Drafting and Design - Basics for Interior Design

DRAFTINGAND DESIGN BA SICS FOR INTERIOR DE SIGN T R AV I S K E L LY W I L S O N 00_WILSON_FM.indd 2 1/10/11 2:20 PM DRAFTING AND DESIGN BASICS FOR INTERIOR DESIGN TRAVIS KELLY WILSON, idec Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky FAIRCHILD BOOKS 00_WILSON_FM.indd 3 New York 1/10/11 2:20 PM CONTENTS ELEVATIONS  000 Chapter 10 SCHEDULES  000 Chapter 11 ELECTRICAL AND LIGHTING  000 000 Chapter 12 KITCHEN AND BATH DESIGN  000 UNDERSTANDING THE USE Chapter 13 PRODUCT DESIGNING: Acknowledgments  000 Chapter 1 WHY DO WE NEED TO LEARN TO MANUALLY DRAFT?  Chapter 2 OF DESIGN EQUIPMENT  Chapter 3 CASE GOODS, LIGHTING, 000 FURNITURE, AND MEASURING AND THE SMALL FIXTURES  USE OF THE SCALE  000 Chapter 4 QUALITY DRAWING  000 Chapter 5 SYMBOLS, LETTERING, AND Chapter 14 Chapter 6 PLANNING A BUILDING  Chapter 7 FLOOR PLANS  Chapter 8 SECTIONS  000 000 000 PROJECTION DRAWINGS ON A 2-D SURFACE  TYPOGRAPHY IN DRAFTING  00_WILSON_FM.indd 5 v Chapter 9 Preface  000 000 Chapter 15 000 000 PRESENTATION DRAWINGS  000 Abbreviations  000 Basic Metric Conversion Table  000 Glossary  000 Index  000 1/10/11 2:20 PM therefore. but this is a process to creating the design.PREFACE The intent of this book is to provide a ments of design from an architectural The room within is the great beginning for a designer who is learn- view point. such faster pace than ever before. I structure. then a building. No need to constantly refer into design as a single step with begin- to a resource for standard information. 00_WILSON_FM. drafting will be drafting education can be integrated simplified. creating a continuing educa- and elements of design can be applied. All designers are creating fact about the building. ject and defining all of its elements. Being able to creatively design a project while learning to draft is far more re- understand measurements and learn warding and meaningful than copying to visualize sizes of objects on the cor- someone else’s work.indd 11 xi 1/10/11 2:20 PM . ing the basics of drafting and design. ing what is needed to conceptualize we work within the constraints of a plot and develop a process that leads to a of land. finally ending final product. approach of copying a design to learn This could be anything as long as there drafting does require practice. Today’s designers rect scale. ning designers having the ability to take However. a designer needs to apply in more information and multitask. This is the method that with a space inside a room. As designers. but creativity should guide approach the basic principle and ele- the design. After a designer learn the have more information available at a basic sizes of standard objects. as doors and furniture. method allows designers to critically breaking down the structure of an ob- think through a project in a single step. has worked successfully in my office this text refers to architectural elements by helping the beginning designer that are applied to the interior and ex- understand that one drawing leads to terior of a design. their own creativity and not rely on ba- sic designs when creating a structure or The first objectives of the book —FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT The next step to drawing is to are learning what the profession is space. It is simply learn- of a dining room table. Standards help frame the basic about and conceptual development. therefore. architecture in one form or another. tional process for every project. It This is achieved through learning to could be how the physical structure is read drawings and use basic steps designed or how the light reflects off to create a design. The I suggest sketching existing elements. When the principles another. Limitations at a beginner level allow the designer to drawing the different components to focus on what a client needs and not create a set of presentation drawings. the designer ing a design is important because the sees the process and understands designer is visualizing what is being the commitment to creating a quality thought. Throughout the having to focus on completing every- process. It al- to become a quality draftsperson. However. 1/10/11 2:20 PM . the work development. This can become over- and the designer begins to see what whelming to the beginning designer. xii Preface 00_WILSON_FM. will work in a design. and sections teaches the new and designing—learning to think like a designer that lines have meaning and designer and develop the skills required are used to develop their ideas. levels of refinement increase thing at once. eleva- project.indd 12 The process of programming is a lows for new thoughts through design step that helps beginners clarify what experimentation. This is the purpose of drafting tions. becoming hindered by total conceptual By drawing to a correct scale. Sketching the plan. Every designer’s first projects are always an education When the programming basics are The final steps of the process are understood the actual designing of in applying the principles of design the structure can take place. is required in a project. The intent is to learn the can be quickly converted or redrawn design process in small steps and not for a final presentation. Sketch- to their work. indd 1 There is more to design than learn- 1/10/11 2:20 PM . have the ability to rationalize concepts such as symmetry. The basics of drafting to understand how idea that designing is inherent to an to properly establish the process of a individual is true to an extent. having a particular point of because the designer must work with view and style aesthetic differs among the most intricate creation on earth— individuals. The design process is far more complex However. you will understand why [A designer is] an emerging 1 synthesis of artist. objective economist and evolutionary strategist. ARCHITECT. After personal design characteristic. You will also understand the differences among —BUCKMINSTER FULLER. DESIGNER. ing when everything can be completed the designer can then work toward on a computer? This is the question more complex design problems. interior design. but also coordinate cation process. INVENTOR architecture. 01_WILSON_TXT. spacing. drafting and manual drawing is important to the design mechanic. DRAFTING Why do we need to learn hand draft- these basic concepts are understood. as well as understand the principles of design. Designers must learn to This understanding is part of the edu- work with the client. Clients have incred- beginning designer to realize that cli- ibly different tastes and emotional ents may not have the same desire for states that must be exploited during the their style and point of view as others. People design. It can be difficult for the the human being. You will also learn the best methods for designers to communicate design ideas.CHAPTER 1 WHY DO WE NEED TO LEARN TO MANUALLY DRAFT? After reading this chapter. and color ing item placement or wall dimensions. and drafting. without significant help from others. A that everyone thinks about as they beginning designer must learn the begin their design education. inventor. process. design process. and learning the basic the designer’s own developed skills and design concepts is the beginning. design. ences in designers? Not all drafters are environmental controls. They must understand all construction. In today’s work environ- aspects of the process to become profes- ment the architect has specific roles sionals. and a designers. specifications. (See Figure struction.1} First floor plan showing the creation of space according to the dimensions. The roles are dependent on the kitchen. 01_WILSON_TXT.indd 2 Designers are trained to understand 1/10/11 2:20 PM . A designer must understand the depending on the size of the firm.) A designer organizes an existing encompassing designer of the struc- drawing for production of a project. Many process of developing an idea and the architects specialize in one area of the technical requirements for implementa- building process: construction manage- tion of a design. and garage. interiors.1. which meant that he created the Therefore. Architecture is a broad term drafter draws the design according to that applies to all design and con- the specifications presented. A de- ture. the designer must understand the client to layout the requirements of the occupations of architects and interior project. The architect is the overall 1. the architect was the signer is an individual with two respon- designer and administrator of construc- sibilities—the creator and the drafter. designers must learn to entire structure from the ground up and think through a problem and create the then followed through the process of final product. lighting. But what are the differ- ment.2 Why Do We Need to Learn to Manually Draft? {1. or building designers. but all designers are drafters. needs of a program. The program is the WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND ARCHITECTURAL AND INTERIOR DESIGN DRAWING? first tool that a designer creates with a First. Traditionally. A design is then created. living area. master suite. tion. the wood is more eas- ate extra marks and cut the drawing ily sharpened. These pencils rendered. when dropped and susceptible to smear- 01_WILSON_TXT. the grade is normally low British. —LE CORBUSIER. The small surface scratches sharpen well and can be used to shade cause the rendering medium to gather with the side of the point. ARCHITECT DRAFTING TOOLS Pencils Pencils are the key to producing qual- ity drawings. you will be able to use To create architecture is 25 to put in order. The and will have hard spots that can cre- lead is smoother. When drawing require multiple corrections.indd 25 Having a comfortable feel is im- Pencil leads can have a variety of 1/10/11 2:20 PM . Placement in the hand sharpens well will improve the ease along with a preferred lead type can of use and the quality of the line. and the nonsharpened surface. causing an of a woodless pencil are they are fragile uneven rendering. When