ENZYMES USED IN CLEANINGPushneet Sahdra Tejaswita Sachdeva CONTENTS: • • • • • • • • • History Introduction Understanding enzymes How it works? Work use areas Production of enzymes Composition of an enzyme detergent Protein versus genetic engineered enzymes Detergent enzymes PROTEA SE S(SE BRI TE BP) A MY LA SES(SE BRI TE BA A ND SEBRI TEA ) LI PA SES(SE BRI TE L) CELLU LA S ES(S EBRI T ECOL OR) • • • • • • • • Miscellaneous detergent enzymes Enzymes formulation Production of enzyme based detergents Enzyme stabilization Application of enzyme based detergents Benefits of enzymes Conclusions Bibliography . Each enzyme is a made of a sequence of amino acids (like pearl on a string. animals. . fats or proteins present in food. Enzymes are essential for all metabolic processes. which are produced by living organisms. Even the slightest change in the sequence of the amino acids can alter the shape and function of the enzyme. Only a small part of the enzyme participates in the catalysis of biochemical reactions: the active site (picture 2). human beings and micro-organisms. The smaller pieces can be absorbed into the blood stream. but are not themselves living materials.What is an enzyme? picture 1 picture 2 Enzymes are proteins. composed of hundred of amino-acids. a cellulose can only degrade cellulose). Enzymes are therefore very specific (e.g. They are responsible for a number of reactions and biological activities in plants. They are distinguishable from other proteins because they are known as biological catalysts (substances which speed up reactions but which do not get used up themselves). They are found in the human digestive system to break down carbohydrates (sugars). picture 1) folded into a unique three-dimensional structure that determines the function of the enzyme. and carbohydrates and starches (amylase). enzymes attack or digest the amino and fatty acids that bond the films of dirt together. how the chemical works on other microscopic bacteria and proteins. non-irritating. non-pathogenic and typically safe to use. It is best to use drain openers at night or over a . Dirt has layers of fine film composed of “substrate” such as grease. Most cleaners emulsify some of these dirt films but may not break down the lower levels held together by amino and fatty acids. They are non-toxic. each having specific. spoiled foods and mildew. marine life and general ecology. fats. proteins (protease). or breaking down.” This physical change initiates the contact between the enzyme and substrate which is necessary to “catalyze” the reaction. which comprises most soils. One way to demonstrate the effectiveness of enzyme digesters is to mix warm water and the enzyme product in a small cup (per recommended dilution ratio). individual characteristics. they immediately go to work breaking down the organic material within these substances. This breakdown of protein will demonstrate. When added to organic material like dirt. grease and oil. They also emulsify them so they can be completely removed from the surface. when the substrate and enzymes come in contact with each other. and effective enzymatic cleaning system must contain enough different classes and types of enzymes to assure proper catalytic reaction. vomit. bacteria. A catalyst is a substance that speeds or slows a chemical reaction without being involved in the reaction itself. of organic substrate. These films are bonded to each other and to the surface by amino and fatty acids (organic acids composed of proteins. oils. This natural “dust to dust” process that constantly occurs in our environment keeps waste material from overrunning us. pet odors. re-soiling can occur much faster. Then place a few pieces of dry cat food into the cup. In concentrated form. feces. If your workers start at the upper levels. the cat food will be totally dissolved. animals. the dislodged and dissolved protein will further plug lower level plumbing. cellulose such as wood. Follow label for correct mixing instructions. germs.UNDERSTANDING ENZYMES Enzymes are proteins created by living cells that exist in organisms such as plants. then pour into clogged drains Always start by working on lower level floors drains first. Since an enzyme that breaks down proteins (protease) will not react on fats or oils. WORK USE AREAS Drain Openers. The four basic enzymatic systems are those that break down fats and greases (lipase). HOW THEY WORK When activated. Usually the top layers of the films are removed but some of the lower levels are left to collect bacteria. Enzymes dissolve and break down protein and organic matter. non-flammable. Put another way. this greatly speed up the natural “dust to dust” process. After 10 to 15 minutes. animals and bacteria and are used to digest waste. cotton and paper (cellulase). enzymes are chemical catalysts that accelerate the natural biodegrading. diminishing odors caused by staining agents such as urine. fats or fatty oils). non-gaseous. Enzymes are derived from living organisms and are harmless to humans. As a result. dust mites. nonorganic material and organic microorganisms. There are thousands of different enzymes. Researchers believe that in the activation process. and help you more fully understand. the enzymes physically curl and twist—in what is called a “conformational change. Restrooms. but air dry. Cost Effectiveness. Enzymes can be used on all other water-safe fabrics that contain odor or stains caused by the same organic matter that also stain carpeting. The primary caution is not to permit inhalation of sprayed (misted) product. which is a large tank containing previously sterilized . These micro-organisms can also be very difficult to cultivate under industrial conditions. and so the only way to make them is to use living organisms. offices. vomit and other organic-related odors. Using enzymes in a haphazard manner with no scheduled routine will not only waste product. You can also spray enzymes on and around urinals and other odor-producing fixtures. they are much safer for workers and plumbing. however. correctional facilities. Enzymes are not costly. Each injection should cover a 3-foot diameter area. industrial plants. The production strain is first cultivated in a small flask containing nutrients and agar. Carpets. The residue of the disinfectant will kill the live organisms of the enzymes. Do not rinse floors. This production strain is selected to produce