Destination B2 Grammar and Vocabulary

Macmillan EducationBetween Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-230-03538-6 Text© Macmillan Publishers Limited 2008 Design and illustration© Macmillan Publishers Limited 2008 First published 2006 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Note to Teachers Photocopies may be made, for classroom use, of pages 213-226 without the prior written permission of Macmillan Publishers Limited. However, please note that the copyright law, which does not normally permit multiple copying of published material, applies to the rest of this book. Original design by Antony Kleidouchakis Page make-up by Anne Sherlock Cover design by Macmillan Publishers Limited Cover photograph by Bananastock Authors' acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Rachel Finnie and Ruth Jimack for their valuable contributions to the planning, writing and editing of this book. Glossary definitions and examples from Macmillan Essential Dictionary, text© Bloomsbury Publishing Pie 2003 and© A&C Black Publishers Ltd 2005. Printed and bound in Thailand 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 7 6 5 4 3 Introduction Overview Destination 82: Grammar and Vocabulary has been designed for students preparing to take any examination at 82 (Vantage) level on the Cou ncil of Eu rope's Common European Framework scale. The book provides presentation and practice of all the key grammar, vocabulary and lexico-gram matical areas required for a l l main 82 level exams, eg Cambridge FCE. There are 28 units in the book, with alternating grammar and vocabulary units. Grammar Each g rammar unit begins with a clear two-page presentation of grammar rules and examples in table form. Important points are highlighted in Watch out! boxes and US/U K differences are explained. The grammar practice exercises follow the order of the g rammar presentation on a point-by-point basis, and are g raded in d ifficulty through the unit. Exercise types found in all main 82 level exams are included. In each g ra mmar u nit, the vocabulary focus of the following unit is used as a context for presentation and text based exercises. Vocabulary The vocabulary u n its are topic based, covering a l l the topics appropriate to exams at 82 level. Each vocabulary unit begins with a clear presentation table comprising five sections: topic vocabulary in contrast, phrasal verbs, phrases and collocations, word patterns and word formation. The vocabulary exercises a re organised according to these sections, and provide systematic practice of the vocabulary presented. Exercise types found in all major 82 examinations are included. The g rammar focus of the preceding unit is consolidated within these exercises. Revision and consolidation Strong emphasis is placed on revision and consolidation.The book i ncludes: • fourteen two-page reviews (after every two units) • two four-page progress tests (after units 14 and 28) Additional material Add itional reference material is provided at the back of the book. This incl udes: • a list of all key irregular verbs • a unit-by-unit glossary of all contrastive topic vocabulary with definitions and example sentences from the Macmillan Essential Dictionary • a phrasal verbs d atabase, with defi nitions and example sentences • a phrases and collocations database • a word patterns database • a word formation database • a g u ide to the major d ifferences i n vocabulary and spel ling between US English and U K English Unit 1 Grammar Present time: present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous, stative verbs 6 Unit 2 Vocabulary Travel and transport 12 . , , � .,, , i Review 1 Units 1 and2 , , ; . '' " I , . , , 16 , '� • 7 1 � Unit 3 Grammar Past time: past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous, would, used to I be/get used to 18 Unit 4 Vocabulary Hobbies, sport and games 24 , , • Review2 Units 3 ��d4 . , - , _J '• • -_ , 28 • I t • ... • • I , . i.. • - Unit 5 Grammar Future time I present tenses in time clauses I prepositions of time and place 30 Unit 6 Vocabulary Science and technology 36 Unit 7 Grammar Articles I countable and uncountable nouns I quantifiers 42 Unit 8 Vocabulary The media 48 ,. . � ' , .' Review 4 Units 7and8 · . , 52 Unit 9 Grammar Conditionals: zero, first, second, third, mixed, inverted I unless, in case, as/so long as, provided (that) 54 Unit 10 Vocabulary People and society 60 ' , Review 5 Units 9and1 O 64 - - Unit 11 Grammar Comparatives and superlatives I so, such, enough, too 66 Unit 12 Vocabulary The law and crime 72 ' , , , · Review 6 · Units 1fand12 ', · . ".r,. ":,: · : , 76 ' !'.. " ; . · .. - ·. Unit 13 Grammar Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty 78 Unit 14 Vocabulary Health and fitness 84 Review 7 Units 13and14 , , , 88 _ Progress Test 1 Units 1 -14 90 Unit 1 S Grammar The passive I the causative I direct and indirect objects 94 Unit 16 Vocabulary Food and drink 100 Review 8 Units 15and16 , 104 , Unit 17 Grammar -ing form or infinitive I prefer, would rather, had better I infinitives of purpose 106 Unit 18 Vocabulary Education and learning 112 Contents - Review 9 Units 17and18 1 16 �' y � Unit 19 Grammar Questions I question tags I indirect questions 778 Unit 20 Vocabulary Weather and the environment 724 . ' .,. •' � Review 1 O Units 19and20 . " , 128 � ' ' Unit 21 Grammar Reported speech I reported questions I reporting verbs 730 Unit 22 Vocabulary Money and shopping 736 Review 11 Units 21and22 , 140 Unit 23 Grammar Relative clauses I participles 742 Unit 24 Vocabulary Entertainment 748 152 · Review 12 Units 23and24 . . , ' . Unit 25 Grammar Unreal past, wishes I contrast 754 Unit 26 Vocabulary Fashion and design 760 Review 13 Units 25and26 . . · · 164 " ), , , J Unit 27 Grammar Inversions I possessives 766 Unit 28 Vocabulary Work and business 772 , Review 14 Units 27and28 176 " Progress Test 2 ··' Units 15 - 28 ... 778 ,, Reference Section Irregular verbs 782 Verbs+ full infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning 784 Reporting verb patterns 785 Glossary 786 Phrasal verbs database 798 Phrases and collocations database 203 Word patterns database 208 Word formation database 270 US English vs UK English: vocabulary and spelling 272 • Present time: present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous, stative verbs Present simple ) Form statement: I/you/we/they travel ... He/she/it travels ... negative: I/you/we/they don't travel ... He/she/it doesn't travel ... question: Do I/you/we/they travel ... ? Does he/she/it travel .. . ? t Use Example �� .;; Current ha bits Toby walks to work. :�. ;,. ?;., 1 To tal k about how often things happen Angela doesn't visit us very often. ·' ,, .· · .i.. " Permanent situations Carlo works in a travel agent's. ... ..... :f.: ;:. �. States Do you have an up-to-date passport? �: j f� f Genera l truths and facts Poland is in the European Union. . .· , ·.,,. ,. ,._..• . r.·:·;·.'·.-' ··.'·' · .· ···· · . . . , .. .,. ,._ . .·. ...• .. ...... ........... .-::•." . .· ·;.,;.. . . . ..· ··. ,_ ....... ......... . ,........... .. .. ., .. .... ... .... · ··/.'•'.•···· · · ··· • ·.. : . .• :.',• 't·, ···· · 1·1 . 1.r.• •, ·I ( : , , ..,.··.':· .• , • ·'.• ' .;.r; ·�·. • '.'·/ . -': ;trt, �:· · .._.'.' .'/_ ·•.',. ·· • '/,•.•, •.·:·,,,.. ... ' '• '• I ...';' .. ......... . '· . . ,, . ...·. ., .·.��-- _../.· :• •' '..' ' 1 •/'.:�.• i•t·. ;I'."•.' ,.-.. ':I• ,.•, .. . ....,... . , . . . , ....,.. ... ... ;1·.•· : • We ca n also use do/does in present simple statements for em phasis . \\ 0ut\ 'You don't like going by bus, do you?"Actually, I do like going by bus for short distances. ' '1-Jatc: The bus isn't quicker than the train but it does stop right outside the factory. Present continuous ) Form statement: I am driving ... You/we/they are driving ... He/she/it is driving ... negative: I'm not driving ... You/we/they aren't driving ... or You're/we're/they're not driving ... He/she/it isn't driving ... or He's/she's/it's not driving ... question: Am I driving .. . ? Are you/we/they driving ... ? Is he/she/it driving ... ? .. _ ,, Use Example } " I ' •:.·.. Actions ha ppening now Mike is driving to work at the moment. ii ,:. Temporary series of actions .I. Taxi drivers aren't stopping at the train station because of the roadworks. ;: Temporary situations Are they staying in a hotel near the Olympic stadium ? fi }· .,!. Changing and developing situations �- '·· Holidays abroad are becoming increasingly popular. �.�.. Annoyi ng habits (usual ly with always) Dad is always cleaning the car when I want to use it! • •., , , r .' .''.' ·.'"S- ."0·.'>. , : •'.',, .• ·, •' •, ••'• · .,:··:. ··. · ·"'.j;···· ·.- ...... .. . .. .....•·.+ ·. f.'· ' .'.'· ..:-,.. :· · · � ...� . · ·. .''·· ...,..- .. ·r.·..; : . . ., . . ...... .. ...;·: ...� - ·· .' . .-:: I '' ' ' J , . : .-� I f,.p� , . . , . ., ... . ....- .'.· · . /•.'/. ·.. •',••, . •" ':''"rl..' '•,:,·· ··./, '1·.•'•'• .. '' '.·,;·�·· '· ,',.'•. : ...... .. .-..,....:· ···· -....,,... ., .._ .... ,._. _ .,...... - .'• ' '.r. ' • .,r'l•I • •:.• � ' '11 I·• , .'o..'/•,'. ',r,o'•�••:I• '•'.'l•. ' ,.'.\'- . / '. •" " './.'·:': •i('/''' ( Present perfect simple ) Form have/has + past participle statement: I/you/we/they have flown ... He/she/it has flown ... negative: I/you/we/they haven't flown ... He/she/it hasn't flown ... question: Have I/you/we/they flown .. . ? Has he/she/it flown ... ? >.' ..}.� lt-�. Use Example %. fr :; ','.' { ·.� Situations and states that started in the past and a re sti l l true She's had her motorbike for over six years. rf ...�:.. t We've travelled by taxi, bus, plane and train - all in {�� ·,: :-:1 A series of actions continuing up to now .·j the last twenty-four hours! '\ ;,; ; ;. ,. :.1 Completed actions at a time i n the past which is not mentioned ·' ft· Have you ever flown in a helicopter? " l _;; (· · �:- Completed actions where the im porta nt thing is the present result I've booked the coach tickets. r,, -: <:-.'·, • . . .. .. , . .... , ..,... .· .... ... , � - .·· r-+· · : -. ,o.- ': : · ......, .. '·, '.....·.� .. . .· . ...., . . ··.::. :· ..:'. ''·'·:. ·. . . .' .·:r,· ·.•.'-• ·. , .','.','•.',:,•·.'.', . c,.,,.,..;_:.' '·:<f· ' I . . .... . ..... .. .. . ..:. .. . .. ....,.,. .. . . . . .,_.,...... : • ..•. . •..·........ .... ·:· .. · • · • . , .•.,.•,. :.·-;:.· ·.-'.•"-. , .',':,'<!' •' •, •: ............ . ... . . · . ...,.. , ../• " .. ..· ;· ·1/·.'·..:·'.··/·.· . . ' .. ·� . . , ..... . . : · : ·. ·,1,.. . ..·. - ·':: ..;: . :·:·;' .: ...... ... .... . 6 Present time: present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous, stative verbs Unit 1 Phrases such as It's the first!second!etc time ... are followed by the present perfect simple. ,/ It's the second time I've been on a plane. • Spea kers of America n English often use the past simple in situ ations where spea kers of British Eng lish would use the present perfect simple. US: We already saw the Sphinx. UK: We 've already seen the Sphinx. • S pea kers of American English use gotten as the past participle of the verb 'get: except when 'g et' means 'have' or 'possess'. S peakers of British English only ever use got. US: We've already gotten Dan a new backpack for his summer vacation. U K: We've already got Dan a new rucksack for his summer holiday. Present perfect continuous Form statement: I/you/we/they have been travelling ... He/she/it has been travelling ... negative: I/you/we/they haven't been travelling ... He/she/it hasn't been travelling ... question: Have I/you/we/they been travelling . ? .. Has he/she/it been travelling . . . ? ; 1 Use Example ii : / Actions conti nuing u p to the present moment We have been driving for hours. Can't we have a break soon? '" ,, Actions stopping just before the present moment I'm out of breath because I've been running to get here in time. i , : · ,. °:"• :: ·: :�:-;;:')' '.'i: ·...-:.•t,.- : : : · . ' . ';,"•';•, •',;-' ' � I '· , · ....,_ . ........ : .'.·.·.·: ··· ··· . ...:·��·;·-: : . . ·· �· : ·::-�:�/ :·.: . ...... ·/:. · ··"--· ..... -:-: ... ... .·. ....· ",: .. : :'·:·� ' · :.:-:· • 1 · ···� ,.',/.· .. · : - .. ";"; ... · .· . -: ·:: . · .·'.·-:... ' . •,· - •/· ·· -�r..:./. . .- ··- •' - ·.-•.·:,o.t·. :.:.. .•.-./o: · . .·: ..•·-,:.··· :-.-:·· .. -. ...... ; .. :'.·-:-::;';:.7 ··... •·· ,i1.-·-1 _ ·-.·:··· ·-: . .. ·.-.··/:···· '• ' ·:·.;-.·:-: · .... ·•:.: . r'· " ··/.·. ...- � .. ,•, . . · ' ::• • • The present perfect contin uous is often used with words and phrases like a// day!week!year/etc, for, since, just, etc. ,/ We 've been walking for hours and I need a rest. • The present perfect contin uous is not norma l ly used with the words ever and never. ,/ Have you ever flown in a helicopter before? X Haveyou everbeen #lyingin ahe!fcopt=erbefofC? • Sometimes there is very l ittle difference in meaning between the present perfect si m ple and the present perfect continuous and sometimes there is a difference in meaning. ,/ I have worked at the airport for four years. = I have been working at the airport for four years. ,/ I have read that book about cruise ships. (I have fi n ished it.) I have been reading that book about cruise ships. (I have not fi n ished it.) ( Stative verbs ) Stative verbs a re not normal ly u sed in continuous tenses because they don't describe actions. ,/ I see what you mean. x Iam seeing 11du1tyGl:ImeaA. i. �· ) Use ' �- Example 15_ ::� Stative verbs often refer to: ,,· :� . ;- .. th in king believe, imagine, know, mean, think, understand f ''.I .'{ ' existence be, exist ··:- ' ;. �- .j· emotions hate, like, love, need, prefer, satisfy, want t i �- ·- � the h u man senses hear, see, smell, sound, taste : ... ;. . i " . , appea rance appear, look, resemble, seem ;· ·' '.� possession a nd rel ationships between things belong to, consist of, have, include, involve, own ...... .... ;·i · .. ··•·.• · � . ..... .....,_?. '.l�.'·,fl:. .. .. .. · ·..;.; · i/" , , : .... ., ·:': ••·... . ... .._.., .,. .. . , ... . . ;�:. ·. ; . :.- : · :r•:: ·. : . •. :. .,1 · .. /·:-- •.'·. ·· ··: :. . . .. .. . ..... ?�if·· ··· /.:.':: . . . ...,. . ,, .. . ,. .. . ..... · ··":'··.. ......·.. . ./ C ."•.'·, .... ... . · · ,, , ', , ' .......... ....,_,, . .. .. ...... . .' • "°!."•: r ..•." -:-·'; •: • • • •.t · ·· ; . ..... .. .. .,... .. ,.,... .. . .. ; ..-;. .. . .... .... ..· " . .. ·. ..·. :.·· · ·.�.. .. .. , .· . . : . . . ..... . .. ,. .... . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . · . ·: • Some verbs (such as be, have, imagine, look, see, smell, taste, think) a re stative with one meaning \\ 0ut\ and non-stative with a nother mean ing. '1-JatC ,/ Do you have your plane ticket with you ? (state: possession) ,/ Are you having lunch at the momen t? (action: eati ng) 7 Unit 1 Grammar A C i rcle the correct word or phrase . 1 Elizabeth usually goes I is usually going to bed at a round eleven o'clock. 2 Dan talks I is talking on the other phone right now. 3 We don't eat I a ren't eating any meat at the moment as we're both on a diet. 4 Does air travel get / Is air travel getting increasingly safe? 5 My m u m calls I is calling me every weekend without fail. 6 H ow m uch do babysitters generally earn I are babysitters generally earning? 7 You always come I You're always coming u p with excuses for not having done you r homework. It's s o annoying! 8 I don't go / I'm not going out m uch during the week but I always try / I'm always trying to go out somewhere on Saturday night. 9 No, the train does stop I is stopping at Cirencester on Saturdays. 10 My m u m takes I is taking part i n ice-skating competitions almost every weekend. B Rewrite correctly. Cha nge the words or phrases in bold . 1 My dad is often getting up late on Saturday mornings. 2 Are you speaking any other languages apart from English? 3 I already buy all my Christmas presents and it's only October! 4 It's the first time I'm ever having a party at home. 5 Actually, I think Darren does works quite hard sometimes. 6 Carlo is never eating Chinese food before. 7 Sean already books a table for tonight. 8 Needs Melanie any help painting her new flat? C Complete using the correct form of the verb i n brackets . 1 It's the fi rst time (I I ever I eat) octopus! .................................................. 2 Sandy ...................................... . (not I see) his sister since she went to u niversity. ........... 3 They ... ....... ... ... ....... ... . . .................... (go) on holiday to Spain and won't be back u ntil the end of .. the month. 4 Poor Tracy! She .................................................. (write) that essay for hours now and she still hasn't finished! 5 ....... . .............. ............ . ..... . ......... (you I ever I meet) anyone fa mous? 6 ......... .. ....................... ................ (I I try) to get i n touch with Jen ny all morning but I can't find her anywhere. 7 . .................. ................. . ............. (I I not finish) the book yet so I can't tel l you what happens. 8 ......... . ......... .......................... ..... (you I already I decide) where you're going this summer? 9 ...... ... ....... .. .............. ... . .............. (We I live) here for the last six years. 10 ... . ............ .................................. (I I never I hear) such nonsense! 8 Present time: present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous, stative verbs Unit 1 I --·-.· -----·-·-···· D Complete using the words in the box. already • before • ever • for • just • rarely • since • so • still • yet 1 Have you ........................ d reamt of winning the lottery? 2 I haven't worked out how to set the timer on the video ........................ . 3 My dad's l ived in the same house ........................ he was born. 4 The fil m's only been on ........................ a couple of minutes. 5 Bruce has knocked three men out of the competition ........................ far. 6 I ........................ get the chance to get any exercise - I'm j ust too busy. 7 He's only ........................ got home. 8 It's eleven o'clock and Todd ........................ hasn't come home. Where could he be? 9 I've never met Ruth ........................ . What's she l ike? 1O Have you fi nished ........................ ? That was q uick! E Choose the correct answer. 1 Ian ............ a shower at the moment, 6 That's the first time ............ an answer so could you cal l back in a bout half an right today! hou r? A I get A takes B I am getting B is taking C I have got C has taken D I have been getting D has been taking 7 Jessica has ............ left, I'm afraid. 2 ............ to I pswich before? A already A Do you ever go B yet B Are you ever going C still C Have you ever been D so far D Have you ever been going 8 Dan ............ in the l iving room while 3 I ............ to a l l the local newspapers we redecorate his bedroom. and TV stations to complain. A sleeps A already write B is sleeping B already writing C has slept C have a l ready written D does sleep D have already been writing 9 Unfortunately, Simone ............ a day 4 ............ TV for the last four hours? Tu rn off very often. it off and get some exercise! A doesn't get A Do you watch B isn't getting B Are you watching C hasn't got C Watched you D hasn't been getting D Have you been watching 10 Actually, I ............ a cu p of tea fi rst 5 Eric, ............ hockey competitively or thing every morning but then I switch just for fun? to coffee. A do you usually play A do d rink B are you usually playing B am drinking C have you usually played C have d runk D have you usually been playing D have been drinking "' , . · • '.J'• • • .• '4 • .'' 9 Unit 1 Grammar F Compl ete using the correct form of the words in the box. be • disagree • do • include • know • look • see • seem • understand Ancient aviators? Everyone (1 ) ......................... that humans have been flying for only a few h undred years. But (2) ......... . . . . ...... ...... it possible that ancient civilizations also had the ability and technology to fly? I n the Nazcan Desert in southern Peru, there are hundreds of lines which an ancient culture d rew in the d ust. On the g round, they j ust (3) . .................. . . .... like straight lines. But when you (4) .......... . ... . . .. .. ..... them from the air, you (5) ... ....... . ... . .... . . .. .. exactly what they are. They a re incredible and enormous pictures. The pictures (6) ......................... animals, birds and symbols. One bizarre theory, which most mainstream scientists (7) .. . ... . . ............. .. .. with, is that the people who made the l ines thousands and thousands of years ago flew above the lines in balloons. It (8) ..: ...................... incredible, but a few people (9) ......................... believe it's possible. G Match to make sentences . 1 I think ............ A darker hair than her sister. 2 I'm thinking ............ B I'm going to buy the new Racetrack CD. 3 Phil's looking ............. c a haircut at the moment. 4 Phil looks ............ D for his glasses. Have you seen them? 5 Claire has ............ E not old enough to d rive a car. 6 Claire is having ............ F of getti ng Dad a CD for his birthday. 7 Andy is ............ G very annoying at the moment! 8 Andy is being ............ H like he needs a holiday! H Find the extra word in each l ine. International friends 1 I've been to travelling rou n d Europe a l l s u mmer. It's the first time I've 2 ........................ . ever been going abroad, and I've had a fantastic time! I've seen 3 ......................... loads of i nteresting places and I have to also made loads of new friends. 4 ........................ . I've been decided to stay in touch with them now I'm back. One of s ························· them, Giselle, is French. She was making on holiday too. We now send 6 text messages a re to each other all the time.They're usually in Engl ish 7 ........................ . because my French isn't very good! I'm planning to have visit her in ,,. 8 ........................ . France next yea r sometime. I hope I can. I am love meeting people from 9 ........................ . other cou ntries! I want to have had lots of friends from all over the world! ., · 10 ............ .. ... ........ Travel ling certainly broadens the mind but it also is broadens your circle of ·"'/ �:t friends! ,, �. # ..�.. -�- ..., ·, • ..._ ·,.;..J1 ....1: .....-s,�...... �- o,...-:;x ·- · ---W idloiF"':»- · ------· -5n . v....__ ..._., _____.:.,_._,.,....__., ,___ _ _ ' .._.,,;,;.; .-; • · �--.... .. · -..- · • -·-- •-rr ---·---,.,,__... .._. ,. ._.__ , ,.. _ l _ · 10 Present time: present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous, stative verbs Unit 1 __.. __... .....----·--·-··--·-·-···--··-.---.. --..·---·--·..------ .. ·- ··--· ...--·---· . ··· ·--- ......._ .._..____ ·-·-·-...-..,... ··- - . ... • ·· ··· ·-· . ·--· .. .... .. ;.' I Write one word in each gap. 'You've (1 ) ......................... looking at that timetable for the last ten minutes. It can't be that confusing!' said Sheila angrily. 'I (2) ......................... wish you'd be q uiet! I've (3) ......................... a splitting headache thanks to you!' replied Matt. 'Mum! Dad! Please!' said Alison.'You're both (4) ......................... very silly. (S) ......................... is no point at all in blaming each other.That's not going to help us find out what time the next train to Budapest is due to leave.' 'You (6) ......................... q uite right, darl ing. I (7) ......................... sorry,' said Sheila. 'Me too,' mumbled Matt.'Now, let's have another look at this timetable. Wel l, it (8) ......................... like we (9) ......................... definitely m issed the last train today.That was the 1 8.20 we just missed, wasn't it?' 'I (1 O) .. ...................... so,' said Sheila.'! mean, it d id leave at 1 8.20. Whether it's actually going to . Budapest or not is another q uestion.' 'Well, one thing is (1 1 ) ............... ......... in doubt,' said Matt. . 'What's that?' asked Sheila and Alison together. 'This is the worst holiday we've (1 2) ......................... been on,' said Matt.'Next year, we're going to try something far less adventu rous.' 'Ag reed!' said Sheila and Alison. J Com plete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words in each ga p. 1 What's the price of the tickets, J immy? much How ....................................................................................... , Ji m my? 2 Are these your trainers? to Do ....................................................................................... you? 3 Sasha's not keen on team sports at all. like Sasha ....................................................................................... team sports at all. 4 It's only her second ti me in a recording studio. been She ....................................................................................... in a recording studio once before. S We got here three hours ago. have We ....................................................................................... three hours. 6 I started writing this hours ago and it's stil l not right. writing I ....................................................................................... hours and it's still not rig ht. 7 This is my first experience of flying alone. time It is the first ....................................................................................... alone. 8 Sharon's in the bath at the moment. a Sharon ....................................................................................... at the moment. 9 Pau l enjoys surprises apart from on his birthday. does Pau l ....................................................................................... surprises,just not on his birthday! 11 - Unit 2 Voca6ula[J , • Travel and transport Topic _vocabulary in contrast see page 1 86 for defi nitio ns voyage I journey I trip I travel I excu rsion fare I ticket I fee live I stay view I sight m iss / lose border I edge I l i n e world I ea rth take I bring I go length I dista nce a rea I territory book / keep guide I lead season I period a rrive I reach native I home Phrasal verbs catch up with reach the same poi nt/level as pick up stop in a vehicle to give someone a lift check in register at a hotel or an airport pull in stop by the side of the road in a car check out leave a hotel; investigate run over hit with a car drop off l et someone g et out of a vehicle; fal l asleep see off go to a train station, etc, to see someone leave get back return from a place set out/off sta rt a jou rney g o away go on holiday take off leave the g round keep up with stay at the same poi nt/level as turn rou nd qo back in the opposite d i rection make for go in the d i rection of Phrases and collocations accident have an accident; be (involved) i n an accident; do sth by accident advance in advance; advance to/towards a place ahead go straight ahead; go a head; be ahead of sth/sb direction a change of d irection; in the direction of sth; i n this/that d i rection head off the top of you r head; head for/towards a place; head over heels (in love) holiday qo/be on holiday; have/ta ke a hol iday; ban k holiday left go/tu rn/etc left; on the left;on the left-hand side; in the left-hand corner; left-handed route plan you r/a route; take a route sights see the sights sightseeing go sig htseeing speed at (high/ful l/etc) speed; a bu rst of speed; speed limit tou r g o on/take a tou r of/(a)rou nd somewhere; tou r a place; to ur g u ide trip bu siness trip; school trip; go on a tri p; ta ke a trip (to a place) way lose/ma ke/fi nd your way; in a way; on the way; go a l l the way (to sth/swh) Word patterns afraid of sth/sb/d oi ng; afraid to do i nvite sb to do a ppear to be keen to do; keen on sth/sb/doinq a rrange sth (with sb); a rrange for sb to do live in/at a place; live on/for sth; l ive here/there arrive in/at a place; a rrive here/there regret (not) doi ng; regret sth; regret to tel l/i nform you continue sth/doing; contin ue to do; continue with sth think of/a bout sth/sb/doinq write a bout sth/sb/doing; write (sth) (to sb); write sb sth; differ from sth/sb write sth down dream about/of sth/sb/doing Word formation arrange rearrange, arrangem ent direct ind irect, d irection, d irector, (in)d irectly recognise (u n)recogn isab1e, recognition arrive a rriva l distant distantly, distance time ti metable broad breadth, broaden enter entrance tour tou rism, to urist culture cultural (ly), (u n)cu ltu red inhabit inha bitant world worldwide differ d ifferent(ly), difference photograph photography, photographer, photoqraphic 12 Travel and transport Unit 2 . -··· .. --· Topic vocabulary in contrast A Choose the correct a nswer. 1 You need a passport to cross the ............ 7 Hurry up, or we'll ............ the bus! between Mexico and the United States. A avoid C d rop A edge c border B miss D lose B line D rim 8 The brochu re says that the hotel has 2 The hotel where we are ............ is quite a g reat ............ of the sea. luxurious. A appearance C sight A l iving c existing B look D view B remaining D staying 9 I must remember to ............ a souvenir 3 When you ............ your destination, you r back from Spain for my g randmother. tou r guide will meet you a t the a irport. A go C bring A arrive c reach B take D keep B get D achieve 10 The ............ from London to Berlin is 4 It can be quite busy here d u ring the about 91 9 kil ometres. tou rist ............ . A measure C gap A season c phase B length D d istance B period D stage 11 Make sure you ............ a hotel before 5 David ............ me to the train station you come to our island, especially in the every morning. summer. A goes c has A book C put B takes D makes B keep D take 6 I always enjoy our school ............ to 12 I live in Barcelona, but my ............. town France. is Mad rid. A excursion c trip A birth C native B journey D travel B home D origin B Circle the correct word . 1 I hope to go on a trip round the world I earth one day. 2 You learn a lot about the loca l territory I area by speaking to loca l people. 3 It's good to have someone to lead I guide you when you a re on holiday. 4 I get the train to work every day and the fare I fee is quite expensive. 5 Captain Cook d iscovered Australia on a voyage I travel to the Pacific. 6 Most tourist attractions in London charge an admission fee I ticket. 7 The sunset over N iagara Fal ls really is a magnificent look I sight. Phrasal verbs C Co mplete using the correct form of the words in the box. catch • check • get • go • make • pick • pull • see 1 Let's go to the airport to ..................................... Grandpa off when he flies back home. 2 If it sta rts to ra in, ..................................... for a nearby cave to wait for it to pass. 3 We would like to remind all g uests that they must ..................................... out before m idday. 4 Please ..................................... in and stop so that I can buy something to drink. 5 Every Saturday n ight my dad ..................................... us u p outside the cinema. 6 I think the neighbours have ..................................... away for the weekend. 7 John's u p ahead so Greg is pedalling fast to ..................................... up with him. 8 We're going on holiday tomorrow, but we'll ca ll you when we ..................................... back. 13 Unit 2 Vocabulary D Write a phrasal verb in the correct form to replace the words i n ita l ics. Add any other words you need . 1 We ca n start our journey .................................................. towards the mountains at dawn. 2 Dad fetched the l uggage while Mum registered .................................................. at the hotel. 3 I asked the taxi d river to let me get out ....................................... . .......... outside the train station. 4 Oh, no! I've forgotten my passport! We'll have to go back ................................................. and get it! 5 The most exciting moment is when the plane leaves the ground ................................................... . 6 Stop the ca r! I think we've hit ......... .. ........ . . . ............................ a dog. 7 I don't think a horse can ever stay at the same speed as .................................................. a ca r. Phrases and collocations E Write one word i n each gap. 1 The speed ......................... in towns is 50 km/h and you shouldn't go faster than that. 2 Why don't we ......................... the scenic route along the coast? 3 If you buy your plane ticket ......................... advance, it's often cheaper than if you wait. 4 I can't remember the name of the hotel we stayed at off the ......................... of my head. 5 I'm sorry I'm late! I ......................... my way and had to ask for directions. 6 My mum's away in Germany on a business ......................... at the moment. 7 The ban k? Wel l, turn left here, then go ......................... ahead for a kilometre and it's on the left. 8 If you look on you r left-hand ......................... as we turn this corner, you'll see Big Ben. 9 I'll look round the shops in the morning and then ......................... sightseeing in the afternoon . 10 My g randma hasn't d riven since she .......................... an accident last year. 11 I love visiting foreign places, ......................... the sights and learning about other cultures. 12 During the 70s, many British people sta rted to go ......................... holiday to Spain. 13 While you're in London, you should take a tou r ......................... the Houses of Parliament. Word patterns F Choose the correct a nswer. 1 I've always d reamt ............ China. A to visit B of visiting C I visit D visit 2 The travel agency is a rranging for u s ............ at a rea lly nice hotel. A stay B of staying C to stay D staying 3 My dad says he always regrets ............ more. A to not travel B not travelling C he not travel D of not travelling 4 John seems keen ............ how to d rive as soon as he ca n. A of learn ing B he learn C for learn D to learn 5 Now, class, I'd like you all to write ............ a description of you r last holiday. A me B to me C it me D about me 6 When you arrive ............ , have you r passport ready. A to the airport B in the airport C on the airport D at the airport 7 The Joneses have invited u s ............ to Austra l ia with them this summer. A going B for going C about going D to go 8 The in-fl ight entertainment may d iffer ............ that advertised. A to B from C in D at -.�.,,,,,.,,�, �� 14 Travel and transport Unit 2 G Find the extra word in each l i ne. The cancelled trip 1 Oh, let me tell you about our trip. Did you know that Sara is afraid of be 2 ......................... flying? We had arra nged it with her fa mily to go to France for a few days. 3 ......................... I have always wanted to see Paris and would love to live i n there one day. 4 ........................ . Wel l, we got to the airport and Sara appeared being nervous. I asked her if 5 she was okay and she said she was fine, so we conti nued on to our way. 6 ........................ . We went through passport control and I could see so that Sara wasn't ;l 7 ........................ . keen on going any further. Just then, a voice announced:'We regret it to 8 ························· i nform passengers that Flight 1 1 4 to France is been cancelled.'That was 9 ........................ . our flight! Sarah said she was glad because of she was too frightened to " 10 ........................ . ' fly a nyway! So,.we all went to home.That was the end of that trip! v.,...� �. . .. ,J,..._. cW 4 ... 111111 au uM ; ...,., w · =-:-,., . ,_ , . ..., '. ...,,ti - isi · . ·= Word formation H Use the word given in ca pitals at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits in the ga p in the same l i n e . .... .. It's not always easy being a (1 ) ............ ................... . You spend half you r TOUR time making (2) ............. .................. for you r holiday and the other half ARRANGE worrying a bout sticking to the (3) ... ............................ . I thi n k it's relaxing TIME som�times to spend a holiday at home. There are no (4) ............................... CULTURE ../ problems, you don't need someone to be the (5) ... . .......... .... . ... ... .. .... a nd PHOTOGRAPH . ,,........ ,- you know that the local (6) .............. . . ...... . .... .... a re always friendly! INHABIT ,. ., I Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in ca pitals when th is is necessa ry. 1 Beij i ng has changed so much in the last few years that it's almost .... . . . ... . ... .. .. . ....... ...... (RECOGNISE). 2 The number of cars . .. ........................ .... (WORLD) is about a bil lion a nd is increasing all the time. 3 The new maglev trains ru n on a completely .......... .. . ... ........... . .. . (DIFFER) system from ordinary trains. 4 Living i n a foreign country really does ....................... . . . . . . (BROAD) your horizons. . . 5 I can't fi nd a . . . ....................... (DIRECT) flig ht from London to Del hi so I've booked one that .. ... changes i n Frankfurt. 6 All passengers must complete a visa form upon .... .......... ................. (ARRIVE) at Singapore airport. 7 You can still see old milestones by the side of the road in England, showing the ...... . ........ .... .... ........ (DISTANT) to the nearest town. 8 The Museum of Transport has a full-sized jet plane next to the ................ . . ....... . (ENTER). ... . . 15 A Write one word in each ga p What (1 ) ......................... the phrase 'the great British seaside' bring to mind? Most people, if asked to respond (2) ......................... the top of their heads, associate (3) ......................... on holiday to places such as Blackpool or Torquay with poor weather, old, faded attractions and a low standard of accommodation. These days, when people are more likely to go abroad to (4) ......................... the sights, traditional British seaside towns (5) ......................... suffering from an image problem. Now, finally, some of the resorts (6) ......................... decided to bring their images up to date in the hope that a (7) ................. ....... of direction wil l bring back the tourists. Many will need a lot of convincing, but . those that (8) ......................... come wil l fi nd that today's Blackpool differs q uite a bit (9) ........................ . the picture postcard past. After years of neglect, Blackpool has to work hard to catch (1 0) ......................... with foreign d estinations but that's precisely what it (1 1 ) ......................... doing. It's the first time so much (1 2) ......................... happened to improve the place in such a short time. A massive building project, including a new casino and indoor entertain ment centre, ( 1 3) ......................... that rainy days are no longer a problem. And it appears ( 1 4) ......................... be working. As the tou rists start to make ( 1 5) ......................... the 1 bright lights of Blackpool once again, it seems that the great British seaside has a bright futu re ahead. ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swe r) B Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in ca pita ls when this is necessary. 16 I've always wanted to be a travel ............................... (PHOTOGRAPH) and take pictures of exotic p laces. 17 None of us were sure which ............................... (DIRECT) to go in, so we got out the map. 18 Since I was h ere five years ago, Del hi has changed so m uch that it's practical ly ............................... (RECOGNISE). 19 Once we got to the station, I q uickly looked through the ............................... (TIME) to see when the n ext train was. 20 I've got a cousin at u niversity who is studying ............................... (TOUR) and hopes to open a hotel. 21 As we got closer to the Amazonian village, the ............................... (INHABIT) came out to meet us. 22 The ......................... ..... (ARRIVE) of Flight 472 from Amsterdam has been delayed by one hour. . ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swe r) C Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a simi lar mea n i ng to the fi rst sentence . Write between two a nd five words i n each gap. 23 As soon as we got on the plane, the pilot told us to get off again. just We ...................................................................................... the plane when the pilot told us to get off again. 24 We arrived in Budapest two days ago. for We .................................................................................. two days. 25 I visited Paris once before. second This is the ....................................................................................... Paris. 26 I find it hard to go at the same speed as my husband on wal king holidays. up I fi nd it hard to ....................................................................................... my husband on walking holidays. 27 Joan has always been very fond of travelling and has been everywhere. keen Joan has always been very and has been ....................................................................................... everywhere. 28 We d rove away as fast as we cou ld, ready to begin our adventure. full We d rove away ....................................................................................... , ready to begin our adventure. 29 As the storm started, we went towards the old house. direction As the storm started, we went ....................................................................................... the old house. 30 I'm sorry I didn't look at the hotel room before I booked it. regret I ...... ... . . ... ...... ... . ..... ... . ..... ..... the hotel room before I booked it. ... .. ..... . .... .... ... .... ..... . ..... ..... .. ( 2 m a r ks p e r a n swe r) D Choose the correct a nswer. 31 O u r next door neighbour ............ his car 34 'I'm really tired of travelling so m uch.' every Sunday. 'I thought you ............ a bit quiet.' A is washing A were seeming B washes B have seemed C has washed C have been seeming D is wash D seemed 32 Last s u m mer, I ... to the beach .. ....... 35 'You look thoughtful.' almost every day. 'I ............ about our holiday last year.' A went A just think B was going B had just thought C have been C a m just think D have been going D was just thinking 33 'Whose is this plane ticket on the floor?' 36 'You went to Chile, didn't you?' 'Oh, it ............ to me. Thank you.' 'No, but I ............ to Peru, which is right A is belonging next door.' B belongs A had gone c has belonged B was gone D belonged c did go D was going ( 1 m a rk p e r a n sw e r) i E Choose the correct a nswer. 37 Three people were captured at the 40 I'm going to ask for directions because I ............ today trying to get into the think we've ............ our way. cou ntry. A missed c mistaken A line c border B misplaced D lost B equator D edge 41 We u sually do go by train, even though 38 There's a fantastic ............ from the top the car ............ i s a lot quicker. of the Empire State Building! A travel c trip A view c appearance B journey D voyage B sight D look 42 Passengers requiring a special meal 39 Once we get to the hotel, let's just ........... d u ring the flight should inform the quickly and then do a bit of sightseeing. airline in ............ . A set down c check in A ahead c advance B make up D turn up B front D forward ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swer) Tot a l m a r k : . . . . . . I 50 • Past time: past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous, would, used to / be/get used to ( Past simple Form statemen t: I/you/he/she/it/we/they played ... Note: Irreg ular verbs do not ta ke 'ed' in the negative: I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't play ... past sim ple. Learn the past sim ple form of question: Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they play ? ... irregular verbs. See page 1 94. .r Example :.'\ ' �· Use �· Single completed actions � ·. · ' Tom and I played a game of chess and he won. -..: ,: Ha bits i n the past Did you collect stamps when you were younger? ; 'i' Perma nent situations in the past A famous footballer lived in our house before we bought it. '.·· i, General truths and facts about the past •·1 Crosswords didn't become popular until the 1 930s. ;le' ( , , The referee blew the whistle and Simon passed the ball to James, who ran towards i. The main events i n a story ,.,;. the goal. . ) , . �:"'·: .·. ... . - ... . ,:·... .. ... • ·:. . .. :.'·/·.-.-.,,:;:· , . . , •,1.'.", , , , • , ·/;:•' .'• ...-:. :· ·:- ' •,,.. , r, , , ' , , . ...,._;, . ....;.......... . , '• 't '· · · '· '.'� ... : . :·· ··· , , . •:.·_:·: •.", , '• , ;,,: ·. ·· . l · ; n· :· : . · . .,_ ,, • · ·::_. 1 · ·.· · .,. · •.- · .--.: · •:··/.,'/ '.' • .· :• ....-. ·.· ".: . ........·:··#- ... . , •. . , :· · ·:· ; ··:· ":I · .,..,. . .. .... . . ..... .... . - . .•: . .. . , . .. . '•, • . .- .,. . •'?·· · ,;. , .- .. .. .. . ... :·: . ,.. • We ca n also use did i n past sim ple statements for em phasis . \ h ou\ ./ 'Why didn't you win your match yesterday?"/ did win. Who told you I didn't?' �a\C ./ We lost 5-0 but at least we did get into the final. Past continuous ) Form statement: I/he/she/it was playing ... You/we/they were playing ... negative: I/he/she/it wasn't playing ... You/we/they weren't playing ... question: Was I/he/she/it playing ... ? Were you/we/they playing ? ... , ·· . . ( Use Example ! Actions happening at a pa rticu lar moment " " :;(: �. .t i n the past At five o'clock, I was reading my new book. ; ; , ; Temporary situations in the past Greg was living in London at the time. " i · ; Annoyi ng past ha bits (usua lly with always) When we were young, my brother was always borrowing my toys. :,'. · _ ..,: Actions in progress over a period of time Daniel was playing video games all morning yesterday. ,, · 1 Two actions in progress at the same time Were Ullo and her friends playing Monopoly while we were playing Draughts? ,. ·.. , The sun was shining and the birds were singing. Lisa opened the window and Background information in a story ( looked out. . " " .. .. . . . .. . .. . .... . . . .. · .· ·· · · · . . . . .. . . .. . . - . .' . .. . . ., � .. . . " .. . . . ' .. .. ·. . .• ., ·. ... . ·· . · · .. " • ·· ··' . ' · �· When one action in the past interrupts another action in progress, we use the past simple and the past h 0ut . continuous together. �a\C ./ I was playing on my computer when it suddenly crashed. • We do not use the past continuous for regular or repeated actions in the past. ./ When we were on holiday, we played volleyball every day. x When wrewereonhoNday,�vewereplayingvolfeybt1ffeveryday. • We do not usual ly use stative verbs in continuous tenses. See Unit 1, page 7. ( Past perfect simple ) Form had + past participle "i . .. Use Example 11' � · ·i Situations and states before the past We'd lived next to the gym for a couple of months before I decided to join. ';' , '.t· . .. Completed actions before a moment in the I'd already bought the computer game when I saw it was cheaper in "' past another shop. 1,:· " fv .... Completed actions where the importa nt We didn't feel like laying Scrabble because we hadjust finished a long � ,,": .:•. thing is the result at a moment in the past game of Monopo y. , ..... . ......, · . -:·.. . . -,,.. . :·. . . ., - ·:.• . .':7-r :; . .., , _ _ .: •• ''!.<'."· . ,··.i-� : · �..:::.'./· ..... • .. �,,,.. .- � � . : ... '=":·- •.: ) • "'"·:'" " " .. .. ...... ··-· . . . ......... : ;. _ ,,... :· · : ·..:.. · ··: "."· :_.· . ... . ... . : '· ':'- -� -:-:.,,. .. · ··: ·.r,: :. :· ·· . . .. ... -}'/"i;-: •I.' ::•'• . . .. .. .. . . . .. ...�.... : :;·.�\!-�,. :.,. ·: .·.- , --: :':'Y :�· ·· : -· �· /' . . :· 18 Past time: past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous, would, used to / be/get used to Unit 3 There is often little or no differen ce in mean ing between the past perfect simple and the past simple. ,/ We 'd lived next to the gym for a couple of months before I decided to join. ,/ We lived next to the gym for a couple of mon ths before I decided to join. • After we have used the past perfect sim ple once, we often then use the past simple instead of continuing to use the past perfect. I had already had one flying lesson, which was great fun, and I knew immediately that I wanted to get my pilot's licence. • Phrases such as It was the first/second/etc time ,/ It was the second time I'd been on a plane. ... are followed by the past perfect simple. ( Past perfect continuous ) Form statement: I/you/he/she/it/we/they had been playing ... negative: I/you/he/she/it/we/they hadn't been playing ... question: Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been playing ... ? :A � Use Exa mple - · · ' t Actions continuing up to a moment in the past When you saw us, we had been running for six miles and we still had a mile to go! '/ :' '. . :i •:. . . Sarah looked tired because she had been exercising all -- . . Actions stopping just before a mom ent in the past '·( ·· .- .-';" --..P/-''' .•' ,··. ·. : · · ' ' ...· ·:. �·... . ·.- :·.:.'.• Tf. . ." .:. .... . -. ; · · · : ' · · . .·. : ... .; , • ,<- .-:-• / -= � ., ...,..,. . . . . . . . . ... . ... _ _.. . . . , .... · .,.. . . .. ,• . . ' ----;-- ,....,.. mo rn ing :.. .: · · ·. . · ·· · • ·• " '=""". • '• · � -� · .· ....,;. �__::__ ·. . ---= ·· ' ·. . ' � would would + bare infinitive Use Example Past habits, particularly for the dista nt past When I was very young, my grandfather would take me to the park to play. • We don't often use would in questions or negative statements with this meaning. In negative statements, we can use would never. ,/ We would never play games together as a family when I was growing up. used to Form used to + bare infinitive statement: I/you/he/she/it/we/they used to train three times a week. negative: I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't use to be good at football. I/you/he/she/it/we/they never used to be so good at football. I/you/he/she/it/we/they used not to be good at football. question: Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they use to play hockey here? Use Example Past habits and states, particularly for the distant past My mother used to play a lot ofsquash before I was born. To talk about a past state, we can use used to, but not would. ,/ We used to have a house that was right next to the park. X Wev:ouldhav-ea house thatwasrightnextto thepark. be/get used to be/get used to + -ing form I noun Use Example A situation that is familiar or no longer strange I didn't like being the goalkeeper at first but now I'm used to it. When we want to talk about the process of becoming familiar with somethi ng, we use get used to. ,/ I'm gradually getting used to being in a new team. 19 Unit 3 Grammar A Circle the correct wo rd or p h rase. 1 I saw I was seeing Maria for the first time at Ray's birthday party. 2 Richard watched I was watching TV when the phone rang. 3 When we were on holiday, we went I were going to the cafe almost every day. 4 Denise practised I was practising the song every day until she could sing it perfectly. 5 The phone was engaged when I called. Who did you talk I were you talking to? 6 Mr Connors owned I was owning two houses and a villa in the south of Fra nce. 7 I did I was doing my homework as soon as I got home from school. 8 A car ca me round the corner and I jumped I was jumping out of the way. 9 When my dad met my m u m, he worked I was working as a bus d river. 10 I got I was getting u p at six o'clock every morning last week! 11 My cousin and I played I were playing on the computer when there was a power cut. 12 No, that's not right. I did pass I was passing the test. I got a B. B Com plete using the correct form of the verb i n brackets . 1 Where (you I go) when I saw you on the bus last night? ................................................. 2 ... ...... . . ......... . (you I enjoy) the film? . .......... ............... .. 3 When we shared a room, Zoe . (always I take) my thi ngs. It was so .......... ...................................... annoying! 4 When I went to get the tickets, I real i sed I . . (not I have) any money. ........................ ................. ...... 5 When I was you ng, we . . .. .. . (go) to France every yea r on holiday. ........... ............. . ................. 6 Elvis .. . .. . (become) famous for the song Blue Suede Shoes. ................. ........... . .......... .. .. 7 When you ra ng last night, I .. .. .. .. . . . . . (work) in the garden so I did n't hear .... ................. . .. ............ the p hone. 8 I . (hear) from Davina last night. She says hello. .................................. .... .......... 9 The old man . . . (appear) to be very tired and he slowly sat down. .... ...................... ... ................. 10 We .. . . (throw) a surprise pa rty for my brother last Saturday. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... .. C Circle the correct word or phrase. Dea r Lisa, Tha n ks for you r letter. I(1 ) just left I had just left for school when I saw the postma n a nd he (2) gave I had given it to m e. It wa s rea l ly fu n ny! I (3) read I had read it d u ri ng m aths a nd it (4) made I had made me l a u g h . I a l most (5) got I had got i n trou ble! Anyway, I'm exc ited beca u se I (6) had I had had my fl rst judo lesson yesterd ay. I (7) was I had been late for the lesson beca u se when I (8) got I had got th ere, I s u d d e n ly rea l i sed I (9) left I had left my j udo s u it at home! So I (1 0) went I had gone a l l the way home a nd when I (1 1 ) got I had got back, the lesson (1 2) already began I had a lready begun. The i n structor was rea l ly n ice, though, a nd I (1 3) learned I had lea rned h ow to do some ba sic th rows. Ca n't wa it ti l l next time! What a bout yo u a nd you r taekwondo? Th e last ti m e I (1 4) spoke I had spoken to you , you (1 5) ta lked I had talked a bout g ivi ng it u p. What (1 6) d id you decide I had you decided? I th i n k that's a l l for now. My m u m a nd I a re g o i ng shoppi n g sho rtly, so I'd bette r post th is. Spea k to you soo n . Love, Charlotte 20 Past time: past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous, would, used to / be/get used to Unit 3 D Complete using the past perfect simple or past perfect conti nuous of the verbs i n the box. You may need to use a negative form. eat • stay • wait • know • write • see • listen • get • have • run 1 By the time he died, Beethoven ................................................. nine symphonies. 2 We chose the Hotel Rio because we ................................................. there before. 3 We ................................................. for over an hour when the train finally arrived. 4 I was completely out of breath becau se I ................................................. . 5 I ................................................. the fi l m before, so I knew how it ended. 6 When he got married, I ................................................. Chris for about two years. 7 Johnson ................................................. ready for the race for six months and finally the big moment came. 8 Vivian ................................ . ................ computer lessons for very long so she wasn't sure how to use the I nternet. 9 Holly ................................................. oysters before, so she wasn't sure what to do with them. 10 I ................................................. to my new CD for a few minutes when the CD player started ma king a fun ny noise. E Choose the correct a nswer. 1 My brother and I ............ swim ming 5 I wasn't sure how Belinda would react al most every day last summer. becau se I ............ her long. A went A didn't know B had been going B wasn't knowing c were going c had n't been knowing D had gone D had n't known 2 We ............ when someone knocked at 6 Ian ............ at the factory long when he the door. was made a ma nager. A talked A hadn't been working B had ta lked B wasn't working c were talking c didn't work D were ta lked D wasn't worked 3 When the robbery happened, the 7 I wanted to say goodbye to Jerry, but he . security guard ............ .I . ........... . A slept A was already left B was sleeping B a l ready left c had slept c had already been leaving D was slept D had already left 4 Jack ............ chess before so I showed 8 When we got to the airport, I rea lised him what to do. I ............ my passport at home! A hadn't been playing A was l eft B didn't play B had l eft c wasn't playing c left D hadn't played D had been leaving . . h . .� 21 Unit 3 Grammar - -· - ·-·- • ·1 F Circle the i ncorrect words or phrases and rewrite them correctly. 1 I had paint on my shoes because I'd painted my bed room all morning. 2 I missed the start of the fi l m because I buy popcorn. 3 It was obvious that Bill has worked because he was very tired when I saw h i m. 4 We had been tidying the garden for hours and I was needing a rest. 5 When the bus was a rriving, we missed it because we were talki ng. 6 During the Christmas holiday, I was eating too m uch and watching too much TV! 7 Julian was learning all about computer games by the time he was six. 8 My g randfather was owning a hotel by the beach u ntil he sold it last year. G C i rcle the correct word or phrase . 1 When she was a girl, my m u m would I used to l ive in a vil lage. 2 I really can't be I get used to having a new baby brother. 3 People would I are used to die of diseases i n the past that we can cure today. 4 There would I used to be a cinema on this corner, but they knocked it down. S It was strange at first, but I'm u sed to play I playing the bagpipes now. 6 Didn't you use to I be used to have blonde hair? 7 Christopher was being I getting used to the idea of joi ning the a rmy. 8 People never would I used to be so worried about crime in this a rea. H Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a simi lar mean i ng to the fi rst sentence. Write between two a nd five words in each ga p. 1 People walked more fifty years ago than they do now. would Fifty years ago, than they do now. ....................................................................................... 2 My parents wou l dn't let me stay out late when I was young. used My parents ....................................................................................... let me stay out late when I was young. 3 Did you know that Carol played basketball for her country? to Did you know that Carol ....................................................................................... basketball for her country? 4 Sending messages a round the world instantly is no longer u nu sual. got We ....................................................................................... messages a round the world instantly. S When he was a teacher, my dad often used to get home quite late. would When he was a teacher, my dad ....................................................................................... quite late. 6 Do you think you could lea rn to live without you r mobile phone? used Do you think you could ....................................................................................... without you r mobile phone? 22 Past time: past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous, would, used to / be/get used to Unit 3 .. . - - ·-· ...... - --- ' _____ . . ..... --·--···---·-·-· · ·--· i ... ··-·-.. 7 I n the past, people wouldn't go as fa r away on holiday as they do today. use In the past, people as far away on holiday as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... they do today. 8 This town has a lot more cinemas than it had i n the past. used This town ....................................................................................... so many cinemas. I Find the extra word i n each l i ne. Childhood . " -'� 1 ..... ....... . . .... . Childhood would used to be q uite different from what it is today. Young .. .. . . .., 2 ························· people didn't u se not to have s o m uch leisure time. Today's children may � 3 ........ .... .... com plain about their schoolwork, but ou r g n�at-grandpa rents wou ld to go ... ..... . 4 .. . . . .... .. . . o ut to work at a very young age. They had often been left school by .... ... . . . . . '" 5 :········ ············ ···· the time they,were fou rteen and were found a job.This meant that they 6 . . . . . .... .. . have had little free time for hobbies or leisure activities, especially when ... . ... . ... ... 7 .......... . .... they had been working hard all day. Of course, they got themselves u sed . . . . . .. ... 8 ..... . ... .. ....... to working long hours eventually, but it would meant that they had to .. ... . . 9 .. .... .. . . . grow up very quickly. Today, we are got !JSed to having some free time to . . ... . ...... . . ,,,,., .l; 1 0 . . ... .. ... do things we enjoy, a l uxury people in the past rarely were had. \ .. .. .. . ........ " .;( < ,....••• ��·-- ·,'h- ·-· ·;.._ . .... _ _,_,_ Moil""" _ le "l 1 ,,..·- · - -... -.... · (. _... . ... - . V.. ,, 1w · · -- -----...-- ·- -s....,. _,_.,P · .... ..._, __ .__ ___"' _' ·-- · - s-r- w- - -'.