pencil lead sharpens and then breaks purchasing pencils generally choose a constantly. Put what in traditional drafting equipment in an effective manner. in part because of the getting the idea onto paper. If using a poor-quality coatings take the project in one tool. Comfort is conceptual and schematic design. wood. The quality of lead.or American-made pencil. These surface cuts are minor end is capped. Woodless pencils are one but may create issues if the drawing is solid piece of graphite. If a make designing more pleasurable. You should projects.CHAPTER 2 UNDERSTANDING THE USE OF DESIGN EQUIPMENT After reading this chapter. Finding a pencil that drawing style. Quality is different grades of graphite used. any an important part of producing quality pencil type can be used. Low-quality pencils pro- portant because it helps with grip and duce low-quality line work. and high- overall performance. order? Function and objects. Try secondary to creating an initial design several brands to find one that fits your concept sketch. The drawbacks and create a darker spot. always sketch with any available in- strument because your first priority is different feels. the process can be tiresome and direction or another. and of the designer. The comfort of quality pencils produce high-quality the pencil is important for the stamina lines. As a design evolves.17} 1/10/11 2:21 PM . With (See Figure 2. you can become focused on triangles. new that can cause mistakes in measuring. and see where the design goes.) One of the main layering trace paper designers become pieces of advice is to always be more prone to draw several potential comfortable. but this can ting that other solutions could present damage the scale and create marks themselves. Tension will lead to solutions. you drafting is the ability to trace.17.indd 37 Understanding the Use of Design Equipment {2. The straight edge is seeing other design solutions.37 The direction that a person moves the pencil or pen should be opposite of the drawing hand to help keep the object perpendicular to the drawing surface. Many people use the scale one avenue of design while forget- as a straight edge. concepts and solutions may arise. 01_WILSON_TXT. When used to draw lines and glide over the drawing. TECHNIQUES OF EQUIPMENT USE Benefits of Tracing and Not Redrawing Using the Tools One of the greatest benefits of manual When using any of the tools. Throw that extra sheet down mistakes. Tracing an should always use them as they original work can help with refining and were intended. Learning to tear the tracing paper with a straight edge to taping down the sheet is the goal.19} right Lead hardness scale.20} below Sample lead hardness exercise. divide the lines into seven boxes. (See Figure 2.indd 38 1/10/11 2:21 PM . Reference Figure 2. starting with the highest H and working to the highest B.19 when selecting pencil hardness. (See Figure 2.18} Line exercise. Vertical lines 5. Diagonal crosshatched lines Draw the next three sets of lines with pen.) {2. Horizontal lines 4. proceed to draw in each box with pencil the following lines. 01_WILSON_TXT. Diagonal lines starting from bottom left 2.18. Starting with the highest H pencil. Crosshatched lines 6. 1. EXERCISE TWO Draw two lines 1 inch apart across a sheet of paper. Be sure to use the 45-degree triangle for precision.20. You will have your own scale based on the pressure applied when shading. EXERCISE ONE Tape down an A-size sheet of paper and divide it into 6 spaces. Diagonal lines starting from bottom right 3. {2. In each of the boxes select a different pen and shade.) {2. With the straight edge.Design Scenario Learning to use the equipment properly is the focus of this chapter. 2} left Shapes of scales. engineer. {3. The triangular we have forms of measurement. what is scale? object is scaled against that can change It is a representation of an object’s full a person’s perception. {3. Buildings are designed for humans and human interaction.2. It is what the for humans. 01_WILSON_TXT.) size.) Designers but it must always be converted into a use several models such as flat. Most designers use a basic scale. Therefore. however. most buildings do have scale such as doors and windows. height. and comfort. double scale for human habitation. Designers work in DIFFERENCES IN SCALES a human scale. focusing on measuring devices. use a scale. and triangular. 41 They make the design. (See Figure 3. human bod- ers. measure. It is to is the most common because it con- create and understand how to design tains 11 different measuring scales. The house could be at any scale without a person to give it reference.1. There are several types of scales pro- Most designers reduce a scale down duced for designers: architect. and dimension a drawing. —CHARLES EAMES. ies are the reference for sizing objects. you will be able to The details are not the details. Within this school ruler to complex electronic rul- realm of the design world. and metric.CHAPTER 3 MEASURING AND THE USE OF THE SCALE After reading this chapter. (See Figure 3. This is why beveled. objects are There are many different types of designed for human use. GRAPHIC AND INDUSTRIAL WHAT IS SCALE? DESIGN.1} opposite Humans scale objects based on their use. therefore. ARCHITECT. from the standard reach. to the basic elements and principles. FILMMAKER Everything has a scale.indd 41 1/10/11 2:21 PM . (See Figure 3. The unit of measure- Because the construction industry ment is the millimeter. 01_WILSON_TXT. 43 Measuring and the Use of the Scale The scale is broken down into 10. the construc- as minimal as sixteenth of an inch can tion industry will eventually have to be dramatic to a built project.5.indd 43 1/10/11 2:21 PM . So from your original perpen- drawings. Precision is achieved by reading the 2-. must follow. metric measurements. 1:10 inches. count to the largest whole left corner and is broken into industry and represents feet divisible foot unit. you will be able to locate the precise point to mark using feet and 20. When preparing drawings a mistake in the United States. The products within the building materials construction crew builds the foundation industry. It is architect’s scale properly. Always measure ment projects are required to include once and double check again.) graduation starting at zero to mark the Drafters use this scale for land survey inches. You entire projects use the metric system in the project is off 1 foot. SI Metric Scale The SI metric scale is based on units USING STANDARD AND METRIC IN THE UNITED STATES divisible by 10. Imagine change. 40. inches. Chart of Metric Scale This has been a standard because the industry has been slow to ac- • 10 mm = 1 cm cept the metric system. Currently. dicular line. Precision is at the United States.Engineer Scale Engineer scale is slightly different.5} units of five to measure the distance. The National • 1000 mm = 1 meter Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) determines the usage of the ACCURACY metric system in the United States. ment is based on construction using {3. This system of measure- or 1:100 ratio is 1 mm = 100 mm. The metric scale uses the standard method of feet and is based on ratios of millimeters. and 10-foot increments. 8-. An important part of any job is accura- As the metric system is implemented cy. and all federal govern- utmost importance. 50. That 1/8 a complete overhaul of construction inch in real life represents a foot. 30. 4-. When placing The scale is located in the designed around the civil engineering the scale. the interior design profession scale could represent 1 mm = 10 mm. This will require training and a drawing is off 1/8 of an inch. most large-scale by measuring your drawing. 60 divisions of an inch. Then count back with the by 10 instead of 12. (See Figure dimension line is continuous and con- 3. or construction calcula- is part of the architectural and con- tors simplify the process. The main objective is to convey decimal conversion. Construction struction industry. is divisible by units of 12.44 Measuring and the Use of the Scale {3. the standard system and interiors sections within a space. accurate information in a logical manner. However. memorizing to understand.6} A plan with the cult to do when using the standard sys- A calculator conversion can be diffi- working drawings is the slight variation within the design industry. These exact point to measure between lines. The main issue with and extension line cross. tem of feet and inches. Interior de- dimensions noted. Because interior design multipliers. thus materials and finishes in the industry. The exten- 1/10/11 2:21 PM . Conversion This gives interior designers a standard can be achieved in a multiple of ways: that is simple to follow and practical using conversion formulas. construction documents are called The exact point is where the dimension working drawings.indd 44 DIMENSIONS sion is the dimension line. The ments for a given distance. interior elevations. of 10. This creates an ings for construction documents.6)Dimensions are required on draw- nects the extension line. The main component of a dimen- 01_WILSON_TXT. most designers use calculators are helpful when calculating the same dimension standards. Calculators are sign is focused on drawing interior ele- designed to work off a decimal system ments such as plans. which is the Dimensions are the actual measure- actual distance between two point. allowing seamless transition between Directly imputing feet and inches into reading architecture and interior design the calculator negates having to use a plans. plan- key to a quality product. drawing and using your equipment will When using ink always be one step teach you to avoid problems before they ahead of your line. This will help reduce arise. patience. you need sheet and working your way up the page to learn the difference in line weights. 