First Steps - Answer Key

First Steps inAcademic Writing oLLLÌÌ LÌ|1lLÌ Answer Ke y /nn |C_u6 � y¤y ¤8¤ % PEARSON Ë ' • - Firt Steps in Academic \Vriting, Second Edition Answr Key Copyrght © /ÜÜð by Pearson Education, Inc. AlI r ights reserved. PO pa of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any for Or D§ a0y means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior perission of the publisher. Îð8500 Education, ÌÜ Bank Street, White Plains, PX ÌÜbÜb Staff credits: The people who made up the Í|rSl ðlcµS lnÁCudcmlC W|lI|ngÁnSwcr Ke team. representing editorial, production, design, and manufacturing, are: Wendy Campbell, Laura LDrean, Eith Pullman, ÎODR Ruvo, and Barbara Sabella. Te:t composition: Integra Te:t font: Tmes 11.5/14.5 LONGMAN L! ¯!L VEU Longman.com offers online resources for teachers and students. Access our Companion Websites, our online catalog, and our local offices around the world. Visit us at longman.com. ÌoÜ^ !Û. Ü-1O-J414VÜ-J Í>Ü^ 1^` V¯ö-Û-1^-¯41¬VÛ-Þ Í!ÍDIC0 ÍH |hc LniIe0 oI3Ic5 0!¬mct|c3 4 31 ¯ Û V ìÜ~LÍ^άJJ ÌÜ ÛV LOHÍCHÍS Chapter 1: Introducing People . . . . . B ¶ • B ¶ • ¶ B B & • • • B • B Ø • • B • B • • • Ø • B B 1 Chapter 2: Listing-Order Paragraphs Ø • • • Ø • • • • Ø • • B • • • • • • • • • B Ø • B B • 5 Chapter 3: Giving Instructions . . . . . Ø • • • • @ Q • • • • B • Ø Ø B • B Ø B B Ø • B B • • • Ø 11 Chapter 4: Describing a Place e e Ø • Ø • • • • • • • • • @ • • & • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17 Chapter 5: Stating Reasons and Using Examples e e . e . e e e . . . . e . . e . . . 22 Chapter 6: Expressing Your Opinion . . . . e . e . . e . . e . e . e . e . . . B • • • • • • 27 -- �· ·- � ~ . a" Chapter 1: Introducing People Practice 1: Edi ti ng Paragraph Form (pages 8-9) Am y Wong ¸¤a¬ ^ of :'a--] I ¸ v ¸¸ '| d ay , ´ ¯ ¯ ´ v s _¸ a--ma'^ . ,...«a�/''������� ��,� a �� � ��� ," ��`� . ��.�.���� � .a· .`��`¨�"�¨��°��'·¨:������'´³'�³¨��� ¦ .' �� �� ��³���³´��¨¹��´'������'..... � ��.J.º������·��'������°�"L�'�¯��'³!�����..�..... ...�¦.�º� �°��'�������´�¹���¨�· .��..�� �.�t.�´?'�'� ��¹T�':�!³"�'���¹"��´..�..... ¸ _n·_ ... to ____ ____¸ ¸ _ ¸ _ . ___ øøa a . __ _ __.__ ___ .. ~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••y••••••••••••••••••••••«••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••y••••••••y••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••w••••••••••m••••••••««••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••w••••••••••••••••••~•••••••••••••• � ������¹¯ �����.�������.�����.�� ...:..�...�. ......�....�.... I Practice 2: Recognizing Sentences (page 12) A. Sentences 6 and 10 are commands. B. 3. NS . The verb i s mi ssi ng. 4 . s 5. NS. The subject i s mi ssi ng. ¹ , 6. s 7. s 8. NS. The subject i s missi ng. 9. s 10. NS. The verb is mi ssi ng. 11. NS. The verb like requi res an object (the new teache1; the class, the game, it, etc. ) . I 2. NS. The verb want requires an object (a test, homeH·ork, a te3ty it, them, etc. ). 13. s � Plactice 3: Subjects, Verbs, and Objects (pages 14-15) s v 3. He works at a shopping mall. s v 0 v 0 4. He likes (his job)but doesn't like (his boss). s v v 5. Hi s job� easy and� wel l . s v 0 6. Thi s semester, he is taking (exta classes). s v 7. He wi ll go to college next year. s v v 0 8. He speaks and understands (English)very well. s v 0 9. On weekends, he and his friends �(socceg. s v 0 10. He doesn't have a (girlfriend ) yet. , Practice 4: Editing for Subjects and Verbs (page 15) Answers will vay. Sample responses: 3. He arives ten minutes l ate everywhere. 4. Larry always has/gives an excuse. 1 2. Lary's bad habit is not a problem for me any longer. 13. If the movie begins/starts/is at 7:00, I tell Lary 6:45. 14. Then he is/arrives/comes early! Practice 5: Identifying and Punctuating Sentences (page 15) A young couple from India l ives next door to me. The husband's name is Ajay. The wife's name is Anjul i . Everyone calls her Anju. They have a young son and are expecting their second child in a few weeks. They hope to have a girl thi s time. Both Ajay and Anju have good jobs. He i s an executive in a computer company. She i s a computer programer and works in our local hospital . Anju is a wonderful cook. She cooks n1ostly Indian food. They sometimes invite neighbors on weekends for a potluck meal . \Ve all bri ng something to share. It i s fun to live next door to Ajay and Anju. Practice 6: Capitalization (page 17) Individual responses. P_ractice 7� _ Editing for Capitalization (page 18) 111y nan1e i s Nel son l1andela. dnd I have had an unusual life. 21 have been both a prisoner and a president in my country. 31 was born i n 1918 in a small vil l age in South 2 Africa. 4l1y father, Henry Mandela, was the chief of our tribe. SAs a child, I took care of the family's cattle and goats. 6When I grew up, I decided to become a lawyer. 7This seemed to be a good way to help my people. BAfter I became a lawyer, I became the leader of a group of young Africans who wanted to change the system of discrimination in our country. 9Because of my political activities. I went to prison for twenty-seven years. IOThe prison was on a cold, windy island in the Atlantic Ocean. '' 1-owever, the world didn't forget about me. 121 received important visitors, awards, and university degrees from all over the world. 131 also learned Afrikaans, which is the language of white South Africans. '40f course, I also speak English and Xhosa, which is the language of my tribe. 15Jn 1990, I was set free. 16I became the president of South Africa in 1994. 1iDuring my time in offce, I tried to bring peace, democracy, and prosperity to all of my country's people. 18Now I am retired. Practice 8: Simpl e Sentence Patterns (pages 21-22) A. 5 2. Every day, he swims a mile and works in his garden. 5 5 3. He and my grandmother have four children and ten grandchildren. 5 4. My grandfather loves parties and invites our entire fa1nily to his house for a big dinner on his birthday. 5 5. All twenty of us eat and tell stories half the night. 5 v v 6. He never gets tired and� always the last to go to bed. s 5 7. On his last birthday, HN brothers and I gave him a present. 5 v 8. We , our money together and bought him a video game system. 5 9. Now he invites us to his house every weekend to play video games with hin1. 5 � ++«++»++.+ ............� 1 0. Mv 2randfather will always seem young to me. 2. svv 5. svv 3. ssv 6. svv 4. svv 7. ssv 8. SVV 9. SV 10. SV B. Answers may vary. ·. �-- ~� Practice 9: Using a11d, U¡ (page 24) 2. I can speak and understand Engl i sh. 3. I can' t speak Tagal og or Vietnamese. 4. Bl ue and yellow are my favorite colors. 5. Would you like soup or salad? 6. You can eat your pizza here or take it home. 7. Helen Keller, a famous American woman, was blind and deaf. 8. She could not see or hear. 9. Wi th the help of her teacher, Helen learned to speak and became a fatnous spokesperson for handicapped people all over the world. Try It Out! (pages 26-27) lJ am a famous cartoon animal . 2 J have bi g black ears. 3J always wear red shorts and white gloves. 41 look like an animal and (but) talk like a human. SJ live and work in a pl ace called Di sneyland. 6Jn Disneyland, 71 stand around and s mile a lot. SJ usually team up with my friend Goofy or my fiend Minnie. 9Together we greet visitors and pose for photographs. 101 am Mickey Mouse. Review Questions (pages 27-28) 1. A paragraph is a group of related sentences about a si ngle topic. 2. No, it cannot. The topic of a paragraph i s one, and only one, i dea. 3. The three parts of a paagaph are te topic sentence, supporting sentences, and the concluding sentence. 4. You write the title i n the center above the paragraph. 5. Indenting means starting the frst sentence of a paragraph to the right about I 2 i nch or 5 spaces on a computer. 6. I1argins are empty spaces· on the left, ri ght, top, and bottom edges of a page. 7. A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. 8. A subject tells who or what did something. It is a noun or pronoun. A verb usually tells an action. Sometimes i t just l i nks the subject with the rest of the sentence. 