 Dux quoque Godefridus et Boamundus, Flandrensisque comes, venerunt usque ad Lichiam civitatem.18 Disseparavit enim se Boamundus19 ab eis, et reversus est Antiochiam. Illi vero venerunt, et obsederunt quandam urbem cui nomen Gibellum.20 Audiens itaque Raimundus comes de Sancto Egidio quod innumerabilis paganorum gens rueret super nos ad certum bellum, ilico consilium habuit cum suis ut mandet21 senioribus qui sunt in obsidione Gibelli, quatinus22 eis subvenirent. Quod illi audientes, statim pacti sunt cum amiralio, facientes pacem cum eo, et acceperunt equos, et aurum; dimiseruntque urbem, venientes ad nos in adiutorium; sed illi non venerunt ad bellum contra nos. Itaque comites predicti hospitati sunt ultra flumen, ibique obsederunt castrum illud.23 ———————————— 1 Arqa, on the coast, north-east of Tripoli. The second Monday in February. 3 “alongside.” 4 i.e. the fourteen Frankish knights. 5 Raymond Pilet. 6 Raymond, vicomte of Turenne. According to Hill the title vicecomes is not really translatable; it is a rank lower than that of count, but not equivalent to the English viscount. 7 Tortosa, a port to the north of Tripoli. 8 i.e. after nightfall. 9 The subject is the Franks. 10 “they encamped.” 11 “as though.” 12 in ML valde can modify a superlative and means simply “very.” 13 “alongside.” 14 CL would be indicative (the subjunctive with usque dum would suggest design or intention). 15 Arqa. 16 Marakia. 17 misit = admisit. 18 Laodicea, modern Latakia. 19 Note that Bohemond is no longer given the respectful titles and epithets as in the earlier narrative; scholars have inferred that our author is unhappy about Bohemond’s desertion of the march on Jerusalem. 20 Gibel, modern Djibleh. 21 CL would be imperfect subjunctive, in secondary sequence. 22 quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). 23 i.e. Arqa. 2 10.35.2 Non multo post equitaverunt nostri contra Tripolim, inveneruntque extra civitatem Turcos, Arabes, et Saracenos, [Hill p. 85] quos invaserunt nostri, et miserunt eos in fugam; et occiderunt maximam partem nobilium urbis. Tanta fuit paganorum occisio, et sanguinis effusio, ut etiam aqua, quae in civitate fluebat, videretur rubere et fluere in cisternas eorum, unde valde fuerunt tristes alii 1 dolentesque. Iam vero erant tanto timore perterriti, ut nullus eorum auderet exire extra civitatis portam. 10.35.3 Alia vero die equitaverunt nostri ultra de Sem, et invenerunt boves et oves et asinos, multaque animalia, camelos quoque depredati sunt fere tria milia.2 Obsedimus vero castrum supra dictum3 per tres menses, minus una die; ibique pascha Domini celebravimus IIII idus Aprilis.4 Naves quippe nostrae5 venerunt prope nos in quendam portum, quamdiu fuimus in illa obsidione deferentes maximum mercatum, scilicet frumentum, vinum et carnem et caseum, et ordeum6, et oleum, unde maxima ubertas fuit in tota expeditione.7 In illa denique obsidione feliciter acceperunt martyrium plures8 ex nostris, videlicet Anselmus de Riboatmont,9 Willelmus Picardus,10 et alii plures quos ignoro. Rex quoque Tripolis sepe nuntios mittebat senioribus ut dimitterent castrum, et cum eo concordarentur. Audientes itaque nostri hoc, scilicet dux Godefridus, et Raimundus comes Sancti Egidii, ac Rotbertus Normannus, Flandrensisque comes, videntesque novos fructus11 properasse, quia in medio Martio comedebamus novellas fabas12, medio quoque Aprili frumentum, consiliati sunt nostri, dicentes bonum valde esse Hierosolimitanum iter explere, cum novis fructibus. 10.36.1 Discessimus igitur a castro, et pervenimus Tripolim in sexta feria, XIIImo die intrante Maio,13 ibique [Hill p. 86] fuimus per tres dies. Tandem concordatus est rex Tripolis cum senioribus, illisque continuo dissoluit14 plus quam trecentos peregrinos, qui illic capti erant; deditque illis quindecim milia bisanteos, et quindecim equos magni precii.15 Dedit etiam nobis magnum mercatum equorum, asinorum, omniumque bonorum, unde nimis ditata est16 omnis Christi militia. Pactus est vero cum illis, quia si bellum, quod eis amiralius Babiloniae17 parabat, possent devincere, et Hierusalem apprehendere, ille Christianus efficeretur, terramque ab eis recognosceret.18 Atque tali modo factum est placitum.19 10.36.2 Nos autem discessimus ab urbe20 in secunda feria mensis Maii,21 transivimusque per viam artam et arduam tota die et nocte et pervenimus ad castrum cui nomen Bethelon; 22 deinde ad urbem quae dicitur Zebari23 secus24 mare, in qua passi sumus nimiam sitim, et sic defessi pervenimus ad flumen cui ———————————— 1 [I don’t quite understand the alii: some were tristes, and others were dolentes?] I have retained the standard text, but 3000 camels seems an impossible amount. Should we punctuate so that they took 3000 animals in all? i.e. invenerunt boves et oves et asinos, multaque animalia, camelos quoque; depredati s3unt fere tria milia. 3 i.e. Arqa. 4 April 10. 5 The Genoese fleet mentioned above as being at St. Simeon’s Port near Antioch. 6 hordeum (ordeum), ī, n. “barley.” 7 “in the whole army.” 8 “many.” 9 Anselm of Ribemont. 10 William the Picard. 11 fructus, ūs, m. “crops” (OLD 3), i.e. “harvest.” 12 faba, ae, f. “bean.” 13 Friday, May 13. 14 dissolvō, dissolvere, dissoluī, dissolūtum “set free” (OLD 3). 15 precii (ML) = pretii (CL). 16 dītō (1) “enrich” (CL), here “supply.” 