large amounts of the enzymes of interest. and new applications open up daily in the sanitary maintenance field. schools. They can be injected directly into mattresses to reduce urine smells or poured into kitchen or restroom drains to unclog grease or hair deposits. Enzymatic cleaners are new technology that allows for many uses by cleaning professionals Production of enzymes Enzyme molecules are far too complex to synthesize by purely chemical means. the cells are transferred to a seed fermenter. Modern industrial cultivation of enzymes begins with fermentation of a vial of dried or frozen micro-organisms called a production strain. When spraying. The flask is placed in an incubator which provides the optimal temperature for the previously frozen or dried cells to germinate. Remember that you cannot use an enzyme digester at the same time that a disinfectant cleaner is applied.weekend to give the enzyme several hours to do its job. but also more importantly will waste valuable labor. Enzymes are living organisms and could cause medical problems if inhaled. Enzymes applied as a mist can easily be inhaled into the lungs. Enzymes are economical and safe to use within a wide work-use area. The problem is that enzymes produced by microorganisms in the wild are often expressed in tiny amounts and mixed up with many other enzymes and proteins. not a mist. use a carpet syringe and inject 1 ounce of undiluted enzymes through the backing onto the sub-floor. When mopping. Several injections are required to cover a large area. Enzymes will be absorbed into the floor mortar joints. restaurants. You can then work the enzymes into your present program at proper frequencies to ensure desired results. and food service operations. Enzymes are not fast acting like acid-type drain openers and they require a few hours to work properly. Some good candidates for bacteria / enzymes digesters are health care facilities. Regular applications of enzymes will eliminate the source of the odor. Use one or the other—never both digester and disinfectant together. When odors are in carpet backing. The list can be expanded to include any and all areas that have stains and odors from protein or organic matter. Enzymes work well for blood stain removal and they are very effective in reducing (or in most cases. and they may create undesirable by-products. Work use areas for enzymes are expanding. health clubs. eliminating) odors caused by urine. mix enzymes with warm water to the correct dilution ratio and mop floors. Once the flask is ready. You need to identify specific areas that are present or potential problem areas. allowing deep odor removal. care should be taken to correctly use these products. however. use a stream. allowing the enzymes time to react with bacterial matter. is ready for filtration and purification. Additional nutrients may be added to enhance productivity.raw materials and water. When main fermentation is complete. nutrients and enzymes. The cells are then transferred to a larger tank. where temperature. pH and dissolved oxygen are carefully controlled to optimize enzyme production. known as the medium. Seed fermentation allows the cells to reproduce and adapt to the environment and nutrients that they will encounter later on. . the main fermenter. referred to as the broth. the mixture of cells. e. This structure determines the properties of the enzyme such as reactivity. To be able to test this massive amount of mutants. scientists can construct slightly altered enzymes by modifying the gene encoding for the enzyme. Such innovative methods have led to the discovery of detergent enzymes which are much more active. interesting mutant strains of micro-organisms / genes that research scientists can further test and characterize using other systems. an alkaline cold wash enzyme. i.Such alterations can be effected by breeding and by mutation . .the natural processes that for billions of years have formed the basis for the evolution of new organisms.g. a limited number of cycles of directed evolution is a major challenge in using mutagenesis to improve a strain of micro-organisms / a gene.Protein versus genetic engineered enzymes Protein engineering is technique used to alter the gene encoding for an enzyme in order to change or obtain new properties. Nowadays. Genetic engineering is the alteration of the genes of the organisms. Without the need for human intervention. The genetic integrity of the organism producing the enzyme is changed for ever. Usually such enzymes are used in a confined environment and are sometimes engineered in a such way that they can not survive in the natural environment. vs bleach). Such robots are capable of discovering hundreds of new. The process whereby genes mutate to achieve small (but sometimes beneficial) alterations is called mutagenesis. robots measure the enzyme activity produced by the individual mutants in a highly efficient manner. Engineered organisms then produce the modified enzyme which is subsequently tested to evaluate whether the structure/function models have been correct.g. this classical method of screening micro-organisms for beneficial mutations has become a high-tech process. Key is to start from the right substrate screen. Based on protein engineering. What once took years is now achieved in a few days. The genetic integrity of the organism producing the enzyme is not changed. P&G now can screen for wild-type microorganisms / genes in line with the identified consumer need.e. Each enzyme consists of several hundreds of amino acids located in such a delicate threedimensional structure. efficient and / or robust in terms of pH. which are only available in microgram quantities. Thousands up to millions of mutants therefore have to be tested to find the optimal strain. "Compressing" the above mentioned natural evolution process into a short-term period. temperature and / or chemical stability ( e. efficient automatic system are available which are capable of simultaneously scanning dozens of plates filled with mutant strains of micro-organisms. stability and specificity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical Function Definitions .www.Bibliography 12.Understanding Enzymes Used In Cleaning. Enzyme and Bacterial Cleaning Chemicals. www.Book. www.com 13. Enzymes in washing powders Biotech Learning Hub 15.www.Chemistry Of the Textile Industry(page-157-160) .Enzymes.com 14.com 16.