9. Yes, sentences in Engli sh always have a subject. The only excepti on is command sentences. A command sentence does not have a subject. 10. Yes, sentences in English always have a verb. There are no exceptions to thi s rule. 1 1. No, sentences in Engl i sh do not always have an object. 1 2. See page 16 in the text. 13. A simple sentence is a sentence that has one subject-verb pair. 14. SV; SSV; SVV; S SVV 1 5. Use and to connect two or more items i n a positive sentence. 1 6. a. Use Ol to connect two or more items i n a negative sentence. b. Use OIto connect choi ces. Chapter 2: Listing-Order Paragraphs Questions on the Model (page 37) 1. The topic is .fight attendants. 2. It says they have three important characteristics. 3. Three. 4. Flight attendants are (I) friendlyg (2) sel f-confdent_ and (3) strong. 5. It repeats the three points. Practice 1: Two Parts of a Topi c Sentence (pages 39-40) Paragraph 2 _Beaches)are fun in summer and in wi nter. Paragraph 3 ¸Beaches)differ in various parts of the world. Paragraph 4 People of al l ages have fun at _beache�. Practi ce 2: Topic Sentences (pages 41-43) A. 2. ¸College students)take many kinds of tests. 3. ¸Smal l cars)have several advantages. 4. ¸Big cars)are safer than small cars for two reasons. 5. ¸A basebal l pl ayer)must master several ski l l s. 6. ¸Living with your parents¸has certain advantages. 7. _Living wi th your parents¸has certain dis � dyantages. 8. Talent and dedication are ¸two characteri stics of Olympi c athletes¸ 9. _The Middle East)is the birthpl ace of three major religions. 10. ¸Tokyo¸has excellent. publ i c transportation systems. 1 1. _is one of t he worl d' s most expensive cities. B. 1. c 3. b 2. a 4. c C. Answers wi ll vary. Sample responses: 1. There are three ki nds of Thai curry. 2. Good teachers have three n1ai n characteristics. 3. There are three ki nds of shoppers. D. Answers wil l vary. Sample responses: 2. Înternati onal students study English for many di ferent reasons. Internati onal students are used to diferent teaching methods. 3. Hol l ywood is no longer the center of the movie-making business. Many Hollywood movies have amazing speci al effects. 4. There are four kinds of dangerous automobile drivers on the roads today. Automobile drivers have diferent drivi ng styles in diferent countries. 5. I1y ci ty has an amazing variety of restaurants. I1y i deal restaurant has the following characteristics. 6. Bangkok has many tourist attraclions. Driving J car in B:ngkok prtsents many interesting challenges. 5 Practice 3: Supporting Sentences (pages 44-45) Answers wi ll vary. Sample responses: 2. a. pl acement tests b. mi dterm tests c. fnal exams 3. a. easier to park b. less expensive to operate c. cheaper to buy 4. a. more engine power b. stronger body 5. a. batting b. running c. throwing d. catching 6. a. Rent and food are free. b. Mother does l aundry and cleans room. c. Parents are avail able to give advice. 7. a. My parents want to know where I am ever minute. b. I have to call them when I want to stay out late. c. I have no privacy. Practice 4: Listing-Order Transition Signals (page 46) A. Signal s for three main points: First of all, Second, Third Other l isting-order signal in the paragraph: also B. Answers may vary. Sample responses: 1 . First of all, 2. Second, 3. also 4 . In addition, 5. (,) also (with or without a coma) Practice 5: Paragraph Unity (page 47) Paragraph 1: Topic Sentence: ¸·-:---¸is a state with every kind of !eo!raphv. Cross out sentences 7 and 8. Paragraph 2: Topic Sentence: ¿-.-.-)should have at least fve characteristi cs. . Cross out sentences 8 and 1 1 . 6 · =: P ractice 6: Concluding Sentences (pages 49-51) A. Paragraph 1 . c Paragraph 2: a B. Answers wil1 vary. Sample responses: 1. In conclusion, to have a quietq economical, and trouble-free pet, visit your nearest goldfsh store. 2. In conclusion, Singapore has it all. (OR) For a safe, clean, peaceful city with a high standard of Jiving, consider Singapore. C. Answers wil1 vary depending on students' answers in Practice 3. Sampl e responses· 2. In short, students take tests before, during, and at the end of every term. 3. In short, for easy parking, Jow operating costs, and affordabl e price, my next car is going to be a smal l car. 4. In summary, big cars have more power and stronger bodies, so they will keep you and your family safe in most driving si tuations. 5. In brief, the four basic skills of basebal l are batting, runni ng, throwing, and catching. 6. In conclusion, free rent, free food, free laundry and maid service, and free advice i s a very good deal . 7. In conclusion, loss of freedom, independence, and privacy are some of the disadvantages of l ivi ng at home. Practice 7: Outlining (page 52) Individual outl ines. Practice 8: Simple versus Compound Sentences (pages 54-56) A. simple svv compound SV, OI SVV simple oY compound sv, and sv compound sv, but sv compound SV, but SV simple ssv 3. Our parents� in chairs on the grass and watched us play our chil dren's games. 4. We played games such as hide-and-seek and tag, (or) we just sat on the grass and told stories. 5. We also cau2ht frefies. m � 6. We �the frefies i nto glass j ars, (and) our father punched air holes in the metal l id. 7. My sisters � afraid of most bugs, (but) they l oved frefies. 8. We usual l y went to bed at nine o' clock, (but) we stayed up until ten on really warm evenings. 9. Around ten o' cl ock our mother and father told us to come i nside. compound (s) V, but (s) v 10. "Come inside now, (but) l eave the frefies outside, please," our mother always said. (Instruct students to analyze only the part of the sentence i nside the quotation marks.) 7 ~ �--- B. 'Jccnagcrs Þndmany wayslOdrìvclhcìr parcnlscraïy. 'Íìrst, lhc_ d_c thcìr haìr purpIc, Orlhc_ shavcthcìrhcads baÍd. ³Jhc_aÍsOtatlOOlhcìrskìnand wcar rìngs ìnlhcìrnOscs. 'ÎnaddìtìOn, thc_ s_cndhOursallhcshOppIngmaÍÍ and OnlhcphOnc. ³Jhc_havclìmc tO walchJN, but lhc_dOn`t havctìmclOdOthcìrhOmcwOrk. 6 AÍsO, lhc_¸rcaÍways lOObusy lOcIcan up lhcìrrOOms, but�`rcncvcrlOObusytOcÍcan Outlhcrc!rigcralOr bycalìn_ cvcrything init. 'ÍinaIÍy, lhc_arcOIdcnOughlOdrIVcbut tOO yOung lOpayÍOrgas. ³Jhc_ arcusuaÍÍybrOkc, sOthc_ aÍways rcturnthc !amìÍy car wìthan cmply gas taHk."__hard lO bcatccnagcr,butil's cvcnhardcrlO bclhcparcnlOÍ Onc. 2. cOmpOund sV, UI sv 3. sìmpÍc svV 4. simpÍc sV 5. cOmpOund sV,1v1sV ô.cOmpOund s�1x1sV 7. sìmpÍc sV 8. cOmpOund sV,5U sV >.cOmpOund s�1x1sV Practice 9: And, but, 5U¡ and Ul in Simple and Compound Stntences (page 57) 2. and ô. sO 1 0. sO 3. Or 7. Or,¸but 11. Or, sO 4. but 8. sO 1 2. Or 5. and,but >. aHd 1 3. but Practice 10: Writing Compound Sentences (pages 57-59) A. 2. Jhcrcarc scVcraÍ hundrcdÍaHguagcstnthc wOrId, bulnOt aIÍ O! thcmhavc a writtcn !Orm. 3. Lhtncsc ts spOkcn bymOrcpcOpÍc, butLngÍishis spOkcn inmOrc cOuntrìcs. 4. KussìanisthclhirdmOstspOkcHÍanguagcinlhc wOrÍd, and 5panishisthc lOurth. 5. Jhcrcarc abOutOnc mtÍÍiOnwOrds inÍngÍish,butmOst pcOpIcuscOnÍy abOut tcn mOusandO!thcm. ô. Lhincschas manydìÜcrcntdìaÍccts, sO Lhìncsc pcOpÍc cannOtaIways undcrstand cach Olhcr. 7. Írcnch uscd tO bcthcÍanguagcO!ìntcrnatìOnaÍ dipIOmacy, but nOwìt ìsÍngIìsh. 8. ÍntcrnatìOnaÍ cOmpanicsarcgrOwìng, sO/andlhcy wìÍÍ sOOnnccd mOrc bìÍìnguaÍ wOrkcrs. >. YOungpcOpÍcshOuId knOwasccOndIanguagc,Orlhcy wìIÍbc at a disadvanlagc ìn thcìntcrHatìOnaÍjOb markcl. B. Answcrs wìII vary. 5ampÍc rcspOnscs: 2. Yc arc bOlh mcdìumlaÍI, and wchavc wavyhaìr. 3. Hc is an cxlrOvcrl. bul Î am shy. 4. I am yOungcr, sOhc wasaIways thc bOss. 5. Õur mother uscd lOlcÍI us. ¨5lOp hyhlìny, Or yOu can`t watch TV for a \\ccK.