17 Al-Afdal, the Fatamid commander in Egypt. 18 “he would acknowledge that (he held) his land as dependent on them.” 19 placitum, ī, n. here “agreement.” 20 Tripoli. 21 a Monday in May. 22 Bethelon, modern Batrun. 23 Gibelon, i.e. Byblos. 24 “alongside.” 2 nomen Braym.1 Deinde transivimus nocte ac die ascensionis Domini2 per montem, in quo est via nimis angusta, et illic putavimus inimicos insidiantes nobis invenire, sed Deo annuente nullus eorum audebat properare ante3 nos. Nostri denique milites, precedentes nos,4 liberaverunt ante nos viam illam, et applicuimus5 ad civitatem iuxta mare, quae dicitur Baruth,6 et inde venimus ad aliam urbem quae vocatur Sagitta,7 dehinc ad aliam, quae dicitur Sur,8 [Hill p. 87] et de Sur ad Acram civitatem.9 10.36.3 De Acra vero venimus ad castrum cui nomen Cayphas,10 ac deinceps hospitati sumus iuxta Caesaream,11 ibique celebravimus Pentecosten, tertia die exeunte Maio.12 Denique venimus ad urbem Ramola,13 quam Saraceni dimiserant vacuam propter metum Francorum. Iuxta quam erat honorabilis ecclesia in qua requievit preciosissimum sancti Georgii corpus, quia illic a perfidis paganis pro Christi nomine feliciter martyrium suscepit.14 Ibi consiliati sunt nostri maiores, ut illic eligerent episcopum,15 qui hanc custodiret et erigeret ecclesiam.16 Cui17 suas dederunt decimas,18 et auro argentoque ditaverunt, et equis ac animalibus aliis, quo devote et honeste viveret, cum illis qui cum eo essent. 10.37.1 Remansit19 ipse illic cum gaudio, nos autem letantes et exultantes, usque ad civitatem Hierusalem pervenimus feria tertia, VIII idus Iunii,20 eamque mirabiliter obsedimus. Rotbertus namque Normannus eam obsedit a septentrione,21 iuxta sancti Stephani prothomartyris ecclesiam,22 ubi lapidatus est pro nomine Christi. Iuxta Rotbertum, Flandrensis comes.23 Ab occidente vero obsedit eam dux Godefridus et Tancredus. A meridie obsedit eam comes Sancti Egidii, scilicet in monte Sion, circa24 ecclesiam sanctae Mariae matris Domini, ubi Dominus cum suis cenavit discipulis.25 10.37.2 Tertia vero die ex nostris,26 scilicet Raimundus Piletus27 et Raimundus de Taurina28 et alii plures, causa preliandi, [Hill p. 88] sequestraverunt se ab exercitu, inveneruntque bis centum Arabes, et ———————————— 1 The Nahr Ibrahim. Ascension Day, 19 May 1099. 3 ante (ML) = prope (CL). 4 According to Hill, some scholars take this to mean that our author had lost his horse and was no longer a proper knight (miles), but she takes it to mean simply “that Raymond sent out some of his own knights in the vanguard.” See also Morris, C. “The Use of the Anonymous Gesta Francorum as Narrative History.” Reading Medieval Studies 19 (1993): 55–71, 68. 5 “we arrived”; applicō (1) in CL can be used of ships and travellers by ship to mean “arrive at,” i.e. “put in at” or “land at” (OLD 2). 6 i.e. Beirut. 7 Ancient Sidon, modern Saida. 8 Tyre. 9 Acre. 10 Haifa. 11 i.e. Caesarea Maritima. 12 Whitsunday, 30 May. 13 Ramleh. 14 St. George was supposedly martyred at Nicomedia under Diocletian. The church discussed was at Lydda. It had been built by the time of Justinian, but had just been destroyed by the Saracens. See Edward Robinson and Eli Smith, Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea. Volume 3, 52-53. This association of the crusaders with St. George accounts for much of his later popularity. 15 Robert of Rouen. 16 i.e. qui hanc ecclesiam erigeret et custodiret. 17 CL will often use a relative pronoun as a connective; see AG § 308f. Translate, perhaps, “And they gave them” (literally “to whom they gave”). 18 “tithes.” 19 i.e. Robert of Rouen, the new bishop. 20 Tuesday, June 6. 21 “the north”; the singular form is ML; in CL septentriōnēs, um, m. pl. refers to the seven stars of the Big Dipper, and thus to the north. 22 The Church of (St.) Stephen the Protomartyr, outside the Damascus Gate. It was dedicated in 439 and rebuilt in the 19th century. For the stoning of Stephen see Acts 7:54-60 [which doesn’t give a location]. “Protomartyr” means first martyr, not a predecessor of the martyrs. 23 sc. obsedit eam. 24 circa (ML) = prope (CL). 25 i.e. the Church of St. Mary of Zion. It was in ruins at the time, but rebuilt by the crusaders. It was orginally associated with Pentecost, but came to be associated with the Last Supper in the 5th century. 26 ex nostris = aliqui ex nostris. 27 Raymond Pilet. 28 Raymond of Turenne. 2 preliati sunt Christi milites contra illos incredulos; et Deo adiuvante fortiter illos superaverunt, et occiderunt multos ex eis, et apprehenderunt triginta equos. Secunda vero veniente feria, 1 aggredimur fortissime civitatem, tam mirabiliter, ut si scalae fuissent paratae, in nostra fuisset civitas manu. Tamen minorem stravimus2 murum, et unam scalam ereximus ad maiorem murum. Super quam ascendebant nostri milites, et comminus percutiebant Saracenos suis ensibus et lanceis, et defensores civitatis. Fueruntque mortui multi ex nostris, sed plures ex illis. In illa autem obsidione panes ad emendum invenire non poteramus fere per spatium dierum decem, donec venit nuntius nostrarum navium.3 Et in nimia pressura sitis detenti fuimus, ita ut, per nimium terrorem et pavorem, per sex milia4 nostros potaremus5 equos, et alia animalia. Syloa6 namque7 fons, qui est ad radicem montis Syon, sustinebat nos; sed tamen cara8 vendebatur aqua inter nos. 