-;. · .,. • •f•t "'"' .: -..... . .._... ·- 1 . --·- -.. .._ J Write one word i n each gap. Th e nigh t b e fore Jane lay awake. She had (1 ) .... . .. preparing for the next day (2) . ..... a long .......... .. . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . .. ...... time and now she cou ldn't sleep. Her team (3) . . . playing the local cham pions at ... .................. . water polo in the final and Jane was the captain. She (4) .. . feeling the pressure. . ................ ..... She turned over and remembered how she (5) learned to swim. Her father had ......................... taught her. They (6) .... .. ....... ... go to the local pool every day after school and her father ... . . . . .. (7) to show her what to do. She hadn't liked the water at first, but she soon ......................... (8) ... . used to it. She learned q uickly and joined the water polo team. She had ...... ......... . . .... (9) . their youngest member! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . She q uickly got u sed to scoring goals and ( 10 ) ..... . ... .. .. . under pressure, but tomorrow was . ... . . ..... different. It was the biggest match of her life. She closed her eyes again and tried to get to sleep. 'I (11 ) .... ...... .. . ..... u sed to have problems sleeping,' she thoug ht to herself. 'But then again, I didn't . . .. .. . (12) . ... to be the captain of the team.' She watched the clock change slowly and knew ..................... that it was going to be a long night. 23 Voca6ulary : - Unit 4 • Hobbies, sport and games Topic vocabulary i n contrast see page 1 86 for defi n itions pitch I track I court I course I ring I rin k umpire I referee sport I athl etics win I beat I score final I fi n ale I end I end ing i nterval I h alf time play I game bat I stick I rod I racket d raw I equal spectator I viewer a mateur I professional competitor I opponent Phrasal verbs bring forward change the date/ti me of an event so it knock out defeat and rem ove from a com petition; make h appens earlier u nconscious carry on conti nue look out be ca reful get round to start (after plan ning to do sth for a long pull out stop being i nvolved in a n activity ti me) get up to do; do sth you should not d o put off delay, postpone go i n for enter (a co m petition, etc); like put u p with tolerate go off sto p likinq take to start (as a habit) · join in participate, take part take up start (a hobby, sport, etc); fi l l a n a mo u nt of space/time Phrases and collocations best make the best of sth; do yo u r best; the best a t sth/doing have/take/get a cha n ce to do; have a chance of doing; so me/l ittle/etc chance of (your) doi ng; the chance chances of (you r) doing; take a chance (on sth); chance of a lifetime go you r go; have a go height in heig ht; afraid of heights; height of sth mad m ad about/on sth/sb/doi ng; go/become mad pleasure take pleasure i n sth/doi ng; gai n/get pleasure from sth/doinq popular popular with/among side (on) the opposite side; (on) the far side; side with sb; on the winnin q/losin q side talent have a talent (for sth/doing); talent contest on time; Oust) in time; the whole ti me; high/about time; ta ke you r time (doing); take time to do; sth takes time up (your) time; spend time d oi ng; spend time on; at/fo r a certain time; time passes; find time to d o; ma ke/ fi n d time for; for the time bei ng; h ave a good/nice time (doing); tell the ti me; free/spare/leisure time turn turn (a) round/away; turn sth over; in turn; take turns; take it i n turn(s) (to do); vou r turn (to d o) Word patterns compete against/with sb; com pete for/in sth listen to sth/sb concentrate on sth/d oing love sth/sb/doing; love to do difficult to do; find sth d ifficu lt; find it difficult to do mean to do; it/this means that; it/this means sth/d oing prefer to do ( rather than [to] do); prefer sth ( rather than sth); fond of sth/sb/doing prefer sth/doi ng (to sth/doinq) free to do; free from/of sth; free for sth stop sth/doinq; stop to do; stop sb from doinq sure/certain m ake/be su re/certain that; su re/certain to do; be interested in sth/doing su re/certain of sth involve sth/doinq; involved in sth/d oing Word formation allow disa l l ow, a l lowance, a l lowable fortune m isfo rtu ne, (u n)fortu nate(ly) medal medall ist, medal l ion associate disassociate, association, oppose opposition, opponent, interest (un)i nteresting(ly) (un)associated opposite, opposing compete co m petition, competitor, know knowledge, practice practise, (im)practical(ly) competitive(ly) (un)knowledgeable enjoy enjoyment, enjoyable lose lost, loss train retrain, trainer equip equipment, eq uipped maintain mai ntenance 24 Hobbies, sport and games Unit 4 r-· · ·-· ·--· ·--···--......-----..• • .,......._....... ........ .,__............ ... ..�...........,.._._ _,.___..___ ..__,.,.-.......-----·-----· --......-_._______,..__,..___.,_______._____________________.,_______1 · · I i Topic vocabulary in contrast A Complete using the correct form of the words i n the box . 1 We used to go skating at the ice ......................... every Saturday. course 2 Keith had never seen such a large golf ......................... u ntil he went to Scotland. court 3 We all met at the basketball ......................... at half past three. pitch 4 It's called a boxing ......................... , but it's actually square! ring 5 For the 800 metres race, you have to run round the ......................... twice. rink 6 The football match had to be called off because the ......................... was flooded. track beat 7 Our team ......................... u ntil half time, but i n the second half the other team win .......................... three goals, and so they ......................... u s. But it was a g reat match! score 8 Adrian got a new fishing ......................... for his birthday. bat 9 Can I borrow you r tennis ......................... ? st.ick 10 Why are hockey ......................... such a strange shape? rod 11 I'd spend hou rs putting linseed oil on my cricket ......................... to keep the wood racket strong. B Circle the correct word or phrase. 1 The umpire I referee blew the whistle and the most important football match I've ever played began. 2 We used to play rugby in the winter term, football i n the s pring term, and we'd do athletics I sport and swimming in the summer term. 3 Do you fancy a game I play of cards? 4 I only do magic tricks for fu n. I've never thought of becoming an amateur I a professional magician. 5 The play was so boring, we walked out d u ring half time I the interval. 6 Coventry City equalled I drew 3-3 with Sunderland in the match last Saturday. 7 Spectators / Viewers who watched last week's programme will remembe r we were looking at the history of baseball. 8 We got through to the final I finale, but then lost to Cirencester. 9 Most people prefer films which have a happy end I ending. 10 Would all opponents I competitors please make thei r way to the starting line? Phrasal verbs C Complete each second sentence using the word given , so that it has a simi lar mea n i ng to the first sentence . Write between two and five words in each ga p . 1 I don't know how you can stand getting u p so early to go to the pool. put I don't know how you can up so early to go to the pool. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 2 I've finally started sorting out my postcard collection. round I've finally ........................................................................ sorting out my postcard collection. 3 What did you do at the weekend? get What d id you ........................................................................ at the weekend? 4 I'm not so keen on skiing now I've d iscovered snowboarding. gone I've ........................................................................ since I discovered snowboard ing. 5 Why do you continue to have riding lessons if you can't afford them? on Why do you ........................................................................ riding lessons if you can't afford them? 6 We can't delay the match any longer. put We can't ........................................................................ any longer. . ·� . ' : �V, · .,, � . · '' ·' � �.o -� "'-·---- ____,.-� · · �,.,...,_� _ �---=-,,.� _·; ;_.... ; ,j . . . 25 Unit 4 Vocabulary r·---'"-.. ··----- - ..- .. . I . ..... - ...-- --.. · � . ... . . ... . . . -- - ••�... _ ·-· - - -----· ••_..,__ 4... l D Write one word i n each gap. 1 Tony never u sed to want to join ......................... with the other kid s i n the playg ro u nd. 2 Look ......................... ! There's a car coming! 3 Simone's ......................... to wearing a helmet whenever she goes cycling. 4 I was thinking of taking ......................... scuba d iving u ntil I fou nd out how expensive the equipment is. 5 They were knocked ......................... i n the semi-fi nal. 6 Maybe we should bring the meeting ......................... to this Tuesday instead of having it i n two weeks' ti me. 7 Becca had to pull ......................... of the race when she sprained her ankle. 8 Melissa d oesn't ......................... i n for adventure s ports. Phrases and collocations E Choose the correct a nswer. 1 Why don't you ............ a go? It's not 8 ............ you r time - don't rush. d ifficult! A Tell C Spend A make c do B Find D Take B have D set 9 Each player takes it ............ turn to rol l 2 Carl wasn't very good at mountain the dice. climbing as he's afraid of ............ . A on C at A highs c heights B in D to B highness D height 10 Time ............ so q uickly when you're 3 There's l ittle ............ of our getting i nto doing something enjoyable. the final. A takes C passes A opportunity c luck B spends D fi nd s B chance D fortune 11 O u r new coach i s popular ............ the 4 Rachel is mad ............ the Eurovision whole team. Song Contest. A for c by A from c for B to D with B against D about 12 She'd ............ hours lying on her bed, 5 Just ............ you r best - that's a l l anyone readi ng. can ask of you. A spend C make A do c be B take D pass B make D have 13 He'd been planning to leave the team 6 It's ............ time you learned to swim. the ........... time, a nd hadn't told anyone. A big c high A complete C total B tall D far B whole D full 7 Grandma ............ a lot of pleasure from 14 I 'm not siding ............ her because she's gardening. my sister, but because she's right. A does c makes A from C to B has D gets B for D with Word patterns F Match to make sentences . 1 I'm not very fond ............ A i n playi ng for the school team. 2 She's i nterested ............ B to find e nough time to have a ny hobbies. 3 You should concentrate ............ C to try to find the golf balls we'd lost. 4 I used to fi nd it difficult ............ D of playing in goal. 5 Let's l i sten ............ E from finishing the game. 6 We stopped ............ F to what the coach thinks first. 7 The bad weather stopped u s ............ G o n getting fit. '· :·-- · . . 26 Ji��:;::::a���� Hobbies, sport and games Unit 4 ,.,,..._. .._ _.._.._ ------ - --· � .. -. .. . . .. --... ..... . ...... .,. ......---·-·-· · .. ------ --- .... ---· - - ------·-- ------ . ... ----·· · --- ·--------- ! i l G Water has damaged part of this text about sport at school . Read it and decide what you th ink each of the origi nal words was . Write the words in the blank spaces . .. ·� · .1 • S port at school .:·1-Jin;kf... ,•' ,,. - J. . i ' ii' I used to wear g lasses when I was at school, and so I ·..:;:,..C -= sport 1 :1-.'1 l very difficu lt. I wanted to be involved -.::;tifir_::::- school sports ••••••••••••••••• •••••••• 2 ......................... �� competitions, and I loved the idea. of tea ms competing ::;:vr. � each 3 ,. - 'Ii other, but being on the rug by team, for example, -.;:n¥ir::=- having to 4 ·········· ······ · · · · · · · · · ' take off my glasses, and that meant -.::;:_:4)r ::- I couldn't see! And it's s ......................... d iffi�ult --=;'4''�:=:-- catch a bal l when you can't see it! So, I wasn't 6 very good a nd the captains always -.;:nifir_:=- su re that I wasn't on 7 ......................... their team. This m ea nt I g:iiif"r,= free to do other activities, like being · 8 ........................ . :� on the debati ng team, and actua l ly ·:1 preferred to -.o;:¥tr.-::: thi ngs I 9 .... . ........ . .. . . ....... �!'f '\. '<; was good at doing .;:iifin :-: th.an have everyone laugh at m e. · - 1 0 . .. . ....... .. ....... ..... ' "' { ��.. . ..: .· �·----- .. .. > -- · ' -., .._, ·· -·�·-- ______ ... -- SW: ..._ , .___ • .• _... .. __ __ ____________ ._....-________ ___ ;; __ ...... • ... � .. . -. · �· __ .... .. mM • . •. , · · .,,.- � ... ,,.... - . a· Word formation H Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word i n capitals when th i s i s necessary. 1 I need to buy a n ew pa ir of ........... .................... (TRAIN). 2 Ellie used to ........................... .... (PRACTICE) for hours to l ea rn to juggle properly. 3 That was the most ....... ... ....... . ............. (INTEREST) book I've ever read. I ca n't wait for the sequel! 4 Would you describe you rself as a . ... .... . ............ . .. .... .. . (COMPETE) person? 5 Many professional basketbal l players ea rn a ..... . . .... . .. ....... . .. .. . .... (FORTUNE) these days. 6 F.A. sta nds for Football ....... ... ... .. ................ (ASSOCIATE). 7 The gold, silver and bronze ... .. .......................... (MEDAL) took thei r places on the podium for the presentation ceremony. 8 I n Britain, the money pa rents g ive their children is often cal led pocket money. I n America, it's often cal l ed an ............... . .. . ...... .. . . . . (ALLOW). 9 I'm afraid the swi mming pool is closed at the moment as they're carrying out some essential ............ ... ........... ..... (MAINTAIN). I U se the word given in ca pita l s at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits i n the ga p i n the sa me l ine. A snooker player speaks . ·I.� �·(. . .,, r ) ' " � When I first sta rted playing snooker, I had no real ( 1 ) .. . . . .. ............ .......... .. of the KNOW I rules. I just thought it l ooked an (2) .. . ..... . ...................... ga me. Also, I d idn't need ENJOY to buy any expensive (3) ..... . ....... . . . ..... ... .... ... because the snooker ha l l near my EQUIP house had tables and cues. I spent (4) ....... . . . .. .... . ..... ....... .. all the free time I had PRACTICAL practising, a nd then decided to enter a (5) ..... . .... .... . .... ............ . It was g reat fu n ! COMPETE M y (6) ...... . ... .. . .... . ... . ... . ..... was someone who'd been playi ng for yea rs. Of cou rse, OPPOSE he beat me, but the fact that I'd (7) . . ....... .. ............. ... .... d idn't put me off at a l l. LOSE And, (8) . ... . . .. . . ......... . ... . ...... . , my game improved enough for me to become a FORTUNE r professional snooker player three years ago. � ,.:if' ...... '_;� ...:. q��- : -- ·---.....,, ·u1v= o):c:- -. - .. ... ..- .-....-.;o w- �--- - - - = - - · .... . . , ...... · -·.;! 27 A U se the word given i n ca pita l s at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits i n the ga p i n the same l i ne. ,.. "':"1. �.. A new hobby , f I saw some badminton on TV and found it q uite (1 ) .... ; .......................... , so I I NTEREST thoug ht I'd see if there was a cl u b o r (2) ............. . ................. in my a rea. I looked ASSOCIATE "· everywhere but, (3) ... ................. . ........ . . , the nearest clu b was 80 kilometres FORTUNE away. So, without any (4) . .............. . ..� .. ... . .... .. , I decided to form my own cl u b. KNOW It was very hard i n the beginning - I d idn't have any (5) . ... . ........... . ......... . . . . . and I EQUIP had to convi nce a few people that it was an (6) .......................... . . ... way to keep ENJOY ' ,j' . i"-_ fit. I organised a small (7) ....... . . . ...... . .... ...... .. . . , which was a lot of fu n, and things COMPETE .-,,, sta rted to g row from there. Now we've got a fu ll-time (8) ............................... and TRAIN � * ;.1 our (9) . ........ . . ......... . .......... come from a l l over the country. One of our members OPPOSE ., pi>� .i was even a bronze . (1 0) . .. ... .................. .. . .... i n the national cham pionshi p! MEDAL :$'' . � . . � �- ·� - ----..-.-.. - ··--- ---- · -· ----- ------- · ------- ( 1 m a rk p e r a n sw e r) B Match to make sentences . 11 I refu se to put ............ A up a martial a rt, to defend yourself. 12 The cu rrent champion was knocked ............ B to swimming as soon as she tried it. 13 I used to love basketba ll, but I've gone ............ c out in the second round of the 14 The trainer asked us to ca rry ............ competition. 15 The organisers had to bring ............ D out of the race because of a last 16 You should think about taking ............. min ute injury. 17 Although she was very young, Olivia E on with the activity while he took ............ answered the phone. 1 8 Rob had to pull ............ F off team sports lately. G the race forward by a week. H up with people who cheat at ga mes. ( 1 m a r k p e r a n sw e r) C Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a s i m i l a r mea n i ng to the fi rst sentence. Write between two a nd five words i n each ga p. 19 Our tennis match sta rted at one o'clock and we were sti l l playing at fou r. been At fou r o'clock, we ....................................................................................... th ree hours. 20 Terry never used to spend so much time playing on his computer. use Terry ....................................................................................... spend so much time playi ng on his computer. 21 Before we play, check all the cards a re there. certain Before we play, ....................................................................................... all the cards a re there. 22 Hang-g liding ca n be dangerous, but after a while you don't mind it. used Hang-g liding ca n be dangerous, but after a while you .................................................................... it. 23 I ra n fifteen miles, and then my trainer told me to do fifty push-ups! already When my trainer told me to do fifty push-u ps, I .......................... ........... ................................................ .. fifteen miles! 24 We wou ld n't spend so m uch time indoors when I was you ng. used We so much time indoors when I was young. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 25 I spend a lot of my time on my hobbies. up My hobbies ....................................................................................... a lot of my ti me. 26 I would rather play ludo than snakes and ladders. prefer I ....................................................................................... ludo rather than snakes and ladders. 27 I don't thi n k it's l i kely that you'll wi n the com petition. chance I think there's ....................................................................................... the com petition. (2 ma rks per a nswer) D Choose the correct a nswer. 28 'Why were you so tired yesterday?' 32 Ka rate hurt my hands at first, but I 'Beca use I . . . . . . . a l l morni ng.' fi na l ly . . . . . . . it i n the end. A jog C had been jogging A got used to C wa s used · B was jogged D had been jogged B was used to D got use to 29 It was the first time I . . . . . . . a l ive match. 33 I . . . . . . . for the match to begin when A was ever seei ng C had ever seen suddenly a dog ran onto the pitch. B had ever been seeing D was ever seen A had waited C wa s waiting B waited D wa it 30 'You live i n a huge house, don't you?' 'Yes, but we !' . . . . . . . 34 Before she retired, my g randma . . . . . go A did n't use to C use not for a ru n every morning before work. B would n't D weren't used to A use to C got used to B would D was used to 31 I . . . . . . . the whole of War and Peace by the ti me I was seven years old. A was readi ng C had read B had been reading D had been read ( 1 m a r k p e r a n s w e r) E Choose the correct answer. 35 The . . . . . . . i n the stadium all 39 It's nice to win, but the im porta nt cheered the ath letes. thing is to . . . . . . . your best. A viewers C spectators A ma ke C have B witnesses D onlookers B ta ke D do 36 I got a new baseba l l . . . . . . . yesterday. 40 Just ask them if you ca n play and I'm A stick C racket su re they'l l let you . . . . . . . . B club D bat A ta ke u p C go off B join i n D take to 37 After a hard match, United managed to . . . . . . . with City, 1-1 . 41 Everyone expects Joh nson to . . . . . . . A equal C draw Sm ith in today's fina l. B exact D score A beat C win B score D champion 38 In this game, the players . . . . . . . it i n turns to th row the d ice. A ta ke C make B do D have ( 1 m a rk p e r a n sw e r) To t a l m a r k : I 50 • Future time / present tenses in time clauses / prepositions of time and place ( Expressing the future: will/won't and be going to ) There is sometimes l ittle difference in meaning between will and be going to. It is often just a matter of formality. Will is general ly more formal than be going to. 1."'. 's� Use Example ··.; ·.·. if.:. ,.: " , The website will come online next week. (more formal) :: Facts a bout the future The website's going to come online next week. (more informal) ; ;·.. �f Predictions not based on present i, , , . In the future, everyone will have their own flying car. (more formal) !\ \: evidence In the future, everyone is going to have their own flying car. (more informal) >1:. ,,: I ,, I've decided! I won't get a new DVD playerjust yet. (emphasising the decision) . x Decisions made at the moment I've decided! I'm not going to get a new DVD playerjust yet. (emphasising the of speaki ng i intention) it . .. ., ...,...,/ __ .... .,,. . . .:,,.. . ..�.,,. . . -:·- · • . - : ·""" "' · �·. :-"'.�:·'·':'o ·<"f I. :-, .·,.� •.. •..._,_.,,.., _,.J..- · · .' • .-' .. .... .·:.·.·. :-." ..._... . .. . .... -�· . _.. ·'.q.--"' • ·.."'<r:' '} . ·"< /' ' ·::.:-:-..:1- ,...-. :-'·: ·· · .- -:- : · · £• ' . /' -: -:· . . . ··.._. ....... .... : ._ ._' �.. ... . . .��:-. ·-·� :�� ····. .� , ....;...,. .. J,• , :" -�""!'"':·: -.::... _ ....,.'.�-.: :- . ;· . " . . . • · : ·.. .: --� :'- :- . . ...... �·:."f :-- :-'lo .;- .: , . � .- ·.' "'"' '·" ';.' .:;-;-· · · .. . Sometimes it is more appropriate to use will rather than be going to. i• .-;� Use Example ,,. ' \" �" ' Offers and suggestions I'll help you with your physics homework, ifyou like. '· tl •. · � { "< � Req uests Will you help me with my physics homework? tl: ;� • ' Most first conditional sentences If we get a computer, we'll be able to surf the Internet. ,. ' .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . " .. ... .. . . .. • • ':-'·· •• • • :�· · -p" • .• . • �·. •-; ,_,.,.·.:,-'·-.,. . .. . . . . . .. . ... . . · . . . . . • With offers and suggestions in the question form, we do not use will with I and we. We use shall. \\ 0ut\ ,/ Shall I help you with your physics homework? �a\C x Will#helpye1;1 w#hYfJIJff3R;'5iE5hemewefk� Sometimes it is more appropriate to use be going to rather than will. l .. . i"Plans and intentions (which you already have when 't, I'm going to be a famous doctor one day! 1 you spea k) . !� Predictions based on present evidence It sounds like the plane's going to take off in a few minutes. · . ..< . .. ;-'\.'"':. ·.io;{: : .. ... /! :.-".·:1•;:" ...� . . ........";... . ' . . .... .... . . .........� .. .. ·�":?'.'.· :.-�_:l::·f.. 1,, ·. � .•, -.. ..-..... ·. ·-.�• . :'-'" . · .·:·..- ·'. . . • :,·1. ' /� ·--·'/'.·::-: '.· .';':' · '-"1 ' : .' .·:,, ··:�...,.,_., ;/.-,-.- �-"; - ·. ....: .. . . -:· :---· . . ., ,",.,.:' /: ' ---�. �..,:..::' ... •'.¥ ........... : .�_. ... . .· . , . ... . l'·"....-:..: .....:�--.:.7; . ' '...... . ,. . :• ..... . . ...._.,,_.,,'..·1:::-. ........ . �:-...-..1:.. _.· �''· . • . 1',··:".· ,_, '::4'' • :'- "� :·. ···/'7:": . -�.�� ' '.... •. .. .• :' • . Expressing the future: present continuous Use Example "� Arrangements made before the moment of speaking Are they installing the new computers next week? · ..... -:-.. .. • . ·:' . �- . . : ' . .. : . /.' ...-.�..: : · .. •/.; .... . . . ... ,..- · :· ,1 ·· .... .. •_.. .·.·--::.• " . .... . ',·:·;-. . , •'. .... ': . . . .-.-:�.:·.1-.. .·.:· · >." . .... ,. .·.•· ::: : · . .,._,,_ • 7 · ·· t;' " Expressing the future: present simple l� ' '·'"'' " . "' :·. ..... · ., �--- �••- -:1":- , ._.--;, . ._':"'-:'.· ,-.�-.1··-f'.•b, . . • •..�-:::;.,. · ' .- ,, . . ..-,. ,..,... . - '· .. . .¥ .'.·�-;.. - � . '. •• :"":. t,�·//"-·,,-,.. :.-;:...· _. . ..........;?-· ;""'"' .... . .. . . . ... I; Use Example } �� ., ... Timetables, arrangements and fixed events (which the The bus to the science museum leaves at 8 o'clock tomorrow ,;;' ., speaker can not change) morning. ;, i' . ;' If technology continues to advance so quickly, what will life �." (( After if in fi rst conditional and zero conditional sentences be like in a hundred years? · ;.: "" .·..· :...- ' .,.- , After certain time expressions (see below) We'll find out as soon as we get to the lab. I'· . ·:·��:;,,.,...,. ,, .. - .��_.-:-.· .· ·.....- ;- ·} :"... . ··: :"':"'··, ',•..,:.:·/ _ ·:· :�·..·�- .�-.· ... .. · .- · : . · ··_,,_ .. .. .-·· ;-:.. .- : _ . ,,._ ........::... . : .._..,/::.-; , ..,,_.:' ·--.�· .<t -��... .. ". ,.,..-. • . . ,.,._ _..,. ·.-:?'. '•'.; .·... . .. . - ."·"; , - · :. • ·...... ... .. . .. .. . .. . .. '<;- .··�---:- ·....: .. -. :.,.-:�.. ......·.:.····-�· •. -1.: - :··- / ··': "' •.', . . .. . . ,_ ,..._..._ · � - :,:: -. . -• -. ·. -'-:.:·'.7 · /•-' .... · ,.-''1:_.•.-.-. -: .· ·,.,. : t•. ·.·.� L.·.-.·.---: .·: '. , · :- • . .• �- ' :�� ? ':· ·:1:• ·· ; .. . ..:., , �::·'. •' .. . 30 Future time / present tenses in time clauses / prepositions of time and place Unit 5 ( Expressing the future: future perfect simple ) Form will/won't + have + past participle :i: i. Use Example .. ! i Actions which are completed some time I'll have finished my chemistry homework by the time you come home. « between now and a point in the future ·--� ·;, ...: .. . .•.. .. ·: . ,.. ... .... - ..-, ;-:.:_. . . . . . . .. -. �-:·· .. ...... . : ·- :... :·. ·... ·:: : ·...: ..·· ·: ·:_.,.... ... . ... ., : .:- ·J · · ·-. � •- . _ .·... . ... _. . ,; - �--. ••.... ·--�.-·· · ·: .;·.- ( Expressing the future: future continuous ) • . . · ' -; , # _, , ,. . .,, • .. ::_';j'·:q_� ; .· .o.;�---== --:-�. .... ::'"-;: '' • '.· '· -· · ···, - '<.,••• • :_ ·:,- _ .. Form will/won't + be + -ing form Use Example :·:. 1 Actions in progress at a point in the future This time next week, I'll be taking my biology exam. ' '. Habits or repeated actions at a point in the future In the future, we'll all be flying around using jet-packs. Expressing the future: future perfect continuous ) I i.. Form will/won't + have + been + -ing form I :•' Use Example � , �, Actions in prog ress up to a point in the At seven o'clock, I'll have been doing my chemistry homework for three { future hours! ·' . , · ·. . . .. �- .. ... . ··..:'-''* �"'· ?:"· .. 'f':".•r :· ,, · . ···. . . .. ... ·�-: , :. ..-. . . '· ........ '• ..., ::. ·� · · ... . :·:·'.''· ·'.'· ·.. . . , .... ,.,. :·-� ·· : :· .o:. r ···- .: . ;· -; . .. "7';"". . .. ,_.,.., ..._ · .. :. ;•":,� .. . .. . .. _... ,, ,, •.- ... ! .. '"".".·,_ .:.�- '" ,_,_. . >. · · .... ....··:'.' · "·:. "-' ' . _.... ... . . . ,"' ' .. .. . . . , ·,: , :,:· ·, . '. ·.�....,, '� '· . ( Present tenses in time clauses ) .,_., � .....,,. . . "/:-.: :· ·· · • . · · 1. ". . In time clauses, we do not use will or be going to immediately after some time words and phrases. We use a present tense (present simple, present continuous or present perfect) to talk about the future. ·' (f. Time words and phrases Example .� when It'll be wonderful when scientists find I have found a cure for cancer. �.'!!- \ ,. '• as soon as Let me know as soon as your new computer arrives I has arrived. '· (:- ,, It'll be several years before we send I we've sent a manned mission to Mars. �· !' before �· ' after Let's go for a pizza after we go I have been to the natural history museum. �· "' ' :.•· ' until I till The rocket won't be launched until they do I have done a final check. �. J "' ·" while Think ofme while you travel I are travelling to the Moon! ..... � :'f. :· , ·I .. once We'll stop for petrol once we pass I we've passed Cambridge. ·t . . · .· � ....... _..,.. •' , . : ... . . ''·.." ... ..� ....... ·. ··',� ;· .. , >".-· .·-·. : /-;':'. '.... .. '.·' : "' ·"""":\. ·� :. •, .... .. .. '.- .', ' ' :·/'· .-::·: . . :· ,1 ..r. · .,�·..·: . .....:· ·· .,:·· · : .· -'-r,.:-f· ·-,..;.-_·, ...,.. ..· . ,,. ". � .', . " -� .. .. . : · :,.. • : � . '?" ·,., ·.. _; . �. '• . , . : • .• . ,.. , , ·, •.'·.;.... ;;.,.-""l'/":,'. -.,il<- ,':'· ' · ." ·: � · · ' ,f"' .. i ·,. ·'.''' '•.', f: ' ·"'. '"- '' 'ir.· 1 ._ .., ·71 '•, · · Prepositions of time and place 'r;-. . ... .. . . . .. , • • "'. "·"' ' . .. . .... .. •. : . .... i. ' ' . (from) Monday to Friday, on Monday, on my birthday/Easter Sunday/etc, in July, on September 201h, in 2008, in (the) summer, at three o'clock, in/for an hour, at the moment, in Key prepositions of time the morning/afternoon/evening, at night, in/on time, just in time for, in the beginning/end, at the beginning/end of, at the age of, at the weekend, next/last week turn right at a place, sit on sth, go in(to} a building, wait in(side} a building, arrive in London/Greece, arrive at the stadium, in/on/at the corner (of), come/go/walk/etc to a place, Key prepositions of place next to/beside/by the building, at/on the front/back of, in front of/behind the station, go ..... out of a building, go towards the station, between the two buildings, opposite the station • Speakers of American English do not always use on before days of the week. US: We've got a biology test Monday/on Monday. UK: We've got a biology test on Monday. • Spea kers of American English often say 'Monday through Friday� US: I'm going to be on a field trip Monday through Friday. UK: I'm going to be on a field trip from Monday to Friday. 31 Unit 5 Grammar A I f a word or phrase in bo ld is correct, put a tick ('1) . If it is incorrect, rewrite it correctly on the l ine, i ncl uding a l l poss i b i l ities . 1 The u niverse is going to continue to expand for billions of yea rs . ................................................ . 2 Look out! You will hit the car i n front! ................................................ . 3 I'm going to d o the washing-up tonig ht, if you like . ................................................. 4 Do you think that, i n the future, people will live to be hundreds of years old? 5 Will I carry some of those bags for you, or ca n you ma nage? ................................................. 6 I know! I'm going to have a barbecue on my bi rthday! ................................................ . 7 Are you going to just hold this d oor open for me for a minute? Thanks a lot! 8 We've decided we will try that new restaurant after the play tomorrow night. 9 We're going to fly to Jamaica i n the summer. ................................................. 10 Shall we i nvite Tony and Tim rou nd tonig ht? ................................................ . 11 Are we going to i nvite Tony and Tim rou nd tonig ht? ................................................ . 12 Will you go to Jason's party next Satu rday? ............................................... .. B C i rcle the correct word or phrase. If both options a re correct, c i rcle both . 1 We aren't I We're not going to miss the train, a re we? 2 I think I'm going to do / I'm doing rea l ly bad ly in the English test tomorrow. 3 Josh is going to sing I is singing a song in the school ta lent contest next week. 4 I'm going to buy I buying a big yacht if I can when I'm older. 5 Sports Day is going to be I being held on the last day of term. 6 Does / Will the concert on Th u rsday last more than two hou rs? 7 Are they going to broadcast / Will they broadcast the music awa rds live tomorrow night? 8 Do they broadcast I Are they broadcasting the music awa rds live tomorrow nig ht? 9 Accordi ng to the timeta ble, the tra in for Oxford leaves I is leaving at 1 0. 1 5. 10 Does the restaura nt open / Is the restaurant opening next Sunday? C Write a word or short phrase i n each gap. /-. At the e �d of this m'onth, I'll (1 ) ...... .. .... ........ . .. . .... · working on my physics project for .. . . . . .. .. . . ...... :... � ' about six ,weeks, but I've . st ill got a lot to d o before I hand it in: I'll (2) ................................................ . spending the whoie d ay i,n the physics lab n ��t Satu rday, dqing experiments, and i n fact, I . (3) . .... ... ... . .. . . .. . .. .. ... ..... . . .. . . .: ......... playing fo�tball the weekend after either because I've got to g o back . to the lab then, too. _I g uess I'll (4) : .. .. . ...... .......... .. ...... ... . .. ... . .... d oing lots of similar projects when I'm · .. .� � .. at � niversi ty,·so it's g ood p racti �� .Thin ki ng bout it, whe I leave university i n abo u t fou r years, I wi l l a n (S) ............ .. .. . . . ............. ... ..... .... . .. stu dyi ng physi.cs for over thi rteen ye a rs, so I s hould b e q uite good a t it ' ' �. , .. . - · . . by then! ; 32 Future time / present tenses in time clauses / prepositions of time and place Unit 5 D Complete using the futu re perfect simple or futu re perfect continuous of the verbs i n brackets . 1 I ................................................. (cook) din ner by the time you get home. 2 In a few minutes, I ................................................. (wait) here for Craig for over two hours. Where ca n he be? 3 We'll be halfway through the sponsored swim in one hour so we ................................................ . (swim) for forty-eight hou rs non-stop by then . 4 They .............. .. .. ......................... (not I finish) painting the house by the time we get back . . .... from hol iday. 5 If she's stil l on the phone at eight o'clock, ................................................. (Jan I talk) to Melissa for over two hours. 6 At six o'clock this evening, we ................................................. (not I climb) for five hours but for seven hours! 7 This ti me next month, you .... ............................................ (probably I pass) you r drivi ng test! . 8 · .................................. .............. (you I do) a l l you r homework by bedtime? . 9 Tomorrow ......................... ....................... (Elaine I work) on the project for ten days. . 10 We ................................................. (probably I not / leave) by the time you get home. E Com plete each second sentence using the word given , so that it has a simi lar meaning to the fi rst sentence . Write between two and five words in each ga p. 1 We'll get home and then we'll have something to eat. got We'l l have something to eat ....................................................................................... home. 2 I'll fi nish marking the exa ms and then I'll tell you you r resu lts. soon I'll tel l you you r results ....................................................................................... marking the exams. 3 You'll be travell ing across the Sahara next week so remember to wear lots of sunscreen! while Remember to wear lots of sunscreen ....................................................................................... across the Sahara next week! 4 They'll show Titan at the cinema and then they'l l release the DVD. before They won't release the DVD ....................................................................................... at the cinema. 5 My science exa m sta rts at ten tomorrow morning. taking At ten past ten tomorrow ....................................................................................... my science exam. 6 Let's watch the space docu menta ry before we have supper. watched Let's have supper ....................................................................................... the space docu menta ry. 7 I'l l send out a l l the invitations before l unchtime. have By lunchtime, ....................................................................................... all the invitations. 8 Do some revision and then I 'II give you a test. until • I won t give you a test ....................................................................................... some rev1s1on. • • I 9 When you visit us, we'll have moved into our new house. by We'll have moved i nto our new house ....................................................................................... you visit us. 10 We'l l get some more i nformation and then we'll ma ke a decision. once Let's make a decision ....................................................................................... got some more information. . t 33 Unit 5 Grammar F Read the i nformation and write a question for each answer given . · w a t k i n s T o u r s I s l e s o f S c i l ly Day Trip - 2 2nd July 5 .30 am coach depa r t s f rom P l ymout h B r e t ons i de Bus S t a t i on 8 . 15 am arr ive Pen z an c e 9 . 15 am f e rry ( S c i l l on i an III) depart s 1 2 . 0 0 noon arrive S t Mary ' s 1 2 - 1 . 3 0 pm wa l k round t he t own 1 . 3 0 - 2 . 3 0 pm p i cni c lunch ( on Gar r i s on ove r l ook ing harbour ) 2 . 3 0 - 4 pm sw imming or boat t r ip round i s l and 4 . 3 0 pm f e rry ( S c i l l on i an III) depar t s 7 '. 1 5 pm arrive P en z anc e 7 . 3 0 pm coach depart s 1 0 . 1 5 pm arr ive P l ymouth B r e t on s i de Bu s S t at i on Example: .Wb..�.t..t!!!!� .Y.fg,Y..� t!!.Y...q.c?.�q,b. !Y..�.'(.� .f.(Y. . .f!:!.C?.Y.!.� 1. .................................................................................. .. .. . . It leaves at 5.30 am. 1 He'll be drivi ng the coach to Penza nce. 2 It'll arrive at 8.1 5 am. 3 It's g oi ng to set sai l at 9.1 5 am. 4 It wil l have been sailing for two hours. 5 They wil l just have arrived in St Ma ry's. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . They'l l be wa l king round the town. 7 .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... They'll be havi ng a picnic l u nch. 8 They'l l be leavi ng the beach at 4 pm. 9 They'l l have just finished a boat trip round the island. 10 It's leavi ng at 4.30 pm. 11 . . . . . . . . . . ......... ........ . . . .. . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. ............. . . . . . . . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ..................... . . . .......... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ They get back at 1 0.1 5 pm. 34 Future time / present tenses in time clauses / prepositions of time and place Unit 5 G Write on, in or at i n each gap. 1 I'll be 1 00 years old ......................... the year 2095! 2 Sasha's not going to have a party ......................... her bi rthday this year. 3 See you ......................... August! 4 See you ......................... Tuesday! 5 See you ......................... eight o'clock! 6 See you ......................... the morning! 7 See you ......................... a couple of hours! 8 It's difficult to sleep ......................... night ......................... the summer because of the h eat. 9 My g randfather left home ......................... the age of fou rteen! 10 We got there j ust ......................... time for the movie. 11 He's never late, and he's never early; he always arrives right ......................... time. 12 My birthday's ......................... April 1 st. H Each of the words i n bold is i ncorrect. Rewrite them correctly. 1 My Australian cousins a re coming in Greece next month! ......................... 2 Turn left on the post office, then go straight on . ........................ . 3 There weren't any chairs, so we had to sit at the floor. ........................ . 4 The TV's on the corner of the room . ........................ . 5 There's a photo of the author at the back cover of the book . ........................ . 6 We should arrive at Paris at six in the morning . ......................... . 7 Could you go out from the room for a moment, please? ........................ . 8 Wal k in the station, but turn left a couple of blocks before you get there . ......................... 9 I'l l meet you in the corne r of you r street. ....................... .. 10 There should be a broom on the back of the cupboard, somewhere . ........................ . 11 They should arrive in the airport in about a n hour. ....................... .. 12 The CD should be next from the CD player. ........................ . I Write o ne word i n each gap. Defining the Age Ages, eras and wars will always be defined ( 1 ) ......................... they a re over, or at least well after they (2) ... ....... ... ....... .... . started. (3) . .... ...... .... ...... .... the year 1 91 4, for example, no one said:'Tomorrow I'm going (4) ......................... go and fight in the First World War.' Why not? Because it wasn't generally cal led the First World War until the Second World War had started. Similarly, no one ever said: 'Next year (5) ......................... be the start of the Industrial Revolution.' The era now known as the I nd ustrial Revolution only started being cal l ed that once it was well under way. (6) ..... . ......... . ......... the time we a re old, we wil l all (7) ......... . ......... ..... experienced enormous . technological advances. We might even (8) .............. . . . .. .. . .. wal ki ng round with computer chips . implanted in our bodies, or perhaps computer chip technology will have (9) ......................... replaced by even more advanced technology.There's tal k (1 0) ...... .... ....... ... ..... the moment that h uman skin itself might make an excel lent electronic circuit board. We can all make predictions, but nobody knows for sure. And nobody knows what the era we wil l live in (1 1 ) ......................... the near future will be called by future historians. If we a l ready l ive i n the Computer Age or the I nformation Age as some people suggest, the present-day era (1 2) ......................... be referred to by future historians, then who knows what era we're just (1 3) .... ...... .... ...... ... .. the beg inning of right now? 35 Unit 6 - Voea6ulary • Science and technology Topic vocabulary in contra st see page 1 87 fo r defi n itions a rtificia l I false aim I ca use I reason prog ress I development natura l I physi ca l estimate I ca lculate modern I new true I accu rate electric I electronic i nd ustry I fa ctory method / way i nvent I discover awa rd I reward engine I mach i ne I motor research I experi ment ta ke place I occur Phrasal verbs break down stop worki ng (for a ma chi ne, etc) give off p rod uce sth such as heat or a smell carry out perform a n experi ment, etc narrow down red uce the number of possi bilities come off succeed plug in con nect to the electricity su pply come on _develop or ma ke prog ress put through con nect by phone come up with thi n k of (a n idea, a plan, etc) turn into change i nto sth d ifferent cut off stop the supply of sth turn off stop a machi ne working find out d iscover i nformation, etc work out fi nd the sol ution to a p roblem, etc Phrases and collocations attempt ma ke an attempt (at sth/doi ng I to do); attempt to do; i n an attempt to do average on average beginning i n the begi n n i ng; at the beg i n ning (of sth); beginning with bottom at/on the bottom (of sth) cause (be/fi n d/look fo r/etc) the cause of sth conclusion come to/rea ch the co ncl usion (that); in conclusion experiment do/perform/carry out an experiment (on sth); experiment with sth/doing fact i n fact; as a matter of fact; the fact (of the matter) is (that); face the fa cts introduction with the i ntrod uction of sth; an i ntrod uction to sth/sb phone call ma ke/receive/get a phone ca ll photo( graph) ta ke a photo (of sth/sb) research ca rry out I do research (on/i nto sth) Word patterns cause sth (to do) look at/for sth/sb; look fo rwa rd to sth/doing consider sth/doi ng; consider if/whether; consider manage to do sb for sth; co nsider it stra nge, etc (fo r sb to do) discuss sth/doing (with sb) plan sth; plan to do explain that; explain sth (to sb) possible (for sb) to do; fi nd sth possible; fi nd it impossible to do result of sth/doing; result i n sth; resu lt i n (your) doi ng; result intend to do/doing fro m sth/doi ng; as a resu lt of sth know (about) sth/doing; know of sb; be known as sth wonder a bout sth/doing; wonder if/whether/why Word formation appear a ppea ra nce, appa rently introduce i ntrod uction, i ntrod uctory research resea rcher build builder, buildi ng invent i nvento r, i nventio n revolution revolutionary science scientist, discover discovery observe observer, observation ( un)scientific(al ly) possible im possi ble, (im)possibility, technology technological(ly), explain explanation (im) possi bly tech nica l (ly); tech nicia n, tech nique important u n i m portant, psychology psychologist, psychologica l(ly) wood wooden impo rta nce, i m portantly 36 Science and technology Unit 6 Topic vocabulary in contrast A Choose the correct answer. It seems entirely (1 ) ............ to us that there are tea ms of scientists in universities and other institutions around the world, attem pting to (2) ............ the way the world works. However, it hasn't always been that (3) ............ . Although the scientific method is now fou r or five hundred years old, the ancient Greeks, for example, believed that they could work out the (4) ............ of natural events just by the power of thought. During the 1 7th century, more and more people began to realise that they could (5) ............ their scientific ideas by designing a relevant (6) ............ a nd seeing what happened. A lot of (7) ...... . ..... was made in this way by individual scientists. These men and women often worked alone, carrying out (8) ............ into ma ny d ifferent a reas of science, and they often received very l ittle (9) ............ for their hard work. At the sta rt of the 2Qth century, though, it beca me (1 O) ............ that science was becoming more complicated and more expensive. The individual scientist disappeared, to be replaced by highly qualified tea ms of experts. Modern science was born. 1 A physical B natural c typical D real 2 A create B i nvent c construct D d iscover 3 A route B method c way D technique 4 A a i ms B reasons c causes D impulses 5 A calculate B estimate c measure D test 6 A experiment B research c attem pt D analysis 7 A development B movement c progress D evolution 8 A resea rch B experiment c d iscovery D education 9 A award B prize c gift D reward 10 A clear B true c accurate D actual B Circle the correct word. 1 Many materials have been used for artificial I false teeth, including wood. 2 Be careful! You might give you rself an electric I electronic shock! 3 I'm afraid the problem with you r washing machine is the engine I motor. 4 Many employers i n the chemicals industry I factory object to the new law. 5 My computing exa m is takin g place I occurring next week. 6 Technology is a funda mental pa rt of new I modern life. 7 We had our car serviced and it seems there's a problem with the engine I machine. Phrasal verbs C Complete using the correct form of the words in the box . plug • turn • carry • narrow • put • work • come • b rea k 1 A lorry had ..................................... down on the motorway and we had to wait for over an hour. 2 I have ..................................... i t d�'.vn to two com puter games, but I still can't make up my mind. 3 I wish you would ...................................... the TV off and go outside and get some exercise. 4 Scientists are trying to ..................................... out ways to reduce pol lution from aircraft. 5 Tomorrow, we wil l be ..................................... out an experiment to test this theory. 6 Who ..................................... u p with the idea of the ball-point pen ? 7 I'll just ..................................... you through to our research department. Please hold on. No wonder the vacuum cleaner isn't working. .. You haven't ..................................... it in! -------.--·;,---· - . . . . . . .. · . 37 Unit 6 Vocabulary D Match to make sentences . 1 Alex's electricity was cut ..... .... . .. A off because she forgot to pay the bill. 2 Wear a mask because these chemicals give ..... . ..... . B metals such as lead into gold. 3 I'm writing an essay and I need to find ............ C out who discovered penici l lin. 4 I was pleased that our gamble came ............ D on in physics over the last year. s Alchemists spent years trying to turn .......... . E off fumes that can be harmfu l. 6 Your teacher says you've really come ....... . . . . . F off and the experiment was a success. Phrases and collocations E Choose the correct answer. 1 I don't think people should be a llowed to perform experiments ............ animals. A for B over C on D to 2 There was an explosion in tech nology ............ the beginning of the 2Qth century. A in B at C through D on 3 Let's face ............ - we a re destroying the environment and we need to do something now. A truth B facts C things D information 4 The distance from the Earth to the Sun is, ............ average, about 1 49 mil l ion kilometres. A by B on C from D in S It's a mazing that creatures survive ............ the bottom of the ocean. A in B by C at D to 6 Fox Tal bot ............ the first photograph in 1 835. A gave B did C d rew D took 7 Researchers have ............ to the conclusion that you r personality is affected by you r genes. A come B got C reached D a rrived 8 Do you mind if I just ............ a quick phone call from here? A do B take C have D make 9 Many lives were saved ............ the introduction of antibiotics. A into B at C with D in 10 The ............ of the nuclear accident is sti l l unknown. A reason B cause C base D motive 11 My father works at the university, doing research ............ weather control. A on B to C of D from 12 The telescope will photograp h distant galaxies, ............ a n attem pt to understand their past. A on B for C with D in Word patterns F Find the extra word in each l i ne. The future , I . .,, . •,>, <" t 1 We were discussing about the futu re i n class today. Some people were ., ·2 wondering it whether we would have to l ive in space when we destroy 3 our own planet. I explained them that the answer lies in technology because 4 . . . • . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scientists a re i ntend to develop forms of energy that wil l not damage the :( s envi.ronment. The problems caused as being a resu lt of technology wil l be ,. 6 solved by technology. I am look forward to ou r next discussion. ' -.� � .Lo #' "'-.... ._ .,_ ____...._ ...,.. ------------�� ------------�--------�--�-----� . : . 38 Science and technology Unit 6 G Comp l ete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar mean i ng to the first sentence. Write between two and five words i n each gap. 1 The mistake by scientists ca used a massive explosion. in The mistake by scientists a massive explosion. . . . ................................................. ...................... .... ......... 2 Dr Atherton finally succeeded in discovering the secret form ula. managed Dr Atherton finally ....................................................................................... the secret formula. 3 Another name for i ron oxide is 'fool's gold� as Iron oxide ....................................................................................... 'fool's gold� 4 Many l ocal residents i ntend to protest a bout the nuclear power pla nt. plan Many local residents ....................................................................................... a bout the nuclear power plant. 5 We are thinking of appointing Dr Knight to the position of Professor. considering We ....................................................................................... the position of Professor. 6 · We cannot live in outer space without special equi pment. us It ....................................................................................... to l ive in outer space without special equipment. Word formation H Use the word given in ca pita l s at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits i n the ga p in the same l ine. .. . �. ·.. . Qualcomp Powertop .. Qua lcomp have just brought o ut their ( 1 j .... . .. : ........... ; neVY, hand held ... .... ... . REVOLUTION .� computer, the Powertop. It's (2) . . . . . : .............. not to l ove it, with its . .. ..... .. .. •' . , · POSSIBLE · smooth, shiny (3) . . . . and its brig ht screen. It might not be th� ..... .... ........... ... ... . APPEAR ' ,. best (4) .... . . .. . � . to hand held computing becau se it is quite advanced, . INTRODUCE , .. ... .. ..... ... .. .. but you'll find an (5). � . . . . : ..".�. '�f a 11 th� features in the detailed manual. ....... ..... ..... ... EXPLAIN "4 •. � The Powertop has been (6) .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. designed to fit a l ot of com puting . .. SCIENCE �· :. power in your pal m. Th e. (7) �····················�······· of a unique wi reless I nternet .. . . . . ... . . �. .. I NVENT ., con nection means there's a world of (8) . .. . . . . just waiting for you. DISCOVER j1- � %· ·:"" . .......... ... . ..... .... Q' .,; We give the Power.t op nine out of t� n. · d2' .v,,.,,,_,. . ) · � :;�" . · L •tili4( . . . ¥......., .. .. f l'J- ' · u · 'tt· n · � ,, .... •'. e JJ 4W $LillillMt I Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in ca pitals when th is is necessary. 1 Did you know that George Washington had . . (WOOD) teeth? ........ ...... ............... 2 The old astronomer patiently made his . (OBSERVE) and wrote down what . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ he saw. 3 .. . . ............... (RESEARCH) have annou nced that a major brea kth rough has been made. .... . ....... 4 I'm planning to train as a (PSYCHOLOGY) when I g row u p. ............................... 5 That red . . (BUILD) over there is the Science Depa rtment. ..................... ....... . 6 The scientist said she had an annou ncement of international ... ....................... ... (IMPORTANT). . . 7 Science Weekly has a special . (INTRODUCE) offer - the fi rst issue is free! ............................. . 8 If there are aliens out there, do you think they a re much more .............................. . (TECHNOLOGY) advanced than we a re? 39 A U se the word given i n ca pita l s at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits in the gap in the same l i ne. Egypt and South America ... " . There is still no adequate (1 ) . . . . why, several thousand yea rs ... .... ......... ......... .. EXPLAIN : ago, cultures i n both Egypt and South America saw the (2) .............................. . I NTRODUCE . of pyramids. Was it coi ncidence? Many (3) .... ..... .... . bel ieve that it ...... ...... ..... SCIENCE was, and state that there is no (4) . .. at a l l that people from .. ................... ....... POSSIBLE two dista nt continents traded i nformation on (S) . ... techniques. .............. ............. BUILD However, some (6) . . . . . theories in recent years, based on the ...... .. .. ... ............. REVOLUTION (7) ......... .. that the two cultu res also share key myths, l egends .................. .. DISCOVER �� and beliefs, suggest that the (8) .... ..... .... . of pyramids on opposite ...... ..... ...... APPEAR sides of the world was no coincidence at all. One (9) .............................. . RESEARCH worl<ing on this, Crystal Davis, said:'The (1 0) . of find ing ........... ................... IMPORTANT .J out the truth here ca nnot be exaggerated. It cou ld change our whole .,; 'it..._ u nderstanding of the history of the world.' . 'Ii'' ' �" ..... 5 �r..... ,;.• Z:Sli ........, . C411SJ '*" ..,., **' . .•. ,. I , . • .i'Ju.....,_ · ... . •t· .-.-s..-uw:U' u. v .4...... • J. .. . • ( 1 m a r k p e r a n s w e r) B Match to make sentences . 1 1 The fax machine has broken ............ A o ut by physicists which prove that time can speed u p 1 2 A n u m ber of experiments have been and slow down. ca rried ............ B on enormously i n recent years. 1 3 Whoever came ...... .. .... C off for over three hours yesterday. 1 4 The electricity was cut ............ D down, so I'm afraid you'l l have to wait until tomorrow. 1 5 I'd like to find ............ E off a very nasty smel l when it's heated. 1 6 This chemical gives ............ F up with that idea should have won the Nobel Prize. 1 7 Ca ncer treatments have come ............ G through to the Rad iology Department, please. 1 8 I wonder if you could put me ... ......... H out m uch more about tech nology i n the Bronze Age. ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swe r) C Complete the second sentence using the word given , so that it has a similar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap. 19 I can't wait unti l we do some experi ments i n the science lab. forward I'm rea l ly ....................................................................................... some experi ments in the science lab. 20 Commu nication changed completely when the telephone was introduced. with Com munication changed complete ly ....................................................................................... the telephone. 21 Dr Frankenstein was finally successfu l in bringing the monster to life. managed Dr Frankenstein ....................................................................................... the monster to l ife. 22 I can't understand how they built the Pyram ids. impossible I ....................................................................................... how they built the Pyramids. 23 Fleming discovered penicillin as a result of a little l uck. resulted A l ittle l uck ....................................................................................... penicil lin. 24 People sometimes cal l nurses 'angels: known N u rses . . . . ............................................................... ..................... 'angels'. 25 Ei nstein eventually real ised that he was wrong. conclusion Einstein eventually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . that he was wrong. 26 Our physics teacher tried to explain the Theory of Relativity. attempt Our physics teacher ....................................................................................... explaining the Theory of Relativity. 27 We'll save enough money and then we'l l buy a compute r. soon We'l l buy a computer ....................................................................................... saved enough money. ( 2 m a r k s p e r a n s w e r) D Choose the correct answer. 28 Th is time next week, we ............ the 32 'What is it?' chemistry exam. 'We won't know until ............ at it A have finished under a microsco pe.' B have been fi nishing A we're going to look c wi l l have finished B we'll have looked D wil l have been finishing c we'll be looking 29 D we've looked When I grow u p, ............ an i nventor. A I'm being 33 You won't get any radio reception B I'm going to be while ............ through the tu nnel. c I wi l l have been A you've d riven D I wil l be being B you'l l d rive c you're d riving 30 Shi rley will ............ her resea rch for the D yo u'l l be drivi ng next few weeks. A have done 34 'I'm going to set up the equi pment i n B be doing a min ute.' I • c have been doing ............ g ive you a h an d7' . D have been done A Sha l l I 31 B Will I Next yea r, Sam wi l l ............ patients at c Would I this hospita l for twenty-five yea rs. D Do i A have been treating B treat c be treating D be going to treat ( 1 m a rk per a n swer) E Choose the correct answer. 35 Do you know who ............ the fact that 39 Once they've finished the extension to sound travels in waves? the ............ , there'll be room for them to A i nvented c d iscovered ta ke on a lot more workers. B developed D found A man ufacturing c industry B trade D factory 36 I'm thinking of getting a fax ............ . A machine c moto r 40 Shannen doesn't dye her hair; it's ............ B engine D instru ment blonde. A physica l ly c logica l ly 37 The ............ of the outbreak of the B natu ra l ly D organica l ly disease is sti l l u nknown . A aim c cause 41 I've ............ it in at the mains but it stil l B reason D motive doesn't seem to work. A worked c narrowed 38 Ten mil lion text messages are sent on B tu rned D pl ugged ............ every min ute. A normal c genera l B common D average ( 1 m a r k p e r a n s we r) Unit 7 • Articles / countable and uncountable nouns / quantifiers Indefinite article There are two indefinite articles i n Engl ish: 'a' and 'an: 'An' is used before vowel sou nds. Use Example Singular cou ntable nouns (when we are not being specific There's a good film on TV tonight. or when we mention something for the first time) ' ., ...·.