Force Field Analysis

FORCE FIELD ANALYSISFailures Mode and Effects Analysis • Requires a thorough knowledge of – functions of the components – contribution of those components to function of the system • For every failure mode at a low level, failure consequences are analysed at – the local level – the system level Failures Mode and Effects Analysis • design-FMEA for design reviews – – – – – – – – – – – definition and limiting of the system choice of complexity level check of component functions check of system functions identification of possible failure modes identification of consequences of failures possibility of failure detection and failure localisation assessment of seriousness of failure identification of failure causes interdependence of failures documentation FMECA Failure Mode.a.Failures Mode and Effects Analysis • quantitative design-FMEA a.k. Effects and Criticality Analysis – consider every component – quantify and rank different failure modes • F = probability of failure • A = seriousness (consequences of failure) • U = probability of detection – subjective judgements on a scale of 1-5 or 1-10 – Product (F*A*U) = Risk Priority Number (RPN) . FMEA may be supplemented by Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) .Failures Mode and Effects Analysis • Process-FMEA for – pre-production engineering – design of process control – process improvement • FMEA is efficient where component failure leads directly to system failure • for more complex failures. BJ Fussell and WE Vesely • initially at Bell Telephone Laboratories then North American Space Industry . HA Watson.Fault Tree Analysis • Logical chart of occurrences to illustrate cause and effects • developed by DF Haasl. Fault Tree Analysis • Common symbols used 1 – main event – basic event – incompletely analysed event – restriction . Fault Tree Analysis • Common symbols used 2 – or-gate – and-gate + 1 & – transfer to or from another place . Kurt Lewin [1890 .1947] Kurt Lewin was an American psychologist and having contributed to science group dynamics & action research. but perhaps he is being well known for developing force field analysis . Lewin’s Three-Step Model of Lewin Organizational Change Force field analysis is a management technique developed by Kurt Lewin. a pioneer in the field of social sciences. Lewin assumes that in any situation there are both driving and restraining forces that influence any change that may occur:  Driving Forces  Restraining Forces  Equilibrium . for diagnosing situations. Favor & Against Change Force Field Analysis is a useful technique for looking at all the forces for and against a decision. . and reduce the impact of opposition to it.Understanding the Pressures for.. By carrying out the analysis you can plan to strengthen the forces supporting a decision. it is a specialized method of weighing pros and cons. In effect. Purpose . Defining Concept of “Field”…… • For Kurt Lewin behavior was determined by totality of an individual’s situation. within which people acted had to be viewed. school and church). work. or ‘life space’. in order to understand behavior. a ‘field’ is defined as ‘the totality of coexisting facts which are conceived of as mutually interdependent’. Individuals participate in a series of life spaces (such as the family. • Individuals were seen to behave differently according to the way in which tensions between perceptions of the self and of the environment were worked through. • In his field theory. and these were constructed under the influence of various force vectors (Lewin 1952). The whole psychological field. . Within this individuals and groups could be seen in topological terms (using maplike representations). . It is a creative activity that can be used by needs analysts as they focus on solutions which will help an organization make a transformation from the ‘current (problem) state’ to the ‘desired (solved) state’ as they identify interventions to improve performance. • Assess the causes of performance problems or inhibitors to business opportunities. • Help analyze and prioritize solutions to problems or areas needing improvement.Analytical Purpose FFA is an analysis technique to identify forces that either drive or restrain planned change aimed at solving a problem in an organization. . • Evaluate the relative strength of forces that affect alternative solutions to performance problems or business opportunities. FFA can be used to: • Identify the forces which support change as well as those which will act against it. .Field Force Process is … • Unfreezing--melting away resistance • Change--departure from the status quo • Refreezing--change becomes routine WHY TO USE? Force-field analysis focuses our attention on ways of reducing the hindering forces and encouraging the positive ones. Step 3. management. such as morale. force-field analysis is especially helpful in defining more subjective issues. What is behind each factor? What works to balance the situation? . and work climate. It can be used to study existing problems. How to Use It: Step 1. Brainstorm the positive and negative forces. Review and clarify each force or factor. In problem analysis. or to anticipate and plan more effectively for implementing change.When to Use It: It helps team members to view each case as two sets of off setting factors. effectiveness. Step 2. State the problem or desired state and make sure that all team members understand. All rights reserved. . Inc.Force-field Model of Change Desired state Restraining forces Status quo Driving forces Time McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. How to Carry it . • Draw a diagram showing the forces for and against.To carry out a force field analysis. Carrying Out a Force Field Analysis: • Assign a score to each force. . and all forces against change in another column. from 1 (weak) to 5 (strong). and the size of the forces. follow the following steps: • List all forces for change in one column. persons. customs. network) to visualize the forces that may work in favor and against change initiatives.both drive and restrain change. project. habits.DIAGRAM Force Field Diagram A model built on this idea that forces . attitudes . It can be used at any level (personal. . The diagram helps its user picture the "tug-of-war" between forces around a given issue. organizational. . F.A .Example for F. • The Force Field Analysis is a method to: Investigate the Balance of Power involved in issue Identify the most important player (Stake holder) & target group for the campaign on the issue Identify opponents and Allies Identify how to influence each target group . .  List all the forces driving change toward the desired situation .  Describe the desired situation .  Identify where the current situation will go if no action is taken .  Discuss and interrogate all of the forces: are they valid? .HOW TO CONDUCT: Following steps are taken:  Describe the current situation .  List all the forces resisting change toward the desired situation . just good listening skills and the ability to capture comments and help the group to distill them into an action plan that minimizes/ removes the negative forces and maximizes the positive forces. . Materials required: A flip chart and pens are required. You can also use 'post-it' notes instead of arrows and use a brainstorming technique such as a nominal group to derive a comprehensive list of forces before as a group posting them to a main board for discussion.Skills Required: There is no special training for this tool . Force Field Analysis is best run by someone who has been involved in the topic under discussion or is familiar with the subject area. Advantages & Limitations of F.A.F. . • Provides a means to analyze ways to minimize or eliminate barriers to goal attainment.Advantages of Force Field Analysis • Brings into the open factors which will work for and against the closing of a gap • Identified by a needs analysis. • Helps to recognize circumstances which can and cannot be changed. . • May oversimplify the relationships between factors that impact a problem.The Limitations of Force Field Analysis • Process is subjective and requires collaborative thinking and agreement • Concerning forces for and against the solution to a particular problem. . • All aspects of a problem may not be identified. . The concrete person in a concrete situation can represented mathematically. Analysis begins with the situation as a whole from which are differentiated the component parts.The Principal Characteristics of Lewin's field theory is summarized as follows: 1. .Behavior is a function of the field that exists at the time the behavior occurs. 3. 2. Conclusion: This tool has a long history and still maintains its utility despite its apparent simplicity. Use it when your team is blocked in some way or you need to see the wider picture in a change program. It is an essential tool in the armory of a consultant and despite its simplicity is a profound way of looking at an organization .