01_WILSON_TXT. Therefore. Mistakes happen. practice. final product.) ARCHITECTURAL DIGEST ning your drawing is critical to developing a clean. and tient and keep going. Just stay pa- forethought. Practice. With sections will require the least amount pencils. With this you still of the work. you can plan on which by the sharpness of the lead.1.1} opposite paper. Being able to distinguish variety of line width and types. Developing a quality drawing has as need to keep your patience. so subtly that you’re barely aware of the artist’s hand. After de- line weight is the width of a line. mechanical pencils for the consistent Every time you push a T-square over the lead width.indd 55 1/10/11 2:21 PM . practice. a variation can occur unless of backtracking.CHAPTER 4 QUALITY DRAWING After reading this chapter. Constantly much to do with skill as it does design. This will reduce the being diligent about keeping a sharp amount of wear on the paper’s surface lead. In pen- veloping a layout and the initial outline cil. you drag debris over the surface weight will improve the overall quality A partial floor plan with a and create extra lines. Keeping a consistent line {4. You must always ing those problems before they occur. (See Figure 4. A reduces many potential errors. planning. It is the smears and smudges. Forethought is the first step in but with practice you can start recogniz- creating quality work. practice. Continued prevent needless erasing and smudges. drawing a line’s width is measured of the structure. you will be able to plan and Whether it’s fine arts or 55 music or architecture. The simple LINE WEIGHTS step of drafting from one corner of the To create a quality drawing. changing plans and making mistakes can The essential elements of drawing are build high levels of anxiety. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF DRAWING —SCOTT JOHNSON. be thinking of the next line to help Practice is the key to quality. ARCHITECT. To resolve this many people use from the straight edge and triangles. the execute drawings that are developed and refined and that most compelling works are finessed and manipulated have a professional line quality. The point is not to fret over designing while drafting. Using a higher B lead will lead can be inked and erased without create a darker drawing.2a} An elevation that was drawn in pencil smudges on the job site.2b) 1/10/11 2:21 PM .) A 2–4H the lead and ink before drawing the pencil will provide a light clear crisp final product. but may smear destroying the line quality. A 4H or higher detail is lost. Everyone makes clean lines that scan and copy well. a 4H lead pro- small issues. The solu- manufacture. enough to be erased. Leads and inks vary by line. but light sentation with pens.2a.indd 56 the various lines is how the drawing tion is to do preliminary design work achieves visual depth. When using pencils the vides a great foundation drawing. Pencil work must with the hard pencil and then do pre- be dark enough to be visible. (See Figure 4. {4.2b} The second drawing was scanned and edited on the computer and printed with ink. An work. Always test and smudge. (See Figure 4. Much of the but will erase the ink. 01_WILSON_TXT.{4. For mistakes. Pencils are great for initial design ing and light enough to draw over. to copy or scan drawings. The problem comes when trying HB lead can be drawn over with pen. The intended purpose needs to be identi- lead is hard enough to avoid smear- fied. Pens provide dark. but does not copy well. CHAPTER 5 SYMBOLS.2. Adding a similar chosen. people have a difficult time interpreting In addition.1. Being able to write consistently in a specific Hand lettering also provides a solu- —WILL BURTON. seamlessly. (See Figure 5. the lettering fills in the gaps to provide Freehand lettering is something that more explanation. so always strive As clear as a drawing may and printed.1} opposite top nal set of working drawings is complete as a quality designer. GRAPHIC DESIGNER tion for missing text in computerized style adds a level of professionalism to drawings. cause the next reader to doubt that the Being able to draw and legibly note the designer understands the construction important features is key for clarity. the image explanation. Adding notes that higher visual and auditory hand lettering into computer lettering blend will look like additions rather retention of data. society is to enhance and cultivate communication toward: THE IMPORTANCE OF HAND LETTERING Easier understanding of ideas and complex problems. (See Figure 5. but quality lettering can make by the contractor or subcontractor may a drawing more easily understood. When a fi- sketch that has clean text identifies you {5. items may need further to produce quality documents even if it be to the drafter. the next task is to determine practice and patience. construction process. Many times. AND GUIDE LINES {5. The predominate style of than errors or omissions. notations that are added drawings. and those text style provides professionalism and shortest possible time and who master it have the ability to merge quality to the work.) develops over time with practice. Standard architectural computer fonts mimic lettering is always more refined than traditional hand drafting styles Many something scribbled in the drawings. AND TYPOGRAPHY IN DRAFTING After reading this chapter you will understand the The essential function of the 65 (design) profession in our importance of hand lettering and symbol use in drafting. therefore. LETTERING. may not be clear to the the presentation or during the actual builder until text is added.) Making a help when items are left out. This is a common METHODS.2} opposite bottom occurrence after the final documents When the lettering style has been Freehand lettering requires are drawn or printed. Mimicking a lettering font will a drawing. Re- process. it is before is a simple sketch. in the Hand lettering is an art form. it’s important that member—drawings provide necessary the designer always provide sufficient information to convey an idea to others. 01_WILSON_TXT. TYPES. notation to any type of drawing.indd 65 1/10/11 2:21 PM . Everything is an optimal for lettering. Use smooth (Hint: Make sure there is adequate vertical strokes. 01_WILSON_TXT.or 1/8-inch guide lines. A common problem and diagonal lines. The pencil is hard exercise in design. The main quality issue is being product.) If the drawing is the final practice. of drawings. make sure to use a light pencil clean and crisp. the area for the ¼. The other main technical presentation. A quality consis- is judging how much room is required tent line weight will also develop with for lettering.indd 67 Symbols. and Typography in Drafting return to their use. The extra lines provide a straight edge for horizontal or vertical light framework behind the titles. Lettering. A sharp 2H pencil is for the initial layout. pencil across the paper. straight edges. Visual spacing is perceived equal drawings on the sheet. the use of in titles not notations. spacing. Tape down your drawing and then measure the drawn by pulling. never pushing. Although ect better or worst. but also dark enough for a copier all parts of the process as if it’s a final or scanner. and notations that ties everything Moving the triangle across the parallel together to create a system called rule for verticals will provide precision regulating lines. If equal distances As for application. Lettering can make a proj- factor is the type of pencil. letters should be 1/10/11 2:21 PM . from the drawings enough to not require constant sharp- to the guide lines. Mechanical spacing is based on equal distances between letters. The best way to increase speed {5. and practice. depending on the pencils are appropriate for many drafts. ings. Using a Lettering advice.4} an additional design element to a set is by using the tools properly. Always approach ening. Guide lines also add require a larger area. Me- INCREASE SPEED WITHOUT LOSS OF QUALITY chanical spacing can appear static and The elements that help with speed are required they should be used only and quality are guide lines. These lines provide a and help you judge the visual spac- reference between edges of the various ing. followed by horizontal space for the text. draw- guide lines is a key to being consistent.67 skill. (See Figures 5. of the design.6. and text. The intent of both is to provide information that is FPO not conveyable on the drawing. Using the solar orientation for light- FPO ing is critical to a quality design.indd 68 The use of a graphic scale is 1/10/11 2:21 PM . however.6} sometimes the best solution is to use with the given site nor existing build- Section symbol format. It dark line.5} pending on the firm and the creativity Legend section symbol. Pens are (See Figures 5. 01_WILSON_TXT. Most symbols corresponding to text are used to reference where drawings are located on the sheet. resolve any potential errors. For example.NOTATION AND SYMBOL USE IN PLANS Notation and symbols are a mixture of drawing and lettering.8.) great because drafters are slightly more cautious by not making careless mis- important because a drawing may be takes. North arrows are graphic symbols that are placed on the floor plan. If using a lead holder the point copied. and Typography in Drafting circles.7 and 5. that are copied the same size. Notations are simply textual support of the drawings whereas symbols provide standard information. Follow and practice these sion is adequate for working drawings basic rules to increase quality. However. ing. reduced. Lettering. Then rewrite to are designing for a specific outcome. If using a pen. first letter gives the readers evidence that you with a 6H to 9H pencil. arrows. causing the scale to change.) This orients the viewer to read the drawing from the correct direction. If possible provide notations with This will always provide a consistent solar design features explained. Section symbols are can vary de- {5. An arrow must point in the direction that the section is viewed. this design feature may not be applicable {5.5 and 5. Day lighting is an important part of an energy-efficient design. The best solution is to use pen. Symbols are mainly used to reference other information on the drawing or to other drawings. 