10.37.3 Postquam enim9 venit nuntius nostrarum navium, acceperunt inter se nostri seniores consilium, quemadmodum mitterent milites qui fideliter custodirent homines et naves in portu Iaphie.10 Summo autem diluculo, exierunt centum milites de exercitu Raimundi, comitis Sancti Egidii, Raimundus Piletus et Achardus de Mommellou,11 et Willelmus de Sabra,12 et ibant cum fiducia13 ad portum. Diviserunt denique se triginta milites ex nostris ab aliis, et invenerunt septingentos Arabes et Turcos14 ac Saracenos de exercitu ammiravisi.15 Quos [Hill p. 89] invaserunt fortiter Christi milites, sed tam magna fuit virtus illorum super nostros16, ut undique circumcingerent illos. Et occiderunt Achardum de Mommellou, et pauperes homines pedites.17 10.37.4 Cum autem tenerent nostros iam inclusos, qui omnes putabant mori, venit aliis18 quidam nuntius, dicens Raimundo Pileto: “Quid hic astas19 cum his militibus? Ecce omnes nostri in nimia districtione Arabum et Turcorum ac Saracenorum sunt; et forsitan in hac hora omnes mortui sunt. Succurrite ergo illis, succurrite!” Audientes nostri haec, statim cucurrerunt celeri cursu, et festinanter pervenerunt usque ad illos preliando. Paganorum vero gens videns Christi milites, divisit se; et fecerunt duo agmina. Nostri autem, invocato Christi nomine, tam acriter invaserunt illos incredulos,20 ut quisque miles prosterneret suum.21 Videntes vero illi quod non possent stare ante22 Francorum fortitudinem, timore nimio perterriti, verterunt scapulas retro. Quos nostri persequentes fere per spatia quatuor milium, occiderunt multos ex eis, unumque retinuerunt vivum, qui nova23 eis per ordinem24 diceret; retinuerunt quoque centum et tres equos. ———————————— 1 On Monday, 13 June 1099. sternō, sternere, strāvī, strātum here “level, knock down, lay flat” (OLD 6). 3 “A Genoese fleet” (Hill). [Not the same one we’ve been talking about all this time?] 4 “after taking them to a place six miles away.” 5 “we watered.” 6 Siloam; this spring was local, but intermittent. 7 namque here = et. 8 nominative, with aqua. 9 “and” or “but”; in CL enim means “because, for.” 10 Jaffa. 11 Achard of Montmerle. 12 William of Sabran. 13 “confidently.” 14 Hill says it is unlikely that there were Turks in the Egyptian army, and that the word here means simply “enemies” [I would have thought it more likely that our author was simply wrong about the ethnicity of his enemies]. 15 “of the emir”; the more usual word is admiralius. 16 CL would be maior quam (virtus) nostrorum. 17 in ML nouns can be used as adjectives. 18 “from the others” [?]. 19 astō, astāre, astitī “stand waiting” (OLD 2). 20 incredulōs = paganos. 21 i.e. hostem suum. 22 CL would be contra. 23 “information.” 24 “as he was commanded to do” [?] 2 10.37.5 In eadem1 obsidione, tanta oppressione sitis fuimus gravati, ut sueremus2 coria boum et bufalorum, in quibus deferebamus aquas fere per spatium sex miliariorum. Ex illis quippe vasculis foetida utebamur aqua;3 et quantum4 ex olida5 aqua et ordeaceo6 pane in nimia districtione et afflictione eramus cotidie. Saraceni namque in cunctis fontibus et aquis latentes, insidiabantur nostris, eosque ubique occidebant et dilaniabant,7 animalia quoque secum in suas cavernas et speluncas deducebant. 10.38.1 Tunc seniores nostri ordinaverunt8 quomodo [Hill p. 90] ingeniare9 possent civitatem, ut, ad adorandum10 nostri Salvatoris intrarent Sepulchrum. Feceruntque duo lignea castra, et alia plura machinamenta.11 Dux Godefridus suum fecit castrum cum machinis, et Raimundus comes similiter; quibus12 de longinquis terris attrahebant ligna. Saraceni igitur videntes nostros facientes has machinas, mirabiliter muniebant civitatem, et turres nocte accrescebant. Videntes autem nostri seniores ex qua parte esset civitas magis languida,13 illuc in quadam nocte sabbati14 deportaverunt nostram machinam15 et ligneum castrum in orientalem partem.16 Summo autem diluculo erexerunt ea,17 et aptaverunt et ornaverunt castrum in prima et secunda ac tertia feria.18 Comes namque Sancti Egidii, a meridiana plaga19 reficiebat suam machinam. Interea in tanta pressura sitis fuimus districti, ut unus homo non posset pro uno denario20 ad sufficientiam habere aquam, aut exstinguere sitim suam. 10.38.2 Nocte vero ac die in quarta et quinta feria21 mirabiliter aggredimur civitatem, ex omni parte; sed antequam invaderemus eam, ordinaverunt episcopi et sacerdotes predicando 22 et commonendo omnes, ut processionem Deo in circuitu Hierusalem23 celebrarent, et orationes ac elemosinas et ieiunia fideliter facerent.24 Sexta vero feria25 summo mane26 undique aggredimur urbem, et nichil ei nocere potuimus, eramusque omnes stupefacti ac in nimio pavore. Appropinquante autem hora scilicet in qua Dominus noster Iesus Christus dignatus est27 pro nobis sufferre patibulum28 crucis,29 nostri milites fortiter ———————————— 1 CL would be ea. suō, suere, suī, sūtum “sew up.” 3 ūtor, ūtī, ūsus “employ, use” takes the ablative (CL). 4 quantum ... et (ML) = et ... et (CL). 5 olidus, a, um “stinking.” 6 hordeāceus (ordeācus), a, um “of barley.” 7 dīlaniō (1) “tear to pieces.” 8 ordinō (1) can mean “arrange” (OLD 3b); here it apparently means “discuss” (ML), and governs and indirect question introduced by quomodo (“how”). 