` 6. \Ve 1Ough| aIOt as chìÍdr�i1, bul nOw wcarc gOOd friends. - 7. \Ve married two :Islcrs, sO wc scc each OlhcrO!lcn. 8 P ractice 11: Fixi ng Run-Ons and Comma Splices (pages 60-61) X 2. Ki ttens are cute. Also, they l i ke to play. (Also) Kittens are cute, and they al so l i ke to play. X 4. It's acceptabl e for dogs to bark at strangers. They shoul dn't bi te them, however. (Also) It' s acceptabl e for dogs to bark at strangers, but they shoul dn' t bi te them. X 6. Penguins al ways wear tuxedos. They are good pets for people who l i ke to go to fancy parties. (Also) Penguins al ways wear tuxedos, so they are good pets for peopl e who li ke to go to fancy parties . X 7. A pet el ephant can fan you wi th hi s ears and spray you wi th hi s trunk. You won ' t need ai r-condi tioning or a shower. (Also) A pet elephant can fan you with his ears and spray you with hi s trunk, so you won' t need air-conditioning or a shower. X 9 . A giraffe can reach things on high shel ves. Also, it can see over the heads of people at parades. (Also) A gi rafe can reach things on hi gh shel ves, and it can see over the heads of people at parades. X I 0. Keep a boa constrictor as a pet if you enjoy being alone. Then no one wi l l ever vi si t you. (Also) Keep a boa constri ctor as a pet i f you enjoy being al one, and then no one wi l l ever visit you. Tr It Out! (pages 62-63) Answers wil l vary. Sampl es responses: lJt is often said that women are the weaker sex, but women are actual l y superior to men in several ways . 2 First of all , women live longer and stay heal thier than men in all countries of the world. 3This diference starts at birth and continues until old age. 40n the average, women l ive seven years longer than men in the United States. SThere are 105 boys to every 100 girls at birth, but there are twice as many women as men at age 80. 6Second, women are better than men at things that involve the fve senses. 7Women have a sharper sense of taste and smell . 8Third, men are physical ly stronger than women, but women are mental l y stronger. 9For example, more men than women had emotional probl ems during bombing attacks on London i n Worl d War II. IODo you sti l l beli eve that women are "the weaker sex?" Review Questions (page 63) 1 . Clustering is a prewriting technique. You begin by writing your topic in a ci rcl e in the center of a piece of paper. Then you write i deas in smal ler circl es around the topi c. The end resul t i s clusters of ci rcl es . 2. Listing order i s a pattern of organizing ideas in a paragraph. In listing order, you divide a topi c into separate points and discuss each point one after the other. 3. The three parts of a paragraph are the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and the concl uding sentence. 4. The two parts of a topic sentence are the topi c and the control l ing idea. 5. The control l i ng i dea tel l s the reader what the paragraph wi l l say about the topi c. 6. Transition si gnal s are words and phrases that show how one idea is related to another i dea. Some l isting-order transi tion si gnal s are First, Second, Third, Also, and In addition. 7. Uni ty means that all the sentences in a para g ra p h are about one main idea. 9 Ä - = . 8. ( 1) You can restate the topic sentence in diferent words. (2) You can summarize the mai n points. 9. An outli ne is a plan for a paragraph. An outl i ne helps writers by making them organize their ideas before they start writing. 10. The formul a for a compound sentence is this: Simple sentence, coordi nating conj unction, simple sentence. 11. Put the comma in a compound sentence before the coordinating conjunction. 12. Two common sentence erors are comma splices and run-ons. 13. (1) Make two separate sentences by using a period and a capital l etter. (2)'Make a compound sentence by addi ng a coordinating conjunction (and a coma, if there isn' t one. ) 1 0 Chapter 3: Giving Instructions Questions on the Model (page 68) 1. The topi c is garage sal es. 2. The frst sentence tel l s you the topi c. I t is called the topic sentence. 3. The paragraph expl ai ns 7 main steps . 4. Transi ti on si gnals: First, Next, Third, Fourth, Then, Final/_� After that 5. The paragraph uses ti me order. Practice 1: Topic Sentences for "How To" Paragraphs (pages 69-70) A. Answers wil l vary. Sampl e responses : 2. It is simple to make a Hal l oween jack-o-lantern if you fol low these instructions. 3. Anyone can l earn to turn on snow skis i f he or she fol l ows thi s procedure. 4. Fol iow these instructi ons to bid successfully on eBay. 5. Write a perfect paragraph by fol l owing these steps. B. Indi vidual responses. Practice 2: Listing Order or Time Order? (pages 71-72) 3. TO 7. TO 4. LO 8. TO 5. LO >. TO ô. LO 1 0. LO Practice 3: Transition Signals (pages 72-73) Transi ti on si gnals added to the paragraphs may vary. 1 . How to Prevent Jet Lag (Use ti me order.) Frequent fyers recomend these steps to prevent j et l ag. _ Don' t drink al cohol or cofee during the fight. _ Go to bed earl y your frst night in the new ti me zone. _ Eat a hi gh-carbohydrate meal before your fi ght. 4 Don't nap duri ng the day when you arrive. Frequent fyers recomtnend these steps to prevent jet lag. First of al l , eat a hi gh­ carbohydrate meal before your fight. Second, don' t dri nk alcohol or cofee during the fight. Third, don't nap duri ng the day when you arrive. Final ly, go to bed earl y your frst ni ght i n the new time zone. 2. How to Drive Your Teacher Crazy (Use time order.) It's easy to drive your teacher crazy if you fol l ow these simpl e directions. 4 Yawn and l ook at your watch as often as possibl e duri ng the class. __ t1ake a l ot of noise v;hen you enter the cl assroom. _ At least fve minutes before the end of class, sl am your books shut and stare at the door. __ Always come to class at least fve minutes late. II It's easy to drive your teacher crazy if you fol low these simple directions. First, al ways come to cl ass at least fve minutes late. Also, make a lot of noise when you enter the cl assroom. Then yawn and look at your watch as often as possi bl e during the cl ass. FinaJiy, at least five minutes before the end of cl ass, slam your books shut and stare at the door. 3. How to Plan a Family Vacation (Use l isting order. Except for the sentences marked '' 1 n and ¨ô,` the sentences can be in any order. ) Consider the interests and abil i ties of everyone in the family. Decide how long you can be away fom home. Decide how much money you can spend. _ Pl anning a family vacation takes careful thought. Find out when everyone can take time of from school and jobs. _ When you have the answers to all of these questions, visit a travel agency. Pl anning a famil y vacation takes careful thought. First of all , fnd out when everyone can take time of from school and jobs. Also, decide how long you can be away from home. Third, consider the interests and abilities of everyone in the family. In addition, decide how much money you can spend. When you have the answers to all of these questions, visit ð travel agency. 4. How to Wax a Car (Use time order. ) _ Keep your car looking great by foll owing these easy steps to wax i t. _ After you have put wax on the entire car, sta to remove it, section by section. _ Wash and dry the car thoroughly. _  Use a soft towel to remove the wax in the same order that you applied it. _. Work on one section at a time, and rub the wax into te ca in small circles. __ Park your car in a cool , shady spot. _ Polish the car with a soft cloth to remove any remaining wax and to bring out the shine. __ Dip a damp sponge into a can of wax. Keep your ca looking great by following these easy steps to wax i t. First, park your car in a cool, shady spot. Then wash and dry the car thoroughly. Next, dip a damp sponge i nto a can of wax. Work on one section at a time, and rub the wax into the car i n small circles. After you have put wax on the entire car, start to remove it, section by section. Use a soft towel to remove the wax in the same order that you applied it. Final ly, polish the car with a soft cloth to remove any remaining wax and to bring out the shine. Practice 4: Simple Outlining (page 76) Individual outlines. 12 Practice 5: Independent and Dependent Clauses (page 79) 3. IC 9. IC 4. IC 10. DC - When 5. DC - When I 1. IC 6. IC 12. DC - as soon as 7. DC-Afer 13. IC 8. IC Practice 6: Co1nplex Sentences with Time Subordinators (pages 80-82) A. 2. We were very excited¸wh�¸_WQJ . 3 . �@,[1!0],ÛJ,·,,¿3¿¶@þ], we started pl anni ng û trip to I taly. 4 . �X @.