68 elevation symbols are a combination of Symbols. and enlarged many can become dull unless the user can times. This is important because the understanding of orientation can provide solar advantages to the interior design. a pen. The slightly roll the holder to keep the point traditional scale with numerical conver- consistent. you will be able to analyze a client’s needs. residential and commercial in- requirements. (See Figure 6. design. Every person is familiar with homes and housing based on their own Designers must develop a thorough This chapter focuses on residential understanding of building planning. anthropometrics. commercial. it’s about shelter.1} opposite A designer should always work with the requirements of the together is the basis of creating quality THE BUILDING PROGRAM design. . This is the best starting This is the critical factor in making a point. focus on one distinct all the facets of human interaction. They study prox- The fundamentals of how spaces work imities. Developing a base knowledge A basic overview of a building program of creativity that is satisfying. and so on. and how all affect buildings. experiences. QUALITY PLANNING —ZAHA HADID. where. so the de- Using those experiences and relating signer’s skills must accommodate this the positive elements and principles to variety of needs.1. Everyone has likes and dislikes space usable and livable. area. such as residential. On the one hand conceptualize a space. when. ARCHITECT Being an interior designer requires construction techniques is an asset for more than an understanding of build- any designer. Every project has dif- teraction. therefore. but it’s also about pleasure. It requires an understand- all these areas is impossible.CHAPTER 6 PLANNING A BUILDING After reading this chapter and completing the design Architecture is really about 75 well-being. This overview consists of: (Illustration credit: Sheila Flener) 01_WILSON_TXT. types of spaces. The building program a design project is the basis of residen- is the essence of any project. and create basic diagrams. preferences.indd 75 client. tial design. and how the ideas work {6. of building systems. and Using these and other simple tools will requirements.) help develop a quality plan and quality product. I think the scenario. but have different design. needs. barrier-free together are similar. . and signers. and projects are different. but design with a level 1/10/11 2:21 PM . materials. ferent clients. different settings. people want to feel good in a space. What. All buildings based on growing up in a household. . hospitality. Many de- ing of people. and is required. but knowing all aspects of ing design. Designers know how people interact in merchandising. (See Figure 6. Livability spaces in bedrooms for play and study. The living area may include a their interaction is the key to creating combined dining and kitchen to make quality spaces.) 01_WILSON_TXT.SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLING DESIGN FOR A FICTIONAL FAMILY 1. Children need live within an environment. functions of a project. The fixtures are items his or her own ideas about comfort. Each individual has and fixture. Many families develop the need principles that create a quality space for large open spaces in their environ- for clients. Create a parti and spatial analysis chart that analyzes each room for the family. Create an overlay of furniture and fixtures using the blocking Areas diagram. and so on. The following access areas need to be related to section discusses simple principles of kitchen and entrances. The ideas of regular basis: kitchen appliances. 2. Vehicular client living conditions. Be sure to address furniture and circulation within a home. (See Figure 6. A designer fixtures in your spatial analysis can then respond by creating a com- chart. Draw a series of bubble diagrams to show the family’s relationships based on required rooms. Private activities that occur in bed- Expanding on the concepts of comfort rooms and bath require isolation from and circulation.4.3. Planning a Building spatial analysis chart create block- defined in the program. It that are attached or fixed to a wall could be natural lighting. comfort and livability create the basic sinks.) 3. a soft chair. The classifications of rooms are based on activities and the lifestyle of the Living and livability are the basic family.10} on the typical sizes of spaces The living and livability issues are A bubble diagram that chart. or floor and are not moved on a or privacy from others. washer/dryer.indd 83 1/10/11 2:21 PM . (See Figure 6. These must be 7. designers can enhance the families’ public areas. All of these design and construction that can be ap- simple concepts must be addressed. plied to any type of project. is the quality of life of the inhabitants.) 5. 83 4. Living is how people the space appear larger. concerns that are addressed in a compares private and public 6. Using the bubble diagrams and ing diagrams. fortable space. develop a series of sketches based on a fictional family who wants to design a new single-family dwelling. 8. For the design scenario. Draw a simplistic diagram based Comfort {6.10. Understanding humans and ments. Study the typical sizes of spaces variety of ways. Children’s rooms use bright enhance the space. The uses of People’s preferences to live in sunny interior and exterior spaces also help spaces require areas to be brightly lit. (See Figure 6.indd 84 1/10/11 2:21 PM . Lighting and weather can affect people’s attitudes. Rain and snow and cheerful colors whereas adults is critical for material selection.11. The reduction of noise atmosphere. consideration in the layout of a house.{6. fewer windows.) 01_WILSON_TXT. from region to region. Study the layout of the structure to maximize the potential of the space. Providing a balance The color of materials can affect the of natural and artificial light will help activities. from living spaces and bedrooms can be help with the selection of materials.11} Climatic Conditions Materials Diagram studying the sun The effect of the sun is a major design The selection of materials will vary some exposure on a pod house. Cold may want wood tones for a sense of winds will dictate the areas that have maturity. determine the wear that will occur to This normally provides for a friendly the building. The drafters draw the plan and designing. This project needed to meet the setback requirements of the property and the use of an outdoor living area. The floor plan is of critical distances of travel. the tectural and interior designer should floor plan is much more complex. This always be thinking of the plan.) Architects create fully accommodate the client’s needs the plan for construction whereas the and preferences. and circulation for a design is just a building without a purpose. the plans. interior designer uses it for construc- 01_WILSON_TXT.2} opposite bottom importance to the success of a project.1.) An analysis of a space on non-load-bearing walls and space planning. measuring designer. Without of organizing functions related to use. however. It encompasses so that it can be turned into a three- all the human relationships with the dimensional design. It is the tool for organizing spac- of the exterior and interior will success- es. (See Figure 7. (See {7. project. It is a {7. ARCHITECT focusing on interaction within the facility. (Illustration credit: Sheila Flener) an outside living space. The floor plan is structure and its fixtures and furnish- the main source of developing space ings. The process of developing relation- BASIC OVERVIEW OF PLANS ships with public and private spaces What is a floor plan? Simply. The task drawing type is the main design ele- of the designer is to refine the plan ment in any structure.) Designers With a plan the building has a purpose have different involvements with a floor and. therefore.2. 1/10/11 2:22 PM . house in an environment. it is a is constantly evolving. An architect draws the outside satisfies the needs of a client. and so on. The interior designer focuses Figure 7.1} opposite top and walls. and an archi- drawing of the floor. tails supplied by the architect or interior organizing traffic patterns. a floor plans. (See Figure 7. Space planning is a process makes the building function. It is used for construct- with the specifications and design de- ing a building. you will be able to use Always design a thing by 91 considering it in its next traditional drafting equipment to design and draw larger context—a chair in a room. a room in a house. the layout of the structure furnishing.indd 91 The floor plan is a key to building —ELIEL SAARINEN.3. The floor plan is the feature that planning.CHAPTER 7 FLOOR PLANS After reading this chapter. an environment in a city plan. has an identity that plan. planning a layout. document that has endless possibili- A narrow-lot floor plan with With a well-developed plan. the design ties. 01_WILSON_TXT. Floor plans are separated in different layers of information. utility.3} Organizing space may take place in an existing plan.4} direction of structural components Large-scale bubble diagram. Construction or structural plan: The construction plan is the layout and {7. The plan is what gives the viewer the size of the building and the room placement. Included in the plan are various technical details. and analysis of human traffic patterns. The interior designer brings in the human element to the spaces within the structure. and other items that require water and drains. kitchen.indd 92 1/10/11 2:22 PM . A bubble diagram may Foundation plan or basement clarify to a client how the rooms are organized within a space. {7. (See Figure 7. communication. emergency. The following Floor Plans list provides a basic overview of what is included on the various sheets of floor plans. and lighting networks. space planning. security. Plumbing plan: The plumbing plan shows the bath.tion. that make up the floor and roof of (Illustration credit: Sheila Flener) the building. plan: This plan is a layout of where columns and walls are needed to support the structure being built.4) Information on a Floor Plan The floor plan is the major construction and design document. Electrical plan: The electrical plan is the layout of the items that create the electrical. The different contractors will have separate plans for 92 their specific purpose. return vents. an electrical plan is layered onto the construction plan.indd 93 1/10/11 2:22 PM . 