9 “invent (a way to capture”; “attack with seige-engines” (Hill) 10 adorandum agrees with Sepulchrum 11 Such as battering-rams, catapults and ballistas (Hill); also ladders and special protective shields, see Rogers, R. Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century. Oxford, 1992. 12 “for which” (dative of purpose, AG § 382); the antecedent is suum ... castrum and the second siege-tower implied by similiter. 13 languidus, a, um “weak”. 14 9 July 1099. 15 [Hill translates simply “a machine,” but surely the implication is that the author was directly involved: “our machine.”] 16 Actually the eastern part of the northern wall 17 this seems to refer to the machinae and the castra. 18 i.e. on Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday. 19 plaga, ae, f. “an open expanse, tract” (OLD 1), here “side.” 20 ablative of price; rare in CL with pro. 21 i.e. on Wednesday and Thursday, 13-14 July 1099. 22 predicando (ML) = praedicando (CL). 23 Here genitive; Hebrew names are not usually declined in Latin. 24 The procession in fact took place earlier, on July 8. 25 i.e. on Friday, July 15.3 26 “First thing in the morning.” 27 dignor (1) “deign. 28 patibulum, ī, n. “gibbet. 29 i.e. “third hour” (Mark 15:25), i.e. between 9 and 12 AM. 2 pugnabant in castello,1 videlicet dux Godefridus, et comes Eustachius2 frater eius. Tunc ascendit quidam [Hill p. 91] miles ex nostris, Laetholdus3 nomine, super murum urbis. Mox vero ut4 ascendit, omnes defensores civitatis fugerunt per muros et per civitatem, nostrique subsecuti persequebantur eos occidendo et detruncando5 usque ad Templum Salomonis.6 Ibique talis occisio fuit, ut nostri in sanguine illorum7 pedes usque ad cavillas8 mitterent. 10.38.3 At Raimundus comes a meridie conduxit suum exercitum et castellum9 usque prope murum, sed inter castellum et murum erat quaedam fovea nimis profunda. Tunc consiliati sunt nostri ut implerent foveam, feceruntque preconari, ut si aliquis in illam foveam portasset tres petras, unum haberet denarium. Perduravit vero haec impletio per tres dies et noctes.10 Tandem, plena fovea, conduxerunt castellum iuxta murum. Illi autem qui intus erant mirabiliter preliabantur cum nostris, igne et lapidibus. Audiens itaque comes quod Franci11 essent in urbe, suis dixit hominibus: “Quid tardatis? Ecce omnes Francigenae12 iam sunt in urbe.” 10.38.4 Amiralius itaque qui erat in Turri David,13 reddidit14 se comiti,15 eique aperuit portam ubi peregrini persolvere solebant tributa.16 Intrantes autem nostri civitatem peregrini, persequebantur et occidebant Saracenos usque ad Templum Salomonis. In quo congregati, dederunt17 nostris maximum bellum18 per totum diem, ita ut sanguis illorum per totum templum flueret. Tandem superatis paganis, apprehenderunt nostri masculos et feminas sat19 in templo, et occiderunt quos voluerunt, et quos voluerunt retinuerunt vivos. Super Templum20 vero Salomonis erat maxima [Hill p. 92] paganorum congregatio utriusque sexus, quibus Tancredus et Gaston de Beert21 dederunt sua vexilla.22 10.38.5 Mox cucurrerunt23 per universam urbem, capientes aurum et argentum, equos et mulos, domosque plenas omnibus bonis. Venerunt autem omnes nostri, gaudentes et prae24 nimio gaudio plorantes, ad nostri Salvatoris Iesu sepulchrum adorandum, et reddiderunt ei capitale debitum.25 Mane autem facto ascenderunt nostri caute supra tectum templi, et invaserunt Saracenos masculos et feminas, ———————————— 1 in castello = in ligneo castro. Count Eustace the Third. 3 Lethold, from Tournai (Belgium). Our sources differ as to who was first on the wall. 4 “as soon as”; mox ut is not CL. 5 dētruncō (1) “cut pieces from, mutilate; decapitate”; presumably a rhetorical intensifier of occidendo, rather than a literal description. 6 Actually it was the famous Al-Aqsa Mosque (which survives), built in the 8th century inside the precincts of the original Temple of Solomon (and the Temple of Herod). 7 i.e. of the saracens 8 cavilla (ML) = talus, ī, m. (CL), “ankle.” 9 i.e. the siege tower. 10 Our author must be taking us back in time, describing the preparations made by Raymond prior to the assault of the Provençal contingent. 11 i.e. Duke Godfrey and his men. 12 [Does this perhaps mean the northern French?] 13 An extremely strong tower, still standing, built into the city wall to the west, near the Jaffa Gate. Although the crusaders called it the Tower of David, it was originally called Phasael’s Tower, and it is apparently called that now. The modern “Tower of David” is a minaret. See Boas, Adrian J. Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East. London and New York, 1999, 17 and plate 2.1. 14 reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum here “surrender” (OLD 11) 15 to Count Raymond. 16 The gate to the Jaffa road. 17 sc. Saraceni. 18 bellum, ī, n. here “battle” (OLD 3) 19 sat is a CL abbreviation of satis. The meaning here, “in sufficient numbers,” i.e. “in great quantity” is ML. 20 i.e. on the roof. 21 Gaston of Bearn. 22 As a sign that their surrender was accepted. 23 the Franks in general. 24 “because of.” 25 “they fulfilled their vows to Him” (Hill); literally “they returned a very important that was owed.” 2 decollantes1 eos nudis ensibus.2 Alii vero dabant se precipites e templo.3 Hoc videns Tancredus iratus est nimis.4 10.39.1 Tunc nostri tenuerunt concilium, ut unusquisque faceret elemosinas, cum orationibus quatinus5 sibi Deus eligeret quem vellet regnare super alios et regere civitatem. Iusserunt quoque Saracenos mortuos omnes eici foras, prae6 nimio foetore; quia omnis urbs fere plena erat illorum cadaveribus. Et vivi Saraceni trahebant mortuos ante portarum exitus, et ordinabant montes ex eis, quasi essent domos. 