Ì�Í!0T.O]¸}¸'g, we wrote to our cousins in Rome and tol d then1 our pl ans. 5 . ¸� ,· ,. �v90.0.�J,1�)±@�,�Jy§QJjj@|,@J, they cal led and i nvited us to stay with them. ô. They were waiting at the aÌrgOrt_ü¸�@)¿�QQ|y@§ 7. They waited outside �QQ�.,µ�¸|0))�.µíJ.Il�3ü.�CÄ@0.JW 0,·.�[.!\|¤²U& ÿ ¹[� · 8. ÍÍnaÍÍy, ��.ÿ )|,g . ]_¡g[j¡g¡�], they drove us to their home. >. \�-�~�JÛv.��,^ @.!DIY,�0.Aj|ü.�!(¢g(|µ�þJ, they wanted to feed us. I 0. We ate one delicious home-cooked dish after another ¿ . ¡]µ__�,�@¡� ,,· ],][�Q· 11. We fel l asleep¡_ s ,5,Jµ0,8.�,1Þ)T�AOF,Ì|\!0@,||!ÌÞ^ ×· 12. Almost 24 hours had passed �}�,�Í·.üOR � B. I. b 5. h 2. g ô. a 3. f 7. d 4. e 8. c The trip began badly when we had a fat tire o n the way to the l ake. It was almost noon before we started fshi ng. As soon as I threw out my f i shing line, it got caught in some underwater weeds. I spent m o st of the afternoon untangling my line whi l e my brothers were catching fsh after fsh. After we had been fshing for a couple of hours, it started to rai n. We were total l y wet before we could put on our rain jackets. When we got back home, I immediatel y took a hot shower. It wil l be a long, long time before I go fshi ng with my brothers again. C. I . I take a walk around the block before I go to work. 2. When I go to work, it is stil l dark. 3. After I get home from work, it is dark again. 4. When it is rai ning, of course, I never go out. 5. On rai ny days, as soon as the al ann cl ock rings, I turn over and go back to sl eep. 13 - �- Practice 7: Fragn1ents (page 82) Sentences wi l l vary. Possible sentences: 2. F Every night, after Î fnish my homework, Î watch TV. 3. F We ran outside as soon as we heard the crash. 4. s 5. s 6. F 7. s My husband has to take a day of from work whenever our chil dren have a school holiday. Practice 8: Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences (pages 83-84) A. compound 2. Other people like to travel, and sti l l others l ike to have an adventure. simple 3. Unusual vacations are becoming popul ar. simple 4. For example. people go hiking in Nepal or river rafting in Ecuador. compound 5. Some people spend their vacations learning, and some spend their vacations helping others. compound 6. A friend of mne likes to help people, so he spent his summer helping to build a school in Bangladesh. complex 7. .ÔÍ\�I.0.�.C@IQ �þg, he wanted to go back to help build a medical clinic. + complex 8. People may fnd the local scener a little boring �j¦�_]Q @ y¸¿�y,� OÌÌ0O00³�0��i.J.\h �!@RÌ4.0ï!!0 O�.� �Ì�.!RÎã7PÍ· B. 1. Compound sentences: 9, 11, 12, 13, and 16 2. Complex sentences: 5, 7, and 8 Ty It Out! (pages 84-86) Answers will vary. Sample responses: 1 Would you like to own a pair of designer jeans but can't aford to pay designer prices? 2Foll ow these instructions to make your own pair of stylishly ripped and faded j eans. 3First, buy a pair of inexpensive new jeans, or use a pair that you already own. 4Second, fnd the direction of the l ines in the deni m fabric, and rub a knife back and forth in the opposite direction. SYou can also use a cheese grater or a nail fle. 6Keep rubbing until white threads appear. 7You want the white threads to stay there, so don't cut them. BNext, dip an old toothbrush into bleach, and run it around the edges of the back pockets and over the bel t loops. 9 After that, mix a l i ttle bleach with water i n a spray bottle, and spray the thighs and seat of the jeans. IOThen rub sandpaper on the hems of the l egs to fray them, and ri p one corner of a back pocket. II After you wash and dry the jeans several times , your new jeans will l ook styl ishl y ol d! Practice 9: Capitalization (pages 87-88) A. Individual responses. 14 B. Dear Stacie, 1I am so happy that you are coming to visit me this summer. 2I hope that you will be able to stay until July 4. 3We are planning a big picnic on that day to celebrate Independence Day here in the United States. 4You asked for directions to my house from the airport, so here they are. 5Drive out of the airport and turn north on U.S. 380, then U.S. 680, then California 1. 6California 1 is also called Nineteenth Avenue. 7You will pass San Francisco State University and a large shopping center. scontinue on Nineteenth Avenue through Golden Gate Park. 9Soon you will come to the famous Golden Gate Bridge. 10Drive across the bridge and continue north for about ten tnore miles. JtYou will pass the towns of Sausalito, Mill Valley, and Larkspur. 12In Larkspur, take the Sir Francis Drake Boulevard exit from the highway. t3Drive west for three blocks, and then turn left. 14Pacifc National Bank is on the corner where you turn, and across the street is a Shell Oil Company gas station. JSYou will be on Elm Avenue. 16Finally, go one block on Elm and turn right. 17My apartment is in the Marina Towers. IBThe address is 155 West Hillside Drive. 1 9Be sure to bring warm clothes because it is cold in June and July in northern California. 201 can't wait to see you! Practice 10: Commas (pages 90-92) A. Paragraph 1 Love, Heather 1My brother Bob is a sports fan. 2His favorite sports are golf, tennis, skiing, and swimming. 3He skis in the winter, swims in the summer, and plays golf during the spring, summer, and fall. 4He also .watches football and baseball on TV. 5His bedroom looks like a used sporting goods store. 6Bob owns skis, tennis racquets, golf clubs, footballs, basketballs, baseballs, tennis balls, soccer balls, a bicycle, and weights. 7Whenever he comes home frotn a sports event, he throws his equipment in a pile on his bed. BWhen the pile gets too high, you can't see his bed, his desk, or sometimes even him. Paragraph 2 1It's easy to fail a driving test if you really try. 2First, park your car so close to the next car that the examiner cannot get into your car to begin the test. Jit also helps to have your two front wheels far up on the curb-blocking the sidewalk if possible. 4Second, back out of the parking space really fast. 5 After that, try to hit son1ething such as another car. 6Don 't stop at stop signs, but speed up to get through intersections quickly. 7Then try to make your tires squeal while turning corners. BNext, look for an opportunity to turn the wrong way on a one-way street. 9Emering a one-way street in the wrong direction will cause you to fail immediately. IOfinally� don't stop for pedestrians in crosswalks, but use your horn to frighten them out of your way. '' Just one of these techniques will probably get you an F on a driving test, and two or more certainly will. x .• * æ ·· 15 ¯¯"'¬· ~ . B. Answers wi l l vary. Sampl e responses: 2. I don't l i ke spi nach, carrots, or beets. 3. On my honeymoon, I mi ght go to Tahi ti , Austral ia, or nowhere. 4. Whenever you go on a hike, be sure to take water, sunglasses, a map, a hat, a jacket, and a whistle. 5. Cats and mi ce don' t get al ong with each other. 6. Every morning I turn of my alann clock, get out of bed, and practice yoga for an hour. 7. On weekends, I always sleep late and watch a lot of TV, but I never do homework. Review Questions (page 92) 1 . The four keys are ( 1 ) begin with a topic sentence that names the topic and says the paragraph will give i nstructions about it, (2) divide the instctions i nto a series of steps, (3) explain each step one by one, and (4) use a transi tion si gnal to introduce each step. 2. You can use ti me order or li sting order. 3. Time-order transition signal s: First, Second, Then, Next, Afer that, Finally. 4. An independent clause has one SV combination and expresses a complete thought. Independent clause i s just another name for a simple sentence. 5. A dependent clause is an i ndependent clause with a subordinating word, such as because, afer, and when, added to the beginning of i t. 6. A complex sentence is one i ndependent and one dependent clause. If the dependent clause comes fi rst, put d coma after it. If the independent clause comes frst, don' t use a comma. 7. A fagment is an incomplete sentence, or part of a sentence. 8. Add an independent clause. 