01_WILSON_TXT. Residential plans generally combine many of the services into one drawing. The engineering firm that handles the systems supplies {7. These service plans provide the general locations for many items. and registers for each space. Kitchen plan: An enlarged plan provides the details of the layout that focuses on the work triangle. Plumbing and HVAC plans provide exact locations for equipment.Reflected ceiling plan: Lighting plans are viewed as if there is no roof.6. The information included is the lights. but may not be able to locate precise placement of plumbing and ventilation lines. electrical. (See Figure 7.5.) Bath plan: This enlarged plan provides the details of the bath. is the main focus of the designer. (See Figure 7.) Roofing plan: This shows the slope of the roof and the direction of drainage.5.) Many of these plans are combined depending on the scope and scale of the project. (See Figure 7. {7.7.) As shown in the figure. The enlarged plan may include {7. return air. The basic layout Furniture layout. is designed to show the space planning capabilities of the space.5} detailed information such as cabinet Reflected ceiling plan. receptacles. and circuit wiring.6} Furniture layout: This graphic plan Kitchen plan with cabinet sizes noted. and registers.7} this type of information. nomenclature (the size and type of cabinet). switches. (See Figure 7. HVAC plan: This plan is graphic in nature. but does provide the central heating system. SECTION DRAWING —VITRUVIUS. providing the basis for con- It reveals the thicknesses of walls and structing the building.2} opposite bottom A typical section should be a drawing that all designers 1/10/11 2:22 PM . you will understand the use of Now architecture consists section drawings. The wall section provides a frame for the space be- provides the details for the foundation ing designed. windows. {8. sketch when confusion arises. A wall section is normally provided cal cut through an object. 01_WILSON_TXT. . drainage. . An interior designer uses this the information on building materials drawing to see heights and widths of and construction methods.indd 103 {8. (See Figure 8. People and objects within a drawing. and exterior material. (See Figure 8. showing the waterproofing systems.) building in relationship to human scale. and roofing type. the roof. revealing its with the vertical section. and furniture can pro- terial. exterior sheeting. The section of a building is a main tool structure. Doors.) The roof generally shows the structural section provide scale for the system. ENGINEER. and conventions. typical kitchen and bath sections. ARCHITECT The next area is the type of wall ma- CONSTRUCTION KNOWLEDGE tion. The vertical for the building. the arrangement of the proportion stair construction.1. The height and relationship of for the designer to understand the scale each floor is directly viewed through the of a space. The vertical plane cuts such as wall size. overhang construction.2. These notes describe section provides the necessary informa- the materials and methods used to have memorized and could tion as it relates to the exterior of the construct the building. which in Greek is called taxis. with a view to a symmetrical result. Order is the typical sections and materials. as to the whole. insula- building and its spaces. It is also the key to seeing the tion shows the foundation up through types of floor and ceiling structures. The wall sec- areas. anchors. . and through the building. and and.CHAPTER 8 SECTIONS After reading this chapter. An important The section drawing is a tool that shows part of the wall section is the notations vertical height of a building. interior specific sections balanced adjustment of the details of the work separately. A section drawing is a verti- cut.1} opposite top vide references if no humans are in the interior surface. wall insulation. and provides interior. create sections from floor plans using 103 of order. Seeing a design in a vertical form helps many people see if the scale of the space fits the needs. check if • drawing is correct in length and height.indd 107 1/10/11 2:22 PM . drawings. if well planned it will create a wide variety emotional responses between spaces. • All cabinets and built-in struction methods represented? BOX 8. Designing using the scale method allows for the creation of multiple heights. but need to be sensible in the overall design. A simple way for most designers to reflect an exterior is through elevation and section with the use of a human scale factor.3  Punch List for All Sections • Using the floor plan. They can scale room heights and widths to visually accommodate their concepts. • Check if windows and doors align correctly. Sections However. BOX 8.2  Punch List for Interior Section • Is the room a complete section • across a space? Are the wall and ceiling con- • Windows and door placed. 01_WILSON_TXT. The housing type is based on three levels within a two-story {8. such as the American split-level house. Split-level homes give freedom A section detail showing to create various ceiling heights within a roof overhang. furnishings indicate door Check if section symbols match swings. The human scale factor is a human placed in a drawing giving a sense height and width. Drawing rooms at various heights throughout the building 107 can create complex construction issues. Having a living room with a greater height than the bath is easy to design on a floor plan.DESIGN SCENARIO— SECTIONS FROM THE PLAN Developing a building in section is one method that many designers find beneficial toward understanding the space.6} house. 7} a traditional framework. The stairs can be a central stairs and window heights. (See Figure 8.) process. requires more emphasis as a design feature. treat stairs as a secondary idea. Many designers Risers: The vertical portion under each step that provides the height. This. tions of a space. STAIRS • Stairs are the main source of travel to the upper and lower levels of a resi- staircase. 1/10/11 2:22 PM . • Stringer: The structural component that supports the treads and risers. A design concept will help floors. in turn. simply 01_WILSON_TXT.108 Sections {8.7. • the vertical movements are central components to design. Using the vari- leaving an adequate opening for a later A transverse section showing ous ceiling heights changes the propor- addition. Treads: The horizontal step of the Run: The horizontal length of the staircase. Some spaces will have focal point of the home while acting a horizontal feel whereas others a sense as the main transportation to the other of verticality. Understanding the components determine the feel that needs to be of a staircase will help in the design achieved. • Because interior designers are concerned with the circulation of spaces.indd 108 Rise: The vertical distance between two floors. • dential building. Without proper symbols. This drawing type must be easily and intent of the drawing will help understood by anyone reading the determine if a drawing is an elevation. consisting locating of the door. and other design el- ence between an elevation and section ements as well as principles of design.1} opposite A micro office elevation that 1/10/11 2:22 PM . Using the proper symbols is derived from the plan by using the gives the drawing a sense of character. 01_WILSON_TXT. drawings. and oblique. No rules can say how much of each. The elevation is the draw- ing is a preliminary layout. 115 architectural effect depends understand both exterior and interior elevations upon a nice balance of horizontal. proportion. An elevation can also be the A complete drawing could be an el- main conveyance of the design intent evation of a built-in wall unit. you will be able to Put very succinctly. Instead.CHAPTER 9 ELEVATIONS After reading this chapter.1. The drawing drawing. The first elevation draw- uses the plan for width and a project. To start a complete elevation. ARTIST An elevation is a view that looks ing type that illustrates the materials straight at a structure or group of of the design. you must Elevations are a key to under- have a floor plan that shows the layout standing the visual design intent of of the space. so nothing create elevations from the plan.) the structure. dimensions of elevations and conventions. or even to a client. can really take the place of feeling and good judgment. is that the elevation has no cuts into (See Figure 9. Material selection is objects. It shows the balance of a a view of the kitchen. Identifying the scope sign. The main differ- space.indd 115 {9. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPORTANCE OF ELEVATIONS —WILLIAM MORRIS. the elevation Many drawing types are labeled as loses it potential to be understood and elevations an exterior view or an possibly the original intent of the de- interior detail. and and. DESIGNER. vertical. Many elevations are drawings important to the visual character of a created from the plan. it is a drawing that looks straight at the structure or The First Elevation Drawing object. features that provide width or height. An entry elevation using a variety of materials.119 Elevations {9. 