7 Tales occisiones de paganorum gente nullus unquam audivit nec vidit; quoniam pyrae8 erant ordinatae ex eis sicut metae,9 et nemo scit numerum eorum nisi solus Deus. Fecit vero comes Raimundus conduci amiralium et alios qui cum eo erant, usque Scalonam,10 sanos et illaesos. 10.39.2 Octavo autem die quo11 civitas fuit capta,12 elegerunt ducem Godefridum principem civitatis,13 qui debellaret14 [Hill p. 93] paganos et custodiret Christianos.15 Similiter elegerunt patriarcham sapientissimum et honorabilem virum nomine Arnulfum,16 in die sancti Petri ad Vincula.17 Haec civitas fuit capta a Christianis Dei XV die Iulii, in sexta feria.18 10.39.3 Interea nuntius venit Tancredo et comiti Eustachio, ut prepararent se et pergerent ad recipiendam Neopolitanam urbem.19 Exierunt illi et duxerunt secum multos milites et pedones, et pervenerunt ad urbem. Habitatores vero illius reddiderunt se ilico. Denuo20 mandavit illis dux,21 ut cito venirent ad bellum22 quod nobis23 ammiravisus Babyloniae preparat urbi Scalonae.24 Illi autem festinando intraverunt montaneam quaerentes Saracenorum bella, et venerunt Caesaream. Itaque venientes illi iuxta mare ad urbem Ramole,25 illic invenerunt multos Arabes, qui precursores26 erant belli. Quos nostri persequentes, apprehenderunt plures ex eis, qui dixerunt omnia belli nova,27 ubi essent et quot essent, aut ubi bellare disponerent28 contra Christianos. ———————————— 1 decollō (1) “behead”; presumably here just “slay.” “with drawn swords” (Hill). The qualification seems unnecessary. 3 praeceps, praecipitis, adj. “plunging head-foremost.” 4 “The Author is clearly unaware of any incongruity in this passage” (Hill). But as Russo notes, Tancred had given his standard and taken them under his protection, so their murder was both a personal insult and a financial loss, since he could otherwise have held them for ransome or sold them into slavery. 5 quainus (ML) = ut (CL), here depending on orationibus: everyone was to pray for God’s guidance. 6 “because of.” 7 Unless domos is ML for domūs (acc. pl.), the accusative must be by attraction to montes, though this is not CL 8 pyra, ae, f. “funeral pyre.” 9 mēta, ae, f. “cone”; here “pyramid” (Hill). 10 Ascalon, modern Ashkelon, on the southern coast of Israel. 11 quo (ML) = ex quo (CL). 12 22 July 1099. 13 It has long been thought that his title was “Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre,” but Rubenstein argues that he must have been king. Medieval writers offered different explanations for his refusal of a crown; see Ferrier, L. “La Couronne Refusée de Godefroy de Bouillon: Eschatologie et Humiliation de la Majesté Aux Premier Temps Du Royaume Latin de Jerusalem.” In Le Concile de Clermont de 1095 et l’Appel à la Croisade, 245–65. Rome, 1997. 14 relative clause of purpose 15 A relative clause of purpose (CL). 16 Arnulf of Chocques. He was the chaplain of Robert, Duke of Normandy. According to Raymond of Agiluilers (PL 155, 661) he had behaved so badly on the crusade that rude songs were written about him. 17 the Feast of St. Peter’s Chains, 1 August 1099. 18 July 15, 1099, a Friday. 19 Nablus, in the Occupied Territories. 20 “then”; in CL denuo means “again, once more.” 21 Duke Godfrey. 22 bellum, ī, n. can mean “military force,” i.e. “army” (OLD 8). 23 dative of disadvantage. 24 Ascalon; probably locative, as in 10.39.4, with urbi in apposition; in CL the locative is used only for names of cities and small islands, and (only) domus, rus, and humus. 25 Ramleh. 26 i.e. they were an advance party of scouts. 27 “news” (Hill); Du Cange Equiti qui portavit nova matrimonii domini dalphini, from a 15th century source. 2 10.39.4 Quod audiens Tancredus statim misit nuntium Hierusalem duci Godefrido et patriarchae, omnibusque principibus dicens: “Sciatis quod nobis paratum est bellum Scalonae. Venite ergo festinanter cum omni virtute quam habere poteritis!” Tunc iussit dux summoneri omnes, ut fideliter irent preparati Scalonam, obviam inimicis nostris. Ipse vero cum patriarcha et Rotberto Flandrensi comite exivit de urbe in feria tertia,2 et Marturanensis episcopus3 [Hill p. 94] cum eis. Comes vero Sancti Egidii ac Rotbertus Nortmannus dixerunt se non exituros, nisi certum bellum scirent. Iusserunt ergo militibus suis, ut pergerent videre si bellum vere esset; et reverterentur quantocius,4 quia5 ipsi mox essent parati ire. Ierunt illi, videruntque bellum, et cito renuntiaverunt se vidisse oculis suis. Continuo dux, apprehenso6 Marturanensi episcopo, mandavit7 Hierusalem, quo milites qui ibi erant preparent se et veniant8 ad bellum. 10.39.5 Quarta vero feria,9 illi principes exierunt, et militaverunt10 ad bellum. Episcopus vero Marturanensis rediit, reportans verba missa patriarchae et duci, exieruntque Saraceni obviam11 ei, et apprehensum secum duxerunt.12 Petrus vero Heremita remansit Hierusalem, ordinando et precipiendo Grecis et Latinis atque clericis,13 ut fideliter Deo processionem celebrarent, et orationes elemosinasque facerent, ut Deus populo suo victoriam daret.14 Clerici et presbyteri, induti sacris vestibus ad Templum Domini,15 conduxere16 processionem, missas17 et orationes decantantes, ut suum defenderet populum. 