9. See page 86 in the text. 10. See page 89 in the text. 16 · Chapter 4: Describing a Place Questions on the Model (page 99) 1. Sentence 2. 2. Top to bottom. Practice 1: Space Order (page 100) 1. Topic: my nephew. Control l ing i dea: he is extremely tal l . 2. Hi s hei ght 3. Sentence 12; tal l . 4. Top to botton1. Practice 2: Being Specifc (pages 101-102) Answers wi]) vary. Sampl e responses: 2. a. There is an el egant entry hal l with l ots of mirrors. b. There are gardens, a tennis court, and two swimming pools. c. The outside of the house i s i mported stone. d. There are Persian carpets everywhere. 3 . a. He always drives 20 mph above the speed l i mi t. b. He doesn't obey traffc lights. c. He changes l anes frequently. d. He never uses his tum si gnals. 4. a. There were greasy stains on the seats. b. Candy wrappers and empty cigarette packages littered the foor. c. You coul dn't see through the windows. d. The door handles wete sticky. 5. a. Every table was occupied. b. The cafeteria l ine stretched out the door. c. Students yel l ed across the room to their friends. d. Dishes, trays, and utensils banged together. Practice 3: Adding Specifc Details (pages 102-103) Individual responses. Satnpl e paragraph: The Limousine The limousine was quite l uxurious. I t was at least ffteen feet l ong. It had si x doors and coul d carry ten passengers comfortably. The outside of the l itnousine was si l ver in col or. The shi ne from so much chrome hurt your eyes. The i nside had soft white l eather seats and thi ck whi te carpet. There was a sound system, d t � levision set, a VCR, and a shel f ful l of movies to watch. There was al 5o d refrigerator ful l of drinks, a bucket of ice, two trays of sandwiches. a large bowl of fruit, and several smal l bowl s of nuts and candy. 1 7 - Practice 4: Space-Order Outline (page 103) Suggested response: The Shared Refrigerator My roommate s half of our refrigerator is very neat» A. On the top shelf is a carton of milk, a pitcher of orange juice, and a bottle of mineral water. B. On the next shelf are cans of soda. c. On the third shelf, he keeps dairy food, such as butter, cheese, eggs, and yogurt. D. On the bottom shelf si t plastic containers of leftovers. E. There are two drawers in the bottom of the refrigerator. My roommate is an organized person, and his half of our refrigerator really refects hi s personality. Practice 5: Identifying Adjectives (page 106) 5cnlcnOc Z: mai n, paint, black, blue, green, yel low, white, diferent Sentence 3: terri ble Sentence 4: several , big Sentence 5: broken, strong Sentence ô: back, rusty, front, cracked Sentence 7: terrible Sentence 8: passenger, door, mi ssi ng_ passenger Sentence 9: ten, large Sentence 1 0: gas, broken Sentence 1 1 : (none) Sentence 12: broken Sentence 13: frst, oldg few, my, perfect Question 2: outside to inside Practice 6: Cun1ul ative Adjectives (pages 108-109) 2. Big black clouds announced an approaching rainstorm. 3. Colorful rectan£ular tags hUng frotn every window. (Note that col<njitl is H¹\ d color: it's an opinionq ) 18 Å .... 4. Children played on the thick� grass. 5. I dream about relaxing on a beautiful white sand beach. 6. They got married in a small Italian stone church. 7. The parents left their two young children with the grandparents while they worked. 8. I1r. Thompson's advanced Enslish class has thirty students. 9. The real estate agent pointed out several minor problems with the house. 10. Four large bedroom windows were broken. Practice 7: Coordinate Adjectives (page 110) 2. Most students like friendly, enthusiastic, imaginative teachers. 3. I am tired of the cold, rainy weather. 4. I am looking forward to the warm, sunny, relaxing days of summer. 5. The prince in a fairy tale is either tall, dark, and handsome or tall, blond, and handsome. 6. A fairy-tale prince is never short, bald, and ugly. Practice 8: Cumulative and Coordinate Adjectives (page 110) cum cum cum 2. Four shiny black limousines were parked outside the hotel. cum cum Coord Coord coord coord 3. The small red apples looked sweet, crisp, juicy, and delicious. coord Coord cum 4. Hundreds of�, cheering football fans ran onto the feld. cum cum cum 5. The pretty new French teacher is from Quebec. cum cum cum cum cum 6. My father bought a beautiful antique Persian rug as a twentieth anniversary gift for my mother. Practice 9: Editing Adjectives (page 110) 1. The hungry, frightened dog waited for someone to feed him. 2. The little black dog waited for someone to feed him. 3. My mother always bakes a delicious chocolate cake for my little brother's birthday. 4. For his tenth birthday, he received a new n1etal baseball bat. 5. The coach's enthusiastic, supportive manner gave the team confdence. Practice 10: Writing Sentences with Adjectives (page 111) Individual dH5VCl5. SamplC responses: Z.I also saw a pair of dirty. smelly sports socks. 3. Then I discovered a box of broken yelloH pencils. 4. Next to it, I found a greasy paper bag with dried-up fi·ench fries inside it. 5. The discovery of sew'ral empty snda bottles and cans didn�t surprise HC. 1 9 �·--· Questions on the 1lodel (page 114) My Desk 1The inside of my desk looks Qike a second-hand store ) . 2Each drawer is full ( of jun@. ` In the center drawer , you can fnd paper clips, erasers, pencils, pens, rubber bands, and small bottles (of glue). 4I have a small hardware store Gn my top drawer ) . srf you want to repair something, you can fnd whatever you need there. 6(n the second drawer ) , I keep snacks in case I get hungry (at night. 7Small items (of clothing are Gn the third drawer ) , and the bottom drawer holds my collection (of wind-up toys). SI play (with them ) (during study breaks) . 9J have such a variety (of things) Qn my desk that I could start a· small business, ( according to my friends). 1 Top to bottom. 2. There are I 6 prepositional phrases in the paragraph. 3. Five of them tell where something is: in the center drawer in my top drawer in the second drawe1; in the third drawer in my desk. Practice 11: Prepositional Phrases (pages 115-116) A. My Favorite Place 'My favorite place (on the campus) (of our school) is the lawn (n font of the librar. 2(During my lunch break), I go there to relax (with friend�. 3Qn the center) (of the lawn), there is a fountain. 4Water splashes from the fountain onto some rocks (around iy. 5Te sound (of the splashing water) reminds me of a lace (n the mountains) where we go (n the summer). 6(Under a group (of trees) (t the edge) (of the lawn) are wooden benches and tables. 7(0n war days) , students sit at the tables Qn the shade) (of the trees) to eat their lunches. SThe chatter (of students) makes studying impossible. 9(After lunch), it becomes quiet again. B. My Childhood Hideout II had a secret hiding place (near my childhood home). 2No one knew (of its existence), so it became my refuge (rom the world). 3I often went there to escape (rom my older ) rothers and sisters . 4I would sit alone (or hours) and daydream. sr was quite comfortable in my hideout . 6An old rug covered the foor. 7 A pillow and blanket that I had permanently "borowed" ]rom my oldest [and meanest] brother) were along one wall. BA metal box with a strong lid was Qn the corneQ. 9The box contained snacks, a fashlight, and a few of my favorite mystery novels . 101 could spend all day (n my hideouy. 20 Rewri tten paragraphs wi l l vary. Sample paragraph: I had a secret hidi ng pl ace near my chi l dhood home. No one knew of i ts exi stence, so it became my refuge from the worl d. I often went there to escape from my ol der brothers and si sters. For hours, I would si t alone and daydream. I was qui te comfortable in my hi deout. An old rug covered the foor. Along one wal l were a pi l l ow and blanket that I had permanently "borrowed" from my oldest (and meanest) brother. In the corner was a metal box wi th a strong l i d. The box contai ned snacks, a fashl i ght, and a few of my favori te mystery novel s. I coul d spend al l day i n my hideout. Try It Out! (pages 1 17-1 18) Answers will vary. Sampl e paragraph: The Shared Refrigerator (continued) My hal f of our refri gerator i s messy and disorganized. On the top shelf sits a box of broken eggs. Old canots and brown salami share the second shel f wi th hard green bread and soft l ettuce. On the third shelf, leftover pizza lies under a bowl of three-week-old spaghetti . The bottom drawer holds an i nteresting combination of paper bags of food from McDonal d' s, Taco Bel l, and the Chinese Ktchen. A disgusting, smell y puddle covers the bottom. My roommate and I are different, but we get along very wel l . Review Questions (page 119) 1. ( 1 ) Use space order to organize your description and (2) use lots of descriptive detai l s. 2. Top t o bottom, bottom to top, ri ght t o left, l � ft to ri ght, far to near, near to far, outside to i nside, i nside to outsi de. 3. Use l ots of descriptive �etai l s. 4. An adjective descri bes a noun or pronoun. 