�·. . . .. . . . .. . . Whether we use 'an' or 'a' depends on the sound, not the spel ling . ./ The news is on TV in an hour. X TheReVISisOR TVinB hour. ./ Being in a film was a unique experience for me. X Beingin e film �·msBR uniqueC*peFieRceforme. ( Definite article ) I ' There is one definite article in English: 'the� I Use Example (: , Singu lar counta ble nouns (when we are being specific) Where's the DVD you were talking about? l\ " r: · Singular countable nouns (when we are tal king general ly) The radio seemed amazing to people at first. Plural countable nouns (when we are bei ng specific) I didn't believe the rumours about the prime minister. U ncountable nouns (when we are bei ng specific) I followed the advice my lawyer gave me. · ... •. ·. . .. . .... .., :•,. ·. ; ·_ ,,.,.. · .- ... , · . · ' '.' · ·· · . · ' " ... •. • .. . . . ... . .... ·., , ,... . .... ... . . . ... ··. · · . ·. · . · ' •.' '.••: . . .. ... . .. ,,,.,, ·'· ;',• ·, · · ·. · ; ' • ' • T,- ; , , "'f'!, • i- ' ., ' ' ."•, -, ·-t· , , ·-··";"•, I,' -;,,. .,..,., , ,,, , , ; .... .-·,;; ... . . ..- . . . ..... ·. -.,, .. ... . .., . • • ·. f·."r;" �. .- ,·• ' ! ', - ':- · ·· · · .· · · · . ., • The way we say 'the' changes depending on the sou nd at the start of the next word. n o\lt\ Before a consonant sound (the media, the USA, the programme), we pronou nce it /oa/. '!Jatc. Before a vowel sound (the announcer, the actor, the editor), we pronounce it /01/. • We often use 'the' when we are talking about something there is only one of. ./ the sky, the sun, the moon, the Prince of Wales, the North Pole, the World Cup ( Zero article ) I We often don't use an article at all .This is sometimes cal led the zero article. I ... Use Example .. Plura l countable nouns (when we are talki ng general ly) Journalists often face dangerous situations. 1•: l ., 1; U ncountable nouns (when we are talki ng genera l ly) News travels fast these days. :· ·.; ·'.: '' · :... :...•..... .- ' :""1.-. Trl • l·�'r,, ·· : ·-::. ,. . .... , -. • . · :: '.'-' • ';IP"f:l . ... .... ...... . .... ·. . . . . ." ..... .·:-·:·•'''.' ·.�.'·' -, .. . ...... . . ._· ;/'. '/ •:. · -. ... "' '•,To ·. , /·, ·."•/ I:. ..... '.. : :-�'/'' ." • . •I ,•., '1 ·.' .·.- · ·: . ; ..... .. ., lf/ ',:� 1"... ·. . ...·. ··:. · .. : : ".' · , · -;--;..-- -i .' ·:-- :: . --.....,: . :;f? '•,':•"!f·.',", ·, ,'· · . . .· :.;v;-·· . 'f/':'· "•. '·,;,· ,_,.,.,,. .... . ... : .........� - ........';'i',' . ... : ..::1 · . · ·. . . ·. . ·. . Articles in phrases and expressions ) Notice how we use articles in the following phrases and expressions. Many of these are examples of general categories. For example, ' the River Thames' means that we use 'the' for a l l rivers. ... Use Example .. f. defi nite article: in the 1 990s, in (the) summer, in the morning ; :· Time .... zero article: in 2008, in June, on Friday, at night !i ..' · '. indefi nite article: have a job, work as a ... People and defi nite article: the queen, the principal, the president, the French work •. ,, zero article: become president, go to work, be at work, have work to do, he's French. �: :) ;. Places defi nite article: the Alps, the Atlantic Ocean, the River Thames, the Earth, the Arctic, the USA, the UK, the Cyclades 1\ i ) zero article: Mount Everest, Paris, America, MarsNenus/Jupiter etc, Oxford Street, Lake Superior, Crete (l l; :� "· Entertainment defi nite article: the media, on the radio, play the guitar, go to the cinema, watch (the) TV and sport zero article: listen to music, on television, play tennis/football etc ii . , . . ;� • ... · ·7 ."•. · ._ �·· ''. · ·.- . "'!'" ' '• '·. · ..... .. . ,, .. p -::-· ·'.'/..�<, /. . . . .,.., .. ..... :"". . . .. .. ... , . . .. . . ·:- ·· ··- .. .. :-..: ... · . . .. .,._... : ·..-·... . '·' · · ·. � ' ·: . o ., .,.,,... ·· · �- ·� · '' • .... ·· . ,_,.. ·. � . . . ·'·:'!'> · ·· " " --;:- --;:-- ..... '·,'· •1- ·r;;t= .:. · '_"f'.·-:.,: ,l'J/ ,' ·...- ·-r·:!2_:_.": '.' _. . ":- '1":'.·-·." ... ·,--.-. r:-. -:· :":"' �-.:- · ·, ;·"' . · :;: • ·"'.'. '. . · ' ·-. . .. .... ·l� ...,,,. 42 Articles / countable and uncountable nouns / quantifiers Unit 7 .·.: . .. . ·. ... :.�...,_-:/' .' ... .. . ·: . ,...,...:,_...... . .....:::'.·:..:·.. . ,..;:� '•( ., . . "�- i ......./..... ·· . • ;� '. ; ; ,-_ 1:,-..1 •• :'./ / ' ..... -� ----. .... ·,.:-, .�..- , . . ..,,..; : :�- ... . ·. :.. · ,..., .· ....., . ·: :-- •(;I_ .... . · . .' . :·- ·· ·.-"-- · . · · ··:·. , . ·, _:. · ... •• . ,.•·•."4;J:, : -··· ,. .., . .,. : . .. ..:-'i-' · . ·!·:•,. . .• . • . .. ·.. ... . ., ..·. ..;,·:;.-. ._:..:, ·. .. '.-.•,:.... '.'. ...• � " <·'.·, , :.//:.'-:· :·... _ :-·..:.·•.; . • . •,... • . _.;.:U · , .. ;. ..... .. . · :·: _ _ .-.;......:·;.:/ · ...:• .... Use Exam ple .._ •.; ) Organisations defi n ite article: the army, the police, the fire brigade l defi n ite article: go to the school (as a visitor), be in the first year .:, Education �- zero a rticle: go to school (as a student), be in Class 38, maths < .. '; ; . , indefin ite article: take a taxi, catch a/the bus ' · Travel defin ite a rticle: on the bus zero a rticle: on foot, go home, go by bus .; .; indefin ite article: have a cold/headache/cough :1 :y - �- Health defi n ite a rticle: have (the) flu/measles zero a rticle: have toothache ' Public defi nite a rticle: the bank, the tax office, go to the hospital/prison (as a visitor) buildings zero a rticle: go to hospital/prison/church (as a patient/prisoner/worshipper) . · .f., .. •·.: ::.:. . · •• • • · · ·· ::-·.. ·-.: r . . ..� . . . ... .. · ·:· .-.-'-· ·.', .... .. .... · ' . ....,.;' . .. ...,. ' ·. ::... ...,.·.·- �. .- .... .·.. ··..· ··: . . .•., ·'.·/·."Off.•.:-.�·.. ..... ::r.- :. :- .......... : · . 1.-:· . . :. . ··:. · .... ..... .... ...- -.... ....- •. ·. •. . ·::::,. :1:·:/ .,:_· , .- ·.: -.·;:. ·'.·.·.-;._·::1 .· ;.,.: .-;/r. •:.:·.· ... · ·... ..... '70� :, " . ••• ·. · ·. ... ._.-.. -. . ............ "':· · .. ..... .-.:·. ...... ;·;·;.:- . ··; . ... . · . .. ... .. .. . - ... . .. .....· . . .·· . 1; • Speakers of American English do not usually use hospital without an article . u"' US: The ambulance took Simon to the hospital. uS �c; �-a.'< UK: The ambulance took Simon to hospital. C,'('3>'((\ Countable and uncountable nouns ...: ,. :.-:...�.: • . . :../.:-. '• . · . .:-.. � : ... .. · ··. . . : : ' .. . ... . '· ' ,.:'.·:<·. · '.·... "'/",/ ....... -,:· ... ...... .../;.� : . -;: ·: . . :· . Type Example I want to be a journalist. ... Cou nta ble nouns Where is the newspaper? • Use a, the, some, many There are some good articles in the paper. • Use a singular or p l u ra l verb -;.-· How many channels do you get? Did you hear the news? U ncountable nou ns Some important news has just come in. • Use the, some, m uch How much information do we have about it? • Use a singular verb Your advice was very useful. ; Common uncounta ble nou ns: advice, coffee, furniture, glass, hair, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, paper, work '; :,· ·.... - . . '····. · . :•. '· . . . .,...;·-.. . ... .. .' �· ..... . .-_.. .·... .. Most uncounta ble nou ns a re singular, but a few a re plural. Th ese i ncl ude clothes, scissors, jeans, spectacles, trousers, groceries, etc. With these words, we use a plural verb. .I Oh, no! My new clothes are dirty! Some nouns a re cou ntable with one meaning and uncou nta ble with a nother mea n i ng . .I Do you think you could bring me a clean glass? (cou ntable) .I We should make computer monitors out of recycled glass. (u ncou ntable) ( Quantifiers ),'.i, . , .,/.;>:-. , ,;...t:J:.." ·'-.':' ,.,''·'''' ._, . , .;.....,.. ,,;·.,.,/,:..,..,.,.c_..-. "-. .;.;. ..., . , ; , ; , , ,, . :-- .. -. , ,,. , . . ... ·'·" . ...,,...., .. _._.,;.,_. .._._,,, ,'·\ . .· ,. ·.· ·. . _.. . ··;-i'1:.·.-. ;·.,•..;1 · .1. · ,0,-·,.:.:/..-;-. -:·-.::.:·.·.�·.; '··--. ' ;'•1/.•; /!�· 1/:.J.•_:,I" • . '/,, '.;! I,.; .......·::. _ • •//;.,; ........ ,_:·1:• ..- . . ,_,_,. . �-......; . . .-. .. , ..... .;:...,... ..., .,...,,,.,,.......: . .. ..:-:·.--.;·(./',' •. ·:.,·.. ., Quantifier Use Exam ple '.}: • cou ntable nou ns, usu a l ly in negative / .. many statements and questions There aren't many programmes on TV that I find interesting. } �: • uncountable nou ns, usua lly in negative much My dad never shows much interest in the news. statements a n d q uestio ns 'i That film has won a lot o fI lots o f awards. • countable and u ncou ntable nouns i n . . a lot ofI lots of J .-:. positive statements What a lot of luggage you've got! ":'. a few • cou nta ble nou ns, means 'some' There have been a few scandals in the papers recen tly. a little • uncounta ble nou ns, means 'some' They say that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. few • cou ntable nou ns, means 'not ma ny' Richard h as few interests outside work. little • uncou nta ble nou ns, means 'not much' The police have little information about the robbery. .(C.... .. : . ·.·.- ;..-:·..·.:: ;·.· · ...... .... . ..... ·.�·.:..;. •• ...:1-:.-·.-.-·.-. · .·> ·- :.. · -�·..... . .":'· ·-. .-.-.. ·. .:'!·.- ·. : : . /. . ... ... · · : ... . .. . . ...... .· ·: ':f;i,;.'.....: . .... .:. _ .-, / .-- �: .,,_· ·.; .:.-.-·...-... .:................. :-·.'-'.•:-- ",·, . :"' ";· ·:· :· !' ' ··"'""- '" " " '·- .'I!:- .. ,.:-,·..,:- ·-:-:_·.-·. _ · -.·r., ·..... .., . ...,.... .-_ _ ."· :·· .. •. . ..�-':": • . ··..-:-·.:: ·· ,,.. !'·" · ,.I. ,.�·.-..-'.:': .',' . -: - - ·.- ---r,- . ·. · · . : . ..... :· . ...... -:·· :..-----. �-�. � •' .- . -. . 7 ,· .-,/� . _ ....... _ • Th e phrase 'on ly a few' mea ns 'not many� The phrase 'on ly a little' means 'not much� \\ out.\ .I There are only a few programmes on TV that I like watching. 'ltJat.c: .I There's only a little sugar left, so get some when you go out. 43 Unit 7 Grammar . . i r·� ...... ........... ......... _...,... ._ . .. ........ . . ..,._ ........ ·-·-.......-..- ·-- ... -----..- ... ___.., ____..,._._.._,, ___,_.. ________.._,,..__ .___ ---..----..---··----··-�·,.--··--- __,&___________ __ , ___ , • •_. • -....-- ...,•• _... ..( . i t l A Circle the correct word or phrase. 1 I love this time in evening I the evening when the sun is going d own. 2 People play cricket I the cricket i n South Africa, Australia and Sri Lanka. 3 It's too fa r to wa l k so I thi n k I'l l catch bus I the bus. 4 Jane had to go home from sch ool because she had a headache I the headache. 5 The robber was sent to prison I the prison for a total of three yea rs. 6 My cousi n works as waiter I a waiter in a cafe nea r where we live. 7 The u nderg rou nd doesn't run this late so we'll have to take a taxi I the taxi. 8 I like to listen to music I the music in my free ti me. 9 My favou rite subject at school is chemistry I the chemistry. 10 Jazz music appeared in America in 1 920s I in the 1 920s. B Choose the correct answer. If no word is needed, choose ' D ' . 1 Oh, I didn't tel l you ! We've got ............ new English teacher. A a B an C the D no word 2 Here's ............ DVD you asked to borrow. A a B an C the D no word 3 We're out of ............ coffee, so cou ld you get some from the supermarket? A a B an C the D n o word 4 The prize is ............ u n ique opportunity to travel the world! A a B an C the D no word 5 It looks like ............ glass in you r bed room wi ndow is cracked. A a B an C the D no word 6 It's ............ h onour to be here this evening to speak to you. A a B an C the D no word 7 There's ............ good chance we'll be late for the meeting. A a B an C the D no word 8 Reports are coming in of a major oil spill i n ............ Med iterra nean. A a B an C the D no word 9 I went to see the doctor becau se I'm finding it d ifficu lt to sleep at ............ night. A a B an C the D no word 10 Do you thi n k that they'l l ever send a manned mission to ............ Venus? A a B an C the D no word C Circle the extra word i n each l i ne. . Being in the news 1 The many people who appea r in the news for the fi rst time 2 find that a sudden fa me has a neg ative effect on their lives. 3 The national press can be an u nforgiving and the loss of 4 the privacy that comes with fame is an extra problem at a 5 d ifficult time.This is especia lly the case when a someone is 6 i n the news beca use of a tragedy or the serious crime. Just 7 at the moment when you a re u nd er a most stress, you find 8 microphones and the cameras in you r face. The media h ave 9 a responsibil ity to inform the public, but an innocent people 10 are often hurt by the demand for the sca nda l . 44 Articles / countable and uncountable nouns / quantifiers Unit 7 D Complete using the correct form of the verb i n brackets . 1 The clothes you bo ught me for my birthday ................................................ . (be) wonderful! . 2 It turned out that the information we had received .............................................. . ... (be) wrong. 3 My new jeans ............ .. ................... ............ . (be) in the wash and I wa nted to wear them tonight. . . . . 4 The luggage on a plane .................................................. (take) up a lot of roo m. 5 Your hair .. .. .. .. . . .. . . (look) rea l ly nice and shi ny. . .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... ..... 6 I could tel l by the look on her face that the news . .. . ..................... . .................... (not I be) good. . . .. 7 Oh, no! My money .............. . .......................... ........ (be) in my other jacket! . E Find ten mistakes i n th is passage and correct them . 1 'We interru pt your usual schedule to bring you an im portant news. We are receiving 2 informations about a spaceship that has la nded outside the White House.The large 3 ship seems to be made of glasses. Reports say that a short time ago al iens came out 4 of the craft. Eye-witnesses descri bed them as short and said their clothes was made 5 of metal and their hairs was bright green. Strangely, one of them appeared to be 6 wearing a jean. Much people said that they seemed to be friendly. The President of the 7 United States is currently holding a meeti ng with the visitors in the hope that we can 8 exchange knowledges. Police advice are to stay indoors and under no ci rcumstances 9 approach the spaceship. We wil l be back with another news as soon as we can. And 1 O now, back to your usual programme, Gardening for Beginners.' F Complete each second sentence usi ng the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words in each ga p. 1 Not many people ca me to the pa rty. only There . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . people at the pa rty. 2 The witness described the mugger to the pol ice. a The witness ....................................................................................... of the mugger. 3 There isn't much sugar left. a There ....................................................................................... sugar left. 4 I am thinki ng of becoming a fi refig hter when I leave school. brigade I am thinking of ....................................................................................... when I leave school. 5 We were shocked by the news and did n't know what to do. shocking The news ....................................................................................... did n't know what to do. 6 There aren't many good films out at the moment. only There ....................................................................................... good films out at the moment. 7 I d idn't eat much dessert beca use I'm on a diet. only I ....................................................................................... d essert beca use I'm on a diet. 8 You have lots of hats! lot What ....................................................................................... you have! · "<, �-=""' � ""'- -= """"'.. "'-"""".__. �� .,,. � -· -�"El 45 Unit 7 Grammar G Match to make sentences . 1 I'm qu ite busy so I've got ............ A a little time to ta lk to you now. 2 Happily, we have had ............ B a few people recycle their ru bbish. 3 My dad just got a good job so we have c a few complaints from hotel g uests ............ recently. 4 Pol l ution is improving now that ............ D little money for l uxuries. s My m u m has lost her job so we have E few people recycle their rubbish. .......... . . F very few com plaints from hotel g uests 6 My lesson's been cancel led so I've got recently. ............ G a l ittle money for luxu ries. 7 It's a shame that ............ H very l ittle time to ta lk to you now. 8 U nfortunately, we have had ............ H Choose the correct answer. 1 If you have ............ time at the end of the exa m, check you r answers. A few B a few C little D a little 2 G ive me ............ min utes and I'll be ready. A few B a few C l ittle D a l ittle 3 We've only got ............ milk left so get some when you go shopping. A few B a few C l ittle D a l ittle 4 Just ............ practice every day and you'll soon be able to play the pia no. A few B a few C l ittle D a l ittle 5 We were d isa ppointed that ............ of the mem bers came to the youth club pa rty. A few B a few C l ittle D a l ittle 6 Sprinkle ............ sugar on the strawberries. A few B a few C l ittle D a l ittle 7 I su ppose now I'm 43, I have ............ hope of playing footbal l for England. A few B a few C l ittle D a l ittle 8 Could you help me with ............ exercises I don't u nderstand? A few B a few C little D a l ittle 9 There's ............ coffee l eft, if a nyone wants some. A few B a few C little D a l ittle 10 Becoming a n astronaut is so demanding that ............ people manage it. A few B a few C little D a l ittle 11 I'll meet you in half an hour - I've got ............ e-mails to write first. A few B a few C l ittle D a I ittle 12 Many people feel there's ............ point in voting, even i n a general election. A few B a few C l ittle D a little ...ty '! - · ·-�·- 46 Articles / countable and uncountable nouns / quantifiers Unit 7 I Write an article in each gap where necessary. If an article is not necessa ry, write a dash (- ) . Ray: Hello? Sandy: H i. ls that Ray? It's (1 ) ............ ............ Sandy. . Ray: Oh, hi! How was (2) ................ ........ film? . Sandy: Great! We took (3) ........... ............. taxi to (4) ..... ..... ............. ci nema and (5) .. ..... ............ .. taxi . . . . . . . driver got lost, so we almost m issed (6) .......... . ........ start. What a bout you? What did you.... .. do (7) ......................... last nig ht? Ray: Oh, I just stayed at (8) ......................... home. I listened to (9) ......................... music for a while and then watched (1 O) ........ .... ........... news. . . Sandy: Oh, yes? So what's happening in (1 1 ) ......................... world? Anything I should know a bout? Ray: Well, I know you don't like (1 2) ..................... .. politics, but there was ( 1 3) ........................ . .. interesting report on (1 4) ...................... Asia. It gave me (1 5) ......................... few ideas for ... (1 6) ... ........... ....... geog raphy essay we were tal ki ng about (1 7) ........ .............. other day. ... . ... Sandy: Ah, rig ht. Anything else? Ray: Nothing im portant. Just that (1 8) .. ...................... lead singer of you r favou rite ba nd is . getti ng married - to (1 9) ............... ......... actress, (20) ..... ................... one who was in that film .. . . . Sandy: What?l Why didn't you tel l me? I h ave to check this out on (21 ) . . lnternetl See ..................... .. you at (22) .......... .... ....... school tomorrow. Byel . . .. Ray: Okay. Bye. J Rewrite the sentences correctly, add ing arti cles where necessary. 1 We went to theatre last n ig ht and saw g reat play, a lthough some of acting was bit poor. 2 Give me ring tomorrow before I go to work and we'l l a rrange to meet at office. 3 Prime minister told reporter that govern ment wanted to pass law banning hunting. 4 I asked hotel manager where pool was and she di rected me to seventh floor. 5 They said on news on rad io that Mount Vesuvius, volcano that destroyed Pompeii, could eru pt again. 6 Ca r has revo lutionised tran sport and is a bsol utely vita l to economy of most cou ntries. 7 J udge read jury's verd ict a loud and then sentenced accused to five years in prison. 8 Job i n media can be quite stressfu l because of pressure you a re under to do thi ngs on time. 9 Very few people in 1 9th century went to school or u niversity a nd most started work at very young age. 10 I have little free time since I gave up karate, so I'm thinking of trying new hobby, like lea rning musica l instrument. . . � . . ._ . . .. . 47 I Unit 8 Voca6ulacy • The media Topic vocabulary i n contrast see page 1 88 for defi nitions deny I refuse ta l k show I quiz s how I game s how press I media agree I accept a n nouncer I com mentator prog ramme I progra m head line I head ing ta bloid I broadsheet cha n nel I broadcast feature I a rticle journa list I co l u m n ist bulletin I newsflash Phrasal verbs bring up start d iscu ssing a su bject look up try to find information in a book or list, etc make out pretend that something is true; see, hea r or come on start to be broadcast u n dersta nd sb or sth with d ifficulty make up i nvent an explanation, excuse, etc; create a story, come out be publ ished poem, etc fill in add information in the spaces on a document put forward s uggest flick through turn and look at the pages of a see through recog nise that sth is n ot true and not be magazine, etc q u ickly tricked by it go into dea l with sth in deta i l stand out b e easy t o see beca use o f bei ng d ifferent hand out give things to people in a gro u p turn over tu rn a page s o that the other side is towards you Phrases a nd collocations control in contro l (of sth); ta ke control (of sth); u nder control; u nder the control of sb; out of control description give a description of sth/sb make a d ifference (to sth/sb); tel l the d ifference (between); there's no/some/l ittle/etc d ifference difference between granted ta ke sth/sb for g ra nted influence infl uence sth/sb; have/be an influence on sth/sb Internet on the I ntern et; over the Internet; surf the Internet news in the news; on the news; hear the news; newsflash; newspa per place ta ke place; in place of; at a place question ask/a nswer a q uestion; question sth/sb; in q uestion; q uestion mark have/hold/ta ke a view; be sb's view that; in my view; in view of; look at/see the view; view of sth; view view fro m sth/swh watch watch sth/sb; watch (out) for sth/sb; keep watch Word patterns according to sb inform sb that; i nform sb a bout/of sth announce sth (to sb); an nounce that likely to d o; likely that believe sth; believe in sth; believe that; believe to be persuade sb to do; persuade sb that; persuade sb of sth comment on sth; make a comment (to sb) about sth point (in) d oing confuse sth/sb with sth/sb; confused about/by sth send sb sth; send sth (to sb) correspond with sth/sb surprise by su rprise; su rprised at/by sth describe sth/sb as; describe sth/sb to sb tell sb sth; tell sb that; tel l sb about sth/d oing; tel l sb (not) to do hear sth/sb; hear about sth/sb; hear from sb Word formation announce announcement, power powerfu l (ly), powerless(ly), edit editor, editorial, ed ited (un)a n n ounced em power belief d isbelief, bel ieve, h u mour hu morous, h u mourless ridicule ridiculous(ly), rid icu l ousness (un) bel ievable, (un)believa bly com municate com mun ication, inform information, (un)informed, second secondly, secondary (un)commun icative, com m u nicator ( u n) i nformative convince convin ced, journal journal ist, jou rna l ism, write writer, writi ng, wrote, (un)written (un)convi ncinq journa listic discuss discussion politics pol itical(ly), pol itician 48 The media Unit 8 1 - ·-- - ------ ·-· ---·· ·-- ._ ......... .... _, __ . ____·· ·--·--·· -.. ·--·- - · - - - ·---------·--..----.. --- ----· ------- Topic vocabulary in contrast A Complete using the correct form of the words i n the box. 1 John Sanders, M P, ......................... any involvement in the scandal when asked a bout it deny yesterday. refuse 2 The politician ......................... to say more when questioned by reporters this morning. 3 Johnny Depp rarely ......................... invitations to do interviews. agree 4 Johnny Depp ......................... to appear at a press conference to promote his latest fi l m. accept 5 Did you see the newspa per ......................... this morning? heading 6 If you give every paragraph of your report a ......................... , it'll be easier to read. headline 7 Living Today has got a special ......................... this month on hea lthy diets.There are interviews with nutritionists, menus, recipes, and loads of other th ings too. feature 8 There's an interesting ......................... in the paper about the Constitution of the article European U nion. 9 I generally trust what I hear on the news, but rarely believe anything I read in the press media 10 The ......................... involve pri nt journalism, TV, rad io and even electronic forms of communication such as the Internet. 11 We interru pt this prog ramme to bring you an urgent ......................... . bulletin 12 And we'll be back with o ur regu lar ......................... at seven o'clock. newflash B C i rcle the correct word o r phrase . 1 It's a g reat computer programme I progra m once you get the hang of it. 2 I hate tabloid I broadsheet newspapers; th ey're just ful l of gossip, scandal and lies! 3 As a journalist I columnist for a local paper, you don't have to interview people or attend events. You just have to express you r opinions about the issues of the day. 4 There's a great tal k I quiz I game show on BBCl tonight. Contestants have to race through a supermarket as qu ickly as they can, fil ling u p their trolleys as they go. 5 On some TV channels, a n announcer I a commentator tells you what the next programme is going to be. 6 Join us at half past nine for a live broadcast I channel of the State Open ing of Parliament. Phrasal verbs C Write one word i n each gap. 1 Please do not ......................... over your exa m ination papers u nti l you a re instructed to do so. 2 I had to ......................... in so many forms. It took me hours! 3 I'd like everyone here to ......................... forward as many suggestions as possi ble. 4 There was a guy in the street ......................... o ut free tickets to that new q uiz show. 5 He ......................... out that he'd worked in ch ildren's TV, but in fact he's never been near a TV stud io! 6 Could you ......................... up her nu mber in the phone book? 7 She ......................... out as one of the finest contempora ry British novelists around at the moment. 49 Unit 8 Vocabulary D Compl ete each second sentence using the word given , so that it has a simi lar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap. 1 Her latest bestseller was publ ished last month. out Her latest bestsel ler ....................................................................................... last month. 2 That story's not true, is it? up You ....................................................................................... , did n't you? 3 The prog ram me sta rts at half past six. on The prog ram me ....................................................................................... at half past six. 4 The docu menta ry d idn't rea l ly explore why the rainforests a re being cut d own. into The docu menta ry d id n't rea l ly ....................................................................................... why the rainforests a re being cut down. S I had a quick l ook at the magazine in the dentist's waiting room. through I ..... ................................................................................. in the dentist's waiti ng room. . 6 I don't think we need to mention that now. up I don't th ink we need to ....................................................................................... now. 7 You r l ies d on't fool me! through I can ....................................................................................... your l ies! Phrases and collocations E Choose the correct answer. 1 It's not always easy to ............ the 6 J. K. Rowling has ............ an enormous d ifference between fact and opinion. infl uence on chi ldren's l iterature. A make C say A had C d one B do D tel l B g iven D set 2 The debate wi l l ............ place ton ig ht. 7 I cou ld spend hours ............ the I nternet! A be C take A surfing C sail ing B have D ma ke B d iving D swi mming 3 In my ............ , freedom of the press must 8 They said ............ the news that the price be ma intained. of petrol is going u p again. A mind C sight A from C on B view D thought B in D at 4 Media mog u l Ronald Mord uck has 9 The issue ............ q uestion is more ............ control of another tabloid. complex than you th ink. A made C given A from C on B found D taken B in D at S They ............ a descri ption of the robber 10 Watch ............ for words like 'so-cal led' in on CrimeTime and it sounded l i ke you! articles as they express the writer's bias. A made C said A a bout C over B tol d D gave B a round D out Word patterns F Each of the words i n bold is i ncorrect. Rewrite them correctly. 1 H e's been descri bed by several critics for our g reatest l iving poet . ........................ . 2 I think you've confused tabloids by broadsheets . ........................ . 3 Do you bel ieve about telepathy? ........................ . 4 There's no point of tryi ng to get an interview with him. He never does interviews! ...................... . Accord ing from this report, scientists have discovered a new planet . ......................... The facts in this article d on't correspond about my own experience at a l l. ........................ . The media Unit 8 G Water has damaged part of this text about an anou ncement. Read it and decide what you th ink each of the original words was . Write the words in the b l ank spaces . The announcement The editor sent an e-mail-.:;rr;:V , · c every journalist on the news desk 1 ......................... a nnouncing-.:piji'r_ :: there would be an e mergency editorial meeting 2 at one o'clock. I had hea rd · 7'¥ir. -.:: the problems the paper was facing 3 ·············· · · · · · · · · ··· and I hea rd·..:ri1P. -.;::- o ne of my col leagues that the paper might be 4 ........................ . going to close. Whatever it was, it was likely·.::;:d¥5r. = be bad news. 5 At the meeting, the editor told us·.:;Vr. -.= to tel l anyone else yet, but 6 ........................ . the paper had been taken over by Ronald Morduck. He said he had only been informed -.:;riji'r_ :=-the decision that morning. We were a l l 7 ........................ . so su rprised·..:;:4'P. -.;::- the news that nobody knew what to say. I made 8 a com ment·..:;:i#r.r -.;::- a col leag ue that it was time to sta rt looking for a 9 ........................ . new job. The editor heard this, and finally ma naged to persuade us not ·Nr. ::- q u it until we had seen what changes would be made. 1 0 ......................... .,;�· WiLA.� -MIW"t 1F I c;J(il !IJll"' _,,__ ..... -. _ _ _ __... _ . . _,... .,.""" ,.. - ..- .. 1•{ .. Word formation H Complete the sentences by c hanging the form of the word i n capitals when this is necessary. 1 Why do press photographers think they can tu rn u p at a celebrity's house completely ............................... (ANNOUNCE)? 2 How many mea ns of ........... .... . . ..... ... ...... (COMMUNICATE) do you use on a regular basis? 3 Could you write an ..... .... . ....... ... . . ... ..... . (EDIT) for the next issue of the school magazine? 4 You have to have a sense of ................ . ..... ... ...... (HUMOUR) to work on child ren's TV! S There's an .... ....... ....... .... ... . .... . (WRITE) rule on tabloid newspapers that the truth always takes second place to a g ood story. 6 When Jill was at ... .. . .. . ... . . ... ... ... .... ... . (SECOND) school she u sed to d ream of being a DJ on local radio. 7 Are you thinking of a career i n . . .. . .............. .. . ....... .. (JOURNAL)? 8 You don't actua l ly get a lot of . .. . ........... ..... . ... . ... . .. (INFORM) from a news report on rad io or TV. I Complete the text by changi ng the form of the word in capita l s . I love watching ( 1 ) ............................... (DISCUSS) progra mmes, and I l ove politics, so you'd think I'd enjoy watching (2) ..... . .. . .. . .. . ........ . . . ..... (POLITICS) bei ng interviewed on TV. But I don't. All too often, (3) . ...... .. . .. ... . ......... . .. . . . (JOU RNAL) ask them the most (4) ....... . . ..... ...... .... ....... (RIDICULE) q uestions, and, when they do get an interesting question, I sit there watch ing in (S) ............... .. .......... . .. (BELIEVE) as some of the most (6) .... . . . . ........ .. ... ... . .. . .. . (POWER) people in the country give tota lly (7) .... .. .. . .. ...... . ..... . ... ... . (CONVINCE) responses. It's as if they don't care whether thei r reply is (8) ... . .. ........... . . . . . ........ . (BELIEVE) or not. Often, they're very poor (9) .............................. . (COMMUNICATE), and they're freq uently even more (1 0) ............................... (INFORM) about key issues than I am. I don't expect them to be particularly (1 1 ) ...... . .......... . ............. (HUMOUR) they a re - serious people, after a l l - but at least they could say something interesti ng occasional ly. It ma kes me wa nt to stand for election myself! �1 A If a l i ne is correct, put a tick (�) next to the n u mber. If there is an extra word i n a l i ne, write it next to the n u mber. · Quiz Show . 1 Last .month, I wrote to a few local television station as k i�g if . .. . ... .. 2 .� . . . . they gave a way the free tickets to �ny s h ows. A week later, .. .. . . . . . . . . . . ... ... .. 3 they sent to me two tickets for a q u iz show. I went with my , .. ........................ best friend Angie last night. It was an excel lent! The � h ow 4 ·· . .1f::-·.. . .. . � . . 5 ........................ is called Know Them Or Not? a nd contestants have to ·, . . . .. .., ........................ . answer questions a bout a l ots of d ifferent people I n their lives, 6 · / l i ke friends, relatives a n� col leagues. There a re ten contestants i . 7 ················ · · · ·· ···· 8 . . .. . ... . . to start with b ut one of them gets knocked out at the eri� of · " .. . �· . · .. . ... .. .... _ ; .9. . . .. each rou nd. I'd l i ke to g o into on a .show l i ke that one . d ay . ........ .. ' .......... · • ... '·i. .,)'1 .If ' .· . .. . . . . .. .. . . -...b u t, �o r n ow< i m m u c h h a p py j ust to h ave b ee n in th e a u d ie n ce. /. � , _ . ___ ,,; . . .. . . . . ...... . _ - _ \_....�.:.. ..·..;. �� :·, ,... _ ___________...._._______ ____ _ ______________________.... ( 1 m a rk p e r a n s w e r) B Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word i n capitals when this is necessary. 11 Why ca n't . . . . (POLITICS) ever just say 'yes' or 'no' when they're asked if they . ...... ... ................. agree with something? 12 I was hoping this book wou ld help me with my history project but i n fact it wasn't very ............................... (INFORM). 13 My cousin Dan has kept a ................. ..... .. (JOURNAL) since he was twelve years old. . .... .. 14 Did you hear that . .. (ANNOUNCE) on the radio a bout the water shortage? ........................... . 15 There's an .. . (WRITE) rule in our house about h ow late we ca n stay u p to . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . watch TV. 16 I just stood there in ....... . ... (BELIEVE) when I heard I'd been selected to g o on the ................. .. . quiz show. 17 The Internet is a n incredibly powerful means of ................ .... . (COMMUNICATE). . ......... 18 I wou ld n't describe the fi l m as a comedy, but one or two scenes are m ild ly .............................. . (HUMOUR). ( 1 m a rk per a nswer) C Complete the second sentence using the word given , so that it has a s i m i lar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap. 19 These two dictionaries are simi lar. little There ....................................................................................... these two d ictionaries. 20 My first editor g reatly infl uenced me. influence My first editor ....................................................................................... me. 2 1 They described the robber o n the evening news. gave They ....................................................................................... the robber on the even ing news. 22 Robert Maxdoch has just bought the newspaper. control The newspaper is n ow Robert Maxdoch. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 You'll be wasting your time if you try to get tickets for that show. point There ....................................................................................... to get tickets for that show. 24 I believe that adverts d o influence people's buyi ng habits. view It ....................................................................................... that adverts do influence people's buying habits . .. : . ... •I;' ;. ... 'i-; • • .. ! :. . 25 The prime minister will proba bly make a statement this afternoon. likely The prime minister a statement this afternoon. ....... ................................................................................ 26 A programme a bout the roya l family wi l l be shown instead of Friends this even ing. place This evening, ......... ... .. .... .......... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . Friends, a prog ramme a bout the . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ........ . .... royal family wil l be shown. 27 The Hol lywood sta r wouldn't say anyth ing a bout the a l legations. comment The Hol lywood sta r refused ....................................................................................... the allegations. ( 2 m a r k s p e r a n s w e r) D Use the words i n the box only once to complete the sentences in Table A. The mean ing of the sentences in Tab l e B w i l l help you . There is one word you won 't need . few • little • lot • lots • many • most • much • some Table A Table B 28 How ......................... information do we have at the asking about an amoun t moment? 29 Only a ......................... print journalists manage to move describing a small amount into tel evision. 30 Th is magazine's got ......................... of adverts in it. describing a large amoun t 31 I won ......................... money o n a quiz show once. describing an imprecise amount 32 There's ......................... chance of getting rich from sta rting describing a small amount a website. 33 I th ink that ......................... children's TV program mes these describing a majority days are educational . 34 There a ren't ......................... opportu nities for poets to get describing a small amount published. ( 1 mark per a n swer) E Choose the correct answer. 35 The programme usually ............ on at 39 The tabloids completely ............ that half past eight. story a bout Bruce Wi ll is. It's not true at A l ooks c tu rns a l l! B does D comes A stood out c made u p B filled in D tu rned over 36 I saw the interview while I was ............ throug h a magazine at the haird resser's. 40 They were ............ out free tickets to the A cl icki ng c picking concert to everyone in the shoppin g B flicking D ticki ng centre. A handing c ca rrying 37 Why did you have to bring that B holding D bringing su b"Ject ............ at d"inner.7 A up c over 41 We had the volume tu rned down, so I B out D off could n't make ............ what they were tal king a bout. 38 They mentioned it in the article but A up c in they didn't ............ into detail. B out D off A make c come B take D go ( 1 m a rk p e r a n sw e r) Tota l m a r k : . . . . . . I 50 ... ., .•.. ·' -4 • Conditionals: zero, first, second, third, mixed, inverted / unless, in case, as/so long as, provided (that) Zero conditional ) I Form if+ present simple, present simple I Use Example , ·, . Genera l or scientific facts and defi nitions Ifyou have faith in something, you believe in something you cannot prove. ; ',, , . - . ' · ' . /.'-'· • .., , • , • • ·• •'•rt :.•• .'1 ·..-·• "· 'If">·,'' • , ' •io:-1'.-. ·, , · , .� , , , , ., , · �'•\' ;· , . •' • ·1-;-·1. ' , . , I.;;• , , ._• // . .• , ,:.; '.' ,, ,./·o , • /·� '•71•'1: '.� � .•, • .··�· , ,•,"">'/ r •.'. ··. 11' •/·� . : .,',.,... ':: . · ' , -�·� :· i · ', , ., ' �. • ·•• ;� • •: , , • . .' ''fr'' , :�·, ,· ./ .• ' •°:"(, .', • ;•, · ·� ,,..·.;· ..,,.··, •,, � , ', ,'• . . ··. , . �·· · , , , • , ,_;;, • "'J<' ._� ,. , '• ,- ; " , ', · � -. , · -_,,,- • : ,: · :.'· ' ·, •• ··' ,• ' First conditional if + a present tense, will + bare i nfinitive Use Example Ifyou have a birthday party, you'll get loads of cool presents! Rea l or l ikely conditions in the present or future and their resu lts in the present Ifyou're working till halfpast six, we'll have dinner at about eight. and future Ifyou have revised properly, you won't have any problems in the test next week. .�· .. , ., .. . ., ,.. /, .. . ,. . , , . • '• , • • "( . . .·. . . .. . . ., ,-. We ca n also use may, might, can, could, shall, should, ought to, have to instead of will, depending on the meaning . ./ Ifyou have a birthday party, you might get loads of cool presents! • We ca n also use should + bare i nfin itive instead of present si mple. This suggests the situation is possible, but u nl ikely to happen . ./ Ifyou should bump into Alex at the concert, you'll be able to get a lift home. • We ca n a lso use a form of the first conditiona l to give instructions about rea l or likely situations in the present or future. Th is is: if + a present tense, i mperative. ./ Ifyou decide to have a birthday party, tell me! unless, 1n case, as/so long as, provided (that) ,, . . . ,,.. . . ) ,. . . .. . ..,,.. �· · . '• ... , : · ·� . : ... .....� "•' . . . . . . . . .. . . '•, ' ·. . 1' · ··:-....:. . . :. •.· · · · • . .... ... .. , .. . . ....· i-:.:• . l Word or ·� Meaning Example ; Phrase i i I'll be there at six unless I get delayed. ( = except if I get delayed I if I unless 'except if' or 'if . . . not' f· I don't get delayed} � '· ' ., in case 'beca use he/she/it/etc mig ht' Let's take our we/lies in case it's muddy. ( = because it might be mud dy} " As long as I'm happy, my parents don't care whatjob I do. . ; . .. · ' as/so Jong as 'if' or'only if' . ,. :: .:- So long as I'm happy, my parents don't care whatjob I do. . .; ,� i · provided (that) 'if' or'only if' Provided (that) I'm happy, my parents don't care whatjob I do. ., . . , .. . . . ·. · ' • ' .. · .. >'. . ,.,.,, .. ,1 . '1 ·' "" -7, ''·, •' ' 'I, I • ' .'· • , 1.,1•'}.,."• ,1 • .'"T� '/ I,,:• ' .' I• ', ', , • •' , '� · '� · 1,''P, •l"IJ/I /.' ,'ll�r- "�' ITT1,;7J'' :·, ,d, ,, •, •l')o,'.•�f.ll'rylT�·,_•/, •,"."• ' 't'•°W�1 ,•. •," • , , '· '• ._,, ' ·. • ' ·'-rll:•· · ,. , , .,,.,. , , · ,.. ':T1 , , , �- ··· - · . '. ''· •·. ...... . . - ,; · . ' , . .'� . ,, , .. . ·· · '·· · ".. .. . , ....- .,. . . ,,_, ... .�··. , .".' ,· , . . ,•.' Second conditional if + past simple or past continuous, would + bare infinitive � Use -+- Example --c; .;; .,. --------------- ------------------------ . ; Impossible, unlikely or hypothetica l Ifyou had a beard, you would lookjust like Charles Dickens! conditions i n the present or future and their ,.,, results in the present or future Ifyou were flying to Rio, would you get there much quicker? If I were you, I would think very carefully about my future. (more formal} Advice IfI was you, I'd have a party at the weekend! (more informa l} We ca n also use might or could instead of would, depending on the meaning. (Note: could here often means would be able to.} ./ If we were older, we could go on holiday on our own. We ca n also use could in the if clause. Here, it means was/were able to. ./ If I could drive, I'd buy a car. 54 Conditionals: zero, first, second, third, mixed, inverted / unless, in case, as/so long as, provided (that) Unit 9 ( Third conditional ) I Form if + past perfect (simple or contin uous), would + have + past participle I f�� Use Example .... �· j' .'. .l Ifyou had worn a fake beard, no one would have known who you were! ( = You d id n't :i ' Hypothetical cond ition s i n wear a fa ke beard s o people knew w h o you were.) , 1 . the past and their resu lts i n the past If she'd been wearing her new glasses, I would have noticed them. ( = S h e wasn't �· ;i i< ...'. : ;. .,....... . ..... .'!·. · ' .... . .q ... ":;: · · /, :·. :; •: '• ,;_ :.•:.•://• '• ' ·>.... · · ·,. , ... . . ·- · .. . . ·� . , , wearing her new glasses so I d id n't n otice them.) . ·· ··: ·:·; ,. . . .· ' •: ."'.� . .· ..... ···r.+ .. . '• ,., '· . ' • . .'l''· . : . ' . ; , .' :-:.:•:.' : ·· �·-: . 'i: ,': · '··�-·:... .. . .. ........_,. ·: ··:' ,. . . ! ' ·::· ··... ....-.·, ..:. .:· · ··.. ." - .. . . ' ·.. -.� •,(·."_;·, ·· .' . .... . .· .. �.. _ ..,.. . T- · : J. ::.. · 1. -·.. , •• •• � .. ., . . :- · �·· .:.... - . . '•/ :· .• · r.;;;., . :: We can also use might, could or should i n stead of would, depending on the mea n i ng . .I If I had done some revision, I might I could I should have passed the exam. Mixed conditionals if + past perfect (simple or continuous), would + bare infinitive Use Example Hypothetical past condition If I had listened to my parents, I wouldn't be in so much trouble now. ( = I did n't listen to and a present resu lt .. ...- · 1 . . . , _ , ... .. . ·1, 1 ·-:: :· . •' /•' my pa rents so I'm i n lots of trouble n ow.) . . .. -�·: '·." '.' • : .. 't,' .. ': · · · . ·: ... .•. • ·• . .. .... .. · , ·•. ·. •. ' : :1. · , ·'.· • '. 1/, , I· .' (• . ' 't ',•. , . . .... . . . .. , .. I Form if+ past simple or past continuous, would + have + past participle I {� Use Example > ; ' , · ; Hypothetica l present If I had a mobile, I would have called you last night. ( = I d on't have a mobile so I d id n't .'.i cond ition a n d a past result call you last n ight.) .-.:: · -.::..,.:o:.,.;,· .. . ....,,. �·..,,. • . . ""'.·....".�· � ·...· . ...... .. ,�.;;'. /"":: '' ... · ·1 . : � ·;..--,.· : ·1· ·' 1-.:., . : I, ··'-!, . •i•::.' ... . � ..., .,: · .., ·· ., , . . :..:· .. -:; · � . ·,;;··.',, ....... .. ::f -. ·:l:· ''./ " ·�r:•;.Y: ·,, •I.I,: : '".'f'·"·;•. .·_-,...�:'"l'.:"I, -:-! " .•", . • " '· :'i ··: •.'.' �· . . . .. · . �·:· . . .. •.· .... .... ...... . ., . . .. . . • • •••7J .·: · · • · 9f!"· " ..s . r :... . · ·. Inverted conditionals Form Should l/you/he/etc . . instead of lfl!you/he/etc should ... . Were l!you!he/etc . .. instead of If l!you/he/etc were ... Had l/you/he!etc ... instead of If l/you/he/etc had ... Use Example More formal form of the fi rst conditional Should the situation worsen, the United Nations is prepared to send in a (with should) peacekeeping force. ( = If the situati on should worsen . . . ) More formal form of the second Were the situation to worsen, the United Nations would be prepared to send in cond itional a peacekeeping force. ( = If the situation were to worsen . . . ) Had the situation worsened, the United Nations would have been prepared to More formal form of the third conditional send in a peacekeeping force. ( = If the situation had worsened . . . ) ' ·ll... ; ... .... ..: . •i. ". " ; · ···.·:. • -.,; ;· ·.. , . ., • ._·,.:. . ..- . ·· . . . ...... .:_ . .. For all conditional sentences (fi rst, second, th ird, mixed, i nverted), when the cond ition comes before the result it is usually fol l owed by a com ma. When the result comes fi rst, no com ma is necessary. .I If I had a mobile, I would have called you last night. .I I would have called you last night if I had a mobile. • I n conditional senten ces, modals (will, would, could, etc) are sometimes followed by a continuous i nfi nitive. .I We 'd still be waiting ifyou hadn't turned up. • With second and third conditionals i n i nformal conversation, speakers of American English someti mes use would or would have in the if clause. This is very u n usual in B ritish Engl ish. US: How would you feel if this happened I would happen to you ? U K: How would you feel if this happened to you ? US: I would have felt awful if that had happened I would have happened to me. U K: I would have felt awful if that had happened to me. SS Unit 9 Grammar · ,----------------------- ----· - ·- --- ------- --· -- --- - - - !i A Write Yes or No to answer the questions about each sentence. 1 If Ca rl doesn't come to the party, I'll be real ly u pset. Is it possible that Carl won't come to the party? ........................ . 2 If my neighbour beca me pri me minister, he'd give everyone a million euros. Is it likely that the neighbour wi ll become prime minister? ........................ . Is it possible that the neighbour wil l become prime minister? ........................ . 3 If H elen weren't here, I don't know what we'd do. Is Helen here now? ........................ . 4 lfTarek had had enough money, he'd have bought a car. Did Tarek have enough money? ........................ . Did he buy a car? ........................ . 5 If Debbie had n't gone to the UK, she wou ldn't have met Wi l l . Did Debbie go to the UK? ........................ . Did she meet Wi ll? ........................ . 6 If the pol ice had investigated the case thorough ly, they wouldn't have arrested Keren. Did the police investigate the case thorough ly? ........................ . Did they arrest Keren? ........................ . 7 Had she not gone to un iversity, she might not have started her own busi ness. . 7 D"d1 s h e go to university . ........................ . . Did she start her own busi ness? ........................ . B Complete the defi nitions using you r own ideas . Example: If you trust someone, Y.��--��J!�Y.�.:1:-.��."l?-. ."l?-.�.�Y..YX�r!'."1?-. .l�:J:-.Y.��.0.C?.\.X r!: ....................................... . 1 If you bully someone, ............. ........................ . .. . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . ................ ....... ...................... . 2 If you accuse someone, ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . ....... . . . . .. . . . . . ....... . 3 If you are a liar, .............................. . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . 4 If you are rich, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 If you are lucky, ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................ . 6 If you are lazy, . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... .............. . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . ......... .......... ........................................... . 7 If you look u p to someone, ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ....................................................................... . 8 If you look down on someone, ...... . . . . . .................................... ....... . . . .......... ........ . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . C Complete using the correct form of the verbs i n the box. be • call • find • forget • get • leave • see • take • want • work 1 If she ......................... at five o'clock, she'll be there by half past seven. 2 We ......................... you if we have any problems. 3 It might not be a good idea to go out tonight if you ......................... an importa nt test in the mqrning. 4 If you ......................... ill a l l day, you shouldn't come to the club tonig ht. 5 If you should ......................... my wallet, call me on my mobile immediately! 6 Let's get a different DVD if you ......................... that one al ready. 7 If Sean ......................... so hard lately, he'll welcome the chance to have a few days off. 8 If you're going into town, ......................... a video for tonight while you're there! 9 If you see Carol tonight, ......................... to say hello from me! Don't feel you have to come if you ......................... to. 56 Conditionals: zero, first, second, third, mixed, inverted / unless, in case, as/so long as, provided (that) Unit 9 i ·-· - ' -· .. . D Circle the correct word or phrase. 1 Th is time in six months I'll be at university unless I if I decide to ta ke a yea r off fi rst. 2 We'd better leave ea rly tomorrow unless I in case there's a lot of traffic when we get to Doncaster. 3 You can watch the fi l m as long as I in case you promise to g o straight to bed when it finishes. 4 Let's go to Mirabella's tonight unless I if you haven't been there before. 5 Unless I So long as I've sti l l got my health, I don't m ind h ow poor I am! 6 You'd better ta ke a sweater with you now if I in case it gets cold ton ight. 7 Do what you l i ke provided I unless you don't make any noise. 8 I'm n ot going to worry unless I as long as she hasn't ca lled by midnig ht. E Write sentences using the second cond itiona l . Example: I don't wa nt to buy that C D so I'm not going to. . Jf..l. .'«�n��0.�R..�.Y:t.�.�f.l.�..<;.P.!..1 �9.�t0.: ................................................................ . •• 1 I don't l ive a lone so I don't get l onely. ,, 2 Don's g ot such a l ot of homework that he's not goi ng to play footba l l ton ig ht. 3 I ca n't swim so I'm not going scu ba d ivi ng with Terry. 4 We're not going to order a pizza because we don't have enough money. 5 We're not stayi ng in the same hotel, so we ca n't share a room. 6 I'm not you, but I thi n k you should ca l l Antony rig ht now! 7 I ca n't come because I have to hel p my dad with someth ing. 8 I don't g o to bed as late as you so I'm a ble to get up early in the morning. F Read the text and complete the sentences using the th i rd conditiona l . Some scientists, such as Stephen Hawking, bel ieve it's possible that there a re bil l ions and bil l ions of u niverses. Each universe has a different possible consequence for every action. I n the un iverse we l ive in, for exa mple, George Bush beca me President of the USA in January 2001 , and Greece won the European Cup in J u ly 2004. But in other universes d ifferent things happened. I magine if that's true! I n some universes, you r pa rents d idn't meet, so you weren't born. I n another un ive rse, a meteor d idn't strike the Earth, so the dinosa u rs did n't become exti nct. I n a d ifferent un iverse, you r best friend won the l ottery last summer and moved to a bigger house. In another para l lel universe, you started learning Engl ish a yea r earlier, so you did this book last year! Somewhere else, Madonna wasn't d iscovered, and so d idn't make any records. I n another un iverse, Va n Gogh was recognised as a g reat painter during his l ifeti me, and so did n't d ie in poverty. And perhaps in severa l universes, there were enough l ifeboats on the Titanic and so everyone on boa rd su rvived. It makes you think, doesn't it? 57 Unit 9 Grammar r-----··--------·--------·----------·------- .. - --- - ! ------ --·- --· -----�----·--- ·-··-----· ·- ·-- ··--·---· i "'"� 1 If I'd started l earning Engl ish a yea r ea rlier, ............... . . . . . . . . . ......... ............. . . . . . .......................... . 2 If a meteor hadn't struck the Earth, . . . . . . ................... . . . . ........................ . . . . . . . ....... . . . . .. . . ..... . . . . . . . . . 3 If my best friend had won the lottery last summer, .......... ...................................................... . 4 If my pa rents ............. ......................... .................................................. ................ .... .......... . .... . 5 Everyone on board the Titanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Va n Gog h . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................... . . . . . . ......... ...... . . .............................. . 7 Madonna .. ....................... .......................... .................................. ..................... ....................... . 8 If George Bush . . .................. .......... . . . . . . ....................... ............ ............. . . . ............. .................... . 9 If Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G Choose the correct a nswer. If this theory a bout pa ra llel un iverses ( 1 ) correct, it (2) ............ that we're living in more than ............ one u niverse at the same time. But if that (3) . .... true - if I was doing different thi ngs in different ...... . universes - (4) . a bout it. And if I (5) ... ........a bout it, how cou ld it be me doing these things? ............ If I (6) the l ottery last yea r in a para l lel universe, and decided to sail rou nd the world, h ow is ............ that 'me'? It d oesn't make sense! And another thing. If I do someth ing, it (7) conseq uences. For exa mple, if I (8) study, ............ ............ I might not pass my exa ms. I ca n't start thinking a bout d ifferent un iverses where the conseq uences a re d ifferent. If I just (9) . . ..... about the u niverse I actua l ly l ive in, then I'm sure (1 0) ... ..... okay! . . .. . .... 1 A wil l be B IS c would have been D has been 2 A has meant B meant c had meant D means 3 A wi l l be B was being c were D has been 4 A I'd know B I'l l know c I have known D I know 5 A would n't know B don't know c won't know D didn't know 6 A had won B was winning c have won D win 7 A would have B would have had c wi l l have D had had 8 A won't B haven't c don't D hadn't 9 A th ink B to th ink c am th inking D have thought 10 A I'd be B I've been c I'd have been D I'll be H Complete using the correct form of the verbs i n brackets . 1 If . .................. ............. . ... ..... . ........ (you I do) you r homework last n ig ht, you'd know the answer to this question! 2 We ..... .. .. ....... ..... ....... ... .. .... .... ..... .... (not I stand) by the side of the road at the moment trying to get a lift if ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . ... (we I bring) a spare tyre with us. 3 If I ,. (not I stay up) so late last n ig ht, I ................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not I feel) so ti red this morning! 4 . ............ . .. ............... .. .......... . ...... (I / be) in terri ble trouble rig ht now if you . ... .. ..... ... .. .... ....... . .. . . .. . ... ... . . . ... . . . (not I help) me. 5 If I had a vid eo recorder, . ...... .. ........ .. ........ .. ........ .. ........ . (I / record) the match last nig ht. .. 6 .. ....... ... .... ...... . ... .. . ...... (I / ask) for Andy's phon e n u m ber when I m et him if I ... .... ... .... . (not I already I have) a boyfriend! . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , 58 Conditionals: zero, first, second, third, mixed, inverted / unless, in case, as/so long as, provided (that) Unit 9 r - --- · ·-----·-- - ------- -----------·----------·--------------·------·--- 1 If Cody ..... ..... . . (not / live) so fa r away, he ................................................. .............................. .. ...... . (not I be) so late to the ba rbecue yesterday. 8 Tracy . .. (not I need) extra l essons last month if she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .................................................. (be) as good at maths as you a re. 9 .......... ... ....... .... .. . .... . . . (you I got) a job when you left school if the u niversity . . . . .......... .. .................................................. (not I offer) you a place? 10 If you ........ . ............... (have) as much money as she d oes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .................................................. (you I retire) by now? I Complete the sentences so that the meaning remains the same. 1 If her condition should improve, we'l l inform you i mmediately. Should .............. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... .............................................. . . .. . . ......... . . . . ................ . 2 Jade wil l ask l ots of d ifficult questions if she gets to interview a fa mous politician. Shou l d . . . ...................................... ...... . . . . ..................................................... ...... . . . .. . ........................ . 3 If you were a ble to g o abroad for the sum mer, where would you go? Were . . . . . . ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........ . 4 If I was to become a vet, I'd find putting animals d own very difficult. Were ......................................... .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................. . 5 The world would be much better off if all environmenta l pol l ution stopped today. Were ....... . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... . 6 If the hole in the ozone layer had been discovered sooner, fewer people would have got skin ca ncer. Had . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 I would n't have become a teacher if I had n't had such a good English teacher at school. Had ............................. . . . . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................... ...... ..... . . . ..................................... . J If a l i ne is correct, put a tick (.t) next to the n u mber. If there is an extra word in a l i ne, write it next to the n u mber. Being a n only child 'l".·. , 1 I'm a n only child. People often say to me: 'Would n't you be a lot 2 ................ happier if you have had brothers a nd sisters?' but I d on't see it like that. 3 It's true that if I had had a brother or sister, I would have someone closer 4 ............... . to my own age to tal k to and play with at home, but I don't thi n k that's s very im porta nt provided for you have close friends, which I do. If my 6 ............... . pa rents would had more children, they wou ld n't be a ble to spend so much 7 .............. . time with me. And we have g reat fu n together! Also, except if I had a l ,. ;. 8 brother or sister, I'd have it to sha re a bed room with them.That might be 9 ................ fu n, but what would happen if I wanted to play my CDs a nd he or she had . , , 10 ............... . to study? N o - I don't wa nt a brother or sister, u n less it wil l happens, of .� cou rse. In that . case, I'll think it's the best thing in the world! if ,. . ··zc ,,.. w·�...,.: - 59 ! Unit 1 0 Voca6ulaa • People and society Topic vocabulary in contrast see page 1 89 for defi nition s relationship I con nection support I assist company I g roup blame I fa u lt kind I pol ite popular I famous old I a ncient sym pathetic I l ikea ble typica l I usua l I ord i nary crowd I aud ience nervous I bad-tem pered close I near enjoy I please sensitive I sensible unknown I i nfa mous Phrasal verbs ask after ask for news about make up beco me friends again after an arg u m ent bring up look after a child u ntil he or she becom es an adult pass away die fall for fal l i n love with; believe (a lie/trick/etc) pick on keep treati ng someone bad ly or u nfairly fall out (with) have an argument with and stop being friends put down criticise, m ake someone fee l stu pid settle down become ca l m after bei ng u pset, etc; stay get on (with) have a good relationship (with) in one p lace or g et ma rried and live q u ietly grow up become older stand u p for su p port i n a n arg u ment or fight look down on think that you are better than take aback su rprise (usua l ly in passive voice) look u p to ad mire and respect Phrases and collocations approval show/g ive (you r) approval of/for sth; m eet with sb's approva l argument have an argu ment {with sb) {about sth/doi ng); wi n/lose an argu ment care ta ke ca re {of sth/sb); ca re for/a bout sth/sb courage have the cou rag e to d o; it takes courage to do disguise in disguise; wea r a d isg uise; disguise yourself; disguised as sth/sb dream h ave a d ream {about sth/sb/doi ng); daydream; d ream of/a bout doing family have/start a fa m ily; n uclear fa mily; extended fam i ly favour do/owe sb a favour; be in favou r of friend make/become/be/stay fri ends {with sb); best friend love be/fal l i n love with sb mood in a good/bad mood; in the rig'ht/wronq mood; in the mood for sth pity pity sb; take pity on sb; feel pity for sb; it's a pity (that) promise promise to d o; g ive/ma ke sb a promise; break a/your promise Word patterns agree with/on/to sth; agree with sb; agree to d o; agree that force sb to d o sth ; fo rce sb i nto sth/doi ng allow sb to d o; a l l ow sth independent of/from sth approve of sth/doi ng; approve sth let sb do sth ask sb sth; ask sb to do sth {for you); ask a bout/for sth; ask if/whether object to sth/doinq attack sth; attack sb for sth/d oing; an attack o n sth/sb pretend to be; preten d to do; preten d that ban sb from sthfdoing; ban sth rely on sth/sb convince sb (of sth); convi nce sb to do; convi nce sb that Word formation able u na ble, {i n)a bil ity, disabled, happy u n happy, {u n)ha ppiness, obey disobey, (d is)obedient(ly), d isability (un)happily ( dis)obedience achieve achievement jealous jealousy, jealously person (im) personal{ly), personal ity kind u n kind, {un)ki ndness, polite i m polite, {im)politely, argue argument, arg u mentative kindly (im)politeness care ca reful{ly), ca reless(ly), (u n)carinq marry marriage, (un)married relate relative{ly), relation, relationship willing u nwilling, (un)will ing ness, correspond correspo ndence nerve nervous(ly), nervousness (un)wi l l i ngly friend friendship, {u n)frien d ly 60 People and society Unit 10 ., Topic vocabulary in contrast A Choose the correct answer. 1 Everyone said they had ........... . 6 Most ............ people have no idea what themselves at the wedding. it's like to be famous. A enjoyed C plea sed A usual C typica l B i mpressed D excited B ordinary D medium 2 Mary seems to go out with a d ifferent 7 When my pa rents got divorced, my best ............ of friends almost every night. friend was very ............ and listened to A g roup C company a l l my problems. B band D collection A l i keable C sym pathetic B amusing D enjoya ble 3 People can become very ............ when they a re stuck in traffic for a long time. 8 Rita's very ............ and easi ly gets u pset A n ervous C stressful when people criticise her. B bad-tempered D pressed A level-headed C sensible B sensitive D open-m inded 4 More and more people a re living into ............ age and it's a serious social 9 Police were ca lled in when the ............ of problem. people began to get violent. A high C fa r A crowd C aud ience B a ncient D old B company D herd 5 Stepha nie seems to be very ............ with 10 My dad says he once met Robbie her classmates. Wil liams when he was stil l ............ . A l i keable C known A unknown C infamous B famous D popular B h idden D unrelated B Circle the correct word . 1 These days, many parents find it d ifficult to assist I support a l a rge fa mi ly. 2 Forgetting to thank us for dinner is usual I typical of George. 3 My grandma doesn't have any close I near fa mily her own age left. 4 I n ancient I old times, people had a very d ifferent view of the worl d. 5 Who was to blame I fault for the a rgument? 6 Don't you know it's kind I polite to close you r mouth when you a re eati ng? 7 Nathan's parents were very enjoyed I pleased when they saw him in the sch ool play. 8 I have a very good connection I relationship with my mother. Phrasal verbs C Complete using the words from the box . You need to use one word twice . get • make • put • look • bring • fall • grow Personality Some of_ us seem to be infinitely kind, while others seem to (1 ) ......................... down on everyone a round them. Some of us never fo rget an a rgument, while others (2) ......................... u p and forg ive easily. As we (3) ......................... u p, our personal ity develops and we find that we (4) ........................ . on with certain peopl e more than others. Who we are seems to have a l arge genetic element, but is also influenced by those who (5) .......... .............. us u p. If we (6) ......................... u p to our pa rents or . other family members, we may want to be l i ke them. On the other hand, if our parents seem to (7) ...................... .. us down a l l the time and we (8) ......................... out with them a lot, then perhaps . we wil l develop quite d ifferent personal ities. 61 Unit l 0 Vocabulary ------------ ----- ------------ :-----�·.. .. --------�� ·------------ - ! D Write a phrasal verb i n the correct form to rep lace the words i n ita l ics. Add any other words you need . 1 The doctor said that the old woman had died .. . . . .. . peacefu l ly in her sleep. ...... ........ . ...... . ... ...... ....... .. 2 I always support my brother when he gets into trouble. .................................................. 3 Tony seems to have rea l ly fallen in love with . ....... . . .. ..... . ...... .... Va nessa. .. ... .. .. .. ... . ..... . . 4 Mark is such a bully and treats badly ... . the younger boys at school. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ............... 5 I was surprised . . .................. ...when Michaela said I'd h urt her feelings. ........................... 6 Richard fi nally met the woman of his d rea ms and got married and started to live quietly .................................................. in Austra l ia. 7 I saw Mrs Khan in the centre of town and she asked for news about ....... . ....... ....... ..... ..... you . ... .. . ... . . Phrases and collocations E Write one word i n each ga p. 1 Could you ......................... me a favour and ask Oliver to see me i n my office? 2 I don't have many ambitions, but I'd like to grad uate and then ......................... a family. 3 As we wal ked down the street, Helen ......................... pity on the beggar and gave him some money. 4 Nadia's hair looked awfu l, but I did n't ......................... the courage to tel l her. 5 My dad can't stand ......................... an arg u ment and always has to have the l ast word. 6 The new law seemed to .......................... with everyone's approval. 7 Ca n you ......................... care of your little sister for a min ute while I go to the shop? 8 When you first ......................... i n love, the whole world seems a beautifu l place. 9 I don't rea lly ......................... friends very easily beca use I'm quite shy. 10 I didn't recognise Ed when I saw him because he was ......................... disg u ise. 11 You're in a very good ......................... . Why are you so happy? 12 If you keep ......................... your promises, people won't trust you any more. 13 I . .. . .. . . . . . a really strange dream last night about my best friend. .... .... ...... Word patterns F Choose the correct answer. 1 The govern ment is tryi ng to convince 5 The MP asked ............ the pri me minister people ............ the need for higher taxes. was awa re of the growing social A with C that problem. B of D for A that C if B him D what 2 I believe that jud ges should be independent ............ the govern ment. 6 Most people seem to agree ........... . A to C with the newspa pers' criticism of the B from D on government. A on C with 3 Local residents object ............ the new B to D that power station in their area. A to have C of having 7 I don't think people should rely ........... . B having D to havi ng the state, even if they are unemployed. A to C on 4 Do you think they should ban people B with D by ............ smoking i n pu blic places? A from C in 8 The mayor was attacked ............ public B that D of money. A for wasting C he wa ste B to waste D of wasting '. . 62 People and society Unit 10 r � · -· #-..-... --·---· · ·- · ---- - -· - -· ··---........... .-----------·--- - - -..·------------- -�------....._____.. __ -- G Find the extra word in each l ine. L iving t o geth e r in s o c i ety 1 Hel l, said Jean-Paul Sartre, is other people, and whether you agree with 2 ........................ . or not, we a re a l l have to learn to l ive together. We may not a lways 3 ........................ . approve of that other people's behaviour, but we do have to l ive with it. 4 ........................ . It is i mpossible to force other people in to behave exactly h ow we th ink s they should behave. Of cou rse, the law bans from a l l kinds of behaviour 6 ........................ . and if you can convince to enough people, you might be able to get the 7 g overnment to pass a new l aw. Mostly, though, you have to let off people 8 ........................ . live their own l ives, in the sa me way you expect them to a l low you for to . .. 9 ........................ . live you r l ife. You don't have to pretend it that you like how some other :, 1O ......................... people live, bl.ft letti ng them to be themselves is often the only choice. ·t; ..."'-, . ·%�- ,,,�- ..,- - -- · - __ __ _ - -"' --*· -- ·__.....,... .....__.,14- ·--- - ,. ...., . . .., . � ..· - · ..._ · ::::.... ::-... ...,. . --· Word formation H U se the word given i n capitals at the end of each l ine to form a word that fits i n the ga p i n the same l ine. I had a really stupid (1 ) ............................... with my best friend the other day. It a l l ARGUE started because we were tal king about (2) ............................... and having a fa m ily. MARRY I said that (3) ......... . ........ . .. . ......... is i mportant when you a re married and she said POLITE that she thought that was ru bbish and that (4) ............................ . .. is much more KIND i mportant. Well, we were (5) ...... . ... . ..................... to agree and, in the end, she left ABLE ... without saying g ood bye. I do hope it doesn't spoil our (6) ............................... . FRIEND -- �----...--__,;J··:/"'':. · .,,.. -:· ........,_ , _ __.,,,- -..-- .. I Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word i n ca pitals when this is necessary. 1 My best friend has a g reat ............................... (PERSON) and everyone likes her. 2 I have a g ood ... . ............. . ........... . . (RELATE) with my mum and I ca n tal k to her about anything. 3 They've just publ ished a book of George Bush's ............................... (CORRESPOND) and it l ooks really interesting. 4 Jenny seemed ............................ . .. (WILLING) to tal k about her a rg u ment with Nancy but I eventually got the facts. S As I waited for Kel ly to a rrive at the ci nema, I bit my nails ... . .... . . ..... . ... . .... . . . . ... (NERVE). 6 Ig nore what Sharon says about you. It's just ............................... (JEALOUS). 7 In the past, children were expected to be very ...................... . .... . . . . (OBEY). 8 Brenda blames her ............................... (HAPPY) on being sing le, but I'm not so sure. 9 Tom knew that being chosen as class president was a rea l ............ . .................. (ACHIEVE). 10 Kevin's so sensitive that you have to be very ............................... (CARE) what you say to him . .,,. 63 A Write one word i n each gap. Many people dream (1 ) ......................... livin g in a foreign cou ntry. It can be an a mazing experience for those who (2) ...................... .. the courage to leave their fam ily a nd friends a nd settle (3) ........................ . . i n a new place. However, there's one potential problem you should be aware of: culture shock. Culture shock is the feeling we get from l ivi ng i n a place that is so d ifferent to where we (4) ..... ..... . . .. . . ...... ... u p that we a re not sure how to dea l with it. Societies are organised i n many d ifferent ways, and we ca n often be (5) ......................... aback by some of the things we find in foreign cou ntries. Customs a nd traditions ca n be very different and that ca n someti mes make it d ifficult to (6) ......................... on with loca l people a nd to (7) ......................... friends. They might n ot a pprove (8) . ............. . ......... . things you d o or mig ht object (9) . ........... . . ........ .. things you say. You m ight even be . ba n ned (1 0) ......................... doing things i n another cou ntry that a re perfectly legal in you r own. ( 1 1 ) ......... .. ............. . you were to move to a cou ntry such as Singapore, say, you might fi nd some of the laws very strict.There, people can be forced (1 2) ......................... pay a large fine just for d ropping litter. Eventually, though, most people who live abroad (1 3) ......................... i n love with their adopted country and lea rn to accept its differences. It does ( 1 4) ......................... rea l courage to make such a big change to you r life, but many people agree (1 5) ......................... it is worth it in the end. ( 1 m a r k p e r a n swe r) B Comp l ete the sentences by changing the form of the word i n capita l s when th is is necessary. 16 My . . . ....... ....... ....... ...... . (FRIEND) with Ha rriet is one of the most i mporta nt thi ngs i n my life. 17 Many parents complai n of their children's ............................... (OBEY), but I th i n k they were probably exactly the same. 18 Don't listen to Mary - she's just . ............................. (JEALOUS) of you. . 19 We all watched .... .......... .... ........ .. .. (NERVE) as Mark made his speech of than ks. . 20 Don't you th i n k that we should make su re that .......................... .. . (ABLE) people have the . . same rig hts as everyone else? 21 Terry is rea l ly ............................... (ARGUE) and is always looking for fig hts with other people. 22 Hasn't a nyone ever told you that it's very .... .. ........... .... .......... (POLITE) to interru pt when other people a re tal king? ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swe r) C Complete the second sentence using the word g iven , so that it has a similar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words i n each ga p. 23 I promised my mum that I would work hard this yea r. made I ....................................................................................... that I wou ld work hard this year. 24 My parents allowed me to g o out even though it was very late. let My parents ....................................................................................... even though it was very late. 25 Marga ret a nd I have had a n argument, so we're not ta l king to each other. out Margaret a nd I ....................................................................................... , so we're n ot tal king to each other. 26 Nobody approved of the new law when it was i ntrod uced. approval The new law did n't ....................................................................................... when it was introduced. 27 I didn't want to have an a rgume nt, so I cha nged the subject. mood I wasn't ....................................................................................... an arg ument, so I changed the subject. 28 Tina was depressed because she couldn't make friends at summer ca mp. inability Tina was depressed because friends at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . summer ca mp. 29 'Could you open the door for me, please?' said Simon. me Simon ....................................................................................... the door for h i m. 30 Make su re you l ook after you r l ittle brother while I'm out. care Make sure you ....................................................................................... you r l ittle brother while I'm out. ( 2 m a r k s p e r a n sw e r) D Choose the correct a nswer. 31 I f I ............ the lottery, I'd g ive some 34 If I'd known you were coming, I of the money to each member of my ............ a cake. family. A would have ba ked A win B would bake B have won C wil l bake C wil l win D ba ked D won 35 Remind Tony a bout the party ........... . 32 'Did you have an a rg u ment with he's fo rg otten. Fra ncis?' A in case 'If you had been there, you ........... . B un less the same.' C provided that A did D except B would have done 36 'Did you have a message for Dan?' C had done 'Tell him I'll cal l h i m on Friday if you D wil l do ............ h•Im. I 33 If you see Nina on Friday, ............ her A had seen to give me a ring. B see A you wil l tel l C wil l see B tel l to D saw C you would have told D tel l ( 1 m a r k p e r a n sw e r) E Choose the correct a nswer. 37 This fascinating book covers some 40 I know we had an a rg u ment, but of the most ............ crimes of the now I'd q u ite like to ............ . twentieth centu ry. A look down C fal l out A u n known C covered B make up D bring up B hidden D infa mous 41 Harry and Sam both denied that the 38 The govern ment shou ld do more for fight was their ............ . ............ people. A blame C criticism A usual C everyday B cause D fa u lt B ordinary D typica l 42 The curtain went u p, the ............ g rew 39 Ivan tells me he rea l ly ............ himself silent and the actors on stage began at you r barbecu e last week. to speak. A pleased C enjoyed A crowd C jury B played D interested B congregation D audience ( 1 m a rk p e r a n sw e r) • Comparatives and superlatives / so, such, enough, too ( Comparative and superlative adjectives ) adjective comparative superlative + -er + -est reg u l a r a dj ectives with o n e syl l a bl e black blacker blackest regular a djectives with o n e syllable (end i n g i n vowel + conso n a nt) . thin d o u b l e final l etter + -er thinner double fi nal l etter + -est thinnest regu l a r a djectives with two syl labl es replace -y with -ier replace -y with -iest fun ny (en d i n g i n -y) fun nier funniest reg u lar a djectives with two or m o re more I less + adj most I least + a dj intelligent syl labl es more intelligent most intelligent good better best bad worse worst far farther I further farthest I furthest irreg ular a djectives I quantifiers little less least much more most many more most ...'. Use Example ., :1, Comparative The crime rate in this area is higher than in other parts of the A.; ,.t. ·.� To compare thi ngs or people that are different country. "' .. ..;: :\· Superlative y ,. To compare one member of a group of people or The robbery was the biggest in the bank's history. •' :�: things with the whole group ., : . '• • ' · :,': � · . _:, 1. ,-: . ·:-.._:-- / ·:·--:;:.-...· ,,. ,,.. ·. ,. .. , ... , , , . .. ,.. ··. '. ·,:.•.', '•, •. -,- ·. · . - .,.,,. · . ... . . . ·/:: ..... . . , . .'''... .;; ·.: ·, · .. .... ·.···'r:o·/· . .... :-·.·.. /.'-'."·;�-.. . . t '• :, '•' •," ' •: , . ..... .. ....., ' ''•, 0'.'• ' T 'o ' ... ... 0 ' •," : �.- . ... .... :, , , • .' •":° o ' ',••: ' ."• '•, ',• .. o ·,, :.• , ," ....�. .· . .......�. -: ·· · ···-·/· ,•, '.· . ·... .. ..,,........ .. ........ .. .. . .... .. ·:. · · .-.. . .. . .- : ·· .,...{· ·· . .... ... ...... . .., ._:-. ,. • Regular adjectives with two syllables can often also form the comparative and su perlative like \\ 0ut\ adjectives with one syl lable. �a\C ./ clever, cleverer, cleverest • Adjectives with one syl lable that end in -e add -r and -st. ./ white, whiter, whitest • Remember that comparative forms are often followed by than . ./ Crime is a much bigger problem in this country than in many other countries. • Remember that su perlative forms are often preceded by the. ./ Our local police force is the best in the country. Comparative and superlative adverbs ) adverb comparative superlative reg u l a r adverbs easily more I less + a d v more easily most I least + a d v most easily badly worse worst early earlier earliest far farther I further farthest I furthest fast faster fastest hard harder hardest i rregu l a r adverbs late later latest often more often most often near nearer nearest soon sooner soonest well better best Use Example if. ..... ..... Comparative Lock your door more carefully next time and maybe you ! To compare actions that are different won't get burgled! ti Su perlative Only the criminal who ran fastest managed to escape from To compare actions of one member of a group of people - the police. or things with the whole group · .'. . �. .- .·:.::.,......��- . .- ·.. .....- ·.::•. ·.· ·.-,1· _ .,..... . :...'... .. .. .. ... ... ... -...-· ·'.;:·.-··,. ·: ·11 ....... . , .. 'i·:;:·.·. . •. :.-� .' _.,,. -·;,,> · .'·�"!'· ·--�� ··::: .. · · :·:·: 1. ·;:-·'.:-7' ,;;;';': ··...·�..; · · . ·· ·:�·::.- ·> , ..:·.:-,.. ·: · ,...,.,. • .' •.':._,,-.;,..' I· :·.•--.. •." ,..·,;..,.-,•. • :·,:· ·:. · :· ·:oo·•:"•,-.:• · '"' o ·· ..· :·1 : • .- ·· ,_.: • • , '•,:·,· • '<'•. :: ··�. . .'· ..:·. .. � . '· ·�-� '- - -. , •�. : ,�;.'_i/7'",'.·'· : ·: .�;"';'> :.'�. ·. '. . .�• ·,: • . ,, , ., .::">!""• ' ·': · 66 Comparatives and superlatives / so, such, enough, too Unit 1 1 Form so + adjective + that so + adverb + that so + many/much + noun + that Use Example t-- .:?. ��������������������--�����������������������· t� The burglar was so clever that no one could catch him. 't To show the results of a situation or action Jane took the money so quickly that no one saw her. There was so much money that the robber couldn't carry it all. ... ,.... '•. . ., '• · � . ........ .· '.•.,'/•, ....... '. ;': ' :, .. ; .. . '· ...... ..... . . . . ·. . . . . . .. . . . .. . .,. . . .... .. . .. ·.. . . ·. ,'· ... ...· .. .. :· ·::· · · .. -.· ·. ; ::'· ' " · · · ·· · ..... .. . • '. . . ,.: ., 1 · ··: ... . . . The word that is not usually necessary to introdu ce the second cla use . ./ The crime rate is so high people are very frigh tened. The word so has a n u m ber of other uses. Try not to get confused between them . ./ The crime rate is so high that people are very frightened. ./ I saw that burglar leaving the house, so I called the police. c Such ) Form such + a/an + adjective + singular noun + that such + adjective + plu ra l noun + that such + a lot of + nou n + that ..:::·; ·' (.· Use Example . : }' " .z. It was such a terrible crime that the man was sent to prison for life. i : :j The security guard had such good hearing that he heard the door 4:/ To show the results of a situation or action , open immediately. · � · . There is such a lot of crime here that the police can't cope. ·· , : ··""-".·" ,:.:;.-:·::':'.··: .-: ."/ •�:";.':/ . : .'•/·.'1:.' • �•-;-.�#-·.::: .·-;-.·'... ::1· · -�;.:.:.'. '·,· ·:-':'.::'·:. ; . :·�: -·.',· .' : · ·.� 1;..J ;. · . • /, '!". , ·· ·::· .- �:·..... · ': � ::-·.: ··.. ·: ' {·::·. - •.'::·.�·:··1.· .'/.·.:·"!-···. . .· .... .. .... . ·· ... . .. .... , . .. .. .·.·.·, ·.: ·· · ··.··: · ·" · ' .' /· • ' : · .. ·., .... .. ·.:: ··· .···, ', '." · · ·· ·· ·· ·· · ·· · ·· ··· · · · · ··· · · · . . . · ·· .: •.. . . •. .. .. ···:·•.- ··· ,. ... . . . . . . .. ' ,"•c•, .. .. . . ·. .·· ' <>: •., ·.� .. ·.·� . ... .... ,. •. ·' Enough Form enough + nou n (+ for a nd/or + ful l i nfinitive) adjective + enough (+ for and/or + fu ll i nfi nitive) adverb + enough (+ for a nd/or + ful l i nfinitive) .:} ii;;t- Use Example · '· -------------------- --+---------------------------1.··: :� There aren't enough police officers on the streets to keep us safe. -;:' To show the resu lts of a situation or action wh ere there i is/isn't the rig ht amount/n u m ber of so mething It wasn't dark enough for the bu,.,glar to start working. Did the police respond quickly enough to help ? - ·/;":';, . ·.' '• ' • � ': •.... . .'J•• • • .,,, • • • '• . .... . ... � -.' , ... •.',•• ••:.·:·., .'·.· • • •,... .. ......,... .. ... �..-.. .. . ..• • ; .... ....... :· ... . • • '•'· • •..... ... :· • • •;. . . ' • . .. .. ......: ' :• · , •, · .. - . .. ,. . .· · ·.. · .:·: · ···· . . · · : .·. . ·.:·_.:• ;.'..- "• ; . .· · · A co m mon mista ke is to put enough before an adjective when the correct word is quite or fairly. ./ It's quite I fairly dangerous around here so don't go out alone. X !t'senough dangerousaroundhereso don'tgooutalone. Too Form too + adjective (+ for a nd/or + fu l l i nfi nitive) too + adverb (+ for and/or + fu ll i nfinitive) too + many/much + nou n (+ for a nd/or + fu ll i nfi nitive) •. .·i '{. Use Example The young man was too young to go to prison. To descri be someth ing that is more than necessa ry a n d We arrived too late for the start of the trial. which h a s a negative effect We send too many innocent people to prison. ·.·.. . ·· : . . .... · ... .· ··_:,. .·, ,. • :. .'..:/ · · . ·. , ., ·. · · · · · ' . .•/·:, . · .·.. ..• .·. -....... .: <· · ·· ·' ·' .. · ...:, . ··., : . ·· ·: , . .. . . ..... . : ·: . ..: ·., . . .··: ·. ·: ' We do not use too when we wa nt to describe something we consider to be positive. Instead, we use very, really or extremely. ./ You were very I really I extremely lucky not to get caugh t. X You 'NefC too !uckynotto getcaught. 67 Unit 1 1 Grammar _.,._______ ________ I ��· ---- - ---- ... -- - -·- ---- · - .......-- -- - · --·-- ----- -...--_.......__ ._ ,_ _..._ _.. _______ �·· .... ..,.. -·· ---- ··-· - -...- . - A Complete using the com pa rative forms of the words i n capitals. 1 You r brother is much . ..... .. .. . .. ... . . ... (TALL) than mi ne. . . . . . . ..... ... .... . ... ... . ... 2 Th is island used to be much .. .. ... . . .. . . .. .. . (GREEN) before the forest fires. . . . ... . ..... ... . . . . ... .. ... .. ... 3 Slow down! You're .. ... . ... ... .. . .... ... . (FIT) than me and I ca n't keep up! . ... .... . . . ... ... . ... ... ... 4 Veron ica seems .. ... ... .... . .... ... .... . . (HAPPY) since she moved schools. ... ... .... ... ... . . ... . .. 5 It's actua l ly ... .. . .... .... .. ... ..... (TRENDY) to wear you r hair u p this year. .... .. . . . . ... ... . ..... .. .. 6 As the time for the performance g ot nearer, I g ot ..... .... . ...... ........... ...... .... (NERVOUS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Old people are often ..... ...... ............ ........ .. .. ... (WISE) than young people. .. . . . . . . . . . . 8 Why don't you try and find a .. . ...... ..... ..... ..... ............ . (CHEAP) computer game and save . .. . . . . .. . . . . some money? 9 Matt seems to have got even ..... ..... ...... ............ ..... . ....... . . . . . . . . . (LAZY) tha n h e used to be and a l most never studies. 10 If the problem gets any ........ .................... ...... ....... .... (SERIOUS), we may need to inform the . . . . . manager about it. 11 If you work ... ................... .............. .. .. (QUICKLY), you'l l finish sooner and then you ca n go . . . . . . . . . . home earlier. 12 Ben says he's feeling much . ............ . ..... . ........ .... (WELL) after his ill ness. . ... ... . . . . . .. . . . . 13 I have even ............................. .......... . ... (LITTLE) free time this year than I d id last yea r. .... . . . 14 The news was m uch .......... ............... ...... ........... (BAD) than anyone had feared. . . . . . ... 15 You'l l need to be able to ru n . ... .... .................... .... ...... .. (FAR) than this if you're goi ng to do . ... . . . . . . the marathon. B Complete using the su perlative forms of the words i n ca pitals. 1 I think Moham med Ali was the ...... . .. ..... ..... ...... ..... ........ (GREAT) boxer that ever lived. . . ... . .. . . .. 2 It was the .. .. .... . ............ ..... ...... ... (BORING) fi l m I had ever seen. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 3 Our teacher to ld us that the student with the .... . ..... ... ...... ..... .... .. (HIGH) mark wou ld . . ...... .. .... . . . ... get a prize. 4 Ginger is one of the . ..... . .... .... ... .... .. . . .. .... .. ..... .... ... . ... (LUCKY) cats a l ive - he's been h it by a car th ree times and has never been hurt! 5 Out of a l l the students in my music school, I practise . . .. . . .. ......... .... . . .... .... .. (OFTEN). . . ... . . ... .. ... .. 6 The Pacific is the . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .. .... . ...... . ... . (DEEP) ocean i n the world. ... . . . 7 That's the .. ... .... .. ... . . .. .... .... ..... . .. .... . . .. . .. . (UGLY) fish I've ever seen! ... . 8 I was ill before the exam and I did .. .... .... ... ..... ........... . ... (BADLY) out of the whole class. ... .. ... . . . .. .. . . 9 The ... .... ... .. ..... .... .... .... (FAR) I've run i n one day is about ten ki l ometres. . .. .... .. .. ... . . ... . . 10 Don't you th ink this would be the ... .... .. ........ . .... .... ... . ..... (LOVELY) spot for a picnic? .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . 11 But that's the .. ... .... ..... ..... ..... . .. . . (CRAZY) idea I've ever heard! .... .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... . 12 I asked the assista nt to show me the ... ....... . .. ... ... .... ...... ..... ...... (MODERN) phone they h ad. . . . . . . . . . . 13 I told the ma nager that it was the .. ...... . ......... .. ............ ... (BAD) hotel I had ever stayed in. . . .. ..... . . . . . . 14 Who do you think is the .. .. ............ ...... ... ............... (LITTLE) ta lented actor to wi n an Osca r? .. . . . . . . .. 15 Out of a l l the m embers of the choir, Jason sang ............ ........ ....... ........ (WELL). ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Comparatives and superlatives / so, such, enough, too Unit 1 1 C C i rcle the correct word . F I LM R EU I EW Crime Does Pay, the (1 ) later / latest comedy from director Sam Martin, has to be one of the (2) little / least interesting fi l ms I have ever seen. The acting is terrible and the story is much (3) worse I worst than Martin's other flop, Escape. Crime Does Pay was apparently (4) more I most expensive than any other film th is yea r, but it's hard to see where the money went. The plot concerns a gang of burglars who decide to stea l the (5) more I most val uable painting in the world. Fine, except these criminals are far (6) less / least am using than they should be. There isn't a single rea l laugh in the whole movie. When I saw it, even (7) younger I youngest mem bers of the a udience thought it was stu pidly childish. Dean Richards, playi ng Scarnose, does a slightly (8) better I best job than the others, but there isn't much in it. When wil l H ollywood rea lise that as ticket prices get (9) higher I highest, more people a re finding that the (1 0) well / best form of entertain ment is to spend an evening at home with a DVD? D Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a simi lar mean i ng to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words i n each gap. 1 I have never read a better book than this one. ever This is the ....................................................................................... read. 2 N obody has ever been this fa r into the jungle. the This is ....................................................................................... has ever been i nto the jungle. 3 I have never worked so hard in my whole life. ever It was the ....................................................................................... i n my whole life. 4 Liam is the tal l est boy i n the class. than Every other boy in the class ....................................................................................... Lia m. 5 This is the nicest beach a long this part of the coast. than Th is ....................................................................................... the others a long this part of the coast. 6 I read that Mount Everest is the highest mountain. no I read that ....................................................................................... Mount Everest. 7 Has anyon e ever been this far n orth before? the Is ....................................................................................... has ever been? 8 The painting Ed did is the ugliest one you can imagi ne. than You can't imagine ....................................................................................... the one Ed did. 9 This sta m p is rarer than any other in my col lection. more The other stamps in my col l ection ....................................................................................... th is one. 10 N obody i n the class runs as fast as Pedro. runner Ped ro ....................................................................................... in the class. E Rewrite each sentence using so . . . that. 1 John can see over the wa l l because he is tal l . 2 I'm sure my sister wil l go to university because she is clever. 3 I can't stop playing this com puter game because it's g ood. 69 Unit 1 1 Grammar 4 Ti m ca n't come out because he has a lot of work to do. 5 It's hot, which means I can't sleep. 6 Tina arrived late, which mea nt she missed the train. 7 We don't have any money for l uxuri es beca use we have a lot of bills to pay. 8 It takes a day to g et to Austra l ia beca use it's very fa r away. F Match to make sentences . 1 Last yea r, winter sta rted so ............ A many storms that we had floods. 2 Last wi nter, there were so ............ B cold that the water in the pipes froze. 3 Last yea r, we had such ........... . C a col d winter that I had to sleep with a hat on! 4 Last wi nter, there was so ........... . D suddenly that ma ny people were taken by 5 Last winter, there was such a lot of ........... . su rprise. 6 Last wi nter was so ........... . E much snow that I skied nearly every day. F snow that many wild animals died. G Circle the correct word or phrase. 1 I don't think there's enough pizza I pizza enough for everyone. 2 I'm afraid you're not enough old I old enough to see this fi l m. 3 Luckily, we g ot to the box office enough early I early enough and got the tickets. 4 Anne's enough sensible I sensible enough to realise she needs to work hard th is year. 5 If you don't train enough hard I hard enough, you'l l never win the race. 6 Have you g ot enough credits I credits enough to ca l l Yiota on you r mobile? 7 It should be enough warm I warm enough for a picnic th is weekend. 8 I don't think I'm good enough for getting I to get into the swi mming team. 9 Are you sure you've got enough chai rs for us all to sit down I we all sit down? 10 I n mountai neering, you have to be strong enoug h for pull / to pull yourself u p with you r fingers. H Tick (.I) the correct sentences . If a sentence is i ncorrect, write another word to replace the word in bo l d . 1 I wanted to get some n ew trainers but they were too expensive . .............................. . 2 Japanese is a too d ifficult language for Westerners to lea rn . .............................. . 3 Dan iel's too good at a rt and he's sta rting a rt school n ext year. .............................. . 4 Don't i nvite too many people to the party or we won't have enou g h room . ............................... 5 If you try to write you r essay too q u ickly, you'l l make mista kes . ............................... 6 My n ew computer is too fast and ca n run a l l the latest progra ms . .............................. . 7 Joanne was fi ned for driving too fast . ............................... 8 Ca rol could n't climb over the wa l l because it was too hig h . ............................. .. 9 Cornwa l l is too bea utifu l a nd we go there every yea r on hol iday. ............................... 70 Comparatives and superlatives / so, such, enough, too Unit 1 1 _..____ ... ,__,_____ ,___ .,._..... -·-· ----·�---.. _ : .. . .,_.... �· -·----.-......"-J......... ......... ... -·-- ._... -- ....... . -··--·- · -----·� -··--------..------------�-----..,_ .... ----...·--�...-... _.________._ .. _____.__�._.... .. ..... ., .,.... ---· - -· ···: 10 My g ra ndparents a re too old to work now a nd have retired . ............................... 11 It was too dark for me to see the map and I g ot lost . ............................. .. 12 My best friend is too fu nny and a lways makes me laugh . .............................. . I Choose the correct answer. 1 It was ............ windy that I couldn't 6 My m u m was ............ angry that I knew stand up! I'd better d isappear for a while. A so c enough A so c enough B such D too B such D too 2 Everyone had ............ a good time when 7 They were ............ beautifu l shoes that I we went bowli ng that we agreed to go decided I h ad to get them. again. A so c enough A so c enough B such D too B such D too 8 The earthquake was ............ powerful 3 Emma a nd Karen used to be ............ that the town was destroyed. good friends that I'm su rprised they A so c enough don't get on now. B such D too A so c enoug h 9 The shot was ............ quick for the B such D too goal keeper and the ball hit the back of 4 I hope I've got ............ money to pay for the net. this meal! A so c enough A so c enough B such D too B such D too 10 I had ............ a bad headache that I s I'm sorry, but I've got ............ much work went to lie down for a wh ile. to do to come to the beach today. A so c enough A so c enough B such D too B such D too J Write one word in each ga p. 'Hel lo, a nd welcome to Crimestoppers, the show that lets you, the viewer, help the police. We've had ( 1 ) ......................... a lot of letters this week that it's d ifficult to know where to begin. We'll start with the story of M rs Pat Wil l ia ms, of Cambridge. Last Friday, Pat decided to go into town with her baby daughter. It's (2) ......................... far to wal k so they went to the bus stop. They waited (3) ......................... a long time that baby Caroline started to cry. Pat picked the baby up out of the pram and she was (4) ......................... busy she didn't notice the man beside her until it was (S) ......................... late. He g rabbed her hand bag and ran off (6) ...... . .................. q u ickly for her to catch him. It a l l happened (7) ......................... fast that there was noth i ng a nyone could do. Pol ice a re a ppealing for witnesses. Maybe you were in the a rea. Maybe you thi n k that what you saw is (8) ......................... uni mportant ti ta c the police won't be i nterested. Remember that no detail is (9) ......................... small to be useful to the police. Cal l us here at Crimestoppers now.' 71 Voca6ulary . - - Unit 1 2 • The law and crime . Topic vocabulary i n contrast see page 1 90 for defi n itions -- ' � � - - - -- -- proof I evidence rule I law I j ustice I right va ndal I hooliga n suspect I arrest I charg e judge I j ury sentence I i m prison suspect I accused prosecute I persecute i n n ocent I guilty decision I verdict capita l pun ishment I corpora l punishment witness I bystander com m it I break robber I burg la r I thief lawyer I solicitor Phrasal verbs back down stop demanding sth, stop sayi ng that you will do sth hand in g ive to a person in a uthority break out esca pe (from prison) hold up rob while th reatening violence; d elay let off g ive l ittle or no punishment; make a bomb, bring in i ntrod uce a new law or system etc explode chase after fol low sb/sth q u ickly i n order to catch them look into i nvestigate come forward offer hel p or information make off esca pe get away with esca pe pun ishment for take down write down what someone says go off explode; be fired (for a gun, usu a l ly accidental ly) take in trick sb i nto believing sth that is not true ' Phrases and collocations account on accou nt of; take i nto accou nt; account fo r sth advantage ta ke adva ntage of sth/sb; have an advantage over sth/sb; at an adva ntage; an/one/etc adva ntage (of sth) be to blame (for sth/d oi ng); g et/take the blame (for sth/doing); put the bla me o n sth/sb; blame sth blame (on sb); blame sb for sth/d oi ng damage d o/ca use damage (to sth) fau lt at fa ult; fi nd fa ult with sth/sb intention have the/no intention of d oing mistake make a mista ke; a m ista ke (to d o); m ista ke sb for sb; do sth by m istake necessary necessary (for sb) to d o order in o rder; put sth in o rder; in order to d o; give an ord er (to sb) (to do) permission give sb permission to do; ask (sb) for permission to do; have/ask for/get permission (from sb) to d o purpose do sth on pu rpose; pu rpose of sth reason reason why; reason for sth; reason with sb solution have/fi nd/think of/work out/com e up with/figure out a sol ution (to sth) wrong do wro ng; do the wrong thi ng; the wrong thing to d o; g o wro nq; the wrong way u p Word patterns accuse sb of sth/doing doubt sth; doubt that; doubt if/whether make sb do; be made to do arrest sb for sth/d oing forgive sb fo r sth/d oing refuse to do sth; refuse sth respect sth; respect sb for sth/doi ng; charge sb with sth glimpse sth; catch a glimpse of sth have respect for sth/sb claim to be/do; claim that guilty of sth/d oi ng threaten to d o, threaten sb with sth deny sth/doing legal (for sb) to do Word formation honest dishonest, (dis)honesty, prison prisoner, im prison (ed), accuse accused, accusation (d is) honestly i m p riso n ment addict add icted, addictive, investigate i nvestigative, prove proof, (un)proven, d isprove addiction investigation, i nvestigator convict convicted, conviction law lawyer, (un) lawfu l rob robbery, robber crime criminal murder m urderer secure insecure, (in)security evident evidence, evidently offence offensive, offend, offender theft thief forge forgery, forger 72 The law and crime Unit 1 2 Topic vocabulary in contrast A Each of the words i n bold is i n the wrong sentence. Write the correct word on the l i ne. 1 All twelve members of the witness were convinced of David son's g u ilt . ........................ . 2 I don't think I'd ever break a serious crime . ........................ . 3 If the school laws aren't written down anywhere, how are we supposed to know what they are? ........................ . 4 A psychiatrist was cal led as an expert judge d uring the trial. ........................ . 5 If a pa rent smacks a ch ild, that's an example of commit pu nish ment. ........................ . 6 Everyone should have the jury to a fa ir tria l. ......................... 7 If you sentenced the law, you deserve to be pu nished! ........................ . 8 Governments must be allowed to introduce, change and scra p bystanders . ........................ . 9 Ca n you i magine what it's like being justice for years in a cell? ........................ . 10 It's very i mportant that capital is seen to be done . ......................... 11 Another phrase for 'right pu nish ment' is 'the death sentence� ......................... 12 The spy was imprisoned to l ife imprison ment . ....................... .. 13 A number of rules watched the robbers speed off in a getaway car. ....................... .. 14 'Silence in cou rt!' shouted the corporal angrily. ......................... B Complete the crossword . Across 2 A footba l l . . . is someone who causes trouble at a footba l l match. (8) 4 the decision of a j udge or jury (7) 8 a burg lar, ro bber or any other person who stea ls (5) 10 It m ig ht not be a bsolute proof of someone's gui lt, but it is used to show that someone could be guilty. (8) 11 a person the pol ice think might have committed a crime (7) 12 The jury found her not . . . of a l l charges. (6) 13 ta ke someone to court (9) Down 1 A solicitor is a specific type of . . . (6) . 3 put someone in handcuffs and take them to the pol ice station, for example (6) 4 a person who puts g raffiti on walls, smashes windows, etc (6) 5 not gui lty (8) 6 If the pol ice feel sure a person is guilty, they . . . that person with the cri me. (6) 7 frequently attack or annoy; treat someone badly and deny them their rig hts (9) 9 the person in cou rt who is on trial (also known as the defendant) (7) 2 4 3 I 5 6 7 R 9 IO II 12 73 Unit 1 2 Vocabulary Phrasal verbs C Complete using the correct form of the phrasa l verbs i n the box. break out • bring in chase after come forward • • • go off hold up look into • make off • 1 So ma ny witnesses have that it wi l l take days to interview them a l l. . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ 2 The two robbers .................................................. on a motorbike. 3 Pol ice a re .................................................. a llegations of corru ption in the mayor's office. 4 The govern ment is thinki ng of .................................................. a law to a l low on-the-spot fines for hool igans. 5 A robber has .................................................. three ban ks in town in the last week. 6 They spent two yea rs planning their escape before they fina l ly .................................................. of prison. 7 The pol icewoman .................................................. the pickpocket, brought h i m to the g round and fi na l ly arrested him. 8 Lucki ly, the bomb disposa l sq uad defused the bomb before it .................................................. . D W rite one word i n each ga p. The most incred ible thing ha ppened to me yesterday. I was wa l king home from school when I saw a wal l et on the g round ful l of money. I picked it u p, and was just about to take it to the police station to (1 ) .... ..... it in, when a pol ice officer j umped out and tol d me I was under arrest for ...... ...... .... stea li ng. I tried to explain the situation but he wou ld n't (2) down. 'I won't let you get ......................... (3) .. ............... with this,' he said. 'You're a thief, and thieves have to be punished.' He handcuffed . . . . . ... me and d rove me to the police station, where he took (4) ..... .. .. . my name and address. I .... ..... . ..... sta rted cryi ng, and beg ged him to (5) . . me off, again tryi ng to explain that I wasn't . .. . . . ......... ........ going to keep the money. Suddenly, my best friend Ad rian and a TV presenter came in and the police officer sta rted laugh ing. It was a practica l joke for a TV show, and I'd been completely (6) . in! .................. ...... Phrases and collocations E Circle the correct word . 1 I don't know why you're putting I taking the blame on me. 2 Shelley has no intention I purpose of admitting she lied. 3 It doesn't I isn't necessary to set the burg lar a larm. 4 The judge made I gave u s permi ssion to cal l a su prise witness. 5 We don't know who was at fault I damage yet, but we'l l fi nd out. 6 Sorry, I mistook you for I with someone else. 7 Should j udges take children into reason I account when sentencing their parents? 8 The plan went I had wrong, did n't it? 9 We need prisons in solution I order to keep society safe from dangerous crimina ls. 10 Many people are making I taking advantage of the change i n the tax law. 74 The law and crime Unit 1 2 ! i -""-· ...-... ..,- . . · - ·-· --..· · . -. . .......____ ______ _..______ · ---· · -- - -··· ___... .. .._ · · · · - - . . ...____ _ ___ ___ , ___.. __ - · -- ·- --- --- - - · -·· - --· · ----- -- · ·- -- -- - - � I Word patterns F Match to ma ke sentences . 1 They accused me ............ A for shopl ifting. 2 Our next-door neig hbou r was a rrested ............ B she's gui lty. 3 Th ree people have been charged ............ c someone to stea l something from a shop. 4 She denied ............ D of someone shopl ifti ng. 5 I doubt whether ............ E stealing the clothes. 6 I ca ught a g l i mpse ............ F to steal someth ing from the shop. 7 My friends made me ............ G steal someth ing from the shop. 8 She says she was made ............ H with theft. 9 It is i l l egal for ............ of shopl ifti ng. G Write one word i n each ga p. . . .. . ......,.,. .. ... ... . - -*· . . . . w. � �- · -�·:-f'o- •.... "" -.: ·:;:� u .... .. . . . .... .... · .. 1' '' . �-�"� ....,_,,.._ _ -· -..• The Voice of Sani"'_ .. s .... . .... .._.,. � . . ... ,.q_..,.-i... · . ... .... -r.., .....,,..• ., •,. , ,,_ _ ..--� "'I< .... ··fW� . ... .... .. .... . •. .. .. __ . ..,. . . ...... .,..� ' �. .. '1·.:.·1>t..· - •· ... . "* - "(" · · . . . � ,, u -· � - · · ' ... N e wto n A rc h e r .:. ,., ... . . ... .· - I ,'j l ' 4 You've let us down, Owen! , - \.i S J. , Owen Davis used to be my hero. One of the greatest athletes of his generation, Owen- made us ' think th�t . 't everything was possible. I had so much respect (1 ) . .... ... .. . . . ... ... ...... him, particula.rly in- terms qt his 'no drLig s 1·n 1 } sport' campaign. And now there's no doubt that all the time Davis was claiming (2) .. . . :: ...... �:·.. .. ... . . . � 'drugs . were '�'.7:l j damaging sport, he himself was taking them. ·Last week, the International Athletics Association found Davis •· /_ � '.:, � . r ' . � - • . .. 1 � uilty _(3) . . ... . .. .. ._. . . .. . . . . ... . : t�king ban�ed body-en �ncing �uhstances." Davis has ..bee� banned from tak,tng pa� { .. m national and international events for the next five .years, and the IAA are threatening (4) . ....... .. ..... . '- ...��.-:.�. ,.ban Ji .. ·-· . · Juture drug-takers -for life. I hope they do. I refuse (5) . ... .. .. . .. .. . .. .... .. . . . accept that we should show sy�pathy . J · •. . l .. ' .• ·'' [ · . , ·. ? :��t towar s . Da�i� at a t_i f!le I i_ke this_. We �houl d ; n �ver forgive _peo� I e' I � �� -0.we � D,ayis (�) :·���·· ·,: ·: ..�;: ':·� ��:���. - � brin�i�� r,� .• -· sport mto disrepute 5 ,, · · .· · ����: �9--����$���--�---����::����i· ,J: ,:,�- , �- ,.,.. �- ·· · · · . . Word formation H Each of the words i n bold is i n the wrong form . Write the correct form on the l i ne . 1 I'm not sure that sending young offence to prison is such a good idea . ............................. .. 2 There's absol utely no sol id prove that he was anywhere near the scene of the crime. 3 I'm not sayi ng another word unti l I've spoken to my law . ............................. .. 4 You shouldn't ma ke accuse l i ke that without evidence . .............................. . 5 When she left the pol ice force, she worked as a private investigate for a while . ......................... .. 6 ' I hope that you r prison has shown you the error of your ways,' said the prison governor. 7 He was initial ly sent to a maxim u m secure prison . ............................... 8 Lying and stealing are both forms of honest . ............................. . . 9 Police a re looking ca reful ly at the forensic evident . ............................. .. 10 There's no doubt th is painting is a forge . ............................. .. 11 Drug addict is no excuse - no one should hold u p a petrol station! ............................. .. 12 The rob took place at half past ten in the morning . ............................. .. 13 N o one i s born a theft, and n o one has to remain one their whole l ife . ............................... 14 The convict of a number of senior executives has left the whole business comm unity in shock. ............................. .. 15 The problem with prisons is that they're fu l l of crime who can teach new inmates a l l their tricks and skills! ............................... 16 Should a murder be g iven the death penalty? .............................. . 75 A Use the word given i n cap itals at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits i n the ga p i n the same l i ne. STOP PRESS ... .... Frank Tu rner, the (1 ) . ... ... . . . ... . in a trial that has attracted national . .. .. .. ....... . . . ACCUSE attention, was today convicted of murder. The police (2) .............................. . I NVESTIGATE lasted for a yea r and d u ring the trial over 1 00 hours of (3) ............................. .. EVIDENT were hea rd. Tu rner's (4) .. .... ... .. .... . . had a l l arg ued that he was not in the . .. .... . . ..... LAW a rea at the ti me, but could not provide the necessary (5) ............................... . PROVE Police descri bed Tu rner as a well-known (6) .... .. ..... .... ... ..... who was .. . .. . . . THEFT responsible for many (7) ... . in the local region. This is not . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... ROB Tu rner's first (8) ...... . . . .... . . Seven years ago, he was found guilty of . ..... . .. . . . . ... . CONVICT (9) . ...... ..... .. . .. and served three years in prison. The judge is expected ... ..... . . .. .. FORGE to sentence Turner to a period of ( 1 0) ...... .......... ... . ... later this week. PRISON .... /I' ..... . . . ·-��.,.'1! ,,, - -- _ _,_ ,. ,_ --- -·· - .... - -.·---- ·- d·.. -- - · - · ----· - -- ·� - _ _ � · ....... __ ( 1 m a rk per a nswer) B Match to make sentences. 11 I heard that they're going to bring .. . .. ...... . A off accidenta l ly in his ha nd. 12 Pol ice a re a ppealing for mem bers of the B away with serious crimes every day. public to come .. .... .. .... C in by this trick and have lost a lot of money. 13 Nobody was convinced when the man D forward with any information they feel clai med the gun had gone ........... . might be usefu l . 14 The policewoman sta rted to ta ke ............ E u p the bank and was sentenced to five 15 Lots of old people have been taken ........... . yea rs in prison. 16 Peterson was fou nd guilty of h olding F off this ti me, but told him that he wouldn't be so l ucky next time. 17 Many people get . ........... G i n a law banning smoking in public places. 18 The policeman decided to let Shaun . ....... . ... H down everyth ing I was �aying and I knew I was i n serious trouble. ( 1 m a r k p e r a n s w e r) C Complete the second sentence using the word given , so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words i n each gap . 19 Police said there h ad n't been a cri me as bad as this i n over ten yea rs. the Police described it over ten years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 20 Some people don't respect the law. have Some people ....................................................................................... the law. 21 The l aws i n some countries are so strict that people have very little freedom. such Some countries ....................................................................................... people have very little freedom. 22 The girl was too young to go to prison. old The girl ....................................................................................... to go to prison. 23 The witness thought I was the thief, but rea lised that she was wrong. for The witness ....................................................................................... , but rea lised that she was wrong. 24 Nobody in the cou ntry knows the law as wel l as Mr Parkh u rst. than Mr Parkh u rst knows the law ....................................................................................... in the country. 25 There have been so many rob beries lately that people a re afraid. such There have been ....................................................................................... rob beries l ately that people are afraid. 26 Even though we weren't old enough, we managed to get into the n ig ht club. too Even though we we managed to get into the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , night club. 27 The judge tol d the jury to consider the man's past life. account The judge told the jury to ....................................................................................... the ma n's past life. ( 2 m a r k s p e r a n sw e r) D Choose the correct answer. 28 I had ............ a bad ti me in prison that I 32 Police blamed the robberies ............ a never want to go there again. local ga ng. A too A with B so B on C such C for D q uite D to 29 One problem is that we don't have 33 My grandma says there was ............ a ............ officers on the streets. l ot of crime when she was young that A so a lot of nobody trusted anybody else. B too many A too C enough B so D such many C such D quite 30 I ca n't get a car yet beca use I'm not ............ to drive. 34 It beca me ............ as I wal ked home and I A enough old began to get slig htly nervous. B q uite old A enough dark C so old B such dark D old enough C quite dark D so dark enough 31 Some cri mes seem to be ............ in this country than in others. A much less com mon B the l east common C too little common D l ittle common enough ( 1 m a rk p e r a n sw e r) E Choose the correct a nswer. 35 The prisoner knew he had ............ a 39 He said it was an accident, but I know mista ke and would reg ret it forever. he did it on ............ . A g ot C done A purpose C g oal B ta ken D made B aim D reason 36 The boy ............ that he had had 40 Thi ngs started to ............ wrong for the anythi ng to do with the break-i n. robbers when the alarm went off. A refused C objected A ta ke C go B denied D rejected B have D come 37 Sudden ly, someone shouted, 'Th ief!' and 41 The sign says that all shoplifters wi l l be the man qu ickly ............ on a motorbike. A took in C came forward A persecuted C prosecuted B made off D ha nded i n B disproved D prohi bited 38 Do you have ............ to ta ke that bicycle? A allowance C wi lling ness B exception D permission ( 1 m a r k p e r a n sw e r) • Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Form • All modals (will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must) and the semi-modal ought to have only one form. • Modals a re fol lowed by the ba re i nfin itive (simple or conti nuous) or the bare perfect infin itive eg Toby should be very fit by now. Toby should have recovered by now. • The semi-modals have to and need to change their form depending on person and tense eg The doctor said I had/needed to give up red meat. ( Modals: ability ) �,, '» ' ;.-..-4•:· ·?...':·'""..", .;,::.. oY.''M·,,.,.,. >'.;.>.,.:.." .;;,:., ,- ·. • , ·..• .:,·.- .J 1 .,_..,•. ':_.,.""L·:· ·· _ ·'.'.!:.': .;·:.·::·.:,,; ;'}: .· : •-:.·1,..:t.:'.•;:. //• , ·�:;_'-,:�"°�r:.°J-: · ii .�':_. :'/_:.•/-": 0;,...,f..:·' J.?.,_ :O:-·; / '..� _:. ";.$::·;-1 -· f:,-:-.�·�.-'/.-,P;�_ ,.:..:•__ ,·:,-:. .:,.--$."b· .-::··�·,,_/-4 ._.:.:. _:,,. . i.. �•.:/-:.;. �··- .)�• . :_.,.._. ,.,;...�;��- · ,j'.. y Use Modal Example )', '-; .'•. .y Expressi ng a bility now or generally can I can run a kilometre in four minutes. : ;. � { '!:' Expressing decisio ns made now ·;::. , : · .. �: can We can meet at the gym tomorrow, ifyou like. ·? ;.· a bout future a bility w -�- f i Expressing a bi lity in the past could I could do fifty press-ups with one hand when I was younger. \' I ,. 'r. ;, Expressing a bility i n present, future -:% 1 could If only I could quit smoking! ' ;. or genera l hypothetica l situations ' }i: :; ,,, , Expressing a bility in past could + perfect I could have roasted the potatoes, but I decided that boiling them [� i. .. hypothetica l situations i nfi nitive was healthier. �. ·..... . ". .. . . • i!f. ' _ ,, 1 ,:.,. . . . _.... ·:.· . .:·:.;,,...� •,, ·:.l.:.•·::: , .. . ' " ,. .. . . .. .. .... .. . . .. .. ..•. ·- . . " " "• . ... .· .. . .· . . • We use be able to for the infinitive and other tenses . \\ 0ut\ ,/ I'd love to be able to fit into these jeans again! (infi nitive) 'IJat' ,/ I'll be able to leave hospital in a few weeks, apparently. (future) ,/ I've been able to swim since I was five. (present perfect) Modals: permission /;,,"i.,..