01_WILSON_TXT.8} An interior wall design for a media center.indd 119 1/10/11 2:22 PM .7} Materials symbols used in elevation.6} {9. {9. however. room is available attempt to include it the outside. many details must be dimensioned. Many designers pre- 1' - 6".9} Kitchen elevation with tele- 01_WILSON_TXT. and roof pitch symbol building is symmetrical. A second amount of dimensions.indd 120 Interior elevation dimensioning can 1/10/11 2:22 PM . The roof counter top is 3' - 0".10. next. dimen- usual. only one side indicating the rise of the roof. Al- elevations are drawn for a distinct pur- ways dimension from the ground up to pose.DIMENSIONING ELEVATIONS on every outside elevation. features and an overall dimension. it is be more complex. Other items Exterior elevations require major to note are the grade line of the ground. Provide an overall ceiling height to wheelchair accessibility. which is normally scoping kitchen cabinets for in a typical wall section. required. For architectural drawings. From the counter overhang should also be included as a top to the bottom of the lower cabinets is separate drawing. Because cabinet stage would be to include dimensions and appliance dimensions are standard.).9. These are the dimensions impor- enlarged form and require a higher level tant to the bid process. The next dimension is the height fer to include the overhang dimension of the upper cabinets. if the 2' - 6". they need to have dimensioning is addressed in Chapter 12. (See Figure 9. (See Figure 9. needs dimensions. then continue up the building. If a building has var- ious heights and different features. from floor line to bottom of the window a simple sequence of dimensions is seal.) 120 Elevations {9. dimension from the A good rule of thumb is this: If it is un- floor line to the ceiling. When contrac- of detail. the floor line. Then. This level of tors bid documents. Kitchen and sion from the ceiling to the top of the bath elevations are normally drawn in an roof. a ba- Most projects are complex and require sic kitchen elevation requires a minimum multiple lines of dimension. Because most interior beneficial to dimension both sides. If a floor line (FL). From finished floor (AFF ) to the noting all important features. however. all heights noted for material selection. provide dimensions. Much of the informa- if it an exterior or interior door. Doors are available in include the schedule on the relevant standard sizes. the schedule would need to be drawn onto the set of working draw- more developed. Doors project can determine if the schedule are the first product a designer needs should be drawn onto the project. Metal-skinned 01_WILSON_TXT. The scale of the are walking into a structure. and finishes. Glass in the door is ers develop schedules of furnishings. specified in terms of lites. and fiberglass. affinities.CHAPTER 10 SCHEDULES After reading this chapter. finishes. love. 125 beauty emerges from selection. structure. ings. to specify because people encounter In residential design. which are fixtures. integration. —LOUIS KAHN. most designers use spreadsheets on a computer to create DOOR SCHEDULE booklets or appendices for construc- Always approach schedules as if you tion documents. The schedule the concept that doors have different should include only basic information levels of insulation. Many tion is provided by the manufacture new designers do not understand of the product selected. Fixtures can include specified according to the number of everything from toilets and lighting to divided sections in the door. The first notation is to identify that is provided. and create schedules for the design industry. If a building has custom Schedules traditionally have been designs. This will allow allows the document user to refer- changes of manufactures and not the ence specific details about a product. ARCHITECT UNDERSTANDING THE IMPORTANCE OF SCHEDULES A schedule is a list of information that such as typical sizes. you will be able to understand Design is not making beauty. Residential schedules should be type of door frame. ing should include the opening size. but the materials can working drawings. Residential sched- vary: metal. Glass in the door can be of various doors. however. Interior design- shapes and sizes. ules normally focus on windows.indd 125 1/10/11 2:22 PM . wood. The list- kitchen appliances. most people the doors first. and the type of simplistic in regards to the information door. indd 127 7. provide a series of blanks to add additional doors or list changes that occur through the project. Blanks: At the bottom of the schedule.) This distinguishes the windows from the doors and lessens confusion for contractors. BOX 10.2  Window Punch List 1.3. 2. Actual window width: 6. Window type: Casement. Number identification: Pentagon surrounding a number. Window frame: Wood. 5. Actual window height: information. double hung. Remarks: Designers should always leave a 3. 10. etc. Glazing: Low E.3} Symbols on a floor plan that relates to various schedules. blank area for comments and additional 4. 8. aluminum. 9. tinted. 1/10/11 2:22 PM .2} Sample window and door schedule. (See Figure 10. Rough opening (RO): Width in elevation. (Illustration credit: Sheila Flener) 127 Schedules {10. A window schedule should list basic information. reflective. awning. vinyl.2 and Figure 10. Rough opening (RO): Height in elevation. 01_WILSON_TXT.WINDOW SCHEDULES Windows are referenced with a pentagon and a number on the floor plan. {10. If using a legend. or synthetic? 5. painted. such as surface simplify the description unless the coating and flooring for each space information is not clear. Room name or type: 3. Flooring materials and type of finish: 4. (See of abbreviations or acronyms helps in Figure 10. 1/10/11 2:22 PM . Remarks: Designers should always leave a blank area for comments and additional information. Wall finishes: Include the wall material along with the finish product. Ceiling finishes: Acoustical ceiling. a separate that can be referenced on the sched- notation will need to be used to distin- ule. Then place it on the plan by label- guish the different selections. stained.5.) BOX 10. 01_WILSON_TXT. 8.FINISH SCHEDULES the schedule to lessen the amount of The finish schedule provides the written descriptions. The use of a within a house. Room number: 2.4) information for materials and finishes Because space is limited. (See Figure 10. If rooms have differ- a set of alphanumeric designations ent materials for each wall. attempt to needed for each room. create detail is needed. Baseboard or base cove: Is the base a painted wood. Blanks: At the bottom of the schedule provide a series of blanks to add additional doors or changes that occur through the project. popcorn. The complexity of the legend to describe special materials finish selection will determine if more may be used.3  Finish Punch List 1. 7.indd 128 6. The use ing rooms and walls to match. fire. layer of light for general use. Lighting should response. The lighting is applied as a the purpose should drive the type and —MARIANA FIGUERIO. ARCHITECT. The intent is to maximize light is not familiar with the varieties of from a central location. one has when entering and using a switches. There is an intent. 01_WILSON_TXT. But it’s everything to the LIGHTING DESIGN circadian system because it Lighting system design involves many the sensation of uneasiness whereas matters when you give users facets of the overall design process.indd 137 A basic understanding of electric- {11. Light for this amount of lighting required. way. receptacles . you will understand electrical We’re not trained to think 137 about time in a systematic symbols and reflected ceiling plans. will create an emotional response the reflected ceiling plan. the temporal dimension yet.) or mode.1} opposite 1/10/11 2:22 PM . the responsibilities ceiling plan. Design and many implications. Lighting. Much is planned for a distinct professionals are not real have the capabilities to alter the percep- purpose. circuits. the light. security. therefore. and communica- space. ation. and lighting is the simplest method because people react to chang- ity and wiring will help in the design Residential reflected es in light. (See Figure 11. A light placed in the center of a room is UNDERSTANDING THE SYMBOLS there to provide a general lighting for the Lighting symbols and their application purpose of traveling and safety within can become confusing if a designer the space. Reading areas require a differ- comfortable with thinking in tion of any space. Many designs are for ent lighting than bathrooms.1. on the other hand. it is for the appearances but may have a slight vari- purpose of simple utility. Many symbols have similar but not in the realm of design. simple utility. symbols. What is an emotional re- a space showing all the electrical com- sponse? It is the sensation or feeling ponents. The reflected to the space and provide the utility ceiling plan is an aerial view down into function. Understanding the purpose of the basic set will help in development of An interior designer. LIGHT RESEARCH CENTER purpose generally is not a design feature. not just whether Lighting design has a distinct purpose Not all lighting design is intended for a it’s blue or white. Darkness generally causes process.CHAPTER 11 ELECTRICAL AND LIGHTING After reading this chapter. as a design dimension. however. bright light gives the feeling of security. A designer has the intent of tions are normally shown on a reflected creating a space to invoke a feeling ceiling plan. Many basements in houses of lighting at different heights.1  Punch List for the Electrical/Reflected Ceiling Plan 1. A commercial or complex of the requirements of the home. This layering is Suspended ceilings can be used in resi- achieved by ceiling heights. and fire systems. Receptacle symbols and identification of 220 volts. a. surface. satellite. and proper power. 7. and air plan will include lights. Any several drawings. security. such as telephone. floors. each for use a suspended ceiling for easy access its own purpose. Water heater c. Electric range b. mechanical. Determine how the light fixture will mation is not too confusing to the be mounted and then select the corre- contractors. This means that light is orga- ceiling. This HVAC (heating. sponding symbol. and conditioning) . This is as long as the infor- electrical design. The second drawing of the door. Design the ceiling type. Clothes dryer 01_WILSON_TXT. An interior designer information may be shown on one needs to learn and draft these basics of drawing. create different effects. suspended ceiling with lighting and Light switches are placed at the entry circuits shown. One may be the wall over 2 feet must have receptacle. will create lighting in to plumbing and electrical for the upper layers. dential applications if a designed look and fixtures. switching. 