5. ( 1 ) before nouns and (2) after l i nking verbs. 6. Cumul ative adjectives must follow a parti cular order. No, you do not use commas wi th cumul ative adjectives. 7. Coordinate adjectives do not fol l ow a particular order. Yes, you put commas between coordi nate adjectives. 8. A preposi ti onal phrase i s a preposi tion ± a noun or noun phrase. 9. ( 1 ) Preposi ti onal phrases of ti me, which answer the question "When" and (2) preposi tional phrases of pl ace, which answer the questi on "Where". 1 0. Begi n some sentences with preposi ti onal phrases of time and place. ·~· ¨Ã «+ 2 l ¯* · : · à ^^^ ª Chapter 5: Stating Reasons and Using Examples QLUstions on the 1Iodel (page 124) 1. Costa Rica. 2. The frst sentence: Costa Rica is a great pl ace to spend a vacati on for two reasons. I t gi ves the i nformati on that there are two reasons . 3. There are seven supporting sentences . 4. Two reasons. First ofall and Second introduce them. 5. Two exampl es are given for each reason. For example and For instance i ntroduce some of the examples. ô. The l ast sentence: Indeed, Costa Rica is a wonderful place to go i f you love the outdoors . 7. Listing order. Practice 1: Specifc Examples (pages 126129) A. Answers wil l vary. Sample responses: A. 2. The grl led chicken i s moist and tender. B. 1 . Your order is ready in 3 minutes or l ess. 2. The people who take your order always smile and say, "Thank you." C. 1 . A double cheeseburger costs only $2. 50. 2. Many items are only $ 1 .00. B . Answers wil l vary. Sampl e responses: A. The pizza is tasteless. 1 . The cheese is like rubber. 2. The crust tastes like burned cardboard. B. The service is sl ow and unprofessional . 1 . We had to wait over an hour last week for our pizza, and we were the only customers. 2. When the server fnally brought our pizza, she didn' t bri ng US anything to eat i t with. C. The prices are high. I . A medium-si zed plai n cheese pi zza costs over $ 1 5.00. 2. A smal l side sal ad is $5.00 C. Topic I Topic Sentence: There are at least two reasons for not buying the huge, mi l i tary-type vehicl e cal led a Hummer. A. Htunmers are big gas hogs . 1 . The H2 model gets less than 1 0 mi les per gal lon of gas . 2. \Vhen gas costs $3 per gal l on, it costs $ 1 00 to fl l up a Humn1er' s big gas tank. `³ . : �- - B. Hummers are bad for the envi ronment. 1 . In one year, a Hummer gives of 24, 1 00 pounds of carbon di oxi de, whi ch i s two to three ti mes more than average cars give off. 2. The U. S. government ' s Envi ronmental Protection Agency gi ves it a fai l i ng grade. Conclusi on: To sun1 up, for the heal th of your bank bal ance as wel l as for the health of the envi ronment, don' t buy a Hummer. Topi c 2 Topi c Sentence: The Smart wi l l be the next ' 'cool " car to buy for several reasons. A. The desi gn i s eye-catchi ng. 1 . It has changeabl e door panel s i n styl i sh col ors . 2. Its body i s modern i n desi gn. B. The Smart i s easy on the wal l et. I . It costs between $ 1 5, 000 and $25,000. 2. The European model gets 60 mi les per gal l on of gas, and the U. S. model 50 mi les per gal lon. C. The Smart is easy to park. 1 . It is onl y 8 feet, 2-1/2 i nches (250 em) long, whi ch i s the wi dth of a street parking space. 2. You can park two or three Smarts si de-by-si de in a si ngl e street parki ng space. Concl usi on: For style, economy, and easy parki ng, the Smart i s the car to buy. Practice 2: Transition Signals with Reasons (pages 130131) Answers wi l l vary. Sample responses: Reason 4 a. Fourth, hotels and restaurants are inexpensive. b. A fourth reason i s that hotels and restaurants are inexpensive. Reason 5 a. Fifh, the peopl e are fri endly to tourists. b. A ffh reason is the friendliness of the peopl e to tourists. (OR) A ffh reason is that the peopl e are friendly to toursts. Practice 3: Transition Signals with Examples (pages 132-133) Answers wi l l vary. Sample responses: A. I . Denmark has many attracti ons for chi l dren, such as Tivol i Gardens and Legoland. 2. Japan is famous for i ts beautiful gardens. For example, the rock garden of Ryoanj i Temple i s known all over the worl d. 3. In Sao Paul o, there i s a mi x of archi tecture. You can see tradi ti onal archi tecture in some bui l di ngs, for example, the Marti nel l i Bui l di ng and Banco do Estado de Sao Paul o. 4. There are also n1any modern bui l di ngs i n Sao Paul o. For i nstance, the Banco Sumi tomo and Conjunto Naci onal are very modern in desi gn. 5. Bol i vi a offrs touri sts many i nteresti ng p l aces to visi t , for i nst ance, t he capi tal ci ty of La Paz and the i s l ands i n Lake Ti ti cdCJ« ~· � Å ª¬ª * B. Answers wil l vary. Sampl e responses: l . San Franci sco has several ethni c nei ghborhoods, such as North Beach (Ital i an), the Mi ssi on Di strict ( Hi spani c), and Chi natown (Chi nese) . 2. When you vi si t the ethni c nei ghborhoods of Mi ami , you feel that you are in a forei gn country. For i nstance, i n Li tt l e Havana you can easi l y i magine that you are in Cuba. 3. Summers are much cooler in San Franci sco than in Los Angeles . For exatnpl e, the average July temperature i n San Franci sco is about 65 °F, but it is 85 °F i n Los Angeles. 4. Mexico' s Yucatan Peni nsula has many l uxury beach resorts, such as Cancun and Cozumel . 5. The Yucatan is ful l of archaeological treasures, for i nstance, the Mayan rui ns at Chichen Itza and Tul um. Practice 4: Complex Sentences (pages 135-136) A. 2. (Sin� _ e) .. �YI.1ers.a.h9Lin.A�.a, the best time to go there is the spring or fal l . 3. @�QY.ar�.int�t�-�!�d.in.N�tiY.e.A�-�n._ you should vi si t the Navajo and Hopi reservations i n northern Azona. 4. You might be abl e to vi sit a tribal fair _�¿�¡�¸q ç�. 5. The Navajo call themselves a "nation" Caus�_tb�y_ggxerP. Jher.�lY��- 6. ca���-l-��l_ N.angY��j._ SQ_gitl!, the u.s. mi litary used i t for secret messages durng World War II. B. Answers wi l l vary. Sample responses: 2. I take a trip whenever I have a few days' vacati on. 3. After I graduate, I plan to work my way around the world. 4. Before I get married and start a fami ly, I want to see as much of the world as possi bl e. 5. I have to travel now because most employers 2ive only two weeks ' vacation per year. 6. If I have enough money and enou!h time, I want to spend at least one year on the road. Practice 5: Editing Sentence and Punctuation Errors (page 136) 2. Si nce the game began in England about 1 50 years ago, it has spread to every corner of the globe. 3 and 4. Mi l l i ons of people go to soccer stadi ums to watch thei r favori te team whi l e mi l l i ons more watch on tel evi s ion. 6. Anyone can aford to play soccer because i t doesn' t requi re expensi ve equi pment. 7. Al so, i t has si mple rules. 8. Soccer i s the number one sport i n most of the worl d, but it i s not the most popul ar spor i n Nort h Ameri ca. 9. Ice hockey i s t he favori te i n Canada. and Ameri can foot bal l i s the favori te i n t he Uni ted St at es. - 24 .