· · "":;..,, ·... . Use Modal Example may Asking for and givi ng permission now, could May I Could I Can I see the doctor, please? for the future or genera l ly can May is more polite than could, and could is more polite than can. We don't usually use a modal to tal k a bout past permission . ./ I was allowed to wear a knee support during the match. X Icouldweara knees�port€luring thematch. • However, we do use could to ta l k a bout past permission i n reported speech . ./ The coach said I could wear a knee support during the match. Modals: advice ..·· ·., ..: " . ';.i · .. . ..,.. . . : :-:..- Use Modal Example +- 'f ·.,. Asking for and givi ng advice � should � You ought to I should cut down on the amount of red meat you eat. - now, for the future or genera l ly ought to- ---- -- -- ---- ----- -- ----- --{ - Modals: criticism - ---------- -· · ..·. - Use Modal Example " ' · should Criticisi ng past behaviou r ought to He ought to I should have made more of an effort with his diet. ,,.,_ , -------------- - - - ( + perfect- infi- - n itive) - ------------------------1:;::_ ..,.. ;· .• . , .·.·�·. . ' •. ·: ?.' "/.".···.·. ..' 78 Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 1 3 Modals: obligation and necessity :,, <. · ··· '"".///• Use Modal Example Expressing obl igation or I must I have to I need to pick up that prescription from m ust 1 have to 1 need to : ;: necessity the chemist on the way home. '}-------+--+---�:: · Expressi ng lack of needn't I don't have to I You needn't I don't have to I don't need to pick up that ,, obligation or necessity don't need to prescription from the chemist as I'll get it while I'm in town. Expressing lack of past needn't ( + perfect infin itive) I I needn't have gone I didn't have to go I didn't need to obligation didn't have to I didn't need to go to the doctor. · ::,··.� ... . ... . . i( ":'' : ····:: · ,.: .· ... . . . ', ' ·• .· . ··. '• '•::: · :. .... .. . . ...·.. . . . . . · . '/:. : . ·'· ' "� ·; •, ' • . . . ·.. . ..... . . . .. ._ .. .. .. . .· ; .... .:· . .' . ,":•i . .. : ·...... .... : '·":" ., . _; __ . . ... There is usually no difference i n m eaning between must and have to. However, we a re sometimes more likely to use must for personal obl igation (making our own decision a bout what we must do) and have to for external obligation (someon e else making a decision about what we m u st do). We ca n also use will have/need to to express futu re obl igation . ./ You'll have/need to be more careful about what you eat in future. • It is u nusual to use must for q uestions. We usua lly use have/need to . ./ Do I have/need to take this medicine before every meal? • Must ca nnot be used as an i nfi n itive. Use to have to. ./ I'd hate to have to have injections every day. X I'dhatetemusthaveiR-jectioAs e·;erydey. • Mustn't and don't/doesn't have/need to have d ifferent mea n i ngs . ./ You mustn't do that! (Don't do that!) ./ You don't have/need to do that. (You can do that if you want to but it's not necessa ry.) • Needn't ( + perfect i nfi n itive) always refers to a n action that happened. Didn't have to a nd didn't need to ca n refer to actions that did or did n't happen . ./ I needn't have gone to the doctor. (I went but it wasn't necessary.) ./ I didn't have/need to go to the doctor because I suddenly felt better. (I did n't go.) ./ I didn 't have/need to go to the doctor but I went just to be on the safe side. n did go.) • Be ca refu l with the verb need. It ca n also ta ke the -ing form . ./ I need to sterilise this syringe. ./ This syringe needs sterilising. �- ( Modals: degrees of certainty ) · ::·,.,,,,,,,.;,., ., .':"·:.. . ;,,. 1 .. . ., .... ,.. · ', ; : ... '-:.·., · ·.· · · · : . ..· ;. : ·. . 1:1ot.-: : · . : -1 . .-. :-..·.. ;:::·..: ·. ·, : .. ,-:,- .-:· ·:;'.·:�:.::�·.-;::'.: .. ..://,,.>·....:·::- ..!k'i';'..:,:._._.'j.,_·+;..-::+. . :"t . - J..!.:...�-.. .-,· ::-· -:· .·:.:-:c·;:_,+':, .;, ., :1 -:1�: . :-,;·:-:. :..'..,.'._�.:._;.,.:.� . . Use Modal Example t ·� r';f� Expressing certainty (or nea r certai nty) a bout now must can't That must be the district n urse at the door. ,:;. ;. These can't I couldn't be the pills; they're the wrong colour. .:· '. or genera l ly couldn't " 'i. -'/. X; Expressing certai nty (or must ·: 1 ;: can't She must have been in a lot ofpain. �; nea r certa inty) a bout the His leg can't I couldn't have been in plaster for two years! j :� couldn't �:;,.' past / (+ perfect infinitive) 'f. ;; ir ·:/• Expressing probability should You ought to I should feel better in a few days, as long as you tff : a bout now, the future or )' ; genera lly �: :� ', ought to get lots of rest. .::� t· 1J. should (! '·;.% Expressing p robability The bruise ought to I should have disappeared days ago. I i'� ought to ,:: . . , a bout the past wonder why it didn't. (+ perfect i nfi nitive) 1:(· �;' could · Expressing possibility a bout You should talk to your doctor first because that diet could I ; may , ; , n ow, the future or genera l ly may I might be dangerous. might ) ' �· r could ri;.. .;· Expressing possibi lity a bout may That could I may I might have been the doctor who rang ': the rea I pa st might earlier while we were out. : (+ perfect infinitive) P,· :j Expressing possibi l ity a bout a hypothetica l past could might It's a good thing you wen t to the doctor or you could I might have become quite ill. i,; · I• '1. (+ perfect infinitive) .'/ • •..;:.i.'. '. ; h." ' ·.��/.• ' '• ,' •.:·. •• :-.:;�·".'.·.";:.- :�.·;1. ... .':'-..- · .- . •.' '-"' , /'·.� · -· . • . .' ...:.:; ... :-_i. .-,,:. .;-. -.�·· ._,,._. ., 'T'•, .. . .... ... ... , ...:<--· .-. . ......-r . ,, - ;. .. . ......- ... .-...... ... ; ..-.-,1 . .- • • ... ... .. > . · " .-. ·:. - :•:",'..;. " .;•:;',:· .�·. , .. '· :•; , •. :.-/ ;,,; c_..,.,. �"• . •. ,, · �.. , : , .... .. .... :.·:··.. · :, .. . -....,. · ·:.-· :. . · :·• ·:: · · .;;·:. ".�·;_'f';'- F.' -', • :·: I . ,� . • • • i<,-'. • • ..--.:-'-:: ( · .'·':'• : '.·,.'·'.· 79 Unit 1 3 Grammar ,t ----· ! - ---- · ---------·----..---· -· -- · ---- --- ---·-------------------·---·---------- ----· -----··----------····------- -·,: - . l A If a word or phrase in bold is correct, put a tick (..") . If it is incorrect, rewrite it correctly on the l i ne. 1 Can you to speak French? ................................................. . 2 I can give you a hand tomorrow morni ng, if you l i ke. ................................................. . 3 I'l l can ta ke my driving test after a few more lessons . ................................................. . 4 Jack can play the guitar before he l earnt to tal k! .................................................. 5 If only I can afford to buy that top! .................................................. 6 We can have gone u p the Eiffel Tower while we were i n Paris, but we decided to go to the Louvre instead . ................................................. . 7 I could get a more expensive computer, but it d id n't seem worth it . ................................................ . 8 I wish I could get out of the maths test tomorrow! ................................................. . 9 I bet you'd love to be can to get satellite TV. ................................................. . 10 You'd better tel l the coach if you can't playing on Satu rday. ................................................ .. B Circle the correct word or p h rase . If both options a re correct, c i rcle both . 1 Hello. Could I Can I speak to Mrs Joh nson, please? 2 We could I were allowed to go home early yeste rday because our teacher was il l. 3 The head teacher said we could I were allowed to go h ome. 4 Do you think I should I could be worried a bout these spots on my forehead ? 5 You ought to I should enter that ta lent contest! 6 You couldn't I shouldn't ta l k to people like that! It's rude! 7 Alan should write I have written two essays in the exa m yesterday, not one! 8 No, you may I should not go out tonight. You know you're grou nded! 9 Diana should have waited I been waiting for me at the corner. I wonder where she went. 10 What were you doing i n the pa rk? You ought to have done I been doing you r homework then! 11 Yes, of cou rse you can I are able to open the window if you're too hot! C Write a form of must, have to, need or need· to i n each ga p to co mplete the sentences . If more than one possibi l ity is correct, write a l l possi bil ities. 1 Oh, I .................................................. remem ber to get some potatoes on the way home tonight. 2 Jason .................................................. see the head master du ring the next break. I wonder what it's a bout? 3 We .................................................. light lots of candles during the power cut two nights ago. 4 I'l l .................................................. sta rt doing my Ch ristmas ca rds soon. It's nea rly December. 5 Ca rl, you .................................................. ru n into the street like that without looking fi rst. It's dangero us! 6 People with solar-powered cars .................................................. w_o rry a bout the price of petrol . 7 I wou ld n't like to .................................................. get up at five o'clock every morn ing. 8 We .................................................. do any washing-up after the picn ic because we'd used d isposable plates and cutlery. . . . . 9 D o pro1ess1ona � I mus1c1ans .................................................. practise every d ay.? 10 I .................................................. have bothered cooking a l l that food; they'd eaten before they arrived. 80 Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 1 3 D Com plete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a simila r mea n i ng to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words i n each ga p. 1 His lights are on so I'm pretty sure Dan is at home. as Dan his lights are on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 2 Susie's car's not here so she's almost certainly taking Dabber to the vet. be Susie ....................................................................................... Dabber to the vet since her ca r's not here. 3 There's no way that boy's Simon. He's m uch tal ler! boy That ....................................................................................... Simon. H e's m uch taller! 4 I'm certain the Wi n ners don't think we're coming tonig ht; we arranged it for next Tuesday. expecting The Winners ....................................................................................... tonight; we arranged it for next Tuesday. S I bet you were exhausted after such a long jou rney! have You ....................................................................................... exha usted after such a long journey! 6 The only expla nation is that Evan was on the phone to someone i n Austra lia! talking Eva n ....................................................................................... on the phone to someone in Australia! 7 There's no way Casey won the d isco da ncing competition - he's got two left feet! have Casey ....................................................................................... the disco dancing com petition - he's got two left feet! 8 I don't bel ieve Helen's been trying to cal l us all day. The phone hasn't rung once. been Helen ....................................................................................... to ca l l us all d ay. The phone hasn't rung once. E Use the words i n the box only once to complete the sentences i n Tab le A. The mean i ng of the sentences in Tab le B wi l l help you . able •cannot • could • had • have • might • must needn't • mustn't • ought • should • will Table A Table B 1 I ......................... have left my bag on the b us. expressing certain ty 2 In a few months, I'll be ......................... to buy a ca r. expressing future ability 3 I ......................... drive when I was thirteen yea rs old! expressing past ability 4 No, you ......................... have any more pocket money! refusing a request s I think you ......................... consider a career in the giving advice armed forces. 6 I ......................... forget to phone Julie tonight! expressing personal obligation expressing external obligation in 7 I ......................... to have a fi l l ing at the dentist's. the past 8 You d on't ......................... to d o Exercise D for expressing a lack of obligation homework. 9 You ......................... have to work a lot harder if you expressing future obligation wa nt to get a good report. 10 They ......................... to arrive at a bo ut 8. expressing probability 11 Sean ......................... have got stuck in traffic. expressing possibility 12 1 have worried so m uch a bout Jan's ......... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . expressing a lack of past present. She loved it! obligation 81 Unit 1 3 Grammar - .. .. _,..,_,,,.._... ... . ... .. �.. - -.. · ---· -- ... ·�- - .. � � F Circle the correct answer. 1 ............ I have a look at those shoes i n 6 We could n't fi nd a h otel room so we the window, please? ............ sleep in the ca r. It was awful! A Must A must B Would B should c Should c had to D Could D could 2 We ............ pay for the tickets as Josie 7 We'd love to ............ afford to go on a won them i n a competition. round-the-world cruise. A mustn't A can B did n't have to B be able to c could n't c wi ll have to D had n't to D have to 3 You rea l ly ............ make such a 8 Fiona ca n't ............ about the meeti ng. I mountain out of a molehill! reminded her this morning! A can't A forget B won't B be forgetting c mightn't c have forgotten D shouldn't D have been forgetting 4 You won't ............ to connect to the 9 She could ............ in the garage when I nternet once you've got broad band as we came round, which would explain you're online twenty-fou r hours a day. why she didn't hear the bel l . A need A work B must B be working c ought c have worked D able D have been worki ng 5 I hope we ............ find the ci nema easily. 10 You'll ............ tel l the pol ice that you r A could house was broken into. B may A have to c might B must D can c had to D should G Write a modal or sem i - moda l in each gap to replace the phrase in brackets . Add any other words you need . 1 Bruce ............ . ..................................... (is able to) fi nish most crosswords in under ten minutes. 2 Charlotte did n't get to the Craig David concert beca use she ........... ...................................... . (wasn't able to) get tickets. 3 I .................. .. .............................. (had the opportunity to go) to Oxford but I decided to go to a more modern university. 4 You ....................................... . .......... (were wrong to tem Ang us. You know he ca n't keep a secret! 5 If you have a cashpoint ca rd, you .................. . ....................... .. . (are not forced to) go into the . . . .. bank to get money from you r account. 6 We .................................................. (were made to) apologise to the police for wasting thei r ti me. 7 That ................................................. (almost definitely wasn't) the last ca n of soda in the fridge. I . bought loads this morning! 8 .................................................. ( Were you obliged to) tal k about two photog raphs d u ring the interview? 9 Ch ildren .............. ................................... (are not allowed to) be left u nattended. . 10 The weather ...... ........ . .................................. (will probably) be good tomorrow. . 82 Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 1 3 H Choose the correct answer. Choosing to go to a gym regu larly (1 ) ............ change you r l ife for the better. Don't let it be a decision you reg ret! Good gyms have a lot to offer. They (2) ............ provide exercise equipment that is just too expensive to buy and their tra ined staff a re (3) . ...... . . to provide quality hea lth and fitness advice. But if you're . . . planning to join a gym, you (4) ............ defi nitely ask to l ook round before you become a member. There are a number of thi ngs to bea r i n mind before choosing which gym to join. Before the law changed a few years ago, anyone (5) ............ set up a gym and even today gyms (6) ............ employ tra i ned fitness instructors. Find o ut what qualifications the staff have. If they're untrained, it's best to go elsewhere. You (7) ............ be put off by the gym's hard sel l . J ust because they want you to sign up - they want you r money, after a l l - that doesn't mean you (8) ............ decide there and then. See a few gyms before you ma ke you r final decision. Ask you rself: What kind of equ ipment a nd facil ities do they have? There's l ittle point joining a gym and then thinking a few month s later, 'I (9) ............ have chosen a gym with a pool.' Do you (1 O) .......... . book equipment in advance, or ca n you j ust turn up and use it? How busy does the . gym get? It (1 1 ) ............ be very pleasant turning up to find there's no room in the changing room and th ere's a h uge queue for each piece of eq uipment. It (1 2) ............ a lso be a good idea to tal k to peop le who already go to that gym to fi nd out their opinion. 1 A must B wou ld c should D wi l l have to 2 A can B could c would D must 3 A made B forced c a l lowed D able 4 A should B would c mig ht D wil l 5 A ca n B could c mig ht D may 6 A mustn't B don't have to c can't D should n't 7 A mustn't B couldn't c won't D mig htn't 8 A can't B can c would D have to 9 A ought to B m ust c have to D ca n't 10 A able B must c have to D allowed 11 A won't have to B doesn't have to c mustn't D won't 12 A must B might c has to D ought to I Write one word i n each ga p. When I broke my arm a week ago, I guess it (1 ) ........ ................ to have hurt. But it d idn't! We were . doing PE at school, and we were making a pyramid. We (2) ........ .............. to sta nd on each other's .. . shoulders. I was rig ht at the top. We (3) ......................... have been doing it properly beca use suddenly the pyramid col lapsed and we all fel l . I la nded on my arm . M r Jenkins (4) ......................... have known im med iately that I'd broken my arm beca use he sent someone to cal l an ambulance.'Sit stil l, and don't move you r a rm at a l l until the ambulance comes,' he said. I (5) ................ ....... sti l l remember the feel ing - my a rm was numb, and l ooked very strange, .. but there was no pain at all. I remem ber thinking: 'lt (6) ......................... be broken. If it was broken, I'd be in agony.' I suppose not feeling any pain (7) ......................... have been because I was in shock. The plaster (8) ......................... come off in about th ree weeks but it (9) ........................ have to stay on . l onger. It depends on whether the break has hea led properly or not.The next three weeks may (1 0) ......................... be the best three weeks of my l ife - no basketba l l, no playing in the playg round, no swimming - but I'm counting my blessings. It (1 1 ) ........ . ................ have been a lot worse! 83 I Unit 14 .... Voca6u la11 • Health and fitness - Topic vocabulary i n con�rast see page 1 9 1 for definitions prescription I recipe thin I slim infection I pol l ution operation I surgery remedy I cure I thera py plaster I bandage sore I hurt I pai n effect I result ward I clinic ill ness I disease hea lthy I fit dose I fix injured I damaged examine I investigate fever I rash Phrasal verbs break out start suddenly (for a wa r, fi re, etc) give up stop d oing sth you do reg u larly bring on ca use (a n i l l ness, etc) look after take ca re of come down with start to suffer from a minor i l l n ess pass out sudde n ly become u nconscious come round/to become conscious pull through su rvive (a serious illness, etc) cut down (on) do less of (smoking, etc); red u ce a n a mount of put down kill (a sick/old a n imal) feel up to feel wel l enough to do put on gain (weig ht) get over recover from (an i l l ness, etc) wear off stop being effective (for a d rug, etc) Phrases and collocations alternative alternative medicine/thera py; fi nd a n a lternative (to sth) appointment ma ke/have/break a n a p pointment bath have/ta ke a bath; run a bath (for sb) danger i n danger; out of d a ng er exercise do an exercise; do exercise; take/get (some) exercise fit get/stay/keep/be fit; fit and hea lthy good do sb good; sth d oes you good ; g ood for sb (to do) health in good/bad/poor/etc health; hea lth centre; health ca re injection have an i njectio n (for/against sth); g ive sb an injection medicine ta ke/prescribe med icine; practise/study medici ne; the best m ed icine; alternative medicine shape get in/into sha pe; stay/keep in shape; the sha pe of sth; in the sha pe of spread spread sth; spread sth over/on sth; spread to a place Word patterns addicted to sth need to do; need d oi ng; in need of; no need for attempt to d o operate o n sb/sth benefit from sth; a benefit of sth suffer from sth; suffer sth com plain (to s b) (a bout sth/sb doing); com plain of sth tired of sth/doing cope with sth/doing try to do; try sth/sb/d oi ng; try and d o inject sth into sth/sb worry about sth/sb d oing; worried that; worried a bout/by lead to sth/(your) d oing worth sth/doing likely to d o; it is ( un)likely that Word formation allergy a l lergic fit u nfit, fitness poison poisonous, poisoning aware u naware, awa reness ill i l l ness recover recovery benefit beneficial i nject i njectio n strong strength, strengthen, strongly comfort discomfort, injure inj ury, i nj u ries surgery surgeon, surgica l(ly) (un)comforta ble, (u n)comforta bly operate o peration, o perator, operati ng, emphasis e m phasise, e m phatic treat treatment cooperate, cooperation, ( u n)cooperative 84 Health and fitness Unit 1 4 Topic vocabulary i n contrast A Complete using the correct form of the words i n the box . 1 My doctor said I have to stay in bed and gave me a ................................................. . for some medici ne. prescription 2 You must give me the .................................................. for that wonderful chocolate recipe cake you made! 3 Many rock stars seem to end u p in drug .................................................. . remedy 4 Do you think a .................................................. for cancer wil l ever be found? cure 5 My g randma uses an old-fashioned .................................................. for her arth ritis. therapy 6 I l ifted my shirt so the doctor could .................................................. my chest. examine 7 Pol ice have beg un to .................................................. the break-in at the hospital. investigate 8 My mu m's thinking of having an .................................................. to have her nose operation straightened. surgery 9 Dr Key told the old man that he needed .................................................. on his leg. 10 My a rm is real ly .................................................. and I can't move it. pain 11 Mind you don't .................................................. you rself! Oh, too late. Sorry. sore 12 I had a really bad .................................................. in my foot so I decided to see a doctor. hurt B Circle the correct word . 1 Tim looks rea l ly pale and thin I slim. I'm worried he might be ill. 2 It's im portant to eat a fit I healthy diet with lots of vegetables. 3 After picki ng the flowers, I noticed I h ad a fever I rash all over my hands. 4 When I broke a rib, I had to wear a bandage I plaster a round my chest. 5 Make sure you wash you r cut properly so that you don't get a/an infection I pollution. 6 Half an hour after taking the pill, I began to feel the results I effects. 7 The doctor walked along the ward I clinic, chatting to a l l the patients she passed. 8 Two people h ave been slig htly injured I damaged i n an accident on the M l . 9 It's good for children to get m inor diseases I illnesses, such as colds. 10 The medicine bottle said the recom mended dose I fix was two teaspoons twice a day. Phrasal verbs C Co mplete each second sentence using the word given , so that it has a similar mea n i ng to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap. 1 Dan coul dn't work because he caught the flu. down Da n , wh ich mea nt he cou ldn't work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 2 If you smoke, then stoppi ng can rea l ly i mprove you r health. up If you ....................................................................................... , you'l l real ly improve you r health. 3 We asked the vet to ki l l the dog to stop her suffering any longer. put We asked the vet ................................................................................... to stop her suffering any longer. 4 I don't really have enough energy to play tennis. up I don't really ....................................................................................... ten nis. 5 Is it true that getting wet can cause a cold? on Is it true that getti ng wet can ....................................................................................... a cold? 6 The flu epidemic started suddenly in June and lots of people got ill. out Lots of people got i l l when the flu epidemic ................................................................................. in June. 85 Unit 1 4 Vocabulary D Write a phrasa l verb i n the correct form to replace the words in bold . 1 Gill slowly .................................................. after the operation . (became conscious) 2 My dad is trying to .................................................. on smoking. (do less) 3 I think the medici ne is begin ning to (stop being effective) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Bil l decided that he needed to go on a diet after .................................................. weig ht. (gaining) 5 It was so hot in the stadium that a n u m ber of people . . . . . . . .. . .. .................... ................ ... (became unconscious) 6 I finally ................ . ... . ............................. the col d that I had had all week. (recover from) 7 We thought we were going to lose our horse when he got ill, but he managed to .................................................. . (survive) 8 My dentist told me to .................................................. my teeth. (take care of) Phrases and collocations E Choose the correct answer. 1 Let me ............ you a nice wa rm bath and you'l l feel a lot better. A ma ke B ru n C get D build 2 When the snake bit Mike i n the forest, he knew he was . . . . . . . serious danger. A to B with C on D in 3 Bei ng ............ an injection wasn't as pai nful as I thought it was going to be. A given B done C made D taken 4 H el lo? Yes, I'd like to ............ an appoi ntment for tomorrow with Dr Fletcher, please. A form B do C break D make 5 My g ra ndfather's over 95 and is ............ pretty poor health these days. A on B to C with D in 6 I was told to ............ the medicine three times a day, before mea ls. A take B eat C get D do 7 I like to ............ fit by going to the gym at least twice a week. A conti nue B make C keep D set 8 Eat you r vegetables.They'l l ............ you good. A make B get C have D do 9 The key to losi ng weight is to ............ more exercise. A get B make C go D create 1O You shou l d try to ............ an a lternative to a l l those sugary snacks you eat. A make B find C ta ke D do 11 I'm going to make a rea l effort to get ............ shape for the summer. A on B to C in D from 12 Try spreading someth ing low fat ............ you r bread instead of butter. A in B through C a round D on Word patterns F Match to make sentences . 1 It is said that people who eat poorly a re likely ........... . A on with l asers these days? 2 Did you know that you can have you r eyes operated B going to the gym more often? C losing a bit of weig ht. 3 I'm getting rea l ly tired of ........... . D telling my dad to give u p smoking. 4 Why don't you try ........... . E to have health problems later in life. 5 It rea l ly is worth ........... . ',• : 86 Health and fitness Unit 1 4 G Water has damaged part of th is text about the drug problem. Read it and decide what you th ink each of the original words was. Write the words in the b lank spaces. THE DRUG PROBLEM >, · .�� Many people today a re worried- ..ii?r.-=-drugs. It seems that more 1 ....... . ................. and more people a re becoming addicted· ;;'f'ir:-=-substances, such as 2 .. . .. . ....... ... .... ..... heroine and cocaine, that damage their health. But what leads ·.:;;:ifir. = 3 ......................... people becoming addicts? What ma kes someone inject a drug ·-=..;,._.r =­ 4 ................... . ..... their veins? Is it because of their ina bil ity to cope- ::;::a4'r. ::-pro blems in 5 .............. ........... thei r everyday l ives? One thing is for sure. When we complain -713fir. C­ 6 ......................... the problems caused by hard d rugs, we need-o;:!¥br.-=-remember that 7 ························· tl people suffer-;;:4'r.7a l l kinds of health problems caused by legal 8 · ·· · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · d rugs, such as alcohol and tobacco. We wou ld all benefit--rjjj'ir.-C-more 9 ......................... education and the govern ment should attempt--::;:"jfir_-C:-make sure we 10 ................. . ....... a l l know the risks involved. '·.... . .. . ,;.,...,.. �--------..... .......... .. ·� . . ,..• • ·o u, . • · Word formation H Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word i n capita l s when th is is necessary. 1 Most people seem to be ............................... of the harmful effects of their diet. (AWARE) 2 I'm ............................... to pea nuts so I have to be very careful what I eat. (ALLERGY) 3 Jade's ............................... tu rned out to be much m ore serious than a nyone imagined. (ILL) 4 Did you know Australia has the hig hest number of ............................... species of snake? (POISON) 5 After a couple of weeks, the plaster cast on my leg became rea l ly ............................... and I cou ld n't wait to ta ke it off. (COMFORT) 6 I was rea l ly impressed by the ............................... levels of a l l the ath letes. (FIT) 7 Luckily, Ted's ............................... weren't serious. (INJURE) 8 Working out ca n really ............................... you r muscles. (STRONG) I Use the word given i n ca pita l s at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits i n the gap in the same l i ne. The no-surgery solution! These days, it seems there's a n ( 1 ) ............................... for everything. Whether you want something made smal ler or you wa nt to (2) ............................ ... you r best features, you can bet that plastic (3) . . ............................. claim to have the sol ution. We at BodySculpt know, though, that you don't want the (4) .............................. . associated with surgery. B ut you can't enjoy the (5) ............................... effects without going under the knife, can you? Yes! No need for (6) .............................. . proced u res with a long (7) . .............................. period ! Our unique service consists of a series of (8) ............................... that wil l give you the results you've always wa nted ! Cal l now and spea k to one of our (9) ............................... . --·�....... _ ' >- __ · ,,r*-'- ·--- ball)U_ ____.__ w_... __ _ . ._ .�� '<; --------4 .._.._ __ _____* _' -------------------- t 1 1 1 87 A U se the word given i n ca pita l s at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits i n the ga p i n the same l i ne. SCO R P I O N F I S H ... :;.'... ..,......,._ ,. Have you ever heard of scorpion fish? I was completely (1 ) ............................... AWARE ·- they existed until I trod on one in the sea. I can't (2) ............... ............. .. enough . EMPHASIS . how painful it was! The fish has a spike which g ives you an (3) ............................... INJECT of a (4) .. . . . ..... ............ ... . ..... su bstance. It's not dangerous, but you begin to feel POISON extrem ely (5) . .. ............ ................ , and the pain just gets worse and worse. Luckily, COMFORT there was a doctor on the beach - she was a (6) ..................... .. . ....... at the local SURGERY ,,, hospital - and she told me what the best (7) ................... .. ......... was. I had to bathe . TREAT l � my foot in warm, salty water and then apply an a mmonia-based solution. � •' After my hol iday, my foot stil l seemed to be a l ittle i nfected, so my local ,, GP gave m e a (8) .................... .......... for antibiotics. Unfortunately, it tu rned out . PRESCRIBE ii >l( .f! ,,. I was (9) ...... ........................ to them, so I came out i n a red rash all over my body. . ALLERGY ..� It was over a week before I had made a complete (1 0) ............................... . \� � RECOVER · ..; ---- f( ---- · , .. . ,. ,. ,.......... ...,. ..... i; .. ....... - ·v ..,.�"' ( 1 m a r k p e r a n sw e r) B Com p lete the second sentence u si ng the word given , so that it has a si mi lar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words i n each ga p. 11 Thankful ly, Adrian doesn't need to have an operation. no Thankful ly, there ....................................................................................... to have an operation. 1 2 The minister had to resign because of ill health. led I l l health ....................................................................................... resignation. 1 3 You won't benefit from seeing the doctor if you've just got a cold. worth It ....................................................................................... the doctor if you've just got a cold. 1 4 I'm seeing the nutritionist at th ree tomorrow. appointment .. . I've ....................................................................................... t h e nutnt1on1st at t h ree tomorrow. 1 5 I don't want to be a vegan any more! tired I ....................................................................................... a vegan! 1 6 You r a rm probably won't heal before the match on Saturday. unlikely You a rm ....................................................................................... heal before the match on Saturday. 1 7 I wish I could do a hundred press-ups in one go. able I'd love ....................................................................................... a h undred press-ups in one go. 1 8 Do you think I should reduce the amount of chocolate I eat? on Do you think I should ............................................................................... chocolate? ( 1 m a rk p e r a n s we r) C Write a p h rasal verb i n the correct form to replace the words i n bold . 19 Dan's ............................................ flu, so he can't come to work today. (started to suffer from) 20 It took Shirley a long time to ............................................ the death of her hamster. (recover from) 21 Many people feel sick when they ............................................ after a general anaesthetic. (regain consciousness) 22 It was so hot and stuffy, I nearly ............................................ . (suddenly lost consciousness) 23 Fern's ............................................ a lot of weight recently. (gained) 24 Disease is more l i kely to ............................................ in areas of extreme poverty. (suddenly start) 25 I don't know what's been my terrible headaches. (causing) . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . ....... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 My grandfather's d ecided to ............................................ red meat completely. (stop eating) ( 2 m a r k s p e r a n sw e r) D Choose the correct answer. 27 1............ have joined a gym but in the 31 You ............ have huge muscles to look end I decided to exercise at home. good, you know! A must A don't have to B could B mustn't c will c can't D may D shouldn't 28 'I've been feeling under the weather 3 2 That ............ be Ted at the door. He's in recently.' bed with chicken pox. I 'Viou ............ more exercise. A hasn't to • A should get B oughtn't to B should have got c mustn't c would get D can't D would have got 3 3 You must ............ thrilled when the 29 'It was hard work getting back from doctor said it wasn't serious. the hospital with my leg in plaster.' A be 'You should ............ me. I'd have picked B have been you up.' c be being A call c have cal led D have been being B be calling D have been calling 34 'Colin's got to stay in bed for eight 30 ............ write with you r left hand when weeks.' you broke your arm? 'I'd hate to ............ do that.' A Did you had to A will have to B Did you have to B must c Needed you to c have to D Must you D will ( 1 m a r k p e r a n swe r) E Choose the correct answer. 35 The doctor ............ the cut on my knee 39 Diana looks terribly ............ . You don't and said it had completely healed up. think she's ill, do you? A investigated c examined A slim c slender B researched D looked into B thin D slight 36 Dr Parker gave my m u m a lovely ............ 40 Some drugs produce bad side ............ . for spaghetti carbonara. A consequences C resu lts A recipe c receipt B products D effects B prescription D paper 41 I was very sad when the vet said he'd 37 My feet are ............ . I guess my new have to ............ Gertie, our labrador. shoes are a bit tight. A put down c feel up to A hurt c ache B pull through D wear off B pain D sore 42 Going on this diet has real ly ............ 38 I was shocked when I crashed the car, me good. I've lost weight and I feel but at least I wasn't ............ . fa ntastic! A i njured c broken A made c done B damaged D spoilt B taken D had ( 1 m a rk p e r a n s w e r) To t a l m a r k : . . . . . . I A Choose the correct answer. The development of writing (1 ) ............ a huge difference to the world and we might see it as the beginning of the (2) ....... .... . Pieces of pottery with marks on that are probably numbers have been . (3) ............ in China that date from around 4000 BC. Hieroglyphics and other forms of'pictu re writing' developed in the (4) ............ around Mesopotamia (modern-day I raq), where the (5) ......... .. Sumerian . civilization was based, from around 3300 BC onwards. However, the fi rst (6) ............ alphabet was used by the Phoenicians a round 1 050 BC. Their alphabet had 22 letters and it is (7) ............ that it lasted for 1 OOO years. The first two signs were cal led 'aleph' and 'beth: which in Greek became 'alpha' and 'beta: which gave us the (8) ............ word 'alphabet The modern European al phabet is based on the Greek and (9) .. ......... to other European countries . under the Romans. A nu mber of changes took (1 O) ............ as time (1 1 ) ............ . The Romans added the letter G, and the letters J and V were (1 2) ............ to people in Shakespeare's time. If we (1 3) ............ the history of punctuation, we also find some interesting facts. The Romans used to write quaesto at the end of a sentence in (1 4) ............ to show that it was a question.They started to write Qo in (1 5) ............ of the whole word, and then put the Q above the o. In the end, that became the q uestion mark '?'. 1 A did B had c made D took 2 A media B bulletin c programme D journalism 3 A invented B displayed c discovered D appeared 4 A d istance B a rea c length D earth 5 A antique B old-fashioned c ancient D dated 6 A true B accurate c exact D precise 7 A observed B measu red c counted D estimated 8 A new B trendy c modern D fashionable 9 A spread B appeared c was D occurred 10 A place B part c control D account 11 A spent B passed c went D developed 12 A infamous B unpopular c u nknown D hidden 13 A look into B bring on c make off D hold up 14 A turn B fact c order D intention 15 A position B space c spot D place ( 1 m a rk per a n swer) B Choose the correct answer. 16 I was disappointed that the restau rant 19 Grace thi nks she's very ............ , but I had ............ flowers on the table. don't think many people like her, really. A false C a rtificial A famous c recogn isable B u ntrue D forged B known D popular 17 Sarah and Michael's ............ seems to 20 I glanced at the newspaper and saw make both of them unhappy. that the ............ said 'President Resigns� A con nection c relationship A headline c head ing B bond D link B subtitle D chapter 18 Anybody found stealing from this shop 21 I f our flight i s delayed, will we ............ wil l be ............ . our connection in Los Angeles? A prosecuted c provoked A d rop c lose B persuaded D persecuted B miss D lack . .. 90 .... Units 1 -1 4 Progress Test 22 The doctor told Bill that he needed 24 I think my favou rite ............ is probably ............ on his arm. table tennis. A operation C remedy A athletics C sport B surgery D cure B exercise D gym 23 The judge looked at the ............ and 25 The actor, Michael Read, was today reminded him that he had to tell the ............ with robbery. whole truth. A charged C a rrested A bystander C witness B accused D suspected B onlooker D viewer ( 1 m a r k p e r a n s w e r) C Write one word in each ga p. Your first telescope Many people look up at (26) ....... . .. ........... night sky and become fascinated by the wonders of the . . . .. universe. (27) ............... ......... that sounds like you, then perhaps it's time you got you r own telescope. . Astronomy (28) ......................... be a g reat hobby and we've provided this simple guide for those of you thinking of (29) ......................... it u p. What if I don 't have much money ? Try a pair of binoculars. You can still see a lot, as (30) . .. . .................. as you don't expect to see so . . . (31 ) ............... .. .. detail. Explore the Moon and the stars - and who knows? You might .. .... (32) ......................... discover a comet! Remember, though, that you (33) ......................... never look at the Sun directly through binoculars or a telescope. What kind of telescope do I need? Depending on what you want to do, you need to choose (34) . .. ..... .............. a refracting and a . . . reflecting telescope. A refracting telescope (with two glass lenses) is (35) . .............. ...... g reat .. . . way of quickly (36)) . . ................... you r way around the heavens. As well as more stars .. . . (37) ......................... you can i magine, there are the planets to explore! You should have no difficulty (38) ......................... finding Mars and even Saturn, with its fantastic rings. If you want to really explore the universe, then you (39) ......................... need a reflecting telescope (with a m irror). These telescopes a re much (40) ......................... at collecting light and allow you to see things in a mazing d etail! Whatever you decide, welcome to the wonderful world of astronomy! '----·- � ., ( 1 m a r k p e r a n swe r) D Choose the correct answer. 41 I think the discussion has gone on ............ and we should make a decision. A enough long B such long C long enough D so long 42 'Did you cal l John?' 'No, because I ............ go out. I'll try him later today.' A had to B m ust C might D need There ............ be a lot more open space a round here before they built the new underg round station. A woul d B used to C used D got used to If you hadn't lost the pieces, we ............ a game of chess. A couldn't have had B can't have C may have D could have 91 �--�- - ----��- · ·---�-- -�-- ---- - Progress test Units 1 -1 4 -" .. 45 'Why a re you taking your PlayStation games?' 'Oh, just ............ Tommy wants to borrow them.' A as l ong as B in case C provided that D unless 46 I suppose we really ............ to book our ferry tickets i n advance. A should B can C must D oug ht 47 I'm afraid we've run out of ............ this week, so we'll see you at the same time tomorrow for It's Worth a Million! A the time B some time C time D a time 48 The man might have got away with the crime if the policeman ............ him. A wasn't seeing B hadn't seen C didn't see D wouldn't have seen 49 'I've been reading a g reat book.' 'I seem to be ............ busy to find the time for reading these days.' A so B too C such D enough 50 The hotel has a poor reputation and ............ people want to stay there. A l ittle B a few C a l ittle D few ( 1 m a rk per a n swer) E Match to make sentences . There is one extra letter you wi l l not use. 51 The Pattersons have decided to pull ............ A down to France or Spain for this 52 Mr Greene seems to find it difficult to get ............ summer's holiday. 53 We haven't made a final decision, but we've B up the train times on the I nternet. narrowed it ........... . C up with the idea of going to Poland. 54 Dad thought it might be a good idea to D out with Dave over their holiday plans. look ........... . E on with our holiday as if nothing had 55 It seems that Matt has fal len ............ happened. 56 I think it was Bob who came ........... . F out of our trip together because Angie's 57 The holiday started okay and then turned ............ got a fever. G i nto a bit of a nightmare when our luggage got lost. H on with people from other countries. ( 1 mark per a nswer) F Complete the second sentence using the word given , so that it has a similar mean ing to the first sentence. Write between two a nd five words i n each gap. 58 I lost my keys once before this month. second This is the ....................................................................................... my keys this month. 59 I started playing squash six years ago. for I ....................................................................................... six years. 60 I can't wait until I'm old enough to go to a match on my own. forward I'm really ....................................................................................... old enough to go to a match on my own . 61 Accidents a re often caused by careless d riving. results Ca reless d riving ....................................................................................... accidents. 62 It's a waste of time denying that you did it when we've got proof. point There ....................................................................................... that you did it when we've got proof. 92 Units 1 -14 Progress Test . ·' - ' � . \,., 63 Don't you wish you could travel into space? able Wouldn't you love ....................................................................................... into space? 64 I called the travel agent to check that I had the right timetable. make I called the travel agent to ....................................................................................... I had the right timetable. 65 I'm afraid you're too young to go down the water slide. old I'm afraid you ....................................................................................... to go down the water slide. 66 My mum says doctors weren't so expensive i n the past. used My mum says doctors ....................................................................................... so expensive. (2 ma rks per a nswer) G If a l i ne is correct, put a tick (.I) next to the number. If there is an extra word i n a l ine, write it next to the n u mber. Our media project 67 ......................... I had a g reat week at school! We were been having a media 68 ......................... studies lesson when our teacher told to us that we were going 69 ......................... to make a radio advert for the school! I was really keen on 70 ......................... to be involved because I've always had been i nterested in a 71 ......................... career in the television. She asked us to plan our advert i n 72 ......................... detail a nd to write a script. Most people fou nd i t out difficult 73 ......................... to come up with ideas, but I didn't. I d ecided that I would have 74 ......................... i nterviews with people who were used to go to the school, 75 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · ·· · · commenting on how they had benefited them from going to that 76 ......................... school. My teacher thought it was a g reat idea and said I should 77 ......................... to see if I could find some ex-students. I asked the head and 78 ......................... she gave me a few phone numbers. When I called them and 79 ......................... explained them what I wanted to do, they were all happy to .., 80 ......................... help. I am going to visit them with a tape recorder and record 81 .................. . ...... that what they say. Media studies is defi nitely turning out to be ' .· \ '" '\. my favourite subject! "':!.. . ..... ... ..'tlWr' 'TV•iii' 'ffMM" WWW ._,., •·y . . . · ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swer) H Use the word given in ca p itals at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits in the ga p i n the same l ine. DISHONEST AND DUMB ...�. ..t .,, '•. . Some (82} ............................... become known for thei r i ntell igence and avoid being CRIME caught for yea rs. Others a re just so stupid that it seems (83} ............................... . RIDICULE Take, for instance, one (84} ............................... , who decided that he was feeling a ROB l ittle tired half-way through burgling a house. Seeing the (85} .............................. . COMFORT bed, he decided to take a nap. It may seem (86} ............................... , but he was still BELIEF asleep when the owners got home! They (87} ..... . ......................... called the police, N ERVOUS ..r . who came to a rrest Sleeping Beauty right away! Another (88} .............................. . H UMOUR ..,: story is that of the man who stole a (89} ........................ ....... camera. He managed to SECURE ;! steal the camera (90} ............................... , but left the tape behind. It was used as EQUIP ,; . \ (91 } .. . ... . ................. ....... i n court because, of course, it showed him taking the camera! EVIDENT.;;: .,__"""" ...__ _ ; ....li!' �-- ..._ .•.--·:iwr_...__ _ _ _.,_ . -"" ....... . · ..- · ·- ·. - · '·� ·- --- ·-.... · ....11,,. ... 1 r '* · -� '" . v 11' . • w _. ....., • ( 1 m a rk per a nswer) To t a l m a r k : I 1 oo 93 ,. .Unit 1 5. • The passive / the causative / direct and indirect objects The passive ) Form noun + be i n the correct form + past participle (+ by/with + noun) Active Passive They grow bananas in am/is/are + past participle present simple tropical areas. Bananas are grown in tropical areas. They are redecorating the am/is/are + -ing + pa s t participle present continuous cafe. The cafe is being redecorated. present perfect Has anyone peeled the has/have + been + past participle simple carrots? Have the carrots been peeled? They served the meal in an was/were + past participle past simple elegant dining room. The meal was served in an elegant dining room. We asked for coffee while was/were + -ing + past participle past continuous they were preparing the bill. We asked for coffee while the bill was being prepared. has + been + past partici pie past perfect simple Someone had eaten all the food by the time I got there. All the food had been eaten by the time I got there. We will deliver your pizza in will + be + past participle will future forty minutes. Your pizza will be delivered in forty minutes. Overweight customers are is/are going to + be + past participle be going to future going to sue Burger/and. Burger/and is going to be sued by overweight customers. They will have harvested will + have + been + past participle future perfect all the grapes by the end of All the grapes will have been harvested by the end of simple September. September. You should brush the chicken modal + be + past participle modal breast with oil and then fry it. The chicken breast should be brushed with oil and then fried. modal + perfect They should have delivered modal + have + been + past p art ic ipl e infinitive the groceries by now. The groceries should have been delivered by now. I don't like people telling me being + past p a r tic i p le - ing (gerund) what to do in the kitchen. I don't like being told what to do in the kitchen . .... -1 Use Example t( :·. ,,y : When we don't know who does/d id something My groceries have been stolen! . i. When it's obvious who does/d id som ething A boy was arrested in town yesterday for stealing an apple. " When it's not important who does/d id something The French bistro is being knocked down. f� When we wa nt to emp hasise new i nformation or use a I; The potato was brought to Europe by Sir Walter Raleigh. formal styl e 1;· ' I • ; 1, ,._,:: . .:·: .��::: - ·,• : : ,'l. : ·'. ,- . ., : , :'. · i� · , ' ·, .",r, , _;, ··: ·., :.·, ... .. .. ·: ·.··1 , ' , J :, ·. . .. •• ••• , ; . ,•,-- ; ''.··.� '! ' "<;-:·1 .:1. .. . . ..:' :·, . . .....� . . .:·....- . '• .., '/ '• . -,,- ·:. · . "rN .,,-.-. _ • •:· ···':<:'I: '· . .....: .,... .,.. . :· ·, :, .�·" ... . .... : ; / � ·: •.', ·: ( ' :.,. " •.' . ··. ''- ;. .. · .� . · · ·. . . . · · •.-. · ·. . . . .. ... . . . ..� . · · ··: · · • We d o n ot norma l ly use verbs i n the passive i n the present perfect contin uous, past perfect \'\ out.\ contin uous, future contin uous or future perfect contin uous tenses. I nstead, we use a d ifferent phrase. �at.C .I The restaurant has been under construction for four yours. x +:ReFeste1JffilR�has '1eeR beiRgbuiltfeffe1Jf·j'eef5. .I Dave has been in training as a chef for three years. x DavehasbeeR beiRgtrainedasa cheffefthreeyears. • We only norma l ly use 'by' to say who did something when it is i mporta nt i nformation . .I Margarine was invented by a French chef. .I The best pizzas are made by the Italians. x Waiter.'Thissteakhas been o•,,ercoby oked someone. • We usua l ly use 'with' when we ta l k a bout the thing used to do someth ing . .I The soup should then be stirred with a spoon. x ThesoupshouldtheR bestirredbyespooR. • Some verbs a re not norma lly used in the passive.They i nclude i ntransitive verbs (without objects), such as appear a n d die, a nd some common tra nsitive verbs, such as have, let, lack, etc. 94 The passive / the causative / direct and indirect objects Unit 1 5 ( The impersonal passive ) To express other people's opinions i n a formal style, we can use two special forms of the passive. They can be used with a number of verbs, i ncluding: say, believe, think, claim, estimate, etc. Some other verbs (argue, suggest, calculate, etc) are usually used with only the second structure. Form noun + is/are said to + bare i nfinitive/perfect i nfinitive It is said that + clause Active Passive He is thought to be a great chef. People think he is a great chef. It is thought that he is a great chef. He is believed to have been a great chef. People believe he was a great chef. It is believed that he was a great chef. People claim he has had an influence on many other He is claimed to have had an influence on many other chefs. chefs. It is claimed that he has had an influence on many other chefs. He is said to have been making the best cheese in the area for over People say he has been making the best cheese in thirty years. the area for over thirty years. It is said that he has been making the best cheese in the area for over thirty years. His restaurant was estimated to be I to have been worth over $ 1 0 People estimated that his restauran t was worth over million. $ 7 O million. It was estimated that his restaurant was worth over $ 7 0 million. People have suggested that he is a great chef. It has been suggested that he is a great chef. ( The causative ) Form noun + have/get in the correct form + noun + past participle (+ by/with + noun) i'· : Use Example .. . I have my groceries delivered by the supermarket once a week. ;• We are having a new cooker put in tomorrow. \ To show that someone a rranges for someone · We had a large wedding cake made. : else to do something for them Have you had your kitchen decorated? '! ,. · ' We are going to have the food for the party made by a catering i company. � · '· To refer to a n un pleasant situation wh ich hasn't We had our herb garden vandalised while we were away. :)i been arra nged The Smiths have had their new microwave stolen. ., . .. � ... ..,.., . .._• .. •• . .. ··;. ... .. :::·. �· . ! . ;·· •. � ...... . . . ''."'' . :·. • ., ., i . . .· ·:. . . . .. . .., . . ',� :.�:·. : . -. ...:.... -, ... , � - '•. ... ... . ,. ,.... .. �-........ . --' . , . . ··. •: . .. •. ·: · . � ..:-: ·:FT: - . . .. . .. . ·. . . . • " · · :·>:· ., , ' •, . .... , . '.· · . .. ...... . . . .. . .. .. · ··· ·· •··· ·· · . . .. ... .. · . • ''T . .. ·. ::·. ';· ·, ' . ·. ' · -� . ....-. ,· , :. . ·.·· . ' ..· ... .. • . •; . . . . . . . . .· . .. · Using the verb get is usua l ly more informal than using have. ./ Can you go and get this recipe photocopied for me? • We can a lso use get somebody to do and have somebody do when we wa nt to refer to the person we a rrange to do something for us . ./ Why don't you get the chef to prepare you a vegetarian meal? ./ Why don't you have the chefprepare you a vegetarian meal? ( Direct and indirect objects ) Some verbs can be fol lowed by both a direct and a n indirect object (usual ly a person). These verbs include: bring, buy, get, give, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, promise, send, show, take, teach, tell, write, etc. Active Passive We can put the i ndirect object either immediately The subject of the sentence can be either the indirect object after the verb, or at the end of the sentence with a or the d irect object of the active sentence. preposition (for/to, etc). My sister was given this cookery book by a friend. A friend gave my sister this cookery book. This cookery book was given to my sister by a friend. A friend gave this cookery book to my sister. 95 Unit 1 5 Grammar A Choose the correct word or phrase. 1 The prime minister was I has criticised for his recent actions. 2 When I wal ked past the Wilsons' house, their n ew sofa was I has being delivered. 3 Our teacher was I has told us to ta ke our favourite book to school tomorrow. 4 I think my mobile was I has been stolen! 5 Jonathan was I has chosen to play the lead role in the school play. 6 I'm sleeping downstairs because my bed room is being painted I has been painting. 7 This picture was I has probably taken d u ring the winter. 8 You r essays must be I have handed in on Friday morning. 9 Someone was I has left their wallet on the floor. 10 Did you hear about the ban k being I having robbed? 11 Treasure Island was I has written by Robert Louis Stevenson. 12 It was a real shock when my dad was I has fi red from his job. 13 The Vikings had visited America before it was I has d iscovered by Columbus. 14 When we got to the airport, we lea rned that ou r flight was I had been delayed. 15 Was I Has you r ticket for the concert tomorrow paid for by you or you r parents? B Complete using the correct passive form of the verbs i n brackets . 1 The Earth .............................. .. ............ (hold) by the g ravity of the Sun and orbits a round it. ..... . 2 The fi rst feature-length comedy fi l m ................ .. .............................. (create) by Charlie Chaplin. . . 3 The award for best video .................... ............................. (present) later this evening. . 4 By the time you read this, 1 ......... . ... .... .................. (arrest) for m u rder. .... ...... .. ... 5 I don't know whether our tests .................................................. (mark) yet or not. 6 Radio waves .................................................. (discover) by Marconi. 7 You wouldn't think it to look at him now, but Jack .......... .... ................................. (bully) when he . .. was at school. 8 Your appl ication .......... ....................................... (consider) and we will let you know as soon as . we've made a decision. 9 The roof of the car can .................................................. (lower) by pressing this button here. 10 Our tent ............................... .............. .. (blow) over i n the n ight by the wind. . . . 11 Chess . ........................................... .... (play} for a round two thousand years now. . . 12 Two men ....... ... ................................... .. (question) at this moment by police in connection with . . . the burglary. C Write sentences i n the passive. 1 Our car I service I a mechanic I at the moment. 2 A man I shoot I an air gun I outside the petrol station last night. 3 Gun powder I invent I the Chinese. 4 At the surgery yesterday, I I examine I Dr Peterson I and I I g ive I a prescription. 5 I went to see it because I I tell I it was a good fi l m I a l l my friends. 96 The passive / the causative / direct and indirect objects Unit 1 5 6 This photograph I take I my g randfather. 7 It looked like the window I break I a ham mer I some time before. 8 Our dog I give I an injection I a special syringe I the vet. 9 The winning goal in last night's match I score I Donatello I a brilliant free kick. 1O Your cheq ue I send I last Friday and I should I deliver I to you tomorrow. D Rewrite using the phrase given. 