139 Electrical and Lighting Draw the reflected ceiling plan as The first step in preparing the BOX 11. A traditional ceiling in the lighting around any key design residential application is gypsum board. electrical receptacles on a residen- Residential plans are simple because tial plan. A suspended ceiling is designed nized so different levels of intensity can to be flexible and easy to maintain. Specifying different types is desired. If the structure does not use wet locations. 9. Electrical schedule. security. Air conditioners d. all the additional be weatherproof. Create a series of layers with a traditional ceiling in a commercial the lighting. All lighting with proper symbols. switching. if necessary. Note that each sym- bol has a specific mounting method: reflected ceiling plan is to determine recessed. and electrical. and GFCI are located in security. ventilation. ceiling and the roof was missing. 8.indd 139 6. Outside electrical must a suspended ceiling. The second step is to determine if you were looking down through the what is included in the ceiling: lights. the appliances must have may show electrical. features. Heat pumps e. 1/10/11 2:22 PM . and wall. The residential plan will be broken up into receptacles are placed every 6 feet. Special symbols. and end with the utility application is a suspended acoustic lighting. broadband. Switches with circuits. Make sure all areas of the electrical and ceiling plan are included.4} opposite Lighting schedule.3} below Commercial reflected ceiling plan.) {11.7. therefore.3–11.Design Scenario—Lighting and Electrical Plans The main objective to this chapter is to provide electrical symbols and examples of their use.indd 140 1/10/11 2:22 PM . referencing drawings and legends is the best way for the designer to learn symbols and their usage. (Illustration credit: Sheila Flener) 01_WILSON_TXT. (Illustration credit: Sheila Flener) {11. (See Figures 11. There is no clear step-by-step method to specifying electrical. design and create elevation and sections of kitchens and baths. The kitchen is designed around —STEVE JOBS. The kitchen should be area that requires maximum clearances designed for a level of efficiency while and a central location to distribute food. and cooking zones. not The three kitchen work only for food storage. and infants). three main work areas: preparation. This is the one area prep area. maximum distances noted. in part because it contains in the kitchen. Design is the anthropometrics. which is a zone designed bility is critical to a functional design.1} opposite top maximize many features. and human scale (adults. The washing zone is de- where people constantly encounter signed around the sink and dishwash- and work with each other for extended ing area. The third zone is the cooking periods of time. The kitchen is the most complex room for maximum efficiency when working in a house. ends up expressing itself in successive outer layers of the INTRODUCTION TO KITCHEN DESIGN product or service. The design of this These three zones should create an un- space should be developed according broken triangle with all sides adding to to the needs of the users. you will be able to understand 145 In most people’s vocabularies. (See Fig- well. 01_WILSON_TXT.indd 145 1/10/11 2:23 PM . This includes the the curtains of the sofa. concerned with storage in a kitchen.1. It’s the fabric of complete with fixtures and furniture. The preparation zone large amounts of equipment along with focuses on the refrigerator and food dining facilities. but for kitchen zones—the pre. Designers should always be {12. means veneer. the design must is storage. FOUNDER AND CEO. It’s interior decorating. fundamental soul of a human-made creation that children. tools and small appliance storage as washing. Because it less than 26 feet. proxemics. washing.2} opposite bottom ure 12.CHAPTER 12 KITCHEN AND BATH DESIGN After reading this chapter. (See Figure 12. Being able to carefully organize {12.) These three zones create the these spaces to allow for easy accessi- The work triangle with work triangle. APPLE and cooking zones. But to me. ther from the meaning of design.2.) The is the most expensive per-square-foot next area of importance in the kitchen portion of the home. nothing could be fur- application of increasing scale plans and elevations. focused on safety. 11e} 01_WILSON_TXT. {12.Kitchen floor plan.indd 161 1/10/11 2:23 PM . levels has provided designers many and public.) Ergonomic spaces. (See Figure 12. (Illustration credit: Sheila Flener) 01_WILSON_TXT. Edward Hall bases his to improve productivity and comfort designs around four zones of human levels.12} Levels of comfort according to the space bubble by Edward T. The research defines a designer. AND ERGONOMICS interaction in the book The Hidden The study of humans and comfort zones as intimate. The house functions. and sonal space and distances of comfort is postures for the design of ergonomics. Generally. Hall. In residential (See Figure 12.) design. The study of proxemics is the physical and psychological comfort lev- understanding of space as it is used in els. which gives take place. the criteria changes because design has benefitted people through the comfort level involves no family the development of office furniture and friends. (See Figure 12. Humans have a wide variety of around distances and the activities that cultural living conditions.indd 162 ANTHROPOMETRICS.14.162 Kitchen and Bath Design {12. most people understand the Ergonomics is the study of people need for personal space and how a and their working conditions. social.) Design- avenues to create a higher standard of ing and planning workspaces revolves living. Dimension. critical in most designs.13. The use of anthropometrics is what specific cultures. Designing for people determines what space is needed for and their specific needs is the goal of certain activities. In nonresidential furniture. houses are information is collected to provide data designed for a distinct family interact- for the design of seating and other ing with each other. the designer opportunity to refine their Anthropometrics is the study of designs. widths. personal. This breaks down the four 1/10/11 2:23 PM .12. PROXEMICS. The understanding of per- typical human heights. How do those simple shapes in- netic. used in construction such as a steel ex- terior panel in the kitchen for notes and The design process is dependent on The other side of the industrial de- the individual. These custom pieces show the form has been identified. small products that complement the design of a project. you will be able to design What works good is better 167 than what looks good. De- many items are custom built to fit the signs with a radius give the sensation situation. Because what works good lasts.CHAPTER 13 PRODUCT DESIGNING: CASE GOODS. and details are the —RAY EAMES. With detail design. ARCHITECT.indd 167 1/10/11 2:23 PM . (See Figure 13. They When developing a building design. DESIGNER. FILMMAKER BASIC PRODUCT DESIGN PROCESS of the reduction of sharp corners. clarify that it creative nature of designers. (Illustration credit: Sheila Flener) 01_WILSON_TXT. however. GRAPHIC AND INDUSTRIAL focus of the chapter. fireplaces.1. comfortable for most people because an engineer’s or architects approval. Many details in the construction of a Interior designers are designing the building may be new concepts in build- furniture and fixtures to complement ing design. This is because some stain- is to approach the idea with simple less steel refrigerators are nonmag- shapes.) When a simple project. Many designers find solu- that they are leading you to a destina- tions by designing custom pieces for a tion. one method magnets. Product fits the composition of the building. LIGHTING. FURNITURE.1} opposite teract with the space? Round forms are need to be custom-made and require Radius designed bar area. but is quickly being overtaken of the space? Will this element contra- by interior designers. Case goods. AND SMALL FIXTURES After reading this chapter. It may simply be a creative their own designs as well as meet a cli- use of a material that is not traditionally ent’s needs. it is only natural to find solu- tions in furniture and product design sign portion of a project is the detailing. many items {13. Because most dict other elements and principles of interior designers are specialist in space the space? planning. Will design was traditionally industrial this form be out of place with the theme design . equipment. that accent and improve an interior. give the space a sense of flowing. and the designer must remember that individuals of different heights will be using them. and Small Fixtures to fit the space. Will it {13.5} right overwhelm a space. These notations determine what materials will be used and color specifications. The other (Illustration credit: Sheila Flener) issue is the size of the object.indd 171 Product Designing: Case Goods.4} opposite build? Many designers design electri- The materials provide not only the structure. cal fixtures to make sure they create a but also the decorative elements of a design.) 01_WILSON_TXT. (See Figure 13. a 1/10/11 2:23 PM .4. Cabinets are considered a furniture piece. sense of scale and find that lighting product design can be based on simple geometric shapes and matching an existing light base.5. Lighting is an area where designers find themselves creating new products 171 because there is no product available fixture may need to be created to fit a space.