¯ � ' Try It Out! (pages 137-138) Answers may vary. Sample responses: l1y Love�Hate Rel ationship with Camping There are two reasons I l ove campi ng and two reasons I hate camping. First of al l , l i vi ng outdoors for a few days refreshes my mi nd and renews my spi ri t. After I have spent a few days i n nature, I feel free and happy agai n. Second, campi ng bri ngs my fami l y cl oser together because everyone helps pl an the tri p, set up t he campsite, and prepare the meal s. On the other hand, someti mes I hate catnpi ng. One reason is that I don' t sl eep wel l . I hate t o sleep on the ground because the ground i s hard. When I get up i n the morni ng, I can hardly move. My back hurts, and 1ny muscl es ache. The second reason I hate campi ng i s that we al ways forget somethi ng i mportant. We forgot to bri ng our tent last year, s o we had to sl eep in the open. I didn' t sl eep at all because I am afraid of snakes and bugs. If I see a s nake or a bug, I am frozen wi th fear. Why do I conti nue to go campi ng when I have such a love-hate rel ationship wi th i t? Practice 6: Capitalization Review (page 140) September 3 , 20- Dear Miki, Wel l , here I am in New York City. I sti l l can' t believe that I' m actually here! I arrived on Saturday after a long fi ght from Pari s on Air France. The food was excellent, and so was the movie. We saw Gone with the Wind. I �tayed Saturday and Sunday ni ghts at the Fairmount Hotel near Rockefeller Center. Then on Monday I moved into my dormitory at NYU. I spent my entire frst weekend here sightseeing. I saw many famous places: Rockefeller Center, the United Nations, the Guggenheim Museum, the NY Stock Exchange, and the Statue of Liberty. I wi ndow-shopped at Gucci and Saks Fifth A venue. I al so vi sited another famous art museum and the NBC television studi os. Today is a hol i day i n the United States. It i s Labor Day, so all of the government offces, school s, and banks are cl osed. Peopl e in the United States celebrate the end of summer by havi ng a three-day weekend. Many New Yorkers spend the day i n Central Park or go to the beach on Long Is l and. * I l earned some i nteresti ng thi ngs about New York. Its nickname i s "The Bi g Appl e," but no one knows why i t' s cal l ed an apple and not a banana or an orange. Another i nteresting fact is that the frst Europeans who came here bought Manhattan Island from the natives for onl y $24. 00. Of course, i t' s now worth tril l i ons of dol l ars. \Vei l , that' s al l for no\v. Cl asses begi n next week. I' m havi ng a good ti me, but I mi ss you al l , and I real ly mi ss French food. \Vri te soon. ~ �Ä ª**° With l ove, Ni col e Practice 7: Conunas (pages 142-143) A. I . < No commas requi red. ) 2. For example, one of my classmates takes si x uni ts and works forty hours a week. 3. Si nce he i s also married and has two children, he i s a very busy person. 4. He works at ni ght, attends class in the morni ng, and sleeps when he can. 5. When he fell asleep in cl ass yesterday, we decided not to wake hi m up. 6. Sci entists bel ieve that ani mal s can think, feel , and co1nmunicate j ust as humans can. 7. (No commas required. ) 8. For instance, when he does something bad, he looks guilty. 9. He hangs his head, drops his tai l , and looks up at me with sad eyes. °. · I 0. Later, we usually discover the reason for hi s guilty looks, but i t' s hard to punish hi m. 1 1 . Chi na i s the country with the largest popul ation, but with a l and area of 1 7,075,400 square kilometers, Russia is the l argest country in size. 1 2. My mother l ives i n Miami , Florida i n the winter and in Denver, Colorado in the summer. 13. When it becomes too hot i n Florida, she moves to Colorado. 1 4. (No commas required. ) 1 5. Her address i n Florida i s P.O. Box 695, Miami, Floriaa 33 1 67, and her address i n Colorado is 3562 State Street, Apt. 3-C, Denver, Colorado 8021 0. 1 6. On Sunday, June 1 0, 2007, I graCuated from college. 1 7. Then on Monday, June 1 1 , 2007, I started looki ng for a job . 4' . B. Individual responses. Review Questions (pages 143-144) 1 . Listing order. 2. For instance, for example, such as. 3. For instance and For example. 4. You can use all three. 5. Because and since. 6. I 7. Put a comma after an dependent clause when the dependent cl ause comes before an independent cl ause. 8. See page 1 39 in the text. See page I 41 i n the text. 26 . : � ·chapter 6: Expressing Your Opinion Questions on the 1lodel (page 150) I . The wri ter' s opi ni on is that vi ol ent vi deo games are harmful to young peopl e. She uses the phrase "In my opi ni on." 2. Three reasons. 3. Li sti ng order. 4. Answers may vary, but students mi ght choose the l ast reason as the strongest because it i s supported by a shocki ng exampl e. Practice 1: Analyzing an Opinion Paragraph (page 151) Topi c Sentence Fi rst Reason Detai l Detail Second Reason Detail Detail Detai l Third Reason Detai l Detai l Detai l Concl udi ng Sentence Vi deo Games and Vi olence In my opi ni on, vi ol ent vi deo games are harmful to young people. A. Pl ayi ng these games can cause changes i n the behavior of young people. 1. According to psychologists, frequent players have poorer grades i n school . 2. They are also more hosti le and act more aggressiyely toward thei r teachers and cl assmates. B. They make young people less sensitive to violence in the real worl d . 1. The games make it fun to shoot and kil l , and the l i ne between pl ay viol ence and real violence becomes very thi n or disappears entirely. 2. Noah Wil son was stabbed to death by a friend who often pl ayed the violent game "Mortal Combat." 3. Noah' s mother said, "The boy who stabbed hi m was acti ng out the part of Cyrex." C. They teach players to use vi olence to sol ve problems. 1. If cl assmates tease you, don' t try to work it out-bri ng a gun to school and shoot them. 2. Story of the Col umbi ne Hi gh School massacre. 3. The t wo ki l l ers were fans of the gal1e5 · · Doon1'' and ' '\Vol fenstei n 3D." For these three reasons, I feel t hat vi ol ent vi deo games are harmful to young peopl e and shoul d he cont rol l ed-or. even better. lmned. 27 ¯ �¯ . :; æ · -- (Opi ni on) (Opi nion) (Fact) (Fact) (Opi nion) (Opinion) (Fact) (Fact) (Opi ni on) (Opi ni on) ( Fact) ( Fact) ~ �·---· Practice 2: Outlining an Opinion Paragraph (pages 153-155) 2. Answers may vary. San1pl e responses: Topi c Sentence Fi rst Reason Possi bl e Detai l s Second Reason Possi ble Detai ls Third Reason Possi ble Detai ls Concludi ng Sentence Capi tal Puni shment In my opi ni on, capi tal puni shment i s wrong. A. It i s wrong to ki ll another human. Only God has the right to take a l i fe. Quotes from rel i gi ons? Buddhist teachi ngs? Chri sti an Bi bl e? B. It does not deter crime. Statistics on crime in places that have capital punishment compared to places that don' t have i t? C. Sometimes people who have been sentenced to death are l ater found to be innocent. Stati stics? For these three reasons, I bel ieve that capital punishment should be abol ished in the places where i t exists. 3 . Answers may va. Sampl e responses: Topi c Sentence First Reason Possi bl e Detai l s Second Reason Possible Detai l s Third Reason Possi bl e Detai ls Concludi ng Sentence 4. Indi vi dual responses. Using CeH Phones· in Pub He Places In my opinion, people who use cel l phones in publi c should be fi ned for extre m e rudeness. A. In movie theaters, concerts, and at sporting events, you have paid a lot of money to watch a movie or hear a concert, not to listen to someone talking on hi s or her cel l phone. Pol l of classmates on how often they have been disturbed by cel l phone conversations at these pl aces. Get quotations about their reactions. B. In some places, you are trapped into l i steni ng to someone' s private conversations; you cannot escape. Crowded buses or subways, elevators, restaurants, wai ti ng i n line. Survey classmates on how often this has happened to them and their reactions. C. Usi ng a cell phone while drivi ng i s dangerous. Statistics on accidents caused by drivers tal ki ng on their cel l phones. (Internet or l i brary) In concl usi on, cel l phones are popul ar and useful , but people should not have the freedom to use them whenever and wherever they want to. 28 . ¯ �¯. Questions on the Model (page 157) 1 . 1hrcc rcasOns. 2. 