1 They have been building the new road for a long ti me now. (under construction) 2 They had been training the horse for the race for over a year. (in training) 3 They have been dicusssing the issue in Parliament. (under discussion) 4 They had been observing the criminal for the past two weeks. (under observation) 5 They have been using this plane for over 25 yea rs now. (in use) 6 They have been developing the Cyborg 0423 robot for over ten years. (in development) E Rewrite i n the passive starti ng with the words given. 1 People say that Bali is a beautifu l island. It .................... . . . .................................. . ...................................................................................................... . . 2 People generally think that life won't be found on Mars. It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 It is general ly said that Christmas is too commercialised. Christmas ................................................................................................................................................. . 4 People often a rgue that prison doesn't work. It .................... .... ................. . ..................................... .. ................................................................................ . S People have suggested that the school should start to produce a magazine. It ................................................................................................................................................................. . 6 People say that crocodile tastes like squid. Crocodile .................................................................................................................................................. . 7 It is said that the Vikings discovered America before Colu mbus. The Vikings ...................... ... ........................................................................ .. . .. ................................. . . .. ... . 8 People think that heart disease is caused by eating the wrong thi ngs. H eart disease .......................................................................................................................................... . 97 Unit 1 5 Grammar F Choose the correct answer. 1 We ............ a swimming pool put in this 6 Mum and Dad did n't fancy cooking, so week. we got a pizza ............ . A get A be delivered B a re having B to be delivered c have c delivered D have got D deliver 2 Why don't you get a doctor ............ at 7 You should ............ a professional to check you r arm? your house for earthquake damage. A to look A have B looked B make c look c take D be looking D get 3 My teeth were a l ittle yellow so I ............ 8 Kelly wanted to have a l ive band ............ by the dentist. at her wedding. A had cleaned them A to be played B have them cleaned B play c was cleaned them c played D had them cleaned D been playing 4 Stuart's thinking of having ............ ! 9 Can we ............ this sum mer? A shaved his head A get instal l ed air-conditioning B his head shaving B get air-conditioning to instal l c his head shaved c have instal l ed air-conditioning D shaved to his head D have air-conditioning installed 5 My sister ............ her ear pierced last 10 We ............ while we were on holiday. weekend. A were burgled our house A made B had our house burg l ed B got c had burgled our house c did D got burg led our house D took G Complete each second sentence u si ng the word given , so that it has a simi l ar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words in each ga p. 1 Someone has scratched my car on the door! been My car on the door! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Tommy is having an operation right now. being Tommy ....................................................................................... right now. 3 Has Fiona invited you to her party? been Have ....................................................................................... party? 4 Shakespeare probably wrote this play i n 1 587. written This play ....................................................................................... Shakespeare in 1 587. 5 The government is considering a new law to ban smoking following new research. considered A new law to ban smoking ....................................................................................... following new research. 6 My mum told me to go to Megagrocers. sent 1 my mum. . . • • . • . • . . . . . • • • • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • • . • • • • • . • . .• . • . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . • . . . . .. . . . . .• 7 I didn't u nderstand a word so I asked my teacher and she explained it to me. got I did n't understand a word so I it to me. ............................................. . . . . . . . . . ............. .............. ...... 98 The passive / the causative / direct and indirect objects Unit 1 5 H Find the extra word i n each l i ne. Wedding disaster ' ,, 1 · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · ···· My wedding had been being a rranged for months. I knew exactly what I ·> 2 wanted for that special day. I h ad the caterers to g ive me a menu and 3 have got them to provide me with samples so that I cou ld be sure we 4 ........................ . wou ld have the best food. I a lso wanted to have. us a string quartet play 5 ........................ . classical music and I arranged that, too. My dress was been being made ·,� 6 specially a nd I had told the dressmaker put silver th read in it. Final ly, the 7 ......................... big day got a rrived. My dress was being del ivered in the morning, but by 8 ten it stil l had n't a rrived. They called me a nd said it had been being , ;. 9 ......................... damaged! I was fu rious! I had my best friend quickly to pop out a nd get .� �,/' 'l 10 ...... .................. a new d ress. I had got my lawyer to cal l to get my money back. .,,./ �4- 'i",,;,,�- · . ,__ • - �� -· ·:- · --. st_ ·· ..._ =�- -- w _ "*'i l_W _... *- ·- ·- · · - • - &;- e < - �u --- �1 _,.. 't _ "_ iw-· ·- ·---"" W_ ,._ · - - --- -... , .__ __________ - --� __ I Rewrite with the indirect object at the end of the sentence. 1 My dad g ot me a g reat computer game! .t:1.:'. 0.�.0. .�.��..�.�.��.��..��.� P..�.��:..�.� .�.�.��:...��: .. ......... ........................... ........................................... 2 Dave sent Jill a really nice letter. 3 I th rew Colin the ball . 4 The waiter offered us a menu. 5 The hotel provides its guests with satellite television. 6 My g ra ndma taught me this song. J Write one word i n each ga p. It's hard fo r us to imagine what (1 ) ......................... i ncl uded i n the European d iet before America (2) ................ .. ..... discovered (3) ......................... Columbus in 1 492. So ma ny ingredients which today . . (4) .. ...................... g rown a l l over the world (5) ......................... un known to medieval Eu ropeans. . Potatoes, tomatoes, maize and chocolate (6) .. ............. ... .... all original ly imported from the New . . . World. U ntil then, meals had (7) ......................... prepared using ingredients native to Eu rope, such as root vegetables. Of cou rse, spices such as pepper (8) ...................... .. been traded a nd added to food . for centu ries. When the potato (9) ......................... first i ntroduced, it was surprisi ngly unpopu lar. It (1 0) ............ .. .. ...... considered to be poisonous and it took a long time to become common. There . . . is a story of Parmentier, a French a rmy officer, who (1 1 ) ................. ....... potatoes planted i n the royal . garden and (1 2) ......................... Marie Antoinette to wear a potato flower to make them fashionable. The poor peasants were curious a bout the new plants and many of them (1 3) .. .. ........... .. .... stolen . . . . to be planted in their own gardens. It was the sta rt of French fries! 99 Unit 1 6 - - Voca6ulacy • Food and drink Topic vocabulary i n contrast see page 1 92 for defi n itions chop I sl ice I grate l un ch I d in ner freezer I fridge bake I gri l l I fry I roast I boil plate I bowl I sa ucer I d ish frozen I freezing cook I cooker I chef vegetable I vegeta ria n I vegan m ix I stir I whisk oven I gri l l I hob fast food I ta keaway soft d ri n k I fizzy d ri n k kitchen I cuisi ne kettle I teapot menu I cata log ue Phrasal verbs drop in (on} visit unexpectedly put off make sb not wa nt to do or not l i ke sth get on for be a l most a particu lar time, n u m ber, age, etc run i nto meet by chan ce go off be no longer fresh run out of not have a ny left go on continue happening or doing sth; do sth after doing sth else take to begi n to l ike; begin to do sth reg ula rly go/come round go/come to sb's house to visit them try out experi ment with turn out develop in a pa rticula r way or have a keep on continue doing sth particular result turn up a ppea r unexpected ly or without leave out not include making a fi r m arra nqement Phrases and collocations cook a good/great/etc cook; cook a mea l/chicken/etc; do the cooking drink make (sb) a drink; have a drink (of sth); drink sth; drink to sb; d ri n k to sb's health; drink a toast to sb feed feed a n a n i mal/etc; feed on sth fill fi l l sth (up); fi lled with sth; fu l l of sth food m a ke/prepare/cook/serve food; fast/j u n k food; pet food; health food meal make/cook/have a meal; go out for a mea l note ma ke/ta ke/keep (a) note of sth; note sth (down) occasion on this/that occasion; on occasion; on the occasion of sth; special occasion recipe follow a recipe; recipe book; recipe for d isaster table lay/set/clea r the ta ble; book/reserve a table wash wash the d ishes; wash one's hands; do the washing-up; d ishwasher; washing machine Word patterns associate sth/sb with sth/sb regard sb as (being) sth careful with/a bout/of sth remember to do; remember sth/sb/doing; remember that choose between; choose to do suggest sth/doing (to sb); suggest that compliment sb on sth tend to do full of sth wait for sth/sb; wa it (for sth) to do; wait a n d see lack sth; lack of sth; lacking in sth willing to do offer sb sth; offer sth (to sb); offer to do Word formation grow growth, g rown-up, g rowi ng, safe u nsafe, (un)safely, save, safety, anxious a nxiously, a nxiety qrown, home-qrown, q rower saviour, saver appreciate (un)appreciative(ly), mix m ixed, m ixture, m ixer surprise (u n)su rprisi ng(ly), surprised a ppreciation origin (u n)original(ly), originate, contain container, content(s) sweet sweetly, sweetener, sweetness o riqinator create creative(ly), creation, prepare preparation, prepa ratory, thorough thoroug h ly, thorough ness creativity, creator (un)prepa red disgust disg usting, d isgusted 1 00 Food and drink Unit 1 6 Topic vocabulary in contrast A Write a verb from the box u nder each pictu re. bake • chop fry grate boil grill • • • • • mix roast slice stir whisk • • • 1 ................. 2 ................. 3 ................. 4................. ·-�· . ·. � 5 ................. 6 ................. 7 ................. 8 ................. 9 ................. 10 ................ . 11 ................. B Circle the correct word . 1 I particu larly like Mexica n and Indian kitchen I cuisine. 2 Frozen I Freezing fish is just as tasty as fresh fish. 3 My mum's the best cooker I cook in the world ! 4 Once the kettle I teapot has boiled, pou r the boi ling water over the jelly cu bes. They'l l melt with in seconds! 5 Excuse me. Cou l d we have the catalogue I menu, please? We'd like to see what you have for dessert. 6 Boil the eggs for three min utes i n a saucepan on the grill / hob I oven. 7 Any meat that's kept in the fridge I freezer should be defrosted thoroug h ly before cooking. 8 Grandma's having her new chef I cooker del ivered next week. It's gas, so it will make cooki ng much easier for her. 9 Ch illi con ca rne is one of my favou rite plates I bowls I saucers I dishes. It's del icious! 10 Are you goi ng to get you r suit d ry-cleaned for the Carlton's dinner / lunch pa rty tomorrow night? 11 My friend Sal ly's a true vegetable I vegetarian I vegan, so she d oesn't eat meat, fish or even any milk products like cheese! 12 Let's get a Chi nese takeaway I fast food tonight. 13 Fizzy I Soft d rinks are gassy because they've got carbon dioxide in them. 1 01 Unit 1 6 Vocabulary Phrasal verbs C Write one word i n each gap. .. �- ,, · �· .. ............. .... . ... .,r •••. <,, ,,.,: ·,.: •"' ... . ,,. ., _ ..... Restaurant review: La Clara, Kensington by Celia Clarke I ' ve taken (1 ) . ..... .... . . . .. ..... ... .. not booki ng a table i n my rea l n a m e for these rest a u ra nt revi ews, as · there's a lways the fea r that I ' l l receive spec i a l attention if they kno.w I ' m a food critic. For Ada m .. ' Ca rter's new resta u ra nt, La Cla ra , o n Ke nsi ngton H i gh St reet, I took t h i s one sta ge fu rther by not i. � book i ng a ta b l e at a l l . } Earlier i n the eve n i ng, some friends had come (2) ........ . .. . ..... ........ fo r a chat a n d menti oned La Clara . '.. We decided j ust to d ro p (3) ...................... ... to see if there was a free ta b l e. There was n ' t - a lways a ?. / risk if you (4) . . ... .. . .... ..... .. . . . u p without booki ng, of cou rse - but we deci ded . to wa it . And wa i t we . . . • d i d . H avi ng a rrived at about 9 . 30, it was getting (5) ....... . .......... ....... for e l even before we were fi n a l ly 1 seated . I nc i denta l ly, wh i l e we were havi ng a d ri n k at the b a r, we ra n (6) ... ....... ..... ........ - the food c ritic ··f . -1 � of a riva l n ewspaper. S h e sa id th i s was o n e of her favou rite resta u ra nts at the moment. I 'd l i ke to be able to repo rt that I now agree, but u nfo rtu n ate ly o u r mea l tu rned (7) .. . ... . . ....... .......... to be fa r fro m wonderfu l . I I o rdered m u s h room troubadour a s a sta rter. The sa uce tasted l i ke the c rea m had (8) .......... . . ... ... .. ... .. ·� 1 off. I t was p ra ctica l ly i ned i b l e. My friend Jane o rdered sa l mon sent i n a le. Fifteen m i n utes after my J '. m u s h rooms had a rrived , the wa i te r ca me over to say that they had (9) ......................... o ut of sa l m o n . -� He went ( 1 0) . ......... .. .......... ... to say that they wo u l d be c l o s i n g at m i d n ight. I t was a l rea dy 1 1 . 30. The ; ; head chef of La Clara l i kes to try (1 1 ) . . ... . ........ . .... . .. .. . one new d i sh every day. Th i s i s ca l led the Chef 's i S peci a l . I decided to have t h i s - a not- p a rti cu l a rly-exciting pasta d i sh - fo r the ma i n co u rse. I t : wa sn't ba d , b ut the wa iter kept ( 1 2) ... . .... . ... . ....... . .... co m i ng over to see if we had fi n ished. We h a d n ' t. J I ' l l l eave - (1 3) ......................... a description of the dessert. We had t9 eat it so q u i ck ly I c a n ' t ev� n , j ' · , · . ,,; 1 remember what i t ta sted l i ke. � · .·.· I d o n ' t wa nt to ( 1 4) ...... ........... .. . .. . .. a nyo ne off try i ng La Clara - a l l new resta u ra nts· , have p ro b le m s at ; ; the sta rt - but I fo r one sha n ' t be go i ng back a ny t i m e soo n . · · · ;;,..;,;..,f,����-�,.f�����tt���(·� . . � · �·�· "'; ,�:.;,.;���,,.,.-���,;:�,�;0- ... . ,_.. .... -.;.;;.,�-."j�4",_/�hv..-I"'· �> ... Phrases and collocations D Read ten d ifferent ways of exp l a i n i ng th ings (what someth i ng is, how to do somethi ng, etc) and decide where these texts a ppear. A i n the instructions for a dishwasher F on a men u B in the instructions for a washing mach ine G in an advertisement for a resta u rant c i n the instructions for an electric cooker H in a toast at a celebration D in a recipe book in an a rticle on d ieting E on a sign in a hea lth food shop J in an a rticle on orga nising a di nner party 1 Only heat-resistant ceramic and g lass dishes should be used for oven ba king/roasti ng . ........... . 2 A homemade ch unky and succulent beefburger, fil led with mozzarella cheese and served with a side salad and baked potato. ........... . 3 Wash the carrots and slice. Set to one side. Boil the potatoes for six min utes or until slightly soft to the touch . ........... . 4 Open seven days a week. Ideal for wedding receptions, birthday parties and other special occasions . ........... . S Large plates, dishes and bowl s should be loaded into the bottom rack ( 1 ). Glasses should be placed upside down on the top rack (2). Cutlery should be placed in the cutlery container (3) . ........... . 6 Are you fed up with trying to lose weight and failing? Doreen Brown asks top n utritionists how we can lose that fat, and not put it back on again . ........... . 7 Make a note of a l l the thi ngs you have to do before you r guests a rrive (laying the ta ble, getting changed, etc), and when you have to do them. If you're planning to cook the meal yourself (rather than having catering), make sure you choose a menu you know well. Do not experim�nt with new dishes on this kind of occasion! ........... . 1 02 Food and drink Unit 1 6 8 Whites and del icate items should be washed separately. ............ 9 I ask you a l l to raise you r g lasses so we ca n d rink to my wonderful g reat-g randfather, . ninety-seven yea rs young to d ay.I ........... . 10 Vegeta rian and Vegan Prod ucts . ........... . Word patterns E Write one word i n each gap. 1 Everyone complimented her ......................... the wonderful buffet she'd laid on. 2 The problem with d rinks like that is they're fu l l ......................... sugar. 3 I ca n't choose ......................... Death by Chocolate or fruit sa lad. 4 I'm not going to tel l you what's for su pper. You'll just have to wait ......................... see. 5 She's genera l ly regard ed ......................... being the best cookery book writer of her generation. 6 Most people associate Engl ish food ......................... fish and ch ips and shepherd's pie. 7 Ka ren's very ca reful ......................... how much sa lt she has. 8 There's a lack ......................... good restaura nts rou nd here. 9 The meat was wel l cooked, but the sa uce was total ly lacking ......................... flavour. F Complete using the correct form of the verb i n brackets . 1 I tend not . .. ....... . ... . ............ . .................... . . (cook) very often d u ring the week as I don't have time. 2 Do you remem ber .... . . .. . ... . .. . ... . . .. ........ . .. . ........... . ... (go) to that wonderfu l l ittle taverna on Skiathos last sum mer? 3 I must remember .................................................. (buy) some bread on the way home. 4 Why d on't you offer ................................ . . .... . . .... . ..... (help) with the washing-up? 5 I'd suggest ...... . ........................................... (get) a ta keaway rather tha n cooking. 6 Would you be wil l i ng .................................................. (lend) me a hand with the pudding? Word formation G Use the word given i n capitals at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits i n the gap in the same l i ne. Creating your own dishes Good cooking is always a strange (1 ) ............................... of science and art and you MIX certainly have to be fairly (2) ............................... if you wa nt to come up with your CREATE - own recipes. Al l cooking a lso demands a fa ir amount of (3) ............................... , and PREPARE this is doubly true when you're prod ucing (4) ............................... d ishes. You a lso have ORIGIN ,. to be thick-skinned. You'l l be (5) ............................... by how honest people can be SURPRISE when it comes to food. I've had people tel l me my latest dish is (6) ............................... DISGUST and (7) ...... . ........... . ............ i ned ib le! Sometimes, they were right! But d on't get u pset. THOROUGH Just smile (8) ............................... and tha n k them for thei r val ua ble opinion. And SWEET never forget that when you're waiting (9) ............................... to hear whether or not ANXIOUS you r 'masterpiece' is a success and they suddenly show thei r (1 0) ............................... , APPRECIATE � • �. you'l l real ise it was a l l worth it. My tips: home-(1 1 ) ............................... vegeta bles GROW are a lways the tastiest. Every good cook need s a top-quality (1 2) ............................... . MIX It's an essential piece of kitchen equipment, not a l uxury. Make sure you've "f'i; got l ots of g ood-quality food storage (1 3) ............................... . And, fi na l ly, remember CONTAIN . ,. .;� that designing a new dish is not a bout (1 4) ............................... . It's about ta king risks, SAFE \ '\. and lea rning from your mistakes. Have fu n in the kitchen! � . .. ·�. . .".' � . . -· ir-�� .. . - .:a�,,:1� 1 .iw ·wcr 'J.i . ....... zr ••·,· . u -�tpcz .. ...,._.. -· '"' n 1 03 A Write one word i n each ga p. I n some cultures, when you are invited to (1 ) ......................... a meal at someone's house, you might be considered rude if you don't say how nice the food is. In Britain, for example, it's normal for someone to compliment the cook (2) . .... ... ..... the tastiness of the meal.You can say something ..... . ...... like, 'That was delicious. Do, please, write the recipe down (3) me!' ...... . . . . . . . . . ... ....... In other cultu res, h owever, people tend not (4) .. .... be so ful l (5) .. enthusiasm ..... ......... ..... .... . . . . . . . . . ..... ..... for the meal. You mig ht be regarded (6) . .... being rude, as the cook might associate you r .... ................ praise (7) ... .. ..... su rprise. He or s h e might think, 'So, they're shocked I can cook well, are ....... .. ...... they?' If you're not sure h ow to react, the best advice is to wait and (8) .. . how other people at .......... ............ the table react. If that doesn't help, be very careful (9) . what you say! I wou ld suggest .... .................... (1 0) .... ...... ... one solution could be to say, 'That was del icious, but then I knew it would be!' .......... .. ( 1 m a r k p e r a n sw e r ) B Complete the sentences by changi ng the form of the word i n capita l s when th is is necessa ry. 11 My dad never has sugar in coffee or tea but he does sometimes like to add a rtificia l ............................... (SWEET). 12 I don't know how anyone could eat eyeballs. That's . ..... .. . . (DISGUST)! .......... ... ... . .. .. 13 Jenny stood (ANXIOUS) in the kitchen, hoping that her souffie would rise. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Did you know that tomatoes .. .. .. . (ORIGIN) from South America? . ...... ................. 15 Donald is so (CREATE) in the kitchen. I think he should be a professional chef. ......... .... .................. 16 There a re sandwiches for you in a plastic . .. (CONTAIN) i n the fridge. ........ ...... . ............. 17 It's important to observe basic health and (SAFE) precautions when you're . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... handling uncooked meat. 18 That was . (THOROUGH) del icious! Thank you! ....... .................... ... ( 1 mark per a nswer) C Complete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a s i m i lar mea n i ng to the first sentence. Write between two and five words i n each ga p. 19 You h ave to stir the soup every five min utes or so. stirred The soup every five minutes or so. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 A baker delivered the cake for us this morning. had We ....................................................................................... a baker this morning. 21 Elaine tasted the cu rry for me to see how h ot it was. got I ....................................................................................... the cu rry for me to see how hot it was. 22 Many people say that ol ive oi l is good for the hea rt. said Olive oil ....................................................................................... good for the heart. 23 Some people have said that red wine is good for the hea rt too. been It ....................................................................................... that red wine is good for the heart too. 24 They've been building that new supermarket for months. construction That new supermarket for months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 These cucum bers came from our garden! g rown These cucum bers ....................................................................................... our garden! 26 Why don't you ask an electricia n to fit your cooker? get Why don't you ....................................................................................... an electricia n? 27 I don't think there's enough salt in the sauce. lacking I th ink ....................................................................................... salt. ( 2 m a r ks p e r a n swer) D Match to make sentences . 28 I think this milk has gone ........... . A out a new recipe tonight! 29 I ran ........... . B of bread so could you go and get some? 30 We've run out ........... . C on for dinner ti me. 31 Mu m's trying .......... .. D off so let's th row it away. 32 It must be getting ........... . E out q uite how I expected. 33 We'd love you to come ........... . F into Bob i n the superma rket yesterday. 34 This l asagne hasn't turned ........... . G round for din ner sometime. ( 1 m a rk per answer) E Choose the correct a nswer. 35 There's a pack of ............ vegeta bles in 39 I'l l ............ the wash ing-up tonight! the freezer, I think. A make C do A freezing C iced B ta ke D have B frozen D icy 40 The problem with most fizzy d rinks is 36 There are no vegeta ria n d ishes on the that they're ............ sugar. ............ ! A fu l l u p C fi l led with A leaflet C cata logue B fil led up with D fu l l of B broch ure D menu 41 Susie and Fran ............ i n on us last 37 ............ the on ions in cooking oil until night, so I had to quickly defrost a pizza. they're golden brown. A tu rned C ca me A Boil C Fry B d ropped D went B Bake D Grill 38 Pre-heat the ............ to 200°. A oven C cuisine B kitchen D cook ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swe r) To t a l m a r k : . . . . . . I 50 Gcammamr·· .. Unit 17 · • -ing form or infinitive / prefer, would rather, had better / infinitives of purpose verb/noun/adjective phrase + -ing form Some verb, noun and adjective phrases are usually fol lowed by the -ing form . ./ I've finished writing my essay. These include: admit delay dislike fancy involve miss resist appreciate deny enjoy feel like keep (on) postpone risk avoid detest escape finish mention practise suggest can't help discuss face give up mind put off understand Some of the verbs, nouns and adjectives in the list above can also be fol lowed by an object before the -ing form . ./ I can't stand people cheating in exams. When we put a verb after a preposition, we almost always use an -ing form . ./ I'm in terested in hearing more about that course. verb/noun/adjective phrase + full infinitive Some verb, nou n and adjective phrases a re usually fol lowed by the fu l l infinitive . ./ Your answer appears to be wrong. These i nclude: able arrange choose fail manage prepare seem would like afford ask decide happen offer pretend tend agree attempt encou rage help plan promise want appear beg expect hope pleased refuse wish Some of the verbs, nouns and adjectives in the list above can also be followed by an object before the ful l infi nitive. ./ I didn't want to take the exam. ./ My mum didn't want me to take the exam. verb + bare infinitive Some verbs can be fol lowed by an object + the bare infinitive . ./ You never let me say the answer. These include: feel hear let ma ke notice see watch • The verbs feel, hear, notice, see and watch can also be fol lowed by the -ing form. We often use the bare infi nitive for a com pleted action (from start to fin ish). We often use the -ing form for an action in prog ress at the time . ./ I heard Miss Jenkins tell Julie not to do that. ( = I hea rd all of it.) ./ I heard Miss Jenkins telling Julie not to do that. ( = I hea rd part of it.) • In the passive, hear, make and see are fol lowed by the fu l l infinitive. ./ Active: The teacher made me stand in the corner. ./ Passive: I was made to stand in the corner. 1 06 -ing form or infinitive / prefer, would rather, had better / infinitives of purpose Unit 1 7 ( verb + full infinitive or -ing form with little or no change in meaning ) Some verbs can be fol lowed by the fu l l infin itive or the -ing form with little or no change in meaning . ./ We continued to do experiments in the lab all afternoon . ./ We continued doing experiments in the lab all afternoon. These incl ude: begin can't bea r/stand continue hate intend l ove prefer sta rt ( verb + full infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning ) Some verbs can be fol lowed by both the ful l infinitive and the -ing form. The choice depends on the meaning . ./ I remember teachers at my school hitting children when they were naughty! ./ Did you remember to do your homework? These verbs include: consider learn remember forget l i ke stop go on mean teach imagine reg ret try See page 1 96 in the Reference Section for a ful l list of verbs and defin itions. ( prefer, would rather, had better ) .. ,, .• ., : . . -'. ......: · .:· . ·.· · ·.: ,'_ \ .. :�� :..- .,. . . . : . . . ..... . ' ·.'.,..: . . :�·...·,,.· . ' ." • I /••·/ i;,,: , , · ; · 1,-:- , · .. oJ '· ·, •, . :· : · · �· ' •: ,'• , · .-..,�···· ....,· .,.•:·•-. . J . .-:.--• . .. ,..., Form Use Example ' :P. -� I prefer biology to history. ' ·� ::- :·. prefer + noun/-ing + to + noun/-ing expressi ng genera l preference I prefer reading English texts to l ;;� speaking in English. .:· 4 .. [/ would prefer + fu l l infin itive + rather I'd prefer to have the lesson on :� expressing specific preference (on this Wednesday rather than ([to] have it) •i than (+ bare/ful l infinitive) occasion) on Tuesday, if that's possible. if :'. JI..,. ..;. I'd rather have the lesson on " would rather + ba re infinitive + ·• . expressing genera l or specific Wednesday than (have it) on Tuesday, if ·.•: · . than (+ bare infin itive) preference 1 .. that's possible. ·i- : �: would rather + sb + past simple/ expressing genera l or specific preference (about someone else) I'd rather you didn't sit next to Brian. ·> 1 past conti nuous /1 You'd better ask your paren ts ifyou can had better + ba re infin itive g iving advice come on the school trip. .... , ...... . .... : . �... . , ... .. . . , ·. ·· ' •." . . . . .. . . · ..., .,.; :, · , . .. ... .. ... ,,., ... . . ·· · ' ..,... . · ·: ·: ·. . - :. . . . . ·. · ·. ··. · . . .. . ,. ; _. ·...·� · . ·. �:.... .... : . . · ·: · .- · · , . .· :·· .·;. . . ...... ... . . .. ·. .... . . .. . . ...... . .. .... ;. ,. . . ,, · ....... .. ._,,.,..7,�·:.·_. .. . . ·.1 _.·.-. ·, ·.� ·. ·· ·· ·� .· ' I·....:.. . ... .... . . , · . We don't usually say I don't prefer. . . . We use I prefer not to . . . . ,/ I prefer not to have music on when I'm studying. ( infinitives of purpose ) When we want to ta l k about someone's purpose (the reason they do something), we ca n use: the fu l l infinitive I went to university to avoid getting a job! in order + ful l infinitive I went to university in order to avoid getting a job! so as + ful l i nfinitive I went to university so as to avoid getting a job! We can also express the same idea using so (that) . ,/ I wen t to university so (that) I could avoid getting a job! • With a negative pu rpose we don't norm a l ly use the fu l l infinitive on its own. ,/ I wen t to university in order not to get a job! ,/ I wen t to university so as not to get a job! X J�ventto universityRette geta}ob! 1 07 Unit 1 7 Grammar A Circle the correct word or phrase . 1 I rea l ly don't feel like going I to go out tonight. Do you? 2 Everyone expected his business failing I to fail within the first few months. 3 What would you l i ke doing I to do th is evening? 4 We discu ssed turning I to turn the attic into a spa re bed room with the a rchitect. 5 She wasn't able speaking I to speak very clearly after her accident. 6 Do you mind moving I to move you r ca r, please? You're bl ocki ng the road. 7 They're going to postpone making I to make a decision until next month . 8 Are you planning of getting I to get a new DVD player? 9 Are you thi n king of getting / to get a PlayStation? 10 I'm very pleased telling I to tell you that you've passed! 11 Sara h's offered putting I to put us u p for the weekend. 12 I'm rea l ly looking forward to going I to go on the cruise. B Complete using the correct form ( -ing form or fu l l i nfi n itive) of the verb i n brackets . You may need to use the passive voice . 1 I'll n ever forgive June for ... ...... ................... ............. (lie) to me l i ke that. . ... . .... 2 Da niel's not very g ood at ...... ....... ................. ........... ... (make) friends. . . ... . 3 I can't resist .................................................. (buy) things when they're in the sales. 4 We've g ot to encourage students ......... ...... ........... ..... ........... (study), not blame them for not . .. .. ... studying. 5 I don't know how you managed ................... ............................. (persuade) the ba nk manager to . . lend you so much money! 6 Does Jessica dislike .... ................... .................. .... (walk) so much that she's not going to come .. . .. with us? 7 Do you deny ............. ...... .... . ..... .......... . (steal) the money? Yes or no? . . . .. . . ... 8 The kids were pretend ing .................................................. (be) asleep but they didn't fool me for a second. 9 I refuse ........... ... .......... .............. ..... (accept) that there's no a lternative. . . . .. . . 10 No one understands how Jill ca n afford ................ ................................. (go) on so ma ny holid ays . each yea r. 11 He only just esca ped .......... ..... .. ........ .............. (send) to prison. Next time, the judge won't .... . . ..... be so forgiving. 12 He expected ........ ....... ................. ...... . (give) a brand new computer for Ch ristmas, but a l l . .... .... .. he g ot was a second-hand watch! C Read the text i n Exercise D and decide whether each ga p shou l d be fi l led with the -ing form, a ba re i nfi n itive or a fu l l i nfin itive. Write ing, BI or FI for each gap. 1 .. .. ...... . . 7 ....... ..... 13 .... .... .... 2 ............ 8 .. ......... . 14 ............ 3 · · · · · · · ·· · · · 9 .. ........ .. 15 ..... ..... .. 4 ..... ...... . 10 ........... . 16 ............ 5 ............ 11 .. ......... . 17 ............ 6 ............ 12 ............ . . . � .. 1 08 -ing form or infinitive / prefer, would rather, had better / infinitives of purpose Unit 1 7 D Complete using the correct form ( -ing form , bare i nfin itive or fu l l infi n itive) of the verbs in the box. U se each verb only once. achieve • be • behave • come • do • hope • improve • learn • listen make • play • sit down • take • tel l • try • u se • work . ..�· .. , , ...� . - �"'- .. . ..,.,... ,, ..... ,., ' o' b ' . ..."' ·�.;,. - � �':: "' .. ·t.. . • .• • __ ... �• ->1 · , #ff,., _,,_ '"'•. ... ·�· ..,.. .... .. .11- .... . <' "' -. ,../!#'· · · ·· • • • .• "-. . ,. ... . ,.,JI?�.,.. • � ..,. • .. • • .<._ . �.,,. • • •• ••• , . .. .. , . ... • · • • ,j ·· ' ·, i < Report: William Watson W i l l i a m Watso n someti.m es see m s to be afra i d of (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h a rd . H e c a n't h e l p (2) ... ...... . . � ... .. . . . . t o avo i d (3) ..-. ...............................;-...... :..... a nyth i ng that i nvo lves . .. ........ .. ....... .... ..... ... (4) . .... : .......................................... h i s b ra i n ,- parti c u l a rly on Fri day afte rnoons. H e see m s to detest .. ) (5) :........................... ; .............. :: ... l ife se riously, a n d prete nds he i sn 't c a pa b l e of (6) .............................................. .. . l a nyth i ng of worth . This i s u nfo rtu nate a s , with a l ittle more effo rt, W i l l i a m cou ld succeed i n ,) t (7) ........... . ....... . . . . . . .. : ...................... great · progress. .. , · ./ H owever, at present he freq u ently j u st wa nts (8) . . . .. :....................... the foo l . H e e nj oys · '.t � \ . ........ .. .......... : (9) ...... ... ......... ......... . .. .... jokes . P resu m a b ly, ._he i magines t h i s (10) . . . the ; .. . . . . . ... .. .. .. .. ............ .................. ....... ........ best way to m a ke fri ends, but i n fact he ofte n j u st ends u p preventi ng the other students fro m -·? v � .,, (1 1 ) . ... .. .. ..... :: .......................... .-;." . H e has pro m ised o n severa l occa sions (12) ..... . .. . . . . .... .. ..... ..... . ... .. .. .. .. . ... . . ..... ..... f h i s behaviou.. r i n class, bu t,.then he j ust keeps o n (13) . .. . . .. :;- i n exactly the sa m e . ·} ...... ....... ........ .... ..... ........... . : way. Recently, I have had to beg h i m (14) . . .. : .....'........ :: ............. :.............. a nd be q u i et i n the cl assroo m , -� . . but- it's d iffi c u l t to k n ow how to m a ke h i m (15) ...................... : ......� : ................ to h i s senses. H. e j u st J J ... . doesn't seem i nt�·rested i n (1 6) : ........................................... to my opi n i o n . I 'm te m pted to give u p � .f ...... · � eve n (17) . ................................................ that he m ight. i m p rove. H av i ng said that though, M r Watso n is .. ·..,,.,.:. .-__'i<'-.. 'l.i'-. • ; ,.-,. . . ,· , ... ;.. ·: .J ....:.,:/:' ' .:/_./- \ , • _., •· . ·· '•· • • t . . . • r •: a n extremely g66q maths. teaq he�! · ·'. · :1 . ' · •• :..· , · . · · :· . ; , � .,. · ': . :: < - •· · : ,, · -- • .. -- . · . -1 � SA ' · , · , I Julie Cross � · >.. ;, � ��������____.), E For each pa i r of sentences , put a tick (�) if both sentences mean the same th i ng. Put a cross (X) if they have different meanings . 1 a I can't bear bei ng tickled! . . . ..... .... b I ca n't bear to be tickled! 2 a My boss went on saying that he was very proud of a l l of us. b My boss went on to say that he was very proud of a l l of us. 3 a Have you stopped having l u nch yet? ............ b Have you stopped to have lunch yet? 4 a Have you started having l u nch yet? . . . . . . . . .. .. b Have you started to have lu nch yet? s a They conti nued climbing the mountain . .. . . . . . .... b They conti nued to climb the mou ntain. 6 a We all saw the reporter i nterviewi ng the witness. .... . ... . . .. b We a l l saw the reporter interview the witness. 7 a I love playi ng practical jokes on my younger brother. .... . . ...... b I love to play practical jokes on my younger brother. 8 a Why don't you try holding you r breath for a min ute or two? . ........... b Why don't you try to hold you r breath for a min ute or two? 9 a I hate bei ng cheated by taxi d rivers. b I hate to be cheated by taxi d rivers. ············ 1 09 Unit 1 7 Grammar F Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar mean ing to the fi rst sentence . Write between two and five words in each gap. 1 I should have ta ken my med icine this morning but I didn't remember. forgot I my medicine this morning. . . . ...... . . . . . . . . ........... . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I'll always remember the time when I went u p Mont Blanc. never I'll ....................................................................................... Mont Blanc. 3 I must hang u p the wash i ng later. remember I ....................................................................................... up the washing later. 4 Da rren thinks that wea ring a suit to work is a ppropriate. likes Da rren ....................................................................................... a suit to work. 5 Jackie wishes she had n't said that to Allie. regrets Jackie ....................................................................................... that to Al lie. 6 I'm sorry but you r cred it ca rd has been cancel led by the bank. regret I ....................................................................................... you r credit ca rd has been cancel led by the bank. 7 Crashing the car wasn't my intention, you know! mean I ....................................................................................... the car, you know! 8 If I take that job, I'll have to do a lot more travel ling. mean Taking that job ....................................................................................... to do a lot more travell ing. 9 Jim's m u m made h i m tidy h is room before he could go and play i n the park. made Jim ....................................................................................... his room before he could go and play in the park. 10 I don't suppose you watched that fi l m last night on BBC2, did you? happen You ....................................................................................... that fi l m last night on BBC2, did you? 11 People often think that learning Latin is a waste of time. considered Lea rning Lati n ....................................................................................... a waste of time. G Each of the words or phrases in bold is incorrect. Rewrite them correctly. 1 I genera l ly prefer coffee from tea . ........................ . 2 Do you prefer watching a DVD at home to go to the cinema? ........................ . 3 I had prefer to meet you a bit later, if that's a l l right with you . ........................ . 4 He'd prefer not have to get u p so ea rly tomorrow, but he wil l if he has to . ........................ . 5 I'd rather you write you r essay in a notebook, to be h onest . ........................ . 6 Would you prefer to get a pizza rather from go out tonight? ....................... .. 7 You would better see a doctor if you're not feeling well. ........................ . 8 I had rather be poor and happy than rich and lonely. ........................ . 9 I'd prefer having an early night tonight, if that's okay with you . ......................... 10 She'd rather start revisi ng if she wa nts to do wel l in the exam next week. ........................ . 11 Shona prefers to not wear make-u p to work. ........................ . 110 -ing form or infinitive / prefer, would rather, had better / infinitives of purpose Unit 1 7 H Write one word i n each gap. 1 I prefer pop music ......................... rock, to be honest. 2 I would prefer to go to the concert tomorrow ......................... than on Saturday. 3 I ......................... playi ng the piano on my own to performing. 4 I'd rather ......................... to that jazz club than a nightclub. 5 I'd ......................... you d idn't practise playing the tru mpet while I'm trying to study. 6 You'd ......................... get tickets soon as they're running out. 7 We queued u p early in ......................... to get good seats. 8 We waited fo r hours so ......................... not to miss the VI Ps a rrivi ng. 9 I ca l led the theatre ......................... find out what time the concert started. 10 I actua l ly prefer ......................... to listen to m usic through spea kers; it sounds so much better throug h head phones. 11 Don't you think we ......................... better turn the music down a bit? I Choose the correct answer. People appear (1 ) ....... .. . .. in different ways. Some people expect (2) .... . .... ... m ista kes in thei r stud ies and a re capa ble of (3) ... .. ... .. .. from thei r mistakes. They don't mind (4) ... .... . .... by their teacher and indeed often ask (5) .... .... ... corrected. . Others, however, d islike (6) ............ mistakes.They try to avoid (7) . ........... anythi ng which they m ig ht do bad ly. They wou ld rather (8) ............ something in small steps and be sure they have got it rig ht (9) .. .. .. ..... attempt to do a task based on a subject they don't feel they have fi n ished (1 0) ........... . . yet. Both ways of learning seem (1 1 ) .. .......... equa l ly va lid, but a combination of the two may be the best sol ution. I n (1 2) ............ to learn effectively, students have to remember (1 3) . .... .. . .... risks someti mes. But they a lso have to feel comfortab le and secure with what they're doing so ( 1 4) . ... .. ...... not to become demotivated. All students should at least think about (1 5) ............ the way that they approach learning. 1 A learning B to lea rn c lea rn D having learnt 2 A making B to make c make D having made 3 A benefiti ng B to benefit c benefit D to have benefited 4 A correcting B being corrected c to correct D to be corrected 5 A bei ng B be c to have been D to be 6 A making B to make c to be making D make 7 A doing B to do c havi ng done D to have done 8 A to perfect B perfecting c perfect D be perfected 9 A to B from c that D than 10 A expl ore B to explore c exploring D being explored 11 A that B to be c as D being 12 A desire B demand c need D order 13 A to ta ke B taking c to have ta ken D having taken 14 A that B m uch c as D many 15 A to question B q uestion ing c question D to be questioned 111 Unit 18 Yoca6ular1.. . .. . . ,. . ' .,. ··· · ' • Education and learning Topic vocabulary in contrast see page 1 93 for defi nitions take I pass prefect I pupil I stud ent lesson I subject read I study qua lifications I q ualities achieve I reach test I exa m cou nt I m easure task I effort primary I secondary I high deg ree I certificate I resu lts know I recognise colleague I classmate spea k / ta l k teach I learn Phrasal verbs catch on u ndersta nd get on with conti n u e doing come (a)round (to) b e persuad ed to change your mind (about) give in stop making a n effort to achieve sth difficu lt cross out d raw a l i n e through sth written keep up with stay at the same level as dawn on if something dawns on you, you rea l ise it for the first sail through do something or d eal with something time very easily set out explain, describe or a rrange sth in a clear deal with handle, cope with and detailed way drop out (of) leave school, etc before you have fi n ished a cou rse think over consider get at try to express Phrases and collocations attention pay attention (to sth/sb); attract (sb's) attention; draw (sb's) attention to sth break have/take a break (from sth/doing); l unch break; tea break; commercial break; give s b a break discussion have a d iscussion (with sb) a bout/on sth/doi ng exam ta ke/do/have/pass/fa il a n exam; sit (for) a n exam homework do you r homework; have homework (to do) idea q u estion a n idea; have a n idea; bright idea; have no idea (about) learn have a lot to learn a bout sth/doi ng; learn (how) to do lesson go to/have a l esson; double lesson; learn a/your lesson; teach sb a lesson make u p you r m i nd (about sth/doing); bear (sth) in m i nd; in two minds a bout sth/doing; change your mind mind (about sth/doing); cross you r mind; to my mind; (not) mind if opinion in my opinion; give/express your/an opinion (of/about sth/doing); hold/have an opinion (of/about sth/doing) pass pass sth (over) to sb; pass an exa m/test/etc; pass a bu ilding/etc see/ta ke sb's point (a bout sth/doi ng); (see) the point i n/of sth/doing; there's no point in sth/doi ng; point m ake a poi nt (of doing) sense make sense of sth; it makes sense (to do); sense of hu mour/taste/sig ht/etc suggestion ma ke/accept a suggestion Word patterns able to do fail to do similar to sth/sb/doing admire sb (for sth/doi ng) hope to do; hope that study sth; for sth learn a bout sth/doing; l earn to do; boast of/a bout sth/doing (to s b) succeed in sth/doing learn by doinq capable of doing settle for/on sth suitable for sth/doing; suita ble to do congratulate sb on sth/doing Word formation academy academ ic, academical ly improve i m p rovem ent, improved solve solution, (un)solvable attend attention, (in)attentive(ly), intense i ntensity, i ntensify, i ntensely study stud ent, studies, stud ious attenda nce, attendant behave behaviour l iterate i l l iterate, (il)l iteracy, literature teach teacher, taught reason (un)reasonable, (un)reasonably, think thoug ht, (u n)th i n ka ble, certify certificate, certified reasoninq thouqhtful, thouqhtless understand ( mis) u ndersta nding, educate ed ucation, ed ucator, revise revision, revised ( mis) u nderstood, understa ndable, ed ucational(ly) understa nda bly fail fai l u re, fai l i ng scholar scholarship, scholarly, scholastic 112 fducation and learning Unit 1 8 .... .., ,.. .. ----, . ... ·� ·- ---- - ·· �-- -·--·--· .......__ ________ _____ ..._ ___, __ --- - -·--- - ------- - - - Topic vocabulary in contrast A Complete usi ng the correct form of the words i n the box. 1 I n our school, most classes have about 3 5 .................. . ...... i n them. prefect 2 Every yea r, two new ......................... a re chosen from the best students in each class. pupil 3 The u niversity accepts a round 2000 new ......................... every year. student 4 When he final ly graduated, Victor felt he had ......................... everything he set out to do. achieve 5 The work we're doing now will make more sense when you ......................... the sixth reach 6 Who ......................... you how to play the d rums like that? 7 I would l ove to ......................... a new lang uage I don't know a nything about, like teach Swedish. learn 8 Chi ldren in Eng land g o to ......................... school from the ages of five to eleven. 9 In Britain, g ra m mar schools, public schools and comprehensives are often referred to as ......................... school s. high 10 America ns usual ly refer to thei r secondary school as a ......................... school, and primary there are often sepa rate junior and sen ior schools. secondary 11 The exa m ......................... come out today and I'm rea l ly nervous. I hope I've passed. 12 I was so proud when my exam ......................... finally a rrived in the post. degree 13 I would prefer to g o to u niversity and do a ......................... in astronomy, rather than certificate start work. results B C i rcle the correct word . 1 I made a few m ista kes in the exa m and I don't think I passed I took it. 2 It's n ot always easy to count I measure how intel l igent someone is. 3 Did you know that our French teacher can speak I talk fou r languages? 4 My qualifications I qualities i ncl ude a degree and an MA in chemistry. 5 Our headteacher had had her hair cut and I didn't know I recognise her at fi rst. 6 I n design and technology, we were given the effort I task of desig ning a stadium. 7 You'l l find plenty of books on the subject / lesson of busi ness studies in the libra ry. 8 You have to read I study hard i n order to do wel l at university. 9 Look at what we did in today's lesson and we'll have a q uick exam I test tomorrow morning. 10 Our teacher asked us to choose one of our colleagues I classmates to be our pa rtner for the next exercise. Phrasal verbs C Write one word i n each gap. 1 Just get ......................... with Exercise C and I'll be back i n a min ute. 2 My teacher says that I should sail ......................... the exa m, but I'm not so sure. 3 Dave d id n't understand what Miss Smith was getting ......................... so he asked her to explain it agai n . 4 We a l l tried to convi nce our teacher to change his mind about the school trip and he finally came ......................... . 5 If you make a mistake, just cross it ......................... with a single l i ne. 6 Beli nda missed a few months of school because of i l l n ess and found it d ifficult to keep ......................... with her classmates. 7 The other kids were making fu n of me, but I didn't catch ......................... u ntil I hea rd them laughing. ,., 11 3 Unit 1 8 Vocabulary D Com plete each second sentence using the word given , so that it has a similar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap. 1 The ideas in you r essay need to be organised better. set You need to ....................................................................................... in your essay better. 2 Why don't you consider the col lege's offer for a few days and then cal l them? over Why don't you ....................................................................................... for a few days and then ca l l them? 3 You'll never pass the exam if you just stop trying like that. in You'l l never pass the exam if you just ....................................................................................... like that. 4 When he was at un iversity, Nick just cou ldn't handle all the work. deal Nick just could n't ....................................................................................... at university. S I suddenly rea lised that I had left my homework at home. dawned It ....................................................................................... that I had left my homework at home. 6 Ed was very lonely at university and he left after only one month. out Ed ....................................................................................... after only one month because he was very lonely. Phrases and collocations E Choose the correct answer. 1 If you need to ............ the teacher's attention, just put your hand u p. A pull B attract C ca ptu re D draw 2 Make sure you ............ you r homework before you go out. A make B solve C write D do 3 Could I ............ a suggestion? Why not have piano lessons? A have B do C put D make 4 I rea l ly don't ............ the point of taking the exam when you're not ready for it. A take B see C have D mind 5 I'll meet you at the school gates du ring the l u nch ............ . A break B gap C i nterval D pause 6 Do you think you could pass that book ............ to me, pl ease? A under B through C over D in 7 Mrs Dawson said that we a re ............ our lesson in the libra ry next Monday. A having B making C read ing D going 8 In Eng lish yesterday, we had a d iscussion ............ d ifferent cu ltures. A a round B a bout C for D from 9 ......... .. my opi nion, maths should n't be a compulsory subject. . A From B To C At D In 1O When you ............ the exam tomorrow, try to stay ca l m and relaxed. A make B write C take D answer 11 My dad wants me to g o to university, but I'm in ............ minds a bout it. A my B two C some D d ifferent 12 I stil l have a l ot ............ about the Engl ish lang uage. A learning B to learn C for learning D of lea rning 13 If the exa miner can't ............ sense of you r writi ng, you'l l get a low mark. A make B bring C take D understand 14 I had n't stud ied, so when the teacher asked me I had ............ idea. A none B no C even D not , ,_.__ 11 4 Education and learning Unit 1 8 Word patterns F Each of the words in bold is i ncorrect. Rewrite them correctly. 1 I've always admired our music teacher from being so patient. ........................ . 2 My new schoo l is quite similar with my old one. ........................ . 3 Mr Wi lkins congratulated me for passing the exa m . ........................ . 4 I'd better go home and study on tomorrow's test . ........................ . 5 Ian is capa ble for doing very wel l this year if he works hard . ........................ . 6 Th is cou rse is suitable to students who a re considering a career in the media . ......................... 7 If you don't get into university, you'll have to settle with a rt col l ege. ........................ . 8 After six attempts, Bi l l fi na l ly succeeded with passing his driving test . ........................ . G Water has damaged part of th is text from a diary. Read it and decide what you th ink each of the origi nal words was . Write the words in the blank spaces . Dear Diary ... ...... Wel l, my fi rst d ay at the new school is over. I was a ble ·-:;:z:pir_G:-make 1 ........................ . a few friends, a lthough I hope· ;"Jin ·C I meet more people tomorrow. 2 · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · I met one girl I d idn't like, who just boasted ·w:,;:yr_ Cher exa m resu lts 3 ........................ . and succeeded·-:;:=!iftr_--:::-annoying everyone. The teacher asked me 4 ........................ . what I'd been learning·-:;::'.!iir� = at my other school and when I told 5 ........................ . her she said she failed ·-:;:zriib_ � see how I would be able to catch u p 6 ........................ . � ii" with the others. I'll show her! I'm just as capable-.:;?"ij)W'."G:-doing the 7 ........................ . .( work as the others. I'm rea l ly goi�g to study hard · ;:rJlt_ = the test. 8 ........................ . ....,,, ,, -- · .. . . , · /f' ·..__��,...;.,.-- .. ------------------------- ��-----·-"-- . • Word formation H Complete the sentences by cha nging the form of the word i n ca p ita ls when this is necessa ry. 1 I wonder if you could tel l me who was awarded the ................... .. .......... (SCHOLAR)? 2 Do you think that you pay enough ............................... {ATTEND) in class? 3 Cou l d you tel l me what the ...... . ................. . ...... {SOLVE) to number seven is? 4 My dad said I'd better spend more time on my .............. . ... ...... ....... (STUDY). 5 I would like to know what qualifications .......... . .... . .... . . . . . . . ... . {TEACH) require in you r country. 6 Josh ua was suspended from school for a week for bad ............................... {BEHAVE). 7 I did six hours of ........................... . ... {REVISE) for the test, and I sti l l failed! 8 Please send photocopies of all your . .. . .......... . ................ {CERTIFY) to us at the address below. I Complete the text by changi ng the form of the word i n ca pitals . Being unable to read It seems {1 ) ................. .-. ............ {THINK) today not to provide ch ildren with a decent (2) ............................. .. {EDUCATE). There is such an em phasis on (3) ..... . ............. . .. . ........ {ACADEMY) achievement these days that it's easy to forget what a problem (4) ................. ........... . .. {LITERATE) used to be. Being unable to read can be (S) ...... . .... . ..... .... .. ... . . . .. {INTENSE) emba rrassing and can make someone feel l i ke a complete (6) .. . ... . ... . .............. .. ... . {FAIL). Someone who ca n't read is often (7) ... . . . . . . .. .. . .... . ..... . ...... {UNDERSTAND) afraid of certain situations.The p roblem can seem (8) ...... ..... ... . ... ... .......... {SOLVE). However, given the right teacher, a lot of hard work and a (9) ............................ . .. (REASON) amount of time, anyone ca n learn. Being able to read can lead to an {1 0) ............................... {IMPROVE) qua l ity of life. 11 5 A Write one word i n each ga p. It may sound strange, but Ben was looking forward to the English exam. Now, don't i magine that Ben was a g reat student. He was always slow to catch ( 1 ) ......................... in class and could n't real ly keep (2) ..... .... . .. .. with the other students. And he hadn't even studied (3) .. . .... . . . .. ...... . the ..... ............ exam. The rea l reason he thought he was going to sai l (4) ......................... was that he had a l l the answers! Two days before, he had found a piece of paper with a l l the questions and answers on it on his teacher's desk. It suddenly (5) ......................... his mind that maybe for once he could pass the exam. 'What's the poi nt (6) .. . .. . studyi ng?' he asked himself. After thinking it (7) ........................ ........ . . . . ....... . for a second, he (8) ......................... his mind up. He copied the piece of paper and his teacher (9) .......... ... no idea what had happened. ............ When the exam sta rted, Ben sat down and tu rned the question paper over. He l ooked, and then looked again. It was the wrong paper! It dawned (1 0) ......................... Ben that he had copied the wrong exa m paper! His teacher was looking at him, so Ben thoug ht he'd better get ( 1 1 ) ......................... with it. He knew he would never succeed ( 1 2) ......................... passing the exa m. Not all of it ( 1 3) ......................... sense to him, but he did his best. The next day, his teacher gave him his paper back and said 'Wel l done, Ben. Much better.' Ben could n't believe it! He had passed with a B! He realised he had ( 1 4) . . an important ...... ................. lesson. With a l ittle work, who knew what he would be capable ( 1 5) . . . . ? . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ( 1 m a rk p e r a n s w e r) B Complete the sentences by changi ng the form of the word i n capita l s when this is necessary. 16 I passed the exa m, but I'm sti l l wa iting to get my . . . . ... . . (CERTIFY). ........... .. . . . ... ... 17 Have you done any ...... . .. . . ... . . (REVISE) for the test? ......... . .. ... 18 Please pay ..... . .. (ATTEND), Rita, when I'm explain ing what your homework is. .... . . .. . . . . . . . . ....... 19 I spent a l ong time on the maths problem but I sti l l ca me up with the wrong .............................. . (SOLVE). 