(See Figure 13. The product will need to be creative yet functional. specific look for the space. Designers need to ask questions before going too far with a lighting design: will the object be functional? Is it too complex for a local fabricator to {13. The details on the front view describe all the components. or is it too small A simple light fixture based on wrapping to be effective.) The cabinet has the overall dimensions and detail notations. Always research the furniture type and sizes that are required for the end user. Furniture. In specialty design. Designers have a good metal and tucking into a slot for support. Lighting. 8.{13.8} bottom left A mobile kitchen island designed to move from kitchen to dining area.6} An enlarged detail describing a radiant floor heating system. (See Figures 13.7} left A detail that describes the shape and bracket type for a column and rafter connection.7–13. Labeling helps identify materials at small scales. {13. Lighting.9} bottom right A leg detail of the mobile kitchen island in 13. {13.) When a draftsperson is drawing the design.) {13.9.indd 172 fied custom look. 1/10/11 2:23 PM . Basic measurements are important to the details and the actual construction. (See Figure 13. Detail design for construction is im- portant when trying to achieve a speci- 172 Product Designing: Case Goods. Furniture.6. all facets that make it unique need to be labeled. and Small Fixtures 01_WILSON_TXT. The Horizon line: The line that is at eye level {14. learning the perspective framework. broadly-complete dedication to the well- PROJECTION DRAWINGS designed. This chapter addresses the simple and informative type of drawings. so start with a simple one- towards a vanishing point. Perspectives are tools used to increase the understanding of drawn out toward the viewer. (See help you grasp the terminology and the Figure 14. easiest for clients to understand.indd 175 1/10/11 2:23 PM . Perspective drawings provide is viewing the space from a three-dimensional space by studying Picture plane: The surface where the stationary point. perspective and axonometric drawings. ordered. Three-dimensional that allows the user to create sketches images are the most true to life and and proportional 3-D drawings. The refine. This drawing drawing perspectives.1. (See Figure 14. start by learning basic terms. The two main types that designers use are drawings.2} opposite bottom Ground line: Where the ground plane a sense of space because the meets the picture plane image is created as if someone drawings show a realistic view of the design to a client.) This chapter is —JOHN MASSEY. and axono- point perspective of a room.) Simple projection drawings step-by-step technique used to cre- are the clearest images to create and ate the framework of the drawing. (Illustration how a building relates to its surround- drawing is projected credit: Jordan Bartek) 01_WILSON_TXT. GRAPHIC-DESIGN sional (3-D) representations of two-di- focused on the practical application of PIONEER AND EDUCATOR mensional (2-D) drawings.CHAPTER 14 PROJECTION DRAWINGS ON A 2-D SURFACE After reading this chapter. To understanding perspective Station point: The point which a person {14. Perspective drawings can frustrate the Perspective drawing distorts the image beginner.1} opposite top views the space A perspective drawing focuses on the vanishing point and is PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS Vanishing point: A point on the horizon Perspective drawings are used as a line where parallel lines converge planning and presentation tool. Complex drawing can be confus- following definitions are helpful when ing to clients and expensive to create.2. not the theory. Projection drawings are three-dimen- ings. type is the main method of conveying The focus is the step-by-step application the intended design. the student will be able to All of the environment should 175 express a higher. This will metric provide a measurable image. more- create a basic perspective and axonometric drawing. 12. Door and windows is learning that all lines need precise headers begin at 6' - 8". (See Figure 14. Understanding the basics eases the Drawing the walls to correct width will process. such as learning the height simplify the process.indd 179 1/10/11 2:23 PM . Imagine looking down into a intersect correctly. An isometric drawing initially ap- space with the ceiling removed. If the wall thick- of the ceiling.) lead to frustration and poor design. Normal ceilings start at ness is correct. Incorrect measurements to the 6' - 8" mark. The final component is wall material. Clients can visualize them- type is the simplest to construct after selves within the space because they the framework is started. 179 Projection Drawings on a 2-D Surface {14. but the drawing drawing. the wall heights will 8 feet. 01_WILSON_TXT. This pears complex because of the three- is the principle behind an isometric dimensional form. Residential door height is 6’ - 8”. The major see the plan simply extruded up to obstruction most beginners deal with the ceiling height.12} Windows and door are measured from a standard height. Exact win- measurement to accurately complete dow sizes can then be measured up the frame. ) 7.16.indd 180 1/10/11 2:23 PM . Erase all lines hidden behind walls. (See Figure 14. (See Figure 14. Add kitchen and bath cabinetry. (See Figure 14.) 8. continue with the interior walls.) Projection Drawings on a 2-D Surface 4. 2. 01_WILSON_TXT. (See Figure 14. 1.) 3. Make sure all wall thicknesses are correct for the wall type. {14. tape down the drawing at a 45-degree angle. Using the 45-degree triangle.17.18. then connect all the corners with a line using the 45-degree triangle.14} Draw the lines up from the corners to the ceiling height.13. Make sure the corner is aligned perfectly. align the edge with a corner of the drawing. {14. Poché all objects cut through.15. Add doors and windows. (See 180 Figure 14.14. With the outside walls in place. Steps to drawing an isometric area as follows. Complete the floor plan and window schedule. (See Figure 14.) 5.13} Using the plan. Place the floor plan at a 45-degree angle. Draw a line from the outside corners up 8 feet.) 6. Architecture should speak of for timelessness. Drawing residential set of working drawings or construction floor plans and elevations in ¼ inch documents are created. After the much of the work is completed and only presentation drawings are approved. COMMUNICATION OF DRAWING TYPES The presentation of drawings is the symbols are used that apply to all fields main conveyance of information to of construction. and interior a client.indd 185 {15. Using standard symbols while is informative and interesting is the developing a creative design is one of the designer’s objective. therefore. standard mea- to be read by the various subcontrac- surements make the process of drawing programming tors and laborers.1} opposite This board is a presentation with 1/10/11 2:23 PM . Convincing a client goals of the scenario method. is easy for contractors to understand because the measurement is a residential What Is a Set of Working Drawings? standard. ARCHITECT basic design presentation. They are designed the construction process. Drawing kitchen and bath plans Working drawings are the documents and elevations at ½ inch is also standard. development. Layout skills will be based on presentation and working drawings. 01_WILSON_TXT. architecture. Creating a presentation that design.CHAPTER 15 PRESENTATION DRAWINGS After reading this chapter and completing the scenario. standard working documents uniform. By using a that the design will meet their needs is methodical process when designing. but yearn a beginning designer will possess an understanding of 185 organize and present information in a logical format for presentation and delivery to a client. and achieved through quality drawings and by drawing designs in standard sizes. a knowledgeable presentation. The goal is to Presentation Drawings its time and place. that are created for the actual construc- For the various contractors involved in tion of a structure. —FRANK GEHRY. a needs refinement. indd 187 1/10/11 2:23 PM . comprehensible presentation multiple disciplines to work on a stan- works best for the majority of clients. P- presenting to designers. Most people discover that a a mixture of perspective and The UDS reduces confusion and allows simple. images merging onto each other.3. C-Civil. The merging of drawings can students are taught various methods be accomplished with manual methods. and boards. Always understand the added to. lay- however. is the design scenario method 01_WILSON_TXT. Design methods. but can be the audience. Most involve creative be lacking when compared to a digital methods that are graphically attractive presentation. Plumbing.3} ments. and it is the predomi- A presentation drawing is designed to nant form of presentation with digital sell a project to potential clients.187 Presentation Drawings client. for clients. it will allow and encourage the {15. the standard order is based on When creating construction docu- creation of presentations specifically This composite drawing has the Uniform Drawing System (UDS). S-Structural. and E-Electrical. A composite ink on mylar. the level of refinement may outs. dard set of drawings. (See Figure 15.) A single and convey the intent of the design to drawing that is graphic. The initial letter Complex composite drawings with increase the quality of the pre- represents the different disciplines: overlapping images are perfect for sentation. Hand drawing with A-Architecture. to creating presentation drawings. It is plan drawings at various scales. This system drawing is a presentation drawing that of clear identification crosses disci- combines multiple drawing types with plines and countries. Computer-generated titles have been added to a graphic system used to create one What Is a Presentation Drawing? massive image. {15.4} Hand-drawn images that were scanned and arranged with photo editing software.indd 188 1/10/11 2:24 PM . 188 Presentation Drawings 01_WILSON_TXT.