1Uc hrsl 2 rcasOns urc suppOrlcd wi lH luOls. Jhc l aãlrcusOn Is nOt Practice 3: Adjective Cl auses with who, which, and that (pages 158-159) A. 2. HIsm^j�¿l��[�µ))) g¸ pQ�[)[;¸µ)¸Ç[_j}, wö0lslOktcp |I0 3. Hc wònlslObc dOptcd Uy lUcK�0_ . Dl�,UJ5¸ Í0S|�L[4|�!Iº . 4. ÏOslcr parcnls arc � �� �4(¤[¸0l;�0� I .�!�� ¸I J ¸ �h . 5 . A U��2U!�1I�0.0�J1) l|4D?�>,!hJU�¹lYJI[!00J . 6. Mrs. bIngslcy smOkcd marij �]§¸ jJ|þ�¿Al¸9LU§ . 7. ¯hc bOys'Ial�, ¡ 0 _¸ gì, Ǹp¸ç_[|¸y �¸_)]g]]¡�j__ [[�[, di dnOl wantlhc OhIl drcn lO lìvc wìthhIm. 8. JhIs Oa �|§D_±¿º,|@�¸ |[§]�,Qþz[ �[¿[@]}¸Ç[��),@,[@� UJJlt��J£.�s  rcOcIvcd a lOt OÍaltcntìOn. 9. Jhc la [}}��¸ ;;� was a wOman. I 0. Jhcjudgc madc a dc��[� � � ì. B. 2. 5Omctìmcs thc par�OknO� thcìr OhIld bcttcr lhan anyOnc, OhOOsc. (pIuraÌ) 3 . 5Omctìmcslhcparcntshìrc a malO�O �hargc� a Ícc tO hnda suìtabÍc pcrsOn.(singuIar) 4. JhctwOyOungpcOplc arc prObabÌyvcryncrvOus at thcir H rstmc�h ,, usuaÌIy�akcsplaOcj ìn lhc brìdc'shOmc.(sInguÍar) 5. ÏnsOmcOuÍturcs, a yOungmanO ¸  wOman � O csn , t . c thc parcnts' Or matOhmakcr's OhOìOc may say 'nO.` (sìngular) � 6. NarryìngÍOr l Ovc, whIOh _lhc OustOm ìn mOstVcstcrn Oulturcs, dOcs nOt guarantcchappìncss. (sìnguÍar) 7. Jhc dìvOrOcratc a|DOngO�hOgarryj ÍOr ÍOvc ìs Vcry h|gh.(pÍuraÍ) 8. F�O¿ìstcncdj OnÌy tO lhcIrhcarls sOmctìmcs wIsh thcy had ÍìstcncdlO thcIr hcads.(pÌural ) Practice 4: Punctuating Adjective Clauses (page 161) A. 3. A pcdìatrIOIan Is a dO�O lakcsOarc OÍ OhIldrcn. 4. Ör. !�hO IsOur ncìuhbOr, ìs a pcdIalrìOIan. 5. 5tud�O studìcdgOtA` sOnlhc hnaI cxan¡. 6. ÕabrìcÍa GhO stud|cd, gOlA' s On lhc hnaI cxam. 7 . Ny �I> ncxl M _ ay, w g h ìs ahOÍIda_. 8. AhOlIday lhal Is csgccIal Ív lun lOr OhìIdrcn ìs HaÍlOwccn. 29 _ � � ... B. The Story of Coca-Cola 1 A popul ar beverage that is sold all over the world i s Coca-Col a. 2A doctor who l ived i n Atlanta, Georgia i nvented i t i n 1 886. 3Dr. John Pemberton, who was also a pharmacist, f i rst sold Coca-Cola as a nerve tonic, stimul ant, and headache medicine. 4The name of the dark brown syrup that made people feel better was "Pemberton' s French Wine Coca." 5Later, someone added soda water to the syrup, and it became the beverage that is our moder Coca-Cola. 6The frst part of the name (coca) comes from cocaine, which was one of the original ingredients. 7The second part of the name (cola) comes from kola OuΡ which is stil l an ingredient. BThe original formul a has changed over the years. 9Qf course, Coca-Col a no l onger contains cocaine, which i s an il l egal drug, but it sti l l tastes delicious. 1 0The formul a for Coca-Cola i s a secret that i s careful l y guarded. Practice 5: Sentences with Adjective Clauses (pages 162166) Answers will vay. A. 2. The purse tat (or which) is lying under the chair is hers. 3 . Al ice, who is my best friend, moved to New York l ast month. 4. She i s living i n an apartment that (or which) has a view of Central Park. 5. On our honeymoon, we stayed at the Bel l agio, which is our favorite hotel in Las Vegas. 6. Uncle John, who owns a house on every continent, his own prvate jet, and two yachts, has everything. 7. A person who has l ove has everything. B. who (people) 3. Mr. and Mrs. Haddad are very traditional . � ad �. H  are fom Lebanon. Mr. and Mrs. Haddad, who are from Lebanon, are very taditional . who (people) 4. Jami l a is the oldest daughter i n the Haddad fami l y. Te Hd f immigrated to this countr seven years ago. Jamil a is the ol dest daughter in the Haddad fami l y, who imgrated to thi s country seven years ago. who (person) 5. Her parents want her to marry a man. Te Hd i s thirty-two years old. Her parents want her to marry a man who i s thirty-two years ol d. which (thing) 6. The husband-to-be l ives in Lebanon. Lbanon is a country in the Middl e East. The husband-to-be l ives in Lebanon, which i s a country i n the Middle East. that/which (thing) 7. He owns a business. Te b1siness is very successfu l . He O\vns a busi ness thdt (or which) is very successfu l . who (people) - - 8. Peopl e say that he i s very ni ce. Poph know hi m. Peopl e \vho know hiH say that he i s very nice. 30 .: = c. who (person) 9. Jami l a ran away from home rather t han marry the man. £ wants to go to col l ege i n her new country. Jami l a, who wants to go to col l ege in her new country, ran away from home rather than marry the man . who (people) I 0. Mr. and Mrs. Haddad don ' t understand why she ran away. � r . and :r. Haddad thought they had arranged a good future for their daughter. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ilr. and Mrs. Haddad, who thought they had arranged a good future for t hei r daughter, don ' t understand why she ran away. Carrots are vegetabl es whi ch are orange in col or. A vegetari an is a person who does n' t eat meat. A hybrid is an automobil e which runs on electri ci ty and gasol i ne. Orphans are chi l dren who have no parents. A gi ant panda i s an ani mal that l i ves i n Chi na. An i chthyol ogi st i s a sci enti st who studi es fsh. Answers wi l l vary for i tems 9-1 2. Possi bl e defnitions : 9. A cow i s an ani mal that (or whi ch) gives mi l k. 1 0. A jockey i s a person who rides horses i n races. 1 1 . A dental hygienist i s a person who cleans teeth. 1 2. An eel is a fsh that (or whi ch) l ooks l ike a snake. D. Answers wi l l vary. Possi ble sentences : 2. A ki l t, which looks l i ke a skirt, is traditidnal men's cl othi ng from Scotland. 3. Warmack became i nterested in hi s Scottis h heri tage after seeing the movie Braveheart, whi ch i s about Scotti sh hi story. 4. The vi ce-pri nci pal , who joked wi th hi m about the ki l t, di dn' t tel l hi m not to wear it. 5. Rick McCl ard, who i s the pri ncipal of the school, tol d hi m to change i nto a pai r of pants. 6. Scott i sh heri tage organi zati ons, whi ch support Warmack, are col l ect i ng i tems of cl othi ng to complete his outft. Practice 6: Fragments (page 168) Sentences I , 3, 5, 7, and I 0 are fragments. Correcti ons wi l l vary. Suggested corrections : 3. For exampl e, more women work i n the fel d of medi ci ne. 5. !1edi cal school s, whi ch di dn ' t use t o accept many women. now have many women students. 7. l1en are al so worki ng i n tradi ti onal female occupati ons, such dS nursi ng, whi ch used to be a woman' s profess i on. I 0. Her dream i s to s upCrVi Se t he construct i on of bri dgeS and clams . J I - ¯ æ ~-- �@ «•&= Practice 7: Editing Fragments (pages 168-1 69) Sentences 3, 7, 1 2, 1 3, and 1 5 are fragments. Correcti ons wi l l vary. Suggested cotTections : 7. Many rel i gi ons have special clothi ng and symbol s, such as turbans, headscarves, and crosses. 12. It is thei r. right to fol l ow thei r bel i efs. 1 3. It i s wrong for a school t o take away that ri ght. 15. If a school bans only head coveri ngs, this is di scri mi nation. Practice 8: Punctuating Quotations (pages 170-171) 2. "Why not?" I asked. 3 . "Medical care in the United States is too expensive," they answered. 4. Accordi ng to a l ittle book about healthcare in the United States, a two-hour vi si t to the emergency room can cost more than $3,000. 5. I asked, "What happens if I can' t pay?" 6. "I don' t know," my father replied, "but I think you should fnd out." 7. According to the booklet, "The school wi l l provide medical i nsurance while you are a student." 8. My advisor said, "It doesn' t cover everything, so you might want to buy addi tional i nsurance from a private company." Re·iew Questions (page 171) 1 . A fact is a true statement that no one can disagree with. An opi nion i s a statement of someone 's bel ief. 2. Yes. 3. Facts are stronger support. 4. It is called an adjective cl ause because i t acts l i ke an adjective; that i s, it gives more i nformation about a noun or pronoun. 5. l¥ho. 6. Which, that. 7. Use commas around an adjective cl ause that gi ves extra i nformation about the noun i t modi fi es. 8. No. 9. The i ndependent cl ause is incomplete. To f i x it, compl ete the i ndependent cl ause; Students who fai l the same cl ass three times cannot take it a�ai n. 1 0. See the rules on page 170. l 1 . He says, according to. 32 , ; �