20 One of my classmates was suspended for a week for bad . . . .. (BEHAVE). . . . . . .. . . . . . ... ..... .. . . .. 21 Wel l, Mrs Tu rner, you'l l be pleased to hea r that Georgia has made a big .............................. . (IMPROVE) in geog raphy. 22 I'm hoping to study Eng lish . . (LITERATE) at un iversity. ................ ............ . ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swe r) C Complete the second sentence using the word give n , so that it has a similar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words i n each ga p. 23 The headmaster made the pupil wait outside his door. made The pupil outsid e the head master's door. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Please don't leave you r books on my desk. rather I ....................................................................................... leave you r books on my desk. 25 I didn't u nderstand what my teacher was trying to express so I asked her agai n. getting I d id n't u ndersta nd what my teacher ....................................................................................... so I asked 26 Counting the words in you r composition is a waste of ti me. point There the words in you r composition. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 I just can't decide whether to go to un iversity or not. minds I'm ....................................................................................... whether to go to university or not. 28 My cousin has decided that he isn't going to finish his eng ineering cou rse. drop My cousin has decided ....................................................................................... his eng ineering cou rse. 29 All Emma's teachers say that she is able to do much more. capable All Emma's teachers say that she ....................................................................................... much more. 30 I was rea l ly pleased that I managed to pass the exam. succeeded I wa s really pleased that I ....................................................................................... the exa m. f (2 m a rks p e r a n swer) D Choose the correct answer. 31 I did n't expect o u r history teacher 34 Please don't forget ............ you r essays ............ us so much homework. during Friday's lesson . A giving C to g ive A handing i n C hand in B give D to givi ng B to hand in D to handing in 32 Do you remember ............ to school for 35 Our teacher made the whole class the very fi rst time? ............ after the lesson because we had A go C of going been so noisy. B to go D going A stayi ng C for staying B to stay D stay 33 I sta rted doing my homework when I got home fro m school but I stopped 36 'What was Derek's reaction to the ............ my favou rite show. accusation?' A watch C watching 'Well, he denied ............ anywhere near B to watch D from watching the house at the ti me.' A being C be B to be D of being ( 1 m a r k p e r a n sw e r) E Choose the correct answer. 37 I was very proud when I was told that 40 Lee d id n't do so wel l i n the test I'd been made into a ............ . because he had n't ............ . A pupil C prefect A written C read B student D classmate B studied D learned 38 With a little hard work, I'm sure 41 I th ink you need to ............ you r ideas you'l l ............ a lot this yea r. more clea rly so that the reader doesn't A reach C achieve get confused. B succeed D qualify A dawn on C set out B get on with D give in 39 Who ............ you how to cook so well? A taught C made 42 Oh, no! We've got a double maths ........... . B learned D explained next! A su bject C lesson B interva l D task ( 1 mark per a n swer) To t a l m a r k : . . . . . . I 5o • Questions / question tags / indirect questions ( Questions ) Form Am/Was I on time? With be as a main verb Are/Were you/we/they tired? ls/Was he/she/it cold? Am/Was I interrupting you? With be as an a uxi liary verb Are/Were you/we/they going on a picnic? ls/Was he/she/it working? Have/Had I/you/we/they got any money? With have as an a uxiliary verb Has/Had he/she/it finished? With have as a main verb and with a l l other Do/Did I/you/we/they have enough time? verbs Does/Did he/she/it need anything? Should I wait? Could you help me? With modals Will she be here soon ? Might they be lost? Who is taking the rubbish out? Whose book is this? To whom did you speak? What is the weather like? With who, whose, whom, what, which, where, Which do you want? when, why and how Where did you go on holiday? When is Terry starting work? Why did they leave? How do you spell 'environmen t'? �- With the q uestion words who and what, whether we u se do or not depen ds on wheth er the q uestion word refers to the subject or object of the verb. .I Subject: Who saw you ? (= Someone saw you. Who?) .I Object: Who did you see? (= You saw someone. Who?) • Remember that after do or does, we use the bare infinitive . .I Did you go to the talk on the environment? X Didyou VJCAtto t/:Je ta!kOR tRe eR..'iroRmeRt? .I Does Tom want a glass of orange juice? X DocsToffl v.LtJntsa�·ltlss ofOffll'lgcjtJicc? • Remember that the verb mean forms q uestions j u st l i ke oth er main verbs . .I What does 'environmental' mean ? ( Question tags) Form You are Canadian, aren't you? With be as a main verb She is beautiful, isn't she? You haven't lost my CD, have you? We are having the lesson early tomorrow, aren't we? With a uxiliary verbs and modals People should recycle things, shouldn't they? There will be lots of people there, won't there? 118 Questions / question tags / indirect questions Unit 1 9 With have as a main verb Tom has a lovely voice, hasn't/doesn't he? You play the guitar, don't you? With other verbs Frank lives in Germany now, doesn't he? Your friends really enjoyed themselves at the party, didn't they? With Let's Let's get a DVD tonight, shall we? Pass me that book, will/would/could you? With i mperatives Don't forget tonight, will you? Use Example To ask someone to agree with us (fa l ling i nto nation) It's really hot, isn't 1t. To check whether something is true (rising intonation) • .'• . •. ·, ·, ' ·. ·. ... · . · ., . . . '· '•• ..· ·:·: •. ,..-.., . ..... . '· ' ",'. ·'·, . '• · ·• ... . . ' You're Spanish, a ;. . . . ' : . ... . ··.·. ."•''·''·· · '; .. .''. · . �ou? . . '• , . ., .. , . . '· /• ·.· ·, . '·; · ·. .. .. . . . . .... .. . ,. .. ., • •/•.•/ , " '• · In sentences with I am, we use aren't I? as the question tag. In sentences with I am not, we use am I? .I I'm the best student in the class, aren't I? .I I'm not very tall, am I? • With everyone, no one and someone, we use q u estions ta gs with a plural verb and they. .I Everyone's going to be there, aren't they? .I No one wants to come, do they? .I Someone's been in here, haven't they? • Usual ly, when we have a positive verb in a sentence, we use a negative question tag. When we have a negative verb in a sentence, we use a positive q uestion tag. In sentences with a negative word like no, little, never, nobody, no one, hardly, etc, we use a positive q u estion tag . .I You have got no manners, have you? .I We never enjoy our holiday, do we? • I n sentences where the subject is there, we repeat there in the question tag . .I There's no point calling Tim now, is there? • In America n English, a q uestion tag with do ca n be used after a sentence with have got. Th is is not usual ly done in British Eng lish. US: They've got a lot of money, don't they? UK: They've got a Jot of money, haven't they? ( Indirect questions Form introd uctory phrase or question + clause with normal word order I-- N Use We use indirect questions when we want to ask questions politely. " '. ·, ; Some introductory phrases and questions l , Example : ;._: ,! t' I< '· · Can/Could you tell me ... ? Could you tell me what time it is? �� 1. .) Could you Jet me know ... ? Could you let me know when it starts? {' J Do you know ... ? Do you know who that woman is? ( ,. ,; / :, I wonder ifyou could tell me ... I wonder ifyou could tell me how much this costs. , �'. !.: � I wonder ifyou know ... · I wonder ifyou know what the starting salary is. ;,' •:: i I would like to know ... I would like to know what your company is going to do about it. i . Y :• · .·: :�··. '• .. . .. '' :t-.7. ·· ' ' · ".· ·- :. , . · � .'/·::··.r�·. · .... / · ... ., ._,. , . . ...,.,. · .'": . . ' , ... .. . , . . . . . ... . -r,-. :. 1 1 •1, ' ;:.';', /·· · 1. -· .· ·: · 1·, ',/.'·.''• . · '· ·-;. . . . ·�. '/.'• , ',"/ . , '. ' ".' , .-, ., ,. .. . · ·.�. · . .. .. . ....,. ', � . ··· ·· · · · ·, ,.'.' 'f'' 1r.'{' '•,.' ' ".,.. .. . .. .... ,... . , ·, . . ... ·� ·:'' :, .', , .. ... '·, ·.;,.. :·: '• ; f , ·..· " .'. ' •· ' '.' ·,'• · ..";-., . .' .'•:.: .,,. ..... . .''· · '· -'' :' ''.' :•1 ' /. _•.', , . . • /:."· · · · · · We do not use q uestion word order i n the second part of the sentence . .I I would like to know when the next train to London leaves. X Iwo1:1!dlike toknowwhen d6es thenexttrain toLondonleave. • Some indirect q uestions, which begi n with a question word, need a q uestion mark at the end . .I Could you tell me where the library is? • If a di rect q uestion is a 'yes/no' q uestion, the equ ivalent indirect q uestion uses if or whether. .I I wonder if/whether you have read this book. 119 Unit 1 9 Grammar .----- ---· ·------- A Choose the correct answer. 1 Oh, I'm sorry! ............ distu rbing you? 7 It's raini ng, so ............ cancel the A Do I C Shou l d I concert? B Have I D Am i A wil l they C do they wi l l B they wil l D a re they 2 Did Dorothy ............ you about the meeting on Friday? 8 ............ pass me the salt, please? A told C has told A You could C You a re B tel l D tell s B Are you D Coul d you 3 ............ hot when you were in Spain? 9 Sir, ............ repeat what the A Was it C Did it homework is, please? B It was D It made A do you C you B are you D can you 4 Tony, ............ got time to cal l Mrs Roberts? 10 ............ the cou ple you met in France A do you h ave C a re you last year stayi ng at the same hotel? B you have D have you A Did C Were B Have D Could 5 When you r boss arrived, ........... . fin ished the report? 11 I know how to pronounce A you had C had you 'controversy: b ut what ............ ? B d id you have D were you A does it mean C is it mean B it means D means it 6 I know Jane's pretty, but ............ seen someone spend so m uch time in 12 It's a g reat idea, but ............ it wil l front of the mirror? work? A do you ever C have you ever A are you th ink C you think B you h ave never D ever h ave you B do you think D you do think B Write questions . 1 you I wash I you r hair I when I rang? 2 Julie I give I you I her e-mail address I yesterday? 3 you I always I have I lu nch I this late? 4 Jack and Tom I come I to the party I tonight? 5 you I can I give I me I a hand I later? 6 how I you I spel l I you r name? 7 why I the govern ment I can't I do I someth i ng I about the situation? 8 where I you I go I for you r honeymoon I last year? 9 what I you r house I look l i ke I when I it is finished? 10 which I flavour of ice cream I you r favou rite I be? 1 20 Questions / question tags / indirect questions Unit 1 9 C Complete using the words i n the box. Use each word only once . There is one extra word you do not need to use. ... ,• •. �. ,,_ oh. ......, •'." who . :,..'I' �,., ·' ... .,,. .. • .� where ·' • ...... ... . which . .., .. .. �......,,,.,:. · • ', • whose . ' '• • "" what . . r. ...... ..... .. . .,. "� • ..., whom ,,.. ....., • how • when • why H E L P US H E L P T H E E NVI R O N NI E N T l. by taking part in Green Warrior demonstrations �-. ' ( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . res p o n s i b i l i ty i s i t to i l o o k a fte r t h e e nv i ro n m e n t? Yo u rs ! A n d and protests in Your area. � · i · . :· (2) . . . .. . .... .. ......... . s h o u l d you sta rt? R i ght n ow i s (6) ... . .... . . . ..... .. . .. . .. . 's the fi rst step? �. the a n swer! But (3) . .. ..... .... .... ... . . i s go i ng to _ . . . . i The first step is to come along to the ..,. h e l p you ? We a re ! We are G reenWa rr i o rs , � Green Warrior offices . and speak to one of our . ,,� . ·� � · the e nvi ro n m e nta l protest grou p, a n d we know t h e a n swers to a l l yo u r q u est i o n � . officers. r�ey will let you know about the next � t • protest in your �rea. We ' ve put toget h e r th i s fa cts h eet t o get yo u sta rted . (7) . . . . . ................. . .. ot h e r orga h i sations a re you .{ connected to? J (4) . ..... .. ...... . .. . .. . .. .. me? Green Warriors is a completely independent . : We all have a responsibility to the world .. . ·� protest organisation. " , around us. Ordinary people like you can make � · { I ......................... i s G ree nWa r ri o rs based? � ! a big difference. (8) B ut d iffe re n"ce? (5) .. . ...... . .. . . . ..... . .... · :} .;. ca n m a ke a We are a nat�onal organisation, 'with our headquarte($ in. N�rtfiampton. .• , . , , . ·( i By recycling your pape r, glass and plastic and � ]1 . D Circle the correct p h rase. 1 'Who asked you I did you ask to the party?' 'Maria, but she told me she could n't come.' 2 'Who saw you I did you see at the supermarket?' 'Just Ben, but I don't think he saw me.' 3 'What gave you I did you give the impression that Greg was depressed?' 'O h, I don't know. He j ust seemed a bit down.' 4 'Who thought you I did you think had stolen the money?' 'Jenny, but she believed me when I told her I hadn't done it.' 5 'Which progra m me taught you I did you teach the most?' 'Well, I learned a lot from Extreme History.' 6 'Who borrowed you I did you borrow this book from?' 'Tracy, and I need to give it back to her tomorrow.' 7 'What brought you I did you bring to this pa rt of the world?' 'Work, rea l ly, and I've always loved this cou ntry.' 8 'Who accused George I did George accuse of sta rti ng the fight?' 'He says that John sta rted it by ca lling him names.' 9 'Which person admires you I do you admire the most?' 'I thi n k I would say my g randmother beca use she's worked hard a l l her life.' 10 'Who told Dave I did Dave tell your secret?' 'I'm not su re, but I th ink Simone probably told h im.' 1 21 Unit 1 9 Grammar r l -----·-- ·-·- ----·- ·-·-------- ---------·--·--·--- - � E Write one word i n each gap. (1 ) ......................... you think you u nderstand the weather? For early huma ns, the weather was a constant sou rce of questions. (2) ..................... .... is it raining? What (3) ......................... this storm mea n? Where (4) ......................... the wi nd go when it blows? People ca me up with many expla nations for the weather, usua lly i nvolving gods or ancestors. (5) ......................... you explain what a rainbow is? The Cherokee people of America believed that it was the hem of the sun god's coat. The weather has a lso been used to explain other things. What wou ld you say if someone asked you (6) ......................... ka ngaroos come from? You'd probably say Austra lia, but (7) ..... . ........ ........... did the Aborigines explain these stra nge animals? They told a story about a g reat storm. A group of Aboriginal hunters watched i n amazement as the wind blew large creatu res over their heads. (8) ....................... . could they be? Final ly, the wind d ied down and the kangaroos la nded on the . g round. The storm had brought them a new animal to h u nt. F Match to make sentences . 1 You've sent that letter I gave you, ............ A don't you ? 2 You catch the bus to school, ............ B didn't you? 3 You won't tell a nyone a bout this, ............ c will you? 4 You're a friend of Charlie's, ............ D haven't you? 5 You were living i n Hong Kong then, ............ E d o you? 6 You never work more tha n you have to, ............ F did you? 7 You made no effort to make friends with Darren, ............ G weren't you? 8 You got Ji mmy a ca p for his birthday, ............ H a ren't you? G Complete the q u estion tags . 1 Get me some chewing gum when you go to the shop, ......................... you? 2 Let's watch that new DVD you bought today, ......................... we? 3 There's not really much poi nt waiting, ......................... there? 4 Ton ia wi l l put us u p for the weekend, ......................... she? 5 Nobody seems to l i ke Jessica, ......................... they? 6 I'm not making m uch sense now, ......................... I ? . , . 7 Let Is go b eca use 1t s getti ng I ate, ......................... ·1t.7 8 If you borrow my coat, don't get it d irty, ......................... you? 9 Bi l l should be here by now, ......................... he? 10 I'm making you feel u ncomfortable, ......................... I ? 11 Someone left the door ope n, ......................... they? 12 Nobody knows about this, ......................... they? H Rewrite the sentences correctly. 1 I wonder if you cou l d tel l me what ti me does the plane from Fra n kfu rt a rrive? 2 Could you let me know when wou ld you like me to come for an i nterview. 1 22 Questions / question tags / indirect questions Unit 1 9 --- ·--· ·-- ·------· · ·-·-···-- --- ...-------------··--·--------" 3 I wonder if you know what bus should I catch for the town centre. · · · · · · · ·········· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • • · • • • • · • • · · · · • • • • • · · · • • • • · · · · · · · · • • · · • • • • • • • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · • • • • · · · · · · · ······· · · • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 4 Do you thi n k you cou ld tel l me how do you work this ticket machine? · · · · · · · · · · · · · • • · • • • · · · · · · · • · · · ·· · · · • • • •• • • · ·· · · · · • · · · · · • • · · • · · · • • • • · · · · · · · · · · • • • • • · • • • • • • · · • •• • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • • · · · • · · · • • • • • • · · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · · • • • 5 I wonder you have seen George? · · · · · • · · • • • • • · • • • • • · · · · · · · · • · • • • • • • · • • • • · • · · · · · · • · · · • • • • • • • • · · · · · · · · · · • • · · · • • · · • • • · • · · · ·· · · · ·· · · ·· · · · · · • · · · • • • • • • • • • · · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · · · • · · · • • • • • • · 6 I would l i ke to know do you have any dou ble rooms? . . . . . • . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . . • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • . . . . • • • • • • • . . . . • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • . . . • • • • . • . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 7 Can you tel l me what were you doing i n my office? • • . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • . . • . . • • • . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • . • . • . • . . . . . . . . .. . . . . • • . • • •. . . • • • • . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . 8 Do you know where is this address? . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • . . . . . . . . • • • . • • • • • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • . . . • . . •. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . • . . • . . . . . • • • • . • . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • I Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a simi lar meaning to the fi rst sentence . Write between two and five words in each gap. 1 When does Tina get back from Berlin? know Do ....................................................................................... back from Berl in? 2 What time does the fi l m sta rt tonight? starts Could you tel l me ....................................................................................... tonig ht? 3 Is service i ncluded in the price? know I would like to ....................................................................................... in the price. 4 What is the salary? let Cou ld you ....................................................................................... the salary is? 5 Have you been to Bru ssels before? wonder I ....................................................................................... to Brussels before. 6 Did Gail pass her exa m? passed Do you know ....................................................................................... her exa m? 7 I wonder if you know where Mary went after the party last night. go Where ....................................................................................... after the pa rty last nig ht? 8 I would like to know how many days hol iday we get each year. given H ow many days holiday ....................................................................................... each yea r? J Circle the extra word i n each sentence . 1 Do you have much free time these days or a re you be q uite busy? 2 I wou ld like to know it when I ca n expect my order to be delivered. 3 Do you thi n k whether you could possibly let me know how soon you wil l have the work finished? 4 I wonder if you know who it is responsible for cleaning the building. 5 Tel l Roger who did you saw when you were at the pol ice station the other day. 6 Did Dad mention who he sold him the ca r to? 7 You shouldn't leave you r homework to the very last mi nute if you wa nt to get a good mark, should not you? 8 I wonder it if you know where I can buy something to eat. ' . 1 23 - Voca6ula[J - Unit 20 • Weather and the environment Topic vocabulary in contrast see pages 1 93-94 for defi n itions urba n I suburban I ru ra l clean I clear thunder I l ightning smog I fog I smoke I mist pour I drizzle I flood g loba l I worldwide weather I cli mate environ ment I surroundings pla i n I land I field I desert forecast I pred iction wind I air exti nct I endangered waste I litter I rubbish reservoir I lake I p ud d le I pond recycle I reu se Phrasal verbs call for requi re; need; demand get (sb) down make sb feel sad or lose hope call off cancel put down to suggest that sth is the result of clear up become brig hter a nd better (for weather) put out make someth ing stop burn ing cut off make a place difficult or im possible to enter, leave set in sta rt and be likely to contin ue for a while (for or com m u nicate with; disconnect rai n, wi nter, an economic depression, etc) stand for represent (for a bbreviations a nd sym bols); die down become less noisy, powerful or active put u p with do up repa ir, paint or im prove tear down destroy or remove (for buildings, statues, etc) face up to accept sth and try to deal with it throw away get rid of, d iscard Phrases and collocations control lose/ta ke/have control (of sth); in control; out of control effect have an effect (on sth/s b); ta ke effect end in the end; at the end (of sth); come to an end; come to/reach the end (of sth); happy ending floor on the floor; on the g round/first/second/etc floor fuss ma ke/ca use a fuss (a bout sth/doi ng) long (for) as long as; (for) a long ti me; ta ke a long time (to do); long to do; long for sth (to do) look have/ta ke a look at sth/sb; look l ike sth/sb; look at/for sth/sb mess m a ke a m ess (of sth); i n a mess responsibility have/ta ke (the) responsibility for sth/doing shower ta ke/have a shower; a rai n shower; a lig ht/heavy shower of ra i n sight catch/lose sight of sth/sb; in sight of sth; at fi rst sight waste a waste of time; waste your time; ind ustria l/household waste weather weather forecast; under the weather world all over the world; around the world; throug hout the world; the whole world; in the world; world record Word patterns aware of sth; aware that expect sth/sb (to d o); expect that hard to do; hard doing prevent sth; prevent sb from doing; prevent covered i n/with sth familiar with sth; fam iliar to sb sth from happening disappointed with/by sth; i n s b famous for sth/doing short of sth; short on sth warn sb a bout/against sth/doing; warn sb of except (for) sth/doi ng glance at sth/sb sth; warn sb n ot to do; warn (sb) that Word formation accurate accurately, i naccurate(ly), (in)accuracy globe global (ly) nature (un) natu ra l (ly) neighbour neig h bou rly, danger dangerous(ly); enda nger; e nda ngered great greatly, greatness neighbouring, neigh bourhood develop (un)developed, developi ng, developer, harm ha rmfu l (ly), pollute (un)poll uted, pol l ution, development harm less(ly), (un)harmed pol l utant environment environ mental (ly), envi ronmenta l ist likely u n l i kely, likeli hood reside residentia l, resident, residence extreme extremely, extremity, extrem ist low lower, lowness sun sun ny, sunshine freeze froze, frozen, freezi ng, freezer 1 24 Weather and the environment Unit 20 r·· --·-·-·--·-·---- ·- - · - --·-- - ··---·· ·- -· � - --- l · • ---· ·---.. · Topic vocabulary in contrast A C i rcle the correct word. .. " · .. ... . Loca l n ews in b ri ef Thresham Valley under water? Plans to turn much of the Thresham Valley into a large (1 ) puddle I reservoi� to provide drinking water for the local area have received mixed reactions. Local councillors have praised the scheme, arguing that the environmental and economic benefits of (2) flooding I pouring the valley will far outweigh the disadvantages. Several small (3) rural I urban communities - two villages, three hamlets and two farms - in the valley will disappear, however. Lucky escape for farmer A farmer was struck by (4) lightning I thunder on Thursday evening, while mending a fence in one of his , . · (5) plains I fields. The farmer, Jack Dobson, received treatment for slight burns at Meldew Hospital. Talking'· about · } ./ i the incident later, he said: 'It was (6) drizzling I showering slightly when I went out, but I'd checked the weathe� - � ># (7) prediction I forecast and it hadn't said there was going to. be a thunderstorm . It was lucky I was wearing my } wellington boots!' :�., Save bags and save money Shoppers at a local supermarket are being urged notto throw away the supermarket's plastic shopping bags. A spokesperson for Asdo said: 'For every new bag we make, the factory has to pump out industrial (8) waste I litter and that's increasing ,: \ pollution in the (9) suburban I surrounding area. We want to reduce the number of bags we make each year. We're . J · offering a financial incentive to our customers to ( 1 0) reuse I repeat their bags by bringing them with them every time they shop with us rather than getting new ones each time.' ' ' Local academic causes a stir • I t :; ' An academic from Davington University has caused controversy by claiming that (1 1 ) global I worldwide warming i · is not caused by human disregard for the ( 1 2) weather I environment. In her new book entitled Are We to Blame?, l ! �. ' •. I I Professor Angela . Lucini argues that large-scale changes in the Mediterranean (1 3) land I climate, for example, have taken place ever since the world was formed. 'People weren't responsible for the Ice Ages, or their coming to. an end, and we certainly weren't responsible for the fact the dinosaurs became ( 1 4) extinct I endangered so it's a bit presumptuous of us to think we're responsible for all the problems were facing no'vY, isn't it? ' she said. . . " .. · � 1 Councillor calls for an end to the fireplace ·� o.: ,. � r '; Local councillor Davina Forrest is calling for a ban on the use of c.oal fires at home. 'There's no·doubJ that if domestic -� : chimneys stopped pumping ou� (1 5) smoke I fog into the atmosphere, the (1 6) air I wind we'd all be breathi�g would i · ° ;, . b e much (1 7) cleaner I clearer,' she said. . ,. ·� · , '· ''l ' � )""'..,k:;;.;r�\!: ,,-o;� -, ,.__. h � · "" · .· · · t��.lf� '\-t*"��· �' � · · �·",;;, . ' ,. .... . , . . �����:..I · . Y'1�,j0f·�·;•�4-�"i''f/ . . . , ... . "'- ;; . . . ,.- � · � �. ' ,. ,,,, . "� '*·�<J}"""fie'';H'.(i"' . · · � u.., Phrasal verbs B Complete using the correct form of the phrasal verbs i n the box. call for • call off • clear up • cut off • die down • do up • face up to • put out 1 The weather should have .................................................. by this evening, should n't it? 2 Do you thi nk the wind has .................................................. enough for us to go sailing without any danger? 3 Envi ron menta l ists are .................................................. stricter controls on the use of leaded petrol. 4 Why ca n't they .................................................. the fact that thei r prod ucts a re bad for the envi ron ment? 5 Fi refighters managed to .................................................. the forest fi re before it destroyed any houses. 6 We'll have to .................................................. the demonstration if the weather's real ly bad, won't we? 7 The town was tota lly .................................................. for th ree days beca use of the floods. 8 It didn't take us l ong to .................................................. the old barn, did it? 125 Unit 20 Vocabulary r---------- i l C Write o ne word in each gap. 1 Don't throw those batteries ......................... . They're not biodeg radable! 2 Rainy days a lways ......................... me down. 3 Could you tel l me what the letters 'CJD' stand ......................... ? 4 They're planning to tea r ......................... the old cinema and build a new shopping centre on the land. 5 I thi nk the rain's set ......................... for the day, don't you? 6 Some scientists put the extinction of the dinosa u rs down ......................... changes i n the world's cli mate. Phrases and collocations D Complete each second sentence using the word given , so that it has a simi lar meaning to the fi rst sentence . Write between two and five words i n each gap. 1 Josh isn't feel ing very wel l today. weather Josh is feeling a bit today. ...... . . . . ............. ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CFC's have bad ly affected the ozone layer. effect CFC's have ....................................................................................... the ozone layer. 3 Would you mind qu ickly looking at the engi ne? look Would you mind ....................................................................................... the engi ne? 4 Cleaning the beach took ages. long It ....................................................................................... clean the beach. 5 It's Ca rl's job to read the barometer every morni ng. responsibility Ca rl ....................................................................................... the barometer every morning. 6 There's no point tryi ng to persuade him to recycle bottles and paper. waste It ....................................................................................... trying to persuade him to recycle bottles and paper. 7 We'll soon be able to see la nd, won't we? sight We'll soon be ....................................................................................... la nd, won't we? 8 I cou ldn't steer the boat beca use the waves were so high. control I ....................................................................................... the boat beca use the waves were so h igh. E Circle the correct word . 1 The days of Athens being one of the most pol luted cities i n the world have come I gone to an end. 2 Their office is at I on the fifteenth floor. 3 The government's made I done a complete mess of its envi ronmenta l policy. 4 It's so hot, I thin k I'm going to do I have a cold shower to cool down . 5 As usual, so-called natu re lovers a re making I taking a fuss about noth ing. 6 I can't believe there's a nyone in the complete I whole world who wants the hole i n the ozone layer to get any bigger. 7 It looks like I as a large number of species wil l become extinct over the next decade. 8 You used to believe there really was a pot of gold at I in the end of every rai n bow, didn't you? 1 26 Weather and the environment Unit 20 - ----· 1 I - - ,_ -·--· ----- -------------------- i Word patterns F Write one word in each ga p. SAN FRANCISCO Tou rists to Sa n Francisco a re ra rely d isappointed (1 ) ...................... ... the famous ra nge of cultura l and a rtistic attractions the city has to offer. B ut San Francisco is more famous (2) ......................... being on the San And reas fault, a notorious source of earthquakes. Over seven hund red people d ied i n S a n Francisco in the g reat earthquake of 1 906, a n d more than 70 perished in another large quake in 1 989. It's hard (3) ......................... i magine why anyone would want to l ive i n such a da ngerous a rea, but millions of people choose to d o so. They are all fa miliar (4) ......................... the fa u ltline, and a re awa re (5) .. . ...................... the potentia l danger if there's another powerful quake. Yet nothi ng, it seems, wil l prevent people (6) ......................... building i n San Francisco. A q uick g lance (7) ......................... a photo of the city shows a large n u m ber of modern skyscrapers, many of them com pletely covered (8) ......................... g lass. Seismologists are consta ntly warning residents (9) ......................... the possi bility of 'the next big q uake� They expect it (1 0) ............. . ........... ha ppen sooner rather tha n later. But San Fra ncisca ns are not short (1 1 ) ... . ..................... courage. Except (1 2) ......................... making doubly sure that their buildings are built to the h ig hest safety standard s, they carry on with their daily l ives as if n othing could ever d isru pt them. Word formation G Each of the words i n bold is in the wrong form . Rewrite them correctly. 1 Most scientists accept that globe warming is a reality. .............................. . 2 The weather was freeze. I was wea ring two pairs of g l oves and my fi ngers were still cold! 3 What can we do to protect danger species l i ke the giant pa nda? .............................. . 4 Meteorologists can forecast tomorrow's weather with i ncredible accurate these days. 5 Develop a re planning to build a water pa rk on the site of the old airport . .............................. . 6 All our prod ucts are environment friendly. .............................. . 7 Everyone should be extreme worried a bout the hole in the ozone layer. ............................... 8 We l ive i n a resident a rea a bout twenty minutes from the town centre. ............................... 9 There's not much likely of environmental g roups stopping the building of the new factory, . 1s t h ere 7. ............................... 10 Don't worry! This snake is completely harm. . ............................. . 11 Let's g o outside and enjoy the sunny while it lasts . ............................... 12 What kind of neighbour did you g row up in? ............................... 13 I hope they d on't low the price of petrol. .............................. . 14 The g reat of solar power l ies i n its simpl icity. .............................. . 15 A n umber of d ifferent pollute i n the river have ca used the death of a l l the fish. 16 It's nature dark for this time of day. They did n't say there was going to be an ecl ipse, d id they? ............................... --- . . . ,,. 1 27 A If a l i ne is correct, put a tick (.I) next to the number. If there is an extra word i n a l i ne, write it next to the n u mber. Weather control . ·· .. �.. 1 . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . Forecasts m ig ht wa rn to us a bout threats posed by the weather, 2 ....... . ........ . .. .. . . . . but i magi ne if we could take out control of the weather a nd 3 . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . prevent dangerous weather conditions from in the first place . ... . .... ... 4 .. ... . ......... .. .. . . . . .. Controlling the weather may be the biggest technologica l S . . . . .. . . . . ..... .. . ....... challenge we face. For a long of ti me, scienti sts have d reamed 6 . . .. ......... . . . .... .. .. . of creating a rtificial clouds to bring rai n to a reas hit by drought, 7 .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . .... .. . . but it's much harder to do tha n they expected that. The g l obal 8 ..... ......... .. ..... .. .. weather system is very complicated, with each pa rt having an �. �. 9 .. . . ........ . .. . .. .. . . . . . effect taken on all the others. The scientists may feel they are �i. 10 ..... ...... . ...... . . .. . . . wasting u p t,heir time, but success cou ld save millions of lives. · /!! .· r . -.#+It.. --- ..J ,J'""" -- · -:.'-. ·, -'C;.- .... .,.,. ... ..._. ..._ ...., ,,. ,_ ., _ ._ .___ _,__ _ __., _ _____ . ___ _ _ _ __ _ ...,. _ . __ .c" '""'' .,.._ ..... ._ ..., _ __ .... '_ ....,. __� - ,: • "' rt ·w . ( 1 m a r k p e r a n swer) B Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in capitals when th is is necessa ry. 11 The forecast said there was a high ....... .. . (LIKELY) of rai n this weekend. . .......... . ......... 12 We a l l know that using our ca rs ca uses .. .. (POLLUTE), but we sti l l d o it. ........ ............ ....... 13 Forecasti ng the weather . .... . (ACCURATE) takes a great deal of traini ng. . .. . .. . . . .... ..... .... ... 14 Litte r is often a problem i n (RESIDENT) a reas. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 According to .. ..... . ..... (ENVIRONMENT), we could be facing a crisis within fifty years. . ... ...... . ....... 16 It was a wonderfu l ly (SUN) day, so we decided to g o to the beach. .............. ......... ........ 17 The giant panda is .......... ..... . (DANGER) because its habitat i s being destroyed. ... . . . .. . . . . ... 18 We did n't enjoy our wa l k beca use it was absol utely (FREEZE)! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ( 1 m a r k p e r a n sw e r) C Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words i n each ga p. 19 Did you see the docu menta ry about the ozone layer? saw I wonder the docu menta ry about the ozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . layer. 20 I saw a badger for a moment before it d isappea red i nto the woods. si gh t I ....................................................................................... a badger before it disappeared into the woods. 21 I hope the weather gets better for our trip to the mou ntains this weekend. up I hope ....................................................................................... for our trip to the mountains th is weekend. 22 Did you hear that the g reenhouse in the park had been demol ished ? torn Did you hea r that they ....................................................................................... the g reenhouse in the pa rk? 23 Everything we do affects the environ ment in one way or another. effect Everything we do ....................................................................................... the environ ment in one way or another. 24 I don't really know a lot about the work that Greenpeace does. familiar I ... .. . . . .. ... .. .... .. . .. the work that Greenpeace does. ' ., . . . . ........ . .... ...... .... ....... .......... ........... . . . . .. . . . . . 25 The bui lders have spoi led our garden. mess The builders have ou r garden. ....................................................................................... 26 Dr Trent said the problems were caused by rubbish in the streets. put D r Trent ....................................................................................... rubbish in the streets. 27 Most people know that wasting water causes problems. aware Most people ....................................................................................... the problems caused by wasting water. ( 2 m a r ks p e r a n sw e r) .• D Choose the correct a nswer. 28 No o n e seems t o ca re about the 32 There isn't much point in trying to save . . env1 ron ment, ............ ? e I ectnc1ty, ............ ?. . . A does he A is it B a re they B isn't there c is he c isn't it D do they D is there 29 Do you know where ............ a book 33 Don't d rop your sweet wra pper on the a bout i nsects? floor, ? ... ......... A can I find A do you B I fi nd B a ren't you c I ca n find c wil l you D do l fi nd D won't you 30 The new law prevents people ............ 34 'I went to the exhibition at the natu ral their ru bbish in certain a reas. history m useum.' A to leave 'Oh, yes? What ............ there?' B from leaving A saw you c of leaving B you did see D leave c you saw D d id you see 31 Let's walk to the shops instead of taking the car, ............ ? A shal l we B don't we c wi l l we D won't we ( 1 m a r k p e r a n sw e r) E Choose the correct answer. 35 There's been a ............ in Germany and 39 If you ask me, ............ waste is a a village was completely destroyed. m uch bigger problem than ord inary A flood c shower household waste. B drizzle D smog A i nd ustrial c worki ng B business D employer 36 Do you know what CFC ? ............ A sets i n c stands for 40 As towns g row, they tend to destroy the B d oes up D gets down su rrou nd i ng ............ a reas. A u roan c land 37 Dinosaurs have been ............ for mil lions B commercial D ru ral of years. A endangered c th reatened 41 Jill put her wellington boots on and, as B extinct D d isappeared soon as it stopped rai ning, went out to play i n the ............ . 38 It's sunny, but there's a very cold A reservoirs c puddles ............ so don't forget you r coat. B lakes D ponds A blowi ng c wind B air D gas ( 1 m a rk p e r a n sw e r) To t a l m a r k : . . . . . . I 50 ...._ Unit 21 Grammar • Reported speech / reported questions / reporting verbs __ ( Reported speech: tense and modal changes _ _ • We use reported speech when we want to say what someone else said. eg Jason said he was going to buy a new pair of trainers. • If_ the reporting verb is in the past (eg said), we usua l ly have to change the tense of what the person actual ly said. Direct speech Reported Example ,__ speech _ .. . present simple past simple 'I need a credit card, ' said Tim. • Tim said he needed a credit card. prese nt past conti n uous 'I'm taking Lizzie shopping, ' said Tim. • Tim said he was taking Lizzie shopping. 1' conti nuous present perfect past perfect simple 'I've bought Tom a present, ' said Tim. • Tim said he'd bought Tom a present. · : sim ple present perfect past perfect • ; 'I've been thinking about buying a car, ' said Tim. Tim said he'd been conti nuous conti n uous thinking about buying a car. it-------+---t past simple past perfect simple '/ spent six euros, 'said Tim. • Tim said he 'd spent six euros. �t---------+---------+------------------------------t' past perfect 'I was hoping to find a new top, 'said Tim. • Tim said he'd been hoping to find past conti n uous conti nuous a new top. past perfect past perfect simple 'I'd looked everywhere for my credit card before I found it, ' said Tim. • Tim said ) simple1.1: (no tense cha nge) he'd looked everywhere for his credit card before he found it. 1-------+--t " past perfect past perfect 'I'd been looking for that book for weeks before I found it, ' said Tim. • Tim said contin uous (no conti nuous he'd been looking for that book for weeks before he found it. tense change} am/is/are going to was/were going to 'I'm going to go shopping, ' said Tim. • Tim said he was going to go shopping. will would 'I'll need a credit card, ' said Tim. • Tim said he would need a credit card. can could 'I can take Lizzie shopping, ' said Tim. • Tim said he could take Lizzie shopping. 'I must go to the supermarket, ' said Tim. • Tim said he had to go to the . must I have to had to supermarket. may might 'I may go shopping later, ' said Tim. • Tim said he might go shopping later. .· . · · ·- · · . . .; · · ····.·• .. :: · · : :. ·· - � · :· . - .. '• .... . : .. � .. ... . . . · ·. .-· "!! ·: ··· " ''-" '"'" '· : : - -� - · -· · ··:· : . . , . .. ..... .: .... .. .._ ;·_ ·· ··· : · ·�:· · ·· - .. .·· . · · · : . · .: . . •. ,.. .. . /.,' � ·f . _ · · : ·-: .' , :' : .. . . ' :• •. .- . -�· ... . . ',. ·,.,.,., • - .......... · · ·> ·.� . :. .: . - .. . · . .. ..... .. ·· :-:. · ·;-. : We do not need to make any changes to the verb tense or modal when we a re reporting a scientific fact or when something is sti l l true . ./ 'Most banks charge interest, 'said Tim. • Tim said most banks charge in terest. ( Reported speech: pronoun and determiner changes ) • With reported speech, we also usual ly have to change some pronouns and determiners . These changes include: Reported � Direct speech Example speech ) " t ,r: my his / her 'I've lost my credit card, ' said Tim. • Tim said he had lost his credit card. I. ·" this / that + noun the / that 'I love this sweater,' said Tim. • Tim said he loved the I that sweater. '..'.. ... this I that + verb it 7his is a lovely sweater, ' said Tim. • Tim said it was a lovely sweater. � !· these I those + noun the / those 'I love those sweaters, ' said Tim. • Tim said he loved the I those sweaters. !f �... , these I those + verb they 7hese are lovely sweaters, ' said Tim. • Tim said they were lovely sweaters. . verb + these / those them 'I'm going to buy these, 'said Tim. • Tim said he was going to buy them. . . . :· •.• . · · ·· � . , •.· ·.:.: '!' .. . ... .. . . · · · , . . .. .. · .. .·. .: ..-: , .. •··: .· ... .. ·· .· · ·, ·· >· . . .. ... . ... . .. .. . . . ., .. � ... . . · : . .. . .. ·: ·. .. ... .... . ··. ·. .. . . ·. . ..·.·· ...::-..· . .. . . .. ., .. •. . . . .. · .· ' · · .......: ":'·.· ·· · · ; . . .. ..... . .... .. :,,,., ....,.- . 130 Reported speech / reported questions / reporting verbs Unit 21 ( Reported speech: time and place changes ) • With reported speech, we a lso usual ly have to change words and phrases connected to ti me and place. These changes i nclude: ::;: ·/ '. Direct speech Reported speech Example { here there 'I usually shop here,' said Tim. • Tim said he usually shopped there. " ·:... · � now/ at the 'I'm shopping at the moment, ' said Tim. • Tim said he was shopping then I at that moment moment then I at that moment. I· I 'I'm going shopping tomorrow, ' said Tim. • Tim said he was going } tomorrow . the next/following day shopping the next/following day. ;; 'I'm going shopping tonight, ' said Tim. • Tim said he was going ;� tonight /, tha t nigh t shopping that night. :� :1: ,, ;I! next week/month! the following week! 'I'm going shopping next week, ' said Tim. • Tim said he was going ' year mon th/year shopping the following week. / .·� ' f :;·; the day before I the 'I wen t shopping yesterday,' said Tim. • Tim said he'd been shopping . :�· yesterday previous day the day before I the previous day. •· :� ,. " " · •. the week/month/year last week/month/ 'I went shopping last week, ' said Tim. • Tim said he'd been shopping before I the previous :" year the week before I the previous week. week/mon th/year .,; '.: 'I wen t shopping two days ago, ' said Tim. • Tim said he'd been shopping .... ago before I previously two days before I previously. '. \·::;.·• •· ..... .. . ....'f. . : . ., ·: ''·'.·· ....-.. . �:· ...·. . . .;. . . . : · :. . .. · · ··-. · ··:':"1 .. ....-.: ...·-� ·::. : · ;"r.-•." ,_ . . ·.-....... · ::.....�::· . ... .... ., · .• · ·.·�·�· ·"·/ · .· :· . .... : .·- �-:' . .. . ,. . . . , '• ...... ...... . .......... . · ·. .. ... .. .·. . .. . . ..... . . _... ..·.. ··,·: . ·· · .· . :, · ·...•. · ., , . . . ·· ·: .. •·. ·. · ;_ ;·':'' . ·� . ·, . . . . ........ . ... •, • We do not need to make any changes to time words/ph rases when the information is sti l l true at the moment of s peaking/writing . ./ 'I'm going shopping tomorrow, ' said Tim to Ben. • Ben immediately called Lizzie and said, 'Tim said he's going shopping tomorrow.' ( Reported questions ) • We use reported q u estions when we want to say what someone else asked . eg Tim asked Tom if he wanted to go shopping with him. • We use the sa me rules regarding tense, pronoun and time and place word/ph rase changes with reported q u estions as we do with reported speech. l , Direct speech Reported speech Example �·· . � -�� have, do, be or modal 'Can you get me an ice cream, Tom ?'asked Tim. • Tim asked Tom ... u se if or whether (ie yes/no questions) /,• � if/ whether he could get him an ice cream. t .... f... what, who, which, when, what, who, which, when, 'Why did you buy these shoes?' asked Tim. • Tim asked me why I ' where, why and how where, why and how had bought those shoes . ·.··· .,. .: '/; ' • :.. · · /.. : ; - ::::�c- :·_.. . . . .: .·. ··· �. ••:·' :: . :. •;.·/:"' ·; ·· ·, . ·., . . ... ...._, • 7, • •• • .. ,,,··.i_· ·...:· · . .. . . ...·· .... . �·.:.· ···'.--':·:... :�:. ···:: .·.� . . . .... ... ;. ..:· :._:t· ..,...._.. . ·-..�:-: - ,·.:·.·. -. ·-;.·.· · ·:: . ·,, : ,( . ·r-�; · ·. :.. . .. � - .-. . . , . ..,-.;-; . -:; .. ,. ;: ...;.:--, · ·-. ..�-·-:;:' '•>"·/'··:"" . �...-. ;, •' ;""".-.. ·.:: '•!":" . · .: ;._... :.·:· ...,:•""/• ,_.;_ , • . ·.•. • '•.'· •• . . .. . . ... ·· · '-�- . . I n d i rect q uestions we use the q uestion form and q uestion ma rks (Can you ... ?). I n reported q uestions we don't use the q uestion form or q uestion ma rks (asked if he could ... ) . ( Reporting verbs ) • Different reporti ng verbs take different g ram matica l patterns. Some verbs ca n take more tha n one pattern . ./ deny (verb + noun) Katie denied the accusation. ./ deny (verb + that clause) Katie denied (that) she was a shoplifter. ./ deny (verb + -ing ) Katie denied stealing the chocolate biscuits. See page 1 97 for a ful l l ist of verbs and patterns. 131 Unit 21 Grammar A Comp l ete using the correct form of the verb i n brackets . 1 Stewa rt said he ..... . ............................................ (not I want) a ny dessert as he was ful l . 2 Derek said that he and Belinda ................................ ......... . ....... (see) Adam recently. . 3 When I cal led, Susie said she .................................................. (give) the dog a bath so she asked me to phone back in half an hour. 4 Marcus said he .................................................. (try) to find a flat for ages before he finally fou nd one he l i ked. 5 Debbie says she .................................................. (decide) to quit her job but I don't bel ieve her. 6 Our English teacher said that Shakespeare .................................................. (be) proba bly the g reatest writer in the Eng l ish language ever. 7 Richard said he and Patricia .................................................. (be going to) i nvite her parents for the weekend, but I don't know if they went or not. 8 Cha rlotte said last night that she rea l ly ................................... . .............. (love) me, even if she doesn't always show it. 9 Ollie said to Linda that he . . ....... .. ......... .. ........ .. .................. (ask) me to be his best man on Monday but in fact he asked Grant. 10 Pete told Fra ncis he ................................... .............. (bring up) by h is g randparents but i n fact he . hadn't at all. B If a word or p h rase i n bold is correct, put a tick {.!) . If it is i ncorrect, rewrite it correctly. 1 On Monday, my boss said I can take Wed nesday off, but he changed his mind today for some reason . .................................................. 2 The receptionist sa id that if I wa nted to have brea kfast, I will have to pay extra. 3 A lot of people at school have said that And rew may get the lead i n the school play. 4 Col i n said he'd been planning to ask Rich to move i n with him for ages. 5 Lucy says she would let us know as soon as she gets the tickets . .................................................. 6 Jordan sa id that she has to get u p at five thirty every morning . .................................................. 7 Before he got his results, Philip said that he may have to retake some exams, but now he knows he doesn't have to. ................................................. . 8 Did Mrs Morga n say why she'd called? ................................................. . 9 Pau l said he should be here tomorrow n ight at a bout nine. ................................................. . 10 Da n said he must d rive to Liverpool that night, but a ppa re ntly he d idn't go i n the end. C Write one word i n each ga p. 1 Tonya said ......................... TV was broken and asked if she could come a round to watch the football with us. 2 You r father said that ......................... old newspa pers i n the garage might be col lector's items. 3 Dana told the kids she had no o ption but to punish ......................... . 4 Wendy said to tha n k you for the tomatoes and that ......................... were the tastiest ones she'd ever eaten. 5 Before he left, Ca rsen told h is hosts that ......................... had been a lovely evening. 6 As soon as he saw the jeans, Bob told us that he had to have ......................... . 132 Reported speech / reported questions / reporting verbs Unit 21 7 The Pattersons said that ......................... eldest d aug hter has just got a job worki ng at the White House. 8 Grandpa said that ......................... picture over there was painted by his g reat-g ra ndfather. D Co mplete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar mea n i ng to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap. 1 'We'l l be travelli ng round Europe next month,' said Jerry. following Jerry sa id that be travel ling round Euro pe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 2 'I had Evan a nd Christie over for d inner last nig ht,' said Liz. before Liz said that ....................................................................................... had Eva n a nd Ch ristie over for dinner. 3 'Daz came here two days ago and then sudden ly left,' said Barry. gone Barry said that Daz had ....................................................................................... and then sudden ly left. 4 'We're going on our yea rly diet tomorrow,' said Jessie and Sandy together. starting Jessie a nd Sandy said together that ....................................................................................... yea rly diet the next day. 5 'I can pick you two boys u p from school this afternoon,' said their father to George and Kevin. that George a nd Kevin's father told his sons ....................................................................................... up from school that afternoon. 6 'I'll buy these as they're so cheap!' said Toby. going Toby said he ....................................................................................... as they were so chea p. 7 'You must study ha rder, Dave,' said Dave's mum. him Dave's mum ....................................................................................... study harder. 8 'I think you may be com ing down with flu,' Greg said to me. thought Greg said that ....................................................................................... be coming down with flu. 9 'I don't know why they haven't contacted me recently,' said Tine. been Tine said she d idn't know why ....................................................................................... recently. 10 'Everything was d ifferent yesterday,' sa id Ben. been Ben said everything ....................................................................................... before. E Write one word in each gap. The Excuses The office was silent. 'So, let me get this right,' (1 ) Alison cal mly. 'Not one of you is ......................... willing to donate some money towards Mr Ba rtlett's leaving present.'There was silence agai n for a moment, then Deid re (2) . u p, saying that she (3) love to g ive a donation, ................. ....... ....... .................. but u nfortu nately her house (4) . being painted that week and she ............. ........... (S) not have any spare cash at a l l. Alec was next. He was very a pologetic and said ......................... that he (6) meant to bring some money to work (7) ......................... morning, but had ......................... forgotten. Perhaps tomorrow? Bettv said she (8) . completely broke at ........................ (9) moment in time, a nd said she (1 0) ......................... not give a nything u ntil she ......................... (1 1 ) her pay cheque at the end of the week. Alison stared at them a l l . She . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1 2) them how d isappointed she (1 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... with all of them, a nd that she ......................... ( 1 4) remember their excuses when it was time for (1 S) ......................... to retire. She . . . . . . . . ........... ...... slammed the door behind her as she left the room. 1 33 Unit 21 Grammar F Rewrite as reported q uestions , begi nning with the words given . 1 'Have you had your ear pierced?' My mum asked me if .......................................................................................................... . 2 'Can I meet you there at six o'clock tonight, Doug ?' Ju l ian wa nted to know whether ........................................................... .............................. . 3 'Are you stil l movi ng to Blackpool next week?' Fiona asked Rod a nd Jenny whether ............................................... ................................... . 4 'Does Graham have to wear a suit to work?' I asked Mrs Daley if Graham ................................................................ ............................... . 5 'Do you want someone to feed you r cat while you're away?' Jan asked me if ................................................................................................................... . 6 'Can you guess what I've given Lindsay for her birthday?' Daisy asked Wendy if .......................................................................................................... . 7 'Do you love me or not, Gloria?' Fred asked Gloria whether . .. . . ............................................................................................ . 8 'Will Simon be comi ng to the pa rty tomorrow night' Ad rian wondered whether .................................................................................................. . 9 'Te l l me if you were anywhere near 34 Aylesford Street last nightl' The police officer demanded to know whether Sykes ....................................................... . G Rewrite as direct questions . 1 She asked me why I was thinking of qu itting the gym. 2 He asked her what the d ifference was between a refugee and a n asylu m seeker. 3 They asked us how we had got on with Peter th ree days before . . . . • . . • • • . . • . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . .. • • . . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . .• • • • • • . .. • . .. . • • • •• • . . . . . . . . . . . ... • • • . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. • . • . • • • • . . . . . . . . 4 I asked them when they had last been on holiday. 5 She asked him which of them he preferred . . . . • . . .. . . . . . . • . . .. . . • • • • . . • . . . . . . . . • • . . . • • . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • . • . . . . . • . . . • • • • • • • . . • . . . . . . . • • . • • . • • . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 I asked you how you were going to get to Manchester tomorrow. • • · · · · · · · · · • · • · · · · · • ···· · · • • • • • · · · · · · · • · · · · • · · · · · · · · • • • • · · · · • · · · · · • • • • • · · • ·· · · · · · · • • • • • • • • · · · • · · · • · • · • • • • • • ······· · · • · · · • • • • • ········· • • • • • ··· 7 Carl asked Megan who she had been out with the weekend before . . . • • • . . . . . . . . • • • . . • • • • • . . • • • • . .. . • . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . • . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . • • • . • • • • . • • • . . . . . • • • . . . . . .• • •. . . . . . . • • . . . . . • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 8 Megan asked Carl what gave him the right to ask questions like that. 1 34 Reported speech / reported questions / reporting verbs Unit 21 H Co mplete using the correct form of the words i n the box. agree • apologise • ask • claim • deny • order • refuse • state • suggest • tell 1 If you want .................................................. me a question, put you r hand up. 2 I .................................................. very clea rly severa l times a l ready that th is government is not going to be blackmailed by terrorists. 3 The general .................................................. the sold iers to retreat, which they did as quickly as they cou ld! 4 Isabel le, .................................................. that story about the gi raffe. I love that story! 5 Glenda stil l .................................................. to me for losing my CD player. 6 If you .................................................. to cooperate with the police, you would have been i n big trou ble! 7 I'd like .................................................. wa iting a few more days before we make a final d ecision. 