10.39.6 Denique patriarcha et episcopi aliique seniores congregati sunt ad flumen, quod est ex hac parte Scalonae.18 Illic multa animalia, boum, camelorum, ovium, atque omnium bonorum19 depredati sunt.20 Venerunt autem Arabes fere trecenti, irrueruntque nostri super illos et apprehenderunt duos ex eis, persequentes alios usque ad eorum exercitum. Sero autem facto, patriarcha fecit preconari per omnem hostem, ut in summo mane cras essent omnes parati ad bellum, excommunicans ne ullus [Hill p. 95] homo intenderet21 ad ulla spolia, donec bellum esset factum; sed eo facto reverterentur 22 cum felici gaudio ad capiendum quicquid eis23 predestinatum esset a Domino. 28 dispōnō, dispōnere, disposuī, dispositum here “arrange, ordain, prescribe” (OLD 6), i.e. “plan.” In CL dispono is transitive. i.e. Tuesday, 9. August 1099. 3 i.e. Arnulf, the bishop of Martirano, in S. Italy; not to be confused with the new Patriarch of Jerusalem. 4 “as quickly as possible.” 5 quia is the reading suggested by Lees, and it seems right. Explaining Hill’s qui is not easy: is the antecedent milites? Or possibly an unexpresssed illis, i.e. Comes Sancti Egidii ac Rotbertus Normannus? Russo: “nonché di ritornare quanto prima per essere subito pronti a partire.” 6 apprehendō, apprehendere, apprehendī, apprehensum “lay hold of” (OLD 1); here “summon.” 7 sc. eum, i.e. the bishop. 8 CL would be imperfect subjunctive, in secondary sequence. 9 i.e. Wednesday. 10 mīlitō can mean “wage war” (LS; not in OLD); in ML it can mean “ride out” (Venarde). 11 obviam + dat. can mean “so as to meet,” sometimes as here “with hostile intent” (OLD 1b). 12 The fate of Arnulf is unknown. 13 “all the Greek and Latin priests and the clerks” (Hill). [As though the text read Grecis et Latinis <presbyteris> atque clericis.] 14 On the role of Peter see Flori, Jean. Pierre l’Ermite et la Première Croisade. Paris, 1999, 467-73. 15 Either The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Bréhier, Hill) or the Mosque of Omar, recently transformed into a church (Russo). 16 conduxere = conduxerunt. 17 missa, ae, f. “mass, Holy Comunion” (LL). 18 “on this side of Ascalon”; I can’t discover what “river” is meant. 19 These genitives (boum ... omnium bonorum) are not easy to explain; perhaps a creative use of the genitive of material (AG § 344) or genitive of specification, depending on multa (AG § 349d). Or perhaps there the genitives are all thought to depend on depredati sunt, after first construing the verb with a direct object (multa animalia). 20 dēpraedor (1) “plunder, pillage.” 21 intendō, intendere, intendī, intentum “turn to, direct one’s attention to” (OLD 11); subjunctive perhaps with a verb of hindering, see AG § 558b, or in informal indirect discourse (on which see next note). 22 subjunctive perhaps in informal indirect discourse, when the subordinate clause “expresses the thought of some other person than the writer or speaker” (AG § 592). 23 CL would be sibi. 2 10.39.7 Summo vero diluculo in sexta feria1 intraverunt in vallem nimis pulchram secus2 litus maris, in qua suas ordinaverunt acies. Dux instruxit suam aciem, et comes Nortmanniae suam, comes Sancti Egidii suam, comes Flandrensis suam, comes Eustachius suam, Tancredus et Gaston suam. Ordinaverunt quoque pedites et sagittarios qui precederent milites; et sic ordinaverunt omnia, statimque coeperunt militare in nomine domini Iesu Christi. In sinistra vero parte fuit dux Godefridus cum sua acie; comesque Sancti Egidii equitavit iuxta mare in dextera parte, comes Nortmanniae et comes Flandrensis et Tancredus omnesque alii equitabant in medio. Tunc nostri coeperunt paulatim ambulare. Pagani vero stabant parati ad bellum. Vnusquisque suum habebat vasculum3 pendens collo,4 ex quibus potarent5 persequentes nos; sed illis non licuit, gratia Dei. 10.39.8 Comes autem de Nortmannia cernens ammiravissi stantarum6 habere quoddam pomum7 aureum in summitate hastae, quae8 erat cooperta argento, ruit vehementer super illum9, eumque vulneravit usque ad mortem. Ex alia parte, comes Flandrensis nimis acriter illos invasit. Tancredus igitur impetum fecit per medium tentoriorum eorum. Quod videntes pagani, continuo inierunt fugam. Paganorum multitudo erat innumerabilis, numerumque eorum nemo scit nisi solus Deus. [Hill p. 96] Bella10 vero erant immensa; sed virtus divina comitabatur11 nobiscum12 tam magna, tam fortis, quod13 statim superavimus illos. Stabant autem inimici Dei excecati14 et stupefacti, ac, videntes Christi milites apertis oculis, nil videbant, et contra Christianos erigere se non audebant, virtute Dei tremefacti. Pro nimio timore ascendebant in arbores, in quibus putabant se abscondere; at nostri sagittando et cum lanceis et ensibus15 occidendo eos ad terram precipitabant.16 Alii autem iactabant se in terram, non audentes erigere se contra nos. Nostri igitur illos detruncabant,17 sicut aliquis detruncat animalia ad macellum.18 Comes Sancti Egidii iuxta mare occidit ex eis sine numero19. Alii vero se precipitabant in mare, alii fugiebant huc illucque. 10.39.9 Veniens itaque ammiravissus ante20 civitatem, dolens et maerens, lacrimando dixit: “O deorum spiritus, quis unquam vidit vel audivit talia? Tanta potestas, tanta virtus, tanta militia, quae nunquam ab ulla gente fuit superata, modo a tantilla21 gente Christianorum est devicta! Heu mihi, tristis ac dolens, quid amplius dicam? Superatus sum a gente mendica,22 inermi et pauperrima; quae non habet nisi ———————————— 1 i.e. on Friday, 12 August 1099. “alongside.” 3 vasculum, ī, n. “small vessel, container.” 4 pendeo + ablative poetic in CL. 5 The singular subject unusquisque is treated as plural. It seems odd to describe canteens (as it were) as intended only for the pursuit of enemies. 6 “standard”; Niemeyer sv. stantarius (adj.). 7 pōmum, ī, n. “fruit” (OLD 2), usually translated “apple.” 8 the antecedent is presumably hastae: the spear had a golden apple on its tip, but was itself covered in silver. 9 CL would be in illum. 10 For bellum rather than (CL) proelium see above; the plural seems odd here. 11 comitor (1) here “guard, escort” (OLD 2). 12 CL would be virtus divina, quae comitabatur nobiscum. 13 quod (ML) can = ut (CL). 14 excaecō (1), “blind, deprive of sight.” 15 “by means of”; this use of cum + abl. is rare in CL (OLD 11). 16 praecipitō (1) “cause to fall, hurl down” (OLD 1). 17 dētruncō (1) “behead” (OLD 1). 18 macellum, ī, m. “provision-market,” here “butcher-shop.” Bruce Venarde observes that decapitation would be the normal way for a butcher to drain the blood from a carcass. 19 “countless numbers of them”; sine numero here is used as a substantive. 20 CL would normally be ad civitatem. 21 tantillus, a, um “so small, so tiny.” 22 mendīcus, a, um “destitute.” 2 saccum1 et peram.2 Ipsa3 modo persequitur gentem Aegiptiacam, quae4 illi5 plerumque6 suas largita est7 elemosinas, dum8 olim per omnem nostram patriam mendicarent.9 Huc conduxi ad conventionem10 ducenta milia militum, et video ipsos, laxis frenis11, fugientes per viam Babylonicam,12 et non audent reverti adversus gentem Francigenam. Iuro per Machumet et per omnia deorum numina, quod ulterius non retinebo milites conventione13 aliqua, quia expulsus sum a gente [Hill p. 97] advena. Conduxi omnia armorum genera et omnia machinamenta, ut eos obsiderem in Hierusalem, et ipsi prevenerunt me ad bellum14 itinere dierum duorum.15 Heu michi, quid amplius dicam? Inhonoratus ero semper in terra Babilonica.” 10.39.10 Nostri autem acceperunt eius stantarum,16 quod comparavit17 comes de Nortmannia viginti marchas argenti,18 et dedit patriarchae in19 Dei honorem Sanctique Sepulchri. Ensem vero emit quidam sexaginta bisanteis.20 Superati sunt itaque inimici nostri, Deo annuente. 10.39.11 Omnes naves terrarum paganorum ibi aderant. Homines vero qui intus erant, videntes ammiravisum fugientem cum suo exercitu, statim suspenderunt vela, et impulerunt se in alta maria. Reversi sunt nostri ad tentoria eorum, acceperuntque innumera spolia auri, argenti, omniumque bonorum; omniumque animalium genera, ac omnium armorum instrumenta. Quae voluerunt asportarunt, reliqua igne consumpserunt. 10.39.12 Reversi sunt nostri cum gaudio Hierusalem, deferentes secum omnia bona, quae illis erant necessaria. Hoc bellum actum est pridie idus Augusti,21 largiente haec domino nostro Iesu Christo, cui est honor et gloria nunc et semper et in secula seculorum. Dicat omnis spiritus:22 Amen. INCIPIT DESCRIPTIO SANCTORVM LOCORVM HIERVSALEM23 1. [Hill p. 98] Si quis ab occidentalibus partibus Hierusalem adire voluerit, solis ortum semper teneat, et Hierosolimitani loci oratoria24 ita inveniet, sicut hic notatur. In Hierusalem est cubiculum uno lapide coopertum, ubi Salomon Sapientiam25 scripsit. Et ibi inter templum et altare in marmore ante ———————————— saccus, ī, m. “bag.” pēra, ae, f. “satchel” (an shoulder bag for carrying provisions). [Hill translates “scrip”; is that a technical term for a beggar’s bag unknown to the OED?] The bag and the satchel were typically carried by pilgrims. 3 i.e. the gens mendica, inermis et pauperrima (the Christians). 4 the antecedent is gens Aegipictica. 5 again, the gens mendica, inermis et pauperrima. 6 plērumque, adv. here “often” (OLD 2). 7 largior, largīrī, largītus “bestow.” 8 “when, back when”; in CL dum often mean “although.” 9 the subject is, again, the gens mendica, here taken as plural in a constructio ad sensum. 10 i.e. “battle.” 11 “dropping the reins” i.e. “at full gallop”; ablative of attendant circumstance. 12 i.e. the road to Cairo. 13 If conventio has the same meaning as in the previous sentence this should mean “by any army,” or perhaps “in any army.” 14 “they have attacked me.” 15 “two days march from the city.” 16 “standard.” 17 comparō (1) “acquire” (OLD 6). 18 accusative of price, rare in CL. A silver mark was roughly equivalent to a pound. 19 “for”; in + acc. to express purpose (ML). 20 ablative of price. bisanteis = bisanteis nummis. 21 12 August, 1099. 22 spiritus, ūs, m. “spirit, soul” (OLD 4). 23 What follows is not strictly part of the Gesta Francorum, but is included in two manuscripts. It is not certain that it was written by our author, but note Hill: “Its inclusion suggests, although it does not prove, that the Author completed his pilgrimage. He certainly deserved to do so.” 24 “stations for prayer” (Hill). 25 The Book of Wisdom. 1 2 aram sanguis Zachariae fusus est. Inde non longe est lapis, ad quem per singulos annos Iudaei veniunt, et unguentes eum lamentantur, et sic cum gemitu redeunt. Ibi est domus Ezechiae1 regis ruda, cui ter quinos annos Deus addidit. Deinde est domus Caiphae, et columna ad quam Christus ligatus flagellis caesus fuit. Ad portam Neapolitanam2 est pretorium3 Pilati, ubi Christus a principibus sacerdotum iudicatus fuit. Inde non procul est Golgotha, id est calvariae locus, ubi Christus Dei filius crucifixus est, et ibi primus Adam sepultus fuit, ibique Abraham Deo sacrificavit. 2. Inde, quasi ad magni lapidis iactum,4 versus occidentem, locus est ubi Ioseph ab Arimathia domini Iesu corpus sanctum sepelivit; ibique est ecclesia a Constantino rege speciose fabricata. A monte Calvariae sunt XIII pedes usque ad medium mundum5 contra occidentem. A sinistra parte [Hill p. 99] est carcer, ubi Christus fuit carceratus. In dextera parte sepulchri prope est monasterium Latinum in honore sanctae Mariae Virginis, ubi eiusdem domus fuit. Ibi altare est in eodem monasterio, ibique stabat Maria mater virgo, et cum ea soror matris eius Maria Cleophe,6 et Maria Magdalene, flentes dolentesque in cruce positum Dominum videntes. Ibi dixit Iesus matri: “Mulier, ecce filius tuus”; discipulo,7 “Ecce mater tua.” 4. Ab hoc loco quantum potest arcus bis mittere sagittam, in orientali parte est Templum Domini a Salomone factum, in quo a iusto Symeone presentatus est Christus. In dextera parte huius templi, Salomon templum suum aedificavit, et, inter utrumque templum, porticum8 speciosam struxit columnis marmoreis. In sinistra parte probatica9 piscina10 est. Inde contra orientem quasi ad mille passus mons Oliveti conspicitur, ubi dominus Iesus ad patrem oravit dicens: “Pater, si fieri potest,” et reliqua. 11 Et in lapide Pater Noster12 scripsit; et inde ascendit in celum, dicens discipulis: “Ite docete omnes gentes,” et reliqua.13 Inter Templum Domini et montem Oliveti est vallis Iosaphath,14 ubi virgo Maria ab apostolis sepulta fuit. In qua valle mundum iudicaturus veniet Dominus.15 5. Ibi prope est villa16 quae dicitur Gethsemani, ibique prope est ortus17 trans torrentem Cedron, ubi Iudas Iesum tradidit. Inde prope est sepulchrum Isaiae prophetae. Inde ad mille passus Bethania, 18 ubi Lazarus quatriduanus19 resuscitatus est. In eadem parte contra [Hill p. 100] Iericho ad milia XVIIII est arbor sicomorus, in quam Zacheus ascendit, ut videret Iesum. In alia parte ad mille passus de Iericho est fons Helisei,20 ab ipso benedictus commixtione salis. Inde ad V milia est fluvius Iordanis, in quo Dominus a Iohanne baptizatus est, ab Hierusalem distans VIII leugis.21 Inde non longe est mons unde Helias22 raptus est. ———————————— 1 Hezekiah. the Nablus gate. 3 praetōrium, (i)ī, n. “headquarters.” 4 i.e. a “stone’s throw away”; but it seems odd to specify a big stone. 5 “the navel of the world” [??] 6 Mary the wife of Cleophas. 7 i.e. St. John. John 19:26-27. 8 porticus, ūs, f. “portico, colonnade.” 9 “of testing,” with piscina. 10 “the Pool of Testing.” 11 Matt. 26:39. 12 The Lord’s Prayer. 13 Matt. 28:19. 14 the Valley of Jehoshaphat. 15 [I didn’t know it would happen in one particular place. This presumably supports Jay Rubenstein’s argument about the apocalyptic nature of the First Crusade.] 16 “village.” 17 ortus (ML) = hortus (CL). 18 Bethany. 19 “on the fourth day.” 20 the spring of Elisha. 21 “leagues.” 22 Elijah. 2 5. A Iordane est via XVIII dierum usque ad montem Synai; ubi Deus Moysi in igne rubi apparuit, eique legem dedit; ibique est ydria1 magna, quae indeficiens oleum parturit. Mons Thabor2 distat ab Hierusalem itinere trium dierum, ubi Dominus transfiguratus est. In cuius montis pede dicitur esse Galilea et mare Tyberiadis,3 quod non est mare sed stagnum,4 de quo Iordanis egreditur. In dextera parte urbis Hierusalem contra meridiem extra murum quantum potest arcus iacere, est mons Syon; ibique est ecclesia a Salomone facta. Ibi Iesus caenavit 5 cum discipulis ante passionem, ibique eos Spiritu Sancto replevit; ibi etiam virgo Maria migravit a saeculo, et spiritum reddidit, cuius corpus sanctissimum apostoli in vallem Iosaphat transtulerunt. 6. In cuius montis pede contra meridiem est fons Syloa,6 subito egrediens e terra. Inde non longe est Sychem,7 ubi Ioseph veniens de valle Ebron8 quaesivit fratres. Ibi est villa quam dedit Iacob Ioseph filio suo; ibique requiescit corpus eius. Inde ad mille passus9 est Sychar, ubi Dominus mulieri Samaritanae locutus est. Inde non longe est locus ubi luctatus est angelus cum Iacob. Ibi Bethleem est, civitas David, [Hill p. 101] ubi Christus natus est, distans ab Hierusalem quattuor milibus contra meridiem; ibique est ecclesia marmoreis columnis aedificata, in qua est locus ubi Christus natus est. Non procul hinc in dextera parte est Domini presepe.10 Inde ad XII milia est castellum Abraham, quod dicitur Tocor, ubi ipse Abraham et Isaac et Iacob sepulti sunt cum uxoribus suis. In sinistra parte est mons Dominus Vidit,11 ibique locus est ubi Abraham immolare filium voluit.12 Explicit Itinerarium Hierosolimitanorum. ———————————— 1 ydria (ML) = hydria, ae, f. (CL), “water-pot.” Mount Tabor. 3 the Sea of Tiberias. 4 stāgnum, ī, n. “lagoon” (OLD 1), here “lake.” 5 caenavit (ML) = cenavit (CL). 6 the Pool of Siloam. 7 Sychar. 8 Hebron. 9 passus, ūs, m. “pace.” 10 presepe (ML) = praesēpe, is, n. “stall for cattle, manger.” 11 Mount “The Lord Sees.” 12 “was willing.” 2