8 The politician .................................................. having done anythi ng wrong, d espite the evidence against him. 9 I .................................................. to help you with you r homework, not do it a l l for you! 10 Some thieves .................................................. to be electricity meter readers so they ca n gain access to people's houses. I Circle the extra word in each l i ne. NDn@ @ � 1 Someone told to me a few months ago that getti ng a mortgage wou ld be easy. How 2 wrong they were! When I fi rst went into the ban k, I asked if them how much I cou ld 3 borrow. They refused that to answer even such a simple question, saying that I had to 4 actually find a house before they could tel l me whether they wou ld have lend me the 5 money or not. I thought this was rid icu lous and so told it a wh ite lie, saying that 6 I had been already found a house. They finally said they would lend me the money, so 7 that was g reat. Then the problems started. A few weeks later a friend told me that about 8 a wonderfu l flat that was for sale. He suggested to our buying it together because it was 9 so large and I agreed. When I went back to the ban k and said so I was planning to 1o buy a flat with a friend, the bank ma nager den ied doing that he had ever said the ban k 11 wou ld give me a mortgage and claimed that he has had looked at my fi nances and knew 12 I wasn't earning enough to borrow money. I begged with him to have a nother look at my 13 records as I knew he was wrong. Final ly, he agreed me to reconsider my case a nd 14 eventua l ly sent m e a letter which stated that the ban k wou ld was qu ite happy to give me 15 a mortgage. By then, though, it was said too late as someone else had bought the flat! 1 35 vo�ca6ulary -- - . Unit : " . ' :• 22 ., ·•• . ·. ; • ! '· _ .. ._ _ .="'l , • Money and shopping '•, Topic vocabulary in contrast see page 1 95 for defi n itions economic I economical d iscount I offer till I checkout recei pt I bill price I cost prod ucts I g oods make I b rand change I cash refund I exchange bargain I sale wea lth I fortune fake I plastic Phrasal verbs bank on depend on sth h a ppening give away give free of charge; reveal sth you a re trying to hide come across fi nd sth or meet s b by cha nce l ive on use as a source of money come by get sth, especially sth that is hard to g et look round examine (a place) come i nto i nherit make out write a l l the necessa ry i nformation on a cheque, etc do without live without (sth you can't afford) make up for provide sth good, so that sth bad seems less i mportant get by ma nag e to su rvive (fi na ncial ly) put by save a n amount of money for the future get through use a l l of; fi nish save up (for) save money little by l ittle (for a s pecific pu rpose) Phrases and collocations amount an amount of sth; in large/small/etc a mounts; a mount to charge cha rge s b (a n amount of money); pay a charge; take charge (of sth/doing); in charge (of sth/doing) debt in debt (to s b); g et i n/into debt; clear a debt; owe sb a debt of q ratitude demand in demand; on demand; a demand for sth enough have enoug h (of sth); have enough sth (to do); enoug h is enough expense at s b's/your own expense; go to the expense of; business expense; expense account fortune m ake/earn/win/s pend a fortu ne; cost (you) a fortune; make your fortune i ncrease an i ncrease i n sth (of a certain amou nt); a wage/price i ncrease least at least; at the very l east; l ast but not l east; to say the least money make/earn/wi n/save/have money; s pend money (on sth/doing); short of money; do sth for the money notice notice sb doi ng/do; ta ke notice of sth; at short notice; g ive sb notice of profit make a profit (from sth) save save money/time; save sth for later shopping do the shopping; go shopping; shopping centre; window shoppinq Word patterns afford to do forget to do; forqet doi nq; forqet about sth/doi ng; forget if/whether argue with sb; a rgue a bout sth/doing; a rgue that lend sth to sb; l end sb sth beg sb (for sth); beg sb to do pay sb (for sth/doing); pay sth (to sb) belong to s b/sth profit from sth/doing borrow sth (from s b) save s b from sth/doi ng; save sth (for sth/sb) charge sb (for sth/doing) spend sth (on sth/sb/doing) demand sth (from s b); d emand that Word formation accept accepta nce, accepting, expense (i n)expensive(ly), poor poorly, poverty (un)acceptable, (u n)acceptably expenses real u n real, rea lly, real ise, real isation, assist assi stance, assistant finance fi na ncial (ly), finances real ity, real istic(a lly) value (in)va l ua ble, (in)valuably, day dai ly, everyday i nvest investment, investor val ueless, valuation economy economic, (un)economical(ly), luxury l uxu ries, l uxurious(ly) wealth wealthy economics, economist end end less(ly), end i nq, u nend ing pay paid, payment, payable 136 Money and shopping Unit 22 ...... - -- -·-------------- ..-··-'"'--� ..----------··---------...----------...----- Topic vocabulary in contrast A Circle the correct word . 1 My g randfather made a wealth I fortune by i nvesting at the right time. 2 I think you'll find that the Microcar is really very economic I economical to drive. 3 I'm afraid we can only accept the return of the item if you stil l have the receipt I bill. 4 If you show this cou pon at the checkout I discount, you'l l receive a free gift. 5 I'm not keen on J ustin Ti mberla ke so I'l l try to refund I exchange this CD for one by Bl ue. 6 The assista nt ca l led the manager when the note I gave her tu rned out to be plastic I fake. 7 This unbeatable special offer I bill is only available u ntil the end of the week, so h u rry! 8 Excuse me, but I don't su ppose you have make I change for a fifty, do you? 9 I went back to the shop a week later, and the price I cash had g one up by 50o/o! B Complete the crossword . Across 3 N i ne out of ten shoppers who tried our washing powder preferred it to any other leadi ng . . . . . (5) 6 If the . . . . situation continues to worsen, the government may have to take steps. (8) 7 You only paid €30 for such a gorgeous hat? That's a rea l . . . . ! (7) 9 Businesses are compla ining that the . . . . of labour is rising. (4) 10 This is a robbery! Put all the money from the . . . . i n this sack. Now! (4) 11 I need to find a bank beca use I didn't bring enoug h . . . . out with me. (4) 12 Come to Ba rons summer . . . . ! Everyth i ng is down 30%! (4) Down 1 If you buy an extra battery at the same time as the digita l ca mera, we can offer you a . . . . of 1 0%. (8) 2 Our supermarket stocks over a thousand household . . . . at l ow, l ow prices! (8) 4 When I checked the . . . . on my way out of the su perma rket, I noticed that I had paid twice for the fru it. (7) 5 If you ta ke something back to the shop, you m ig ht get a . . . . or be offered another item instead. (6) 7 Waiter! Do you think you could bring us the . . . . , please? (4) 8 There's very little heavy industry i n my cou ntry, so we i m port a lot of . . . . from abroad. (5) I 5 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 37 Unit 22 Vocabulary Phrasal verbs C Complete using the correct form of the p h rasa l verbs in the box . look round • come by • make out • put by • get through • bank on • give away 1 Of cou rse I'll pay you back n ext week. You ca n .................................................. it. 2 Wou ld you please .................................................. the cheq ue to Mr P. Edwards? 3 I try to .................................................. a little money each year to spend on a nice h oliday. 4 We .................................................. a l ot of butter i n our fa m ily every week. 5 Do you fancy coming into town on Satu rday to .................................................. the shops? 6 The robber cou ldn't explain how he .................................................. such a large a mount of money when the police caught him. 7 Did you h ear about the mil lionaire who ................................................. his entire fortu ne to cha rity? D Write one word i n each gap. When I was young, we always had to do ( 1 ) a lot of things that other kids had. We l ived . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ (2) . ... ......... my dad's wage, which wasn't much, but we managed to get (3) ......................... . If we .... . . . ..... needed anything, we wou ld (4) u p for it, but there was never very much for l uxuries. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Then, one day, I was helping my mum clean out my g reat-aunt's attic after she died when we came (5) . ..... . .. . . . .... my g reat-aunt's will! In it, she had left a l l her money to my m u m, ... ... ... and my g reat-aunt had been very rich! We had suddenly come (6) a fortu ne! .................. ....... Life changed after that, I ca n tel l you. We boug ht a new house and a new car and went on a g reat holiday to (7) up for all the times we had n't been able to afford it. . . . . . ....... . . . . . . .. . . . . . They say money isn't everything, but having money is a lot more fu n than not having it! Phrases and collocations E Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a s i m i la r meaning to the fi rst sentence . Write between two and five words i n each ga p. 1 I suggest not spending a l l you r money now so that you'll have some later. for What about later? ............ ..................... .................... . . . ................. .............. 2 Did your mum gain any money when she sold her business? profit Did you m u m ....................................................................................... when she sold her business? 3 Not many people wa nt this type of ba nk account. demand There is ....................................................................................... this type of bank account. 4 I didn't want to owe Sue money, so I d idn't borrow any. debt I did n't want ....................................................................................... Sue, so I did n't borrow any money. 5 You must have paid a l ot of money for such a n ice engagement ring, Jim! fortune A n ice engagement ring like that m ust ....................................................................................... , Jim! 6 I nflation has gone u p by 30/o this year. increase There has been an 3% this year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 7 You won't have any money if you keep buying CDs. it You won't have any money if you keep ....................................................................................... CDs. 8 Don't spend money on hiring a l imousine at the airport. expense D on t go ....................................................................................... h '1 n ng a I '1 mous1ne at t h e airport. I • • • 9 I had to pay £50 for breaking the vase in the shop! charged They .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . ........ . ........ . . . . ... .. .. . £50 for brea king the vase in the shop! ......... ......... ..... . . . . . ....... .... . .. .. . . 1 38 Money and shopping Unit 22 10 A lot of money was stolen from the bank in the robbery. amount The ban k lost in the robbery. ....................................................................................... 11 I can't afford a hol iday th is year. enough I don't have ....................................................................................... on holiday this year. 12 I succeeded through ha rd work, clever decisions and, finally but importa ntly, l uck. least I succeeded through hard work, clever decisions and, .................................................................... , luck. 13 The shopl ifter took a packet of crisps without the shopkeeper seeing. notice The shopkeeper did n't ....................................................................................... a packet of crisps. 14 I'l l g o and buy what we need and you sta rt cooking. shopping I'll go and ....................................................................................... and you start cooking. Word patterns F Match to make sentences . 1 I ca n't believe they charged me ........... . A a bout the economy. 2 The old lady begged me .......... .. B that I pay back my loan immediately. 3 I'll never forget .......... .. C learning that I had the win ning ticket. 4 My dad and my uncle always a rgue ........... . D to the girl at the desk and left. 5 I was shocked when the bank d emanded ........... . E for using the hotel pool . 6 We rea l ly can't afford ........... . F to buy a new fridge. 7 Debra paid the money .......... .. G to give her some money. G Write one word i n each gap. "io;i.' . �. ..,.�. . -v.·� . ·' . ... • .' . · - FINANCIAL CRISIS? , � � · ...:, Europe is heading for a financial crisis, or so some analysts believe. Although we are spending . more money (1 ) . ..... .. .. .. . . .. ....... luxury items and recreation than ever before, it is often mon ey ,,,1, �: . . we have borrowed (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �... a bank. Banks are willing to lend more and more money � � (3) . . . us because they . profit (4) . . . ;............ it by charging us interest. ;;�� ..,.. ---- {"· ! .i, ,__ ..,_ , ,., ..; . . .... ............... . . . .... . . . \ o.J.J.,_• _.__,,,of us save much ? ... We are. spending money that doesn't really belong (5) . . . . . . ......... us, � -;_ ':y.�� and few - i . �� � ;J .., ... . .: · . --1J . . ... . . . . . . �--- - .., -} � �-..... (6) . .. . .. . .. . .. ........ .. ... our old .. age. · � · • ' ,. ,.., --- ------ • f -- · �---,,- ,.- ... < . _ , ... · - �'� ... .il�-..,;:.:1.;.:M ;:... ----... ·�.;;;.:.:�...........�';,j·� ----..:-_. -� , -· - � ,, _, · . Word formation H Each of the wo rds i n bo ld is i n the wrong form . Rewrite them correctly. 1 I'd rea l ly like to study economy at university. ........................ . 2 Making lots of money from gambling is a g reat d ream, but the real is that most people lose everything . ........................ . 3 One of the biggest problems in the d eveloping world is poor. ....................... .. 4 The actress was very expense dressed in an outfit. ....................... .. 5 That cu rrent affairs programme was so bori ng - it seemed end . ........................ . 6 You can make your pay at any of ove r 2000 cash machines around the country. ........................ . 7 The ban k manager offered us some financial assist just when we needed it . ........................ . 8 All employees receive a day a l lowance to cover the cost of meals . ........................ . 9 The compa ny is doing much better finance this year than last. ....................... .. 10 There are many problems connected to bei ng extremely wealth . ....................... .. 11 I told the manager I thought the increase in prices was total ly accept . ........................ . 12 I thought the painting was worth a lot of money, but it tu rned out to be completely value. I 'd l ike to be able to afford the l ittle luxury that ma ke l ife enj oyable. ........................ . 1 39 A Use the word given in capital s at the end of each l ine to form a word that fits i n the gap in the same l i ne. . ··· ··l:'!.' ·: ··p,, · · Developing Countrie� . .. .:.·k.\� ...�o": ... ,,., . '\1 Although too ma ny people ' ' in the West . do stil l l ive in (1 ) . .. .. . ...... . .. . ............... ; on POOR /r /:/ 4 , · the whole, Westerners are tar more (2) ........ .�·.. :........ � ....... :·. than those who live i n_ , WEALTH ' \' developing countries; Things that are essential to our (3) ... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .... . . .; ....... lives, DAY .t a nd which we take for g ra nted, such as electricity, a re (4) ..... . . . ............ .. .... � .... to LUXURY millions of people around the world. l s this situation (5) .. .. .:......................... or ACCEPT < · � shou ld the West be giving more (6) .......... . ....... . .... . �·.. . ... to developing countries? ASSIST ,. , Some po i iticians and (7) .. �.�� . . . ...... . .. : ...·:· ········ believe th � t Western financiai · ECONOMY·· �· I t . (8) .. :............................ i n developing countries would be i n everyone's interest . INVEST / . . . ,•''1 -� .. . ..... ., ·� .. _As those countries get richer, they wil l become (9) ...... . .. . .. .. ...... .. .. . .. . trading .� � VALUE :'J' partners with the West.The ( 1 0) ... ... ... . is, however, that there is REAL ; 1• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • an enormous a mou nt of work to be done before people i n developing ;· \..*v.._�_ cou ntries can enjoy the kind of liv.es that most people lead in the West. .. _ :.�·� �-� � -.;-� �-'.P_.. M_ .-.-- bdt · · ·--. · -.- ·· -· --·- 11,� #M'- •• -Pl� · �� ' m ·Y· ,... l ...... _... .._._...__ .. ____..___ __ __ .__ 6 ,.- � ,._ �J J � ... ...... ... . "•..,,,...., *-- . W -i' � � '- 'f"C . - �;...� Ii - • * .. '• -· ( 1 m a r k p e r a n swe r) B Match to make sentences. 11 Sharon ca me ............ A a l ittle money by each month. 12 I ma nage to put ............ B out the cheq ue to Pea rdrop Limited, that 13 You ca n ba n k ............ wou ld be fine. 14 I don't know how they can get ............ c u p to buy a new DVD player. 15 If you cou ld make ............ D into some money when her aunt d ied. 16 The shop's givi ng ............ E away free softwa re with every computer. . 17 I'm savi ng ............ F by on such a low salary. 18 I don't know what we're going to G on now I've lost my job. l ive ............ H on house prices coming down soon. ( 1 m a rk per a nswer) C Complete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words. 19 I had to pay to pa rk in the supermarket car pa rk! charged I ....................................................................................... parking in the superma rket car park! 20 Is this credit ca rd you rs? belong Does ....................................................................................... you? 21 I haven't got much money in the ban k. amount I've only got ....................................................................................... money in the ban k. 22 Getting the ca r repaired was so expensive! fortune It ....................................................................................... to get the ca r repaired! 23 Sophie d emanded that the shop assistant a pologise to her. apology Sophie d emanded ....................................................................................... the shop assista nt. 24 Buying things online means I don't have to go into town so often. saves Buying things online ....................................................................................... to go into town so often. 25 Don't pay attention to what Dan says; you r new shoes a re l ovely! notice Take ....................................................................................... what Dan says; you r new shoes are l ovely! 26 I haven't got much cash at the moment. short I cash at the moment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 27 Can you lend me some money? borrow Ca n ....................................................................................... you? ( 2 m a r k s p e r a n swer) D Choose the correct a nswer. 28 The shop assistant fi na lly agreed ............ 32 'What d id the man say when you a fu l l refund. challenged him?' A giving me 'He said he ............ pay for the th ings i n B to give me h i s bag, but I d idn't bel ieve him!' c give to me A is going to D to me to g ive B has been going to c goes to 29 Bill asked me why ............ to g o D was going to shopping with me. A I had n't invited him 33 When I last saw Carrie, she told me she B had n't I invited him ............ of buying a house, but now she's c I had n't him invited changed her mind. D had n't I him invited A thought B is thinki ng 30 Ellie asked Sta n ............ to look at the c was th inking new cata l ogue. D has been thinking A did he want B do you want 34 'What did they say when they real ised c whether he wants you weren't a shopl ifter?' D if he wanted 'They apologised ............ me.' A to doubt 31 Stephen ............ me he'd bought that B they had dou bted suit in a sale. c for doubting A said D the doubt of B spoke c told D claimed ( 1 m a rk p e r a n sw e r) E Choose the correct a nswer. 35 This car is very ............ as it g oes so far 39 I paid the assistant and took the books on one tank of petrol . but then stu pidly left the bookshop A financial c costly without waiti ng for my ............ . B economica l D endless A cash c refu nd B fee D change 36 I can't bel ieve how cheap these shorts were. They were a rea l ! ............ 40 I th ink she ............ her fortune i n the A bargain c discount shipping industry. B sale D offer A took c won B made D saved 37 What ............ of car does you r m u m drive? 41 I d idn't find a new top but at ............ I A name c make g ot some new jean s. B brand D form A less c least B the less D the least 38 Cou ld you tel l me who's in ............ here, please? A charge c ru le B responsibility D organisation ( 1 m a rk p e r a n sw e r) To t a l m a r k : I 50 : Unit 23 • Relative clauses / participles ( Relative clauses Relative clauses give us extra information about something/someone or identify wh ich particu lar thing/person we are ta l king about.They are often introduced by the following words. Use Example ' which (for things and a nima ls) Did you see the film which was on TV last night? who (for people, and a nimals when we want to give Tom Davies, who is appearing in concert in Reading this week, is I •· / them a personality) with me in the studio. ·:j when (for ti mes) Do you remember the day when we met? 1; ' /· where (fo r places) This is the place where they filmed Citizen Ka ne. · 1. .. .. why (for reasons) That's the reason why he's so popular. I [; whom (for people as the object of the relative clause) Is that the man whom we saw at the cinema yesterday? � ; My next guest on the show is John Travolta, whose career goes ·� '• whose (for possession) .1 back to the early seventies. .•. : . ···· .. . . :.·.·/ · ;, · . ... .. .. . . . .. . . . . . .... , .. .. ;· . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . ...... . .' . 1, ··.: ··..-. ... . ·. · . .. .. .. .. ... . ·;.- :: ·· · · . . . . ·.....·. : /,• '•,··· ... . . . . . . . ·. . . ·. .. .- ..· -. �. .- . •: . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . .· · ·,., !· ' • ", ':'-' :,' . .. . . ·. ·. ;•: ... .., . . . . .. . .. . .. . '. ·' .. . '• . . . · . .- .�·· ,,. ' ', ', ,' . .· ·,' .... . . ...·. · .. ..,, . · ··: · •.": .".· ·� ·. · ·.. · • When the relative pronoun (who, which, etc) is the subject of the relative cla use, you do not need \\ out.\ another su bject. '1-Jat.c: .I I admire Jude Law, who always works hard on his films. x IadmireJudeLaw., who h� always works hardon his films. • Whom is q u ite forma l . It is natura l in informal Engl ish to use who instead of whom, even when it is the object of the relative clause. After a preposition, however, we a lways use whom. I nforma l ly, we usua l ly put the preposition at the end of the clause and use who . .I Is that the man who we saw at the cinema yesterday? .I Charlie Chaplin was a comic genius to whom all comedians owe a great deal. .I Charlie Chaplin was a comic genius who all comedians owe a great deal to. • Where ca n be replaced by a preposition + which. Less formally, we can put the preposition at the end of the clause . .I The theatre where I in which I first acted is somewhere around here. .I The theatre which I first acted in is somewhere around here. • We can do the same thing with when . .I Do you know the year when I in which the first western was made? .I Do you know the year which the first western was made in? Non-defining relative clauses Non-defining rel ative clauses simply give us more i nformation about somethi ng/someone. The sentence makes complete sense without the relative cla use. Use Example Ray Watson, who starred in Bandits, is considering making a film To g ive extra information a bout something/someone based on the life of Einstein. • ··: :. ••. ·., , : ":o , , ' ' · . • : · :. '.'· /(.''.'•.' ., . • ·, • '• • · • • '• . , . · , , •,,•, I / · •': '· · ·'.'• . .. .. . . . . ... . .. . ... . . . ... . . . . '• . . . . ' · . . .. . ... ....... · · ··' . . . ·. . •: ·�- .- . Non-defi ning relative clauses are sepa rated from the rest of the sentence by commas . .I Mega mon sters, which was filmed in New York, is a very disappointing film. We can not leave out the word which introd uces the relative cla use and we ca nnot use the word that instead. X Megamonsters, was filmedin New York, is a �'erydisappointing fi!m. X Megamonsters, that �,ras filmedin NewYork, is a verydisappointing fi!m. • Which ca n refer back to the whole of the sentence . .I We finally got tickets for the concert, which was very lucky. (It doesn't mean the concert was l ucky. It means getting tickets for the concert wa s l u cky.) 142 Relative clauses / participles Unit 23 ( Defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses tel l us which one of a g roup of things/people we a re tal king a bout. The sentence doesn't usua l ly make com plete sense without the relative clause. Use Example l ,•' ., To te ll us which one of a group of thi ngs/people we The book which I 've read was the best of all. :•· are ta lking a bout The one who is wearing a blue shirt is Justin Timberlake, isn't it? ". ... . . . ... .. .. . . . .. .... . :' ......�..... ......... . ,· ... · .' ., . ' · . . ..·. ·.'· :·•·.•/· ., . . ... ...._ '{·.··: .' . . ·. .· ··. � . ..... . . . . ... ._ · .·. · · ....:··· ..:·. . . . . , ,, ... , .,•,-:-.:· : · · . ·,' . • · ·· · ···�·· :·:·:· ·· · '/• '•."·.'· · · ;.• . · . : . '•.' . ....... . � ...... '• " . . . ..... . ..... .... . . · . .. . . . . .. . •:·,• •:::, ,'' r-"·· ',•,· .' • ' ;'t':-1'·'' . .. · ::: ·. '-'. :• .. : . · ..... ·: · · · ·· · · .·.:· · .. .. .·:. . .. ·;:- �:· · Defi n i ng re lative clauses are not separated from the rest of t h e se ntence by commas . ./ This is the DVD which I told you about the other day. We ca n al so use that to i ntrod uce the re lative cla use . ./ This is the DVD that I told you about the other day. • We can often leave out the word which i ntrod uces the relative clause when it is the object of the clause. ./ This is the DVD I told you about the other day. • Notice that we do not need a preposition when we use where or when . ./ The theatre where I first acted is somewhere around here. X The theatre vlhere!firstactediR issomewherearoundhere. ./ Do you know the year when the first western was made? X Doyouknow theyearvlhen thefirstwestem �'\'asmadein? Participles ) Present partici ples end in -ing. Past participles usua l ly end i n -ed, a lthough there a re many irreg u lar verbs. Perfect participles a re formed using having + past pa rticiple. Use Example By appearing in that cigarette advert, he damaged his acting career. .' To fo l low p repositions and conj u nctions After playing I having played video games all morning, I was really (present and perfect participles) tired. Being quite good looking, Ralph decided to make a career as a To explain the reason fo r something model. (present and perfect participles) Having seen the film before, I knew what was going to happen. ,., ,, \ To tal k about actions happen i ng at the same time Waiting for the show to begin, I felt really nervous. ·:'·' (present participles) · 1 Imagine being the person directing a big budget film! (= Imagine ;- To re place some re lative cla uses being the person who is directing a big budget film!) i (present and past participles) The person chosen for the part will be contacted by phone. (= The person who is chosen for the part will be contacted by phone.) To ta lk a bout past actions happeni ng i n seq uence ;, Having finished my homework, I decided to go to the cinema. "·' (pe rfect participles) :: : As an alternative passive form Made to wait, the actor began to get very annoyed. ' ' · ·' (past participles) :� . . . .... .. . ..... ... .-.: .. .· ·. ... ..·. ... . .. . ... .... . , ·· · : · ·, . . _ ·, .· . ...' .. . . .. ... . . , ··;_ . .... .. : . .· •. · . ·· :, ' .. . ;:·...... , .·:..'-!'.··,''' • ''' . .·, ; ;-. . ' ''/ ', , � . . .• , ; .'1."·. :_ ... : . .: .. . ... . . *"' � .... ... ." ··.·· . / '· . - :;- ·. . .. . . , .-.,-:, �·: : . ··· · ·· · .:. · · · '· · ··" . .. . . . . ·.. .·. · : · .•,•:. · . .. .... .. .·. ·... :...'·.··· · · . .. . . . .. ..... . .. _,,.-, :, .,. · .. .. .. .. . "" : • '• :,-.··'• . . .. ........ . .·. . . • '.' :: · ,..,. . . You have to be ca refu l that the participle and the rest of the sentence both refer to the same subject ./ Watching TV, I saw a news report about Hollywood. X Watching TV, a news report came on about Hollywood. 1 43 Unit 23 Grammar · .._ ,.. ..____� ____ ...._·------·. .... -.......,.,,.--..- -..-------·-----...--...-------- �-�_... ____ .._____ ...... --...-... -....-.... ---·-· -..------· lI i A C i rcle the correct word . 1 The minister, which I who was appointed just last week, made no comment on the situation. 2 Isn't that the spot which I where the accident happened last night? 3 The human brain, which / who weighs about 1 400 g ra mmes, is ten times the size of a baboon's. 4 There a re severa l reasons which I why I don't wa nt to see Michael tonig ht. 5 This is the office which I where I work. 6 The new girl in our class, who's I whose name is Alexandra, seems really nice. 7 The Titanic, which I that people said was unsinkable, san k on her maiden voyage. 8 Al l the people to who I whom the e-mail was sent repl ied. 9 April 1 st, which I when we play tricks on people, is known as April Fools' Day. 1O Harry Hill, who I whose new series sta rts next week, is one of my favou rite comedia ns. 11 A very popular breed of dog is the German Shepherd, which I who is often used as a guard dog. 12 Blackpool Tower, which I that was model led on the Eiffel Tower, is a very wel l-known landmark. B If a word i n bold is correct, put a tick {.I) . If it is incorrect, rewrite it correctly. 1 November 5th was the day which Guy Fawkes tried to blow u p Parl iament. ......................... 2 There were none of my favou rite biscuits left when I had a cup of tea, that was rea l ly annoying . ........................ . 3 I've just got a new webca m that takes rea l ly clea r pictures . ........................ . 4 The Godfather was made by Francis Ford Copolla, who's daughter is a lso a fi l m director. 5 Ca n you th ink of any reason which Cathy should be angry with me? ......................... 6 Here's a photo of the hotel where we stayed in when we were in Beijing . ........................ . 7 How do you th ink the fi rst man whom wal ked on the moon felt? ........................ . 8 This is the first occasion on which the leaders of these two countries have met. . ....................... 9 He is a person for who very few people feel much sympathy. ........................ . 10 The moment which the hero suddenly appears from behind a tree is the best moment in the whole film . ........................ . 11 I met a man which had a dog with only three legs . ......................... 12 My new school, who I moved to about a month ago, seems like quite a friendly place. C Rewrite as one sentence using a relative clause. 1 My friend, Simon, plays the g uitar. He has just released a CD. M;t.fr.iv.ngi.;?.i.tJ:l.Q.n...�hR. h�.!?.lv.!?J. xY.lY.i?!?.Y.?1.�. .�D.J. p.J�Y�.:t.�!1. g.L:JH{�f.................................... . 2 Prince Cha rles is heir to the throne of England. His wife was Princess Dia na. 3 Microsoft has a lot of power in the world of computers. That annoys some people. 4 The euro replaced a nu mber of national cu rrencies. It was introd uced in January 2002. 1 44 Relative clauses / participles Unit 23 5 Friends ran for ten years. It is one of my favou rite series. 6 Venus is a very hot place. It is much closer to the Sun than the Earth is. 7 Cricket is popular in many countries a round the world. It is played between two teams of eleven. 8 Parts of Bucking ham Palace a re open to the publ ic. It is where the q ueen lives. 9 The g reyhound is the fastest dog. It can reach speeds of over 65 kilometres an hour. 10 1 984 was written by George Orwell. His real name was Eric Blair. D Write one word in each gap. Do not write that and do not leave any gaps blank. ,.· � - - ; '[ . . .,.._ ..... -..._·,_,·•1�� . .. .,, .., . _,.., �·"" .. __..,,_,_ , .. .,..._..,.,,,,_, . .. . . ,,,_.., . . .. .. . .... . .. � v-",. . ....� .."""'.. ,.... ...�. -- • .. . .. ..., ,, ,. .. , ·� �·�,..� 4-. __..,.,.,.. "'°'"' ' '" • _. u .. .. .,.,_._ _,-_. .. ':/i..$..� • � Find me a show that works I i by o u r T V r e v i e w e r, J e r e my P l a t t �� ' ". � i.. I'm- sure there was a - reason ( 1 ) ......................... I became a 1V reviewer. Maybe it was my , iove . of 1, } classic shows (2) ......:.................. kept me entertained as a child;-- Or maybe it was the' presenters: �1 . .., .. . . ... . " � ;. (3) . .-.............·: .. :.; .... seemed to promise an exciting world of glamour and showbiz: ro-:be honest� . · .· • :• •l � •• • ·� � .j. � ' : .. • lately (:4) . . .... . . . .... ... .... .. have bored ... ._.· :· I've watched . so . .many,shows . me to tears that l've Jorgotten :· · • . . . •• ; l . . . . .. ·::· ·.,; . ·, ... . -�·· .. ' .. . . .. . :· . ·:1 � ... _.. • .. . ..,� : . .. ... . _ . -��"'li t ·- .. ... ,;._ ·• Take Kid Swap, for . example, the. hew_ show (s), :.:; ......... .... .... .. . Channel 7 hopes will revive their. . •· •. . . v . · f viewing figures .... The show take·s kids _(6) : '.�.;·;�·: .... : ..... ; .. :....'. parents have· had enough and swaps -/ - . � t · -�f them . with kids. from other families -;for"tvo weeks; The problem: wi'th this show: is that l'm-. j�st not _· , ·�} . watch this"! " :f _ sure ' at. (7) . ....... ...: ......... : ... . ifs aimed '- . par� hts ci"· .. r Jeenagers. Parents {SL.:� ... . .......:. � ..... _ t?� :·.- . . �:1 . .. :· . � . '• show will find it -childish, particula'rly at the_, moment (9) .... . ..... �·; ... . ... . . one of, the ' te'enagers �does ,� } � ,_. . . ·_ .. . . ·"'. ,. '. ' � ... , ... .: . • ::.. \. l -(10) ;..........; ..........�';. watch more than the first five: mi. nutes . \ :;� . . nothing.but complain . Teenage vlewers . / .., . . �ill s �.gft. g ��. b.Q��d o� the_ :R.�r����<: (_� � }_: ;..,..�:'..�z·:. . ·f�'.::.. �·� :�'': bla_ n:1 e ���?o d, � ��t th �,,rl}-� e � y��J9 r a��� f i . · .' . .. . , . > " . J· . ::- s1tuat1on. This 1s definitely one idea. ( 1 2) .... . .. .. .. ..... .. ...... s�ould: be put '. exactly wDere ,1t belongs�. �$4� � . � l���::.=-�i·":_,l 1 . , , E Tick (�) the gaps in Exercise D wh ich cou ld be completed using that. Put a cross (X) where that cou ld not be used. 1 ............ 4 . . . ......... 7 . . ...... . ... 1 0 . ........... 2 ............ 5 ............ 8 ............ 1 1 . . .......... 3 .......... . . 6 . . . ..... .... 9 .......... .. 1 2 . . .......... 145 Unit 23 Grammar F Choose the correct answer. 1 'Who's that over there?' 5 'Why do you like Ta n ia so much?' 'Oh, it's our new teacher, ............ just 'Well, she's one of the few people to started work today.' ............ I can rea l ly tal k.' A that C which he A which C that B who he D who B whom D who 2 'Which CD did you get Marcus i n 6 'Why don't we go to Lionel's for din ner the end?' tonig ht?' 'I got him the one ............ said he rea lly 'Is that the new restau rant ............ has wa nted to hea r.' just opened on the other side of town?' A that C which A which C where B who he D which he B that it D which it 3 'Who did you send a Va lentine's card to?' 7 'Could you lend me some money?' 'I'm not telling you, but it was someone 'I'd like you to give me one good reason . ............ name b egins w1'th "B". I ............ I shou ld.' A wh ich C whose A that C which B who her D whose her B why D who 4 'Have you seen Jason Green's latest film?' 8 'What do you want to do this sum mer?' 'Is that the one in ............ joins the FBI?' 'I think we should go somewhere ........... . A which he C whom he has p lenty of sun and sand.' B that he D wh ich A who C when B where D that G Circle the words i n bol d which a re not necessary. The number of options ( 1 ) that a re available to us with (2) which to fi l l our leisure time is increasing all the time. While previous generations, (3) who lived before the e lectronic age, had m usical instru ments and ca rd games (4) that they played to pass the time, we have PlayStations, computers, televisions and stereos. Although pa rents (5) whose teenagers spend a lot of time on these activities might worry about the effect (6) which it is having on them, for most of us they provide harm l ess fun, (7) which is becoming more im porta nt as l ife becomes more stressfu l. The television progra m mes (8) which we watch and the computer games (9) that we play a l l entertain us and, although there wi l l a lways be people to (1 0) whom they seem a complete waste of time, the effect ( 1 1 ) that they have on society cannot be ignored. Entertain ment is something ( 1 2) which we a l l need and, as long as we're wil ling to pay, there wi l l always be someone (1 3) who is wi l ling to provide it. H Circle the correct word or p h rase. 1 Before meeting I met Ha rriet, I never knew what rea l love was. 2 I'm sure that after passing I passed you r exam, you'l l feel a lot better. 3 Havi ng finishing I finished the lette r, Peter pri nted it out. 4 Looking I Looked through the window, I saw a strange man at the door. 5 I cooked dinner and, doing I having done that, I sat down to watch TV. 6 Hearing I Heard a noise outside, Janice went to investigate. 7 Having lost I Losing my notes, I cou ld n't revise properly for the test. 8 Having been I Being q u ite intelligent, Matt hopes to get i nto a good un iversity. 9 Having missed I Missing the sta rt of the film, I decid ed not to bother watching the rest of it. 10 After making I made her bed, Cherie had a shower. 146 Relative clauses / participles Unit 23 r .. ... ·-· -· ---- - ---·--- ----··------· ·-·-·· · -----------·--··--·------------· -- ·--------·---· · - ----------------, ---· ·- --· · !' I Complete the sentences so that the mea n i ng remains the same. 1 I suddenly remembered where I'd left my keys when I was waiti ng for the bus. Wa iting .............................................................................................. . . .............................. . 2 I slipped beca use I was trying to ru n i n the rain. Trying ........ . . . . . . . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . ... . . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . ............... . 3 I felt qu ite sorry for Tim when I saw him cry. Seeing ............................................................................ .................................................... . 4 John was depressed because he knew he was going to fail the exam. Knowing ............................................................................................................................. . 5 The reason I'm quite good at basketball is that I'm quite tall. Being .......... . . . . . . . ............ . . . .. . ........... . . . . ........................... . . . . . ................................................ . 6 Georgia didn't know any Japanese so she used a phrase book when she was there. Not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Ed ca n afford th ree holidays abroad each year beca use he has a l ot of money. Havi ng .................................................................................................................... . . .. ......... . 8 Maria began to worry when she rea lised she was lost. Realising . . .. . . . . . . . ........... . . ............ . . . . . .. ................ . . . ......... . . . . . . . ............................................. . . . J Tick {.I) the correct sentences. If a sentence is i ncorrect, rewrite it correctly. 1 Looking through the window, a plane was passing overhead. 2 Real ising that it was late, I ra n all the way home. 3 Having exam ined me, I was given a prescription by the doctor. 4 Tu rning on the television, the newsreader said there had been an expl osion. 5 Dropping the shopping bags on the kitchen floor, Mrs Moorcroft sighed and sat down heavily. 6 Having practised the piano, I decided to ca l l one of my friends. K If a l i ne is correct, put a tick {.I) next to the n u mber. If there is an extra word i n a l i ne, write it next to the n u mber. �: , ·" · 1 . . . .. ... .... .... .. ....... 'Hel lo, viewers, and welcome to Easy Money, the game show who you 2 ························· voted the best on TV! Now, remember yesterday when our cu rrent champion, " 3 . .......... . .. . . ... ..... . Pat Barber, having been won ten thousand eu ros, decided to carry on? Well, 4 .. ......... . . ..... . . . . ... she's here ton ight a nd she's going for the star prize, which it is a brand new 5 · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · sports car! That's right. Having got her this far, if Pat can answer three more 6 . ......... . .... .......... questions correctly, then she cou ld be d riving home in this car, ladies and .I 7 ........... . . .... . . .. .... gentlemen. H aving not seen the programme before, you wi ll know just how '( 8 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ···· ··· d ifficult wh ich it ca n be. I know Pat's a little nervous, but I'm sure she'l l be ,,,, "' , 9 . . .... . fine and the re's one person for whom tonight is very special and that's Pat's ,':"f ,, ...... ... ......... ,<-.,. 1 0 .. ........................ husba nd, Fra nk, who he is sitting in the audience. So, let's play Easy Money! ./ '� . ....... . . .... . . -- . . .... J . � . �S!�:.;;;���� • . 147 • Entertainment . -� 1'.'9pic y�cabularY in contrast ""> ��.. � • - � . . . see page 1 95 for defi n itions enjoy I entertain scene I scenery I stage novel I fiction play I act I sta r ba nd I orchestra I group com ic I ca rtoon I comedian a udition I rehearsal review I criticism watch I see I l ook rehea rse I practise ticket I fee listen I hea r "' come (a) round ha ppen again (for reg ular events) grow on if sth grows on you, you sta rt to like it more count on rely on; tru st let down disappoint drop off fa l l asleep name after give sb or sth the same name as sb or sth else drown out prevent a sound from being hea rd by put on hold; perform (a show, p lay, etc) making a lou der n oise show off try to attract people's attention and make them adm ire fall for believe that a trick or joke is true you (usually used negative ly) get along (with) have a good relationship (with) take after look or behave l i ke an older relative go down (as) be remembered for havi ng done take off become successfu l or popular very fast something I 4(' . • ·r A ��ras�s ai:-d,collocations .. - ..... fun have/be fu n; make fu n of sb funny find sth fu nny home make yourself at home; be/stay at home; go/get/leave home; make your way home impression give sb the i mpression; do an i mpression of sb; have the i m pression; make an i mpression (on sb) joke joke a bout sth/doi ng; joke with sb; tell/ma ke/hear/get/understan d a joke laugh laugh at/about sth/sb; laugh out loud; roar with laug hter; have a laugh part take part in sth/d oing; be a part of sth; pa rt with sth; have a part (in a play, etc) party have/throw a pa rty (for sb); give sb a pa rty; go to a pa rty; din ner/birthday/etc pa rty play a pa rt/role (in sth); play with sth/sb; play sth; have a pa rt/role to play (in sth); be/act/star in a play; play watch/see a play queue join a queue; in a q ueue; q ueue u p; stan d/wait in a q ueue put on a show; show a ppreciation (for sth/sb); show sth to sb; show sb sth; on show; stea l the show; show TV/radio/q uiz/game show; show bu siness silence in silence voice in a low/deep/h igh/etc voice; have a good/bad voice; voice an opinion (about sth) ' � ::Word patterns , · .. apologise (to sb) for sth/doing like sth/d oing; l ike to do; be like sth/doi ng; be like sb (to d o) avoid sth/sb/doing promise to d o; promise sb (sth); pro mise that bound to do prove to d o; prove sth (to s b) deserve sth/to d o say sth (to sb); say that enjoy yourself; enjoy sth/doing supposed to do happy to d o sth; happy for sb (to d o sth); ha ppy talented at sth/doing a bout sth/doing instead of sth/doing . Word formation . . . act (in)active(ly), acti ng, actor, entertain entertaining, popular un popu lar, popularly, actress, action, (in)activity enterta in ment, entertainer popularity amuse (un)am using (ly), excite (u n)exciting, excited(ly), a musement say sayi ng excitem ent bore boring(ly), bored, boredom suggest suggested, suggestive(ly), fame (in)fa mous(ly) suggestion vary (in)va riable, (i n)variably, varyi ng, converse conversation involve (un) involved, involvement va ried, various(ly), variation, va riety current cu rrently perform performing, performance, performer 148 Entertainment Unit 24 Topic vocabulary in contrast A Choose the correct answer. 1 I've got a/an ............ for the school play tomorrow. I rea lly hope I get a main part! A rehearsa l B practice C audition D performance 2 Did you read that ............ of the new Lloyd-Rice musica l ? It sa id it was awfu l ! A review B criticism C report D summary 3 I'm going to stay in and ............ TV tonight. A see B watch C look at D view 4 We really ............ ourselves at the party! Thanks so much for inviting us! A ente rtained B had fu n C enjoyed D occu pied 5 Ellie does a/a n ............ each week for the local newspaper. It's usua l ly quite fu nny. A comic B comedian C ani mation D ca rtoon 6 The water park we went to yesterday was fantastic, but the entrance ............ was a bit expensive. A ticket B fee C charge D cost 7 Vanilla Sky ............ Tom Cruise, Penelope Cruz and Cameron Diaz. A acts B plays C stars D contains 8 When you're learning to play a musical instru ment, it's im porta nt to ............ for an hour or two every day. A rehea rse B practise C perform D train 9 The play wasn't supposed to be a comedy, but everyone sta rted laughing when some of the ............ fel l over and h it one of the actors. A scenery B scenes C stages D acts 1O Louis de Bernieres' ............ Captain Corelli's Mandolin, which is set on the Greek island of Cephal l onia d u ri ng the Second World War, was an i nternational bestsel ler. A fiction B account C an ecdote D novel 11 Have you ............ the joke a bout the guy who fel l off a 20-metre-high ladder? He was fine - he fel l off the bottom rung! A listened to B overheard C heard D paid attention to 12 Being the conductor of a large ............ is an extremely demanding job. You have to make sure about a hundred m usicians a re playing in time. A g roup B ba nd C company D orchestra Phrasal verbs B Write one word i n each ga p. My l ittle brother, Carl, ta kes (1 ) ......................... ou r dad in that they both like to sing. The d ifference is that Dad's got quite a good voice. Ca rl ca n't sing at all! Th is doesn't stop h im, though. He's always singing. He sta rts as soon as he wakes up, and doesn't stop until he d rops (2) ......................... at night. I •. . . usua l ly get along very wel l (3) ......................... Ca rl, but he can be a bit an noying when he sta rts showing (4) ......................... . You can cou nt (5) ......................... him to do th is whenever we have guests. My mum and dad wil l be tal king to some friends, and then suddenly the conversation wil l be com pletely d rowned (6) ......................... by Ca rl singing at the top of his lu ngs. The other day, I told him he shou ld be on the rad io. For a second he fel l (7) ......................... it, unti l I told him that that if he was on the rad io, we could turn it off! 1 49 Unit 24 Vocabulary ,---------··· ·-· ····--·----··------------------------.,·--..---·----------·-·--·-·------ ------·----·--·--· ---·-- · -·--··- -- ! C Complete using the correct form of the phrasa l verbs i n the box. come (a)round • go down • grow on • let down • name after • put on • take off 1 Marlon Brando wil l .................................................. i n history as one of the greatest actors of a l l time. 2 Our class is going to .................................................. a play at the end of term. 3 I didn't rea l ly l i ke Madonna's new single when it came out, b ut it's starting to .................................................. me now. 4 Did you know that the sandwich is .................................................. the Earl of Sa ndwich? 5 The band have really .................................................. since appearing on the Video Music Awards show last month. 6 The Eurovision Song Contest is .................................................. again soon. Sha l l we orga nise a Eurovision pa rty? 7 I felt com pletely .................................................. when he refused to give me h is autograph. I'm never going to buy another one of h is CDs! Phrases and collocations D Circle the correct word . 1 I hope you're joking with I about quitting your job! 2 Come in! Make I Have yourself at home. 3 Having ta ken pa rt in I of severa l a mateur ka raoke com petitions, Daniel was determined to get hi mself a recording contract. 4 Have fun I funny at the concert ton ig ht, won't you? 5 What's wrong with boys playing with I in dol ls? 6 The audience gave I showed their appreciation for the ca st by giving them a standing ovation. 7 We're thinking of having I giving Dad a su rprise 4Qth birthday party. 8 Voicing I Speaking your opinion on a l ive TV or radio discussion progra mme is not as easy as it sounds. E Circle the extra word i n each sentence . 1 What time d id you get to home last night? 2 You shoul d n't make the fu n of Ti m j ust beca use he's smaller tha n you. 3 A number of contemporary art insta l lations are on the show at the moment at the Zwyborg Ga llery. 4 Did n't you find out that joke fun ny? 5 I guess we'l l have to join up the queue. 6 Everyone sat there in the silence as the comedian stu m bled th rough h is routine. 7 It's not often I laugh out l oud d u ring a movie, but There's Something About Mary had me roa ring out with laug hter the whole time. 8 I'm never going to be part with this fi rst ed ition of Dickens's Great Expectations. 9 I have the impression of Sasha's thinking a bout g iving u p ballet classes. 1 50 Entertainment Unit 24 Word patterns F Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a s i m i lar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap. 1 Was the concert fu n? yourself Did the concert? ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . 2 I'm sure Ke l ly wil l d o wel l in the talent contest. bound Kel ly ....................................................................................... wel l in the talent contest. 3 Don't worry about you r costu me; concentrate on lea rn ing you r li nes! instead Concentrate on learning you r lines ....................................................................................... about you r costu me! 4 We got there early and so we didn't have to queue. avoid We ma naged to ....................................................................................... there early. 5 Jason said he was sorry that he had n't invited us to his pa rty. apologised Jason ....................................................................................... us to his party. 6 I don't mind if you give me the money for the tickets later. happy I ....................................................................................... g ive me the money for the tickets later. 7 Doug isn't usually late. like It ....................................................................................... be late. 8 Sean plays the guitar very wel l . talented Sean ....................................................................................... the gu ita r. 9 You shouldn't go backstage without a pass. supposed You ....................................................................................... backstage without a pass. 10 'I'll meet you outside the theatre at eight whatever happens,' said Dan to Kyle. promised Da n ....................................................................................... outside the theatre at eight. 11 I can't u nderstand why he won the award for best video. deserved I don't thi n k ....................................................................................... the award for best video. 12 I n the end, it was a thoroughly enjoyable eveni ng. proved In the end, it ....................................................................................... a thoroughly enjoyable evening. 13 I ca n't remember who you said had won. say Who ....................................................................................... the wi n ner? Word formation G Complete the text by changing the form of the word in capita l s . R e ality s h o w s Despite the ( 1 ) ............................... (SUGGEST) by many critics that rea lity TV would be a very short-l ived phenomenon, it is stil l increasing in (2) ............................... (POPULAR). Severa l rea lity shows a re (3) ... .. (CURRENT) watched by mil l ions of viewers each night, and it's .......................... clea rly a form of (4) . ............ (ENTERTAIN) that's here to stay. Indeed, a number of people ..... ............. have become (5) . .. . . . ...... (FAME) because of thei r (6) .. ..... . ..... ........ (INVOLVE) in rea lity . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . .. . TV shows, a nd have gone on to have successfu l careers as singers, (7) .. .. . .. (ACT) or ..... ... ...... ... ....... TV presenters. We can watch with (8) . (EXCITE) each night the 'goings-on' in ......................... ..... the house (or jungle, or bar, or school of a rts). The (9) (CONVERSE) between ............................... the contesta nts are i nteresting so we don't get (1 0) ............................... , (BORE) and there are frequently (l 1 ) ............................... (VARY) confl icts, which provide fu rther (1 2) ...................... .. . (AMUSE). .. .... If the contestants have to give some kind of (1 3) ............................... (PERFORM) at the end of the week, that's even more appealing. But there's a (1 4) ............................... (SAY) in the TV industry: 'it's a l l in the editing' a nd this is especia l ly true of rea l ity shows. 1 51 A Use the word given i n capita ls at the end of each l ine to form a word that fits in the ga p i n the same l i ne. My life as a clown ! I've always wanted to be an (1 ) . . . .. ... .. . . . but never d id anyth ing about .. ........... . ... . ENTERTAIN) it until I lost my job last yea r. After a (2) ... . . .. ..... . .. . . . with a friend about . . . .... . ... .. CONVERSE < ,, the (3) . ....... . ... . .. . .. . of office life, I decided not to look for another job in . ........ ... BORE .- management, but to earn my livi ng from giving (4) . .... .. . .. .. . . . . .. at events . . ... . .. .... . PERFORM like kids' parties. So I became a clown! I'm (5) ... .. . . .. .. .. . ... ... . doing four or CURRENT · . . . ....... five parties a week and I love it! I love seeing the (6) . . . . . ... . . ... .. . on the . . . . ..... .... .. EXCITE ·� 1� kids' faces when I wal k in the room. I try to have a lot of (7) .. ... :................... i n VARY if ,. ... ... .. . my act, so I tell j okes - most of which the kids find (8) . .. . . . . . . - and ....... .... .. . ..... ... AMUSE .,, bend balloons into fu nny animals, do im personations of (9) ............................. . . FAME ·/' ; people a nd generally keep the kids (1 O) . . ... . ...... ...... involved for an hour ACT .if/' j .. ... ....... . ,;;· \ or two. It's the perfect job for me! . �if' · '�. . � .. ,.,.,;. . .... --._ ..,,-. A_. ,. - · ·-· ...._ .._. _ _ ..,_ _ _ _ _ ._. ,__.. ..._, ..___ , __, __ - . . ........ ... ..,.. ;,-.. '*3YUJ - · - - . ... . ._.� ( 1 m a rk per a n swer) B Com plete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar mean i ng to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words . 11 We didn't have a bi rthday party for Ja ke; we took him to the cinema instead. instead We took Jake to the cinema for his birthday ...................................................................................... . a pa rty. 12 It doesn't surprise m e that Sandra wants to l ive i n Hollywood. just It want to live in Hol lywood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 I'm sure the a udience wi l l go wi ld when you come on stage. bound The aud ience ....................................................................................... wild when you come on stage. 14 You shouldn't ta ke food into the theatre. supposed You ....................................................................................... food into the theatre. 15 At least he said he was sorry that he'd rui ned my joke! apologised At l east he ....................................................................................... my joke! 16 My pa rents don't mind you staying with us after the concert. happy My parents ....................................................................................... stay with us after the concert. 17 Don't tease Libby as she doesn't l i ke it. fun Don't ....................................................................................... Libby as she doesn't l i ke it. 18 That play rea l ly affected me. impression That play rea lly ....................................................................................... me. ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swer) C Write a phrasal verb i n the correct form to rep lace the words i n bold . 19 My dad ......................... ......................... d u ring the film, a s usual! (fell asleep) 20 I felt so ......................... ......................... when my pa rents didn't come to watch me in the school play. (disappointed) 21 Although they're partners in a comedy act, apparently they don't ......................... ........................ . with each other off stage. (have a good relationship) 22 Let's ......................... ......................... a play at the end of term! (perform) 23 Fiona ......................... ......................... her mother; they both love playing board games! (resembles) 24 I told Marcie that the word 'stu pid' didn't a ppea r in the dictionary and she ........................ ....... .................. it! (believed) 25 Lau rel and Hardy wi l l ......................... ......................... as one of the g reatest double acts in comedy history. (be remembered) 26 You ca n a lways ......................... .......................... Uncle Coli n to cheer you u p when you're feel ing miserable. (trust) (2 m a rks per a n swer) D Choose the correct answer. 27 ............ an Oscar last yea r, she's now one 31 The book ............ she's most famous i s of the most powerfu l movie sta rs in the Dance o f the Dinosaurs. industry. A in that C for which A She won C The winning of B to whom D that B To win D Having won 32 Lyle Lovett, ............ I last saw perform 28 'Which cinema did you go to?' The one over ten yea rs ago, is on tou r again. ............ they don't sel l any popcorn!' A he who C who A which C whom B to whom D that B where D who 33 And the song ............ by our listeners as 29 That's the actor ............ autog raph I got their favou rite of the week is Goodbye last year! Baby by The Tu nesmiths. A whose C who's A having chosen C was chosen B who D whom B chosen D is chosen 30 ............ to change his name by his 34 'You didn't get into Ha rvard, d id you ?' ag ent, Joh n Smith became Marvo The 'No, and that's the reason ............ I ended Magnificent overn ight. u p g oing to dra ma col lege!' A Made C Having made A how C for that B Making D To make B which D why ( 1 m a rk per a n swer) E Choose the correct a nswer. 35 Cou ld you ............ in the paper and see 39 How did your ............ go? Do you th ink what's on TV tonig ht? you'l l be offered the main part? A see C l ook A audit C audience B watch D examine B a uditorium D audition 36 I'm reading a ............ set in Greece 40 I'd love to work in show ............ . It's so during the Second World War. glamorous! A novel C literatu re A industry C com merce B fiction D writi ng B business D trade 37 Harry kept us ............ th roug hout the 41 Joe told me a joke today but I d id n't jou rney with his non-stop jokes. . ........... it at a l l . A enjoyed C laug hed A get C fetch B entertai ned D pleasured B bring D col lect 38 I never read ............ of fi l ms as I don't 42 I didn't like this a l bum at first but it's trust the critics' opinions. rea l ly sta rting to ............ on me now. A reviews C articles A g row C develop B criticisms D investigations B ra ise D increase ( 1 m a r k p e r a n s w e r) To t a l m a r k : . . . . . . I 50 r .. .. .,_ -, '•, • Unreal past, wishes / contrast Unreal past ) Past tenses do not a lways refer to past ti me. I n some sentences and with some verbs or phrases we use a past tense to refer to the present or the future or to a general situation. These i nclude sentences that contain: ,_ Structure Example rf... x (;: it;.- { a second con ditional I'd buy that top if I had more cash on me. ;-- "1.� I know it's probably not going to happen but suppose I imagine I became a famous �- ,.. . suppose I what ifI imagine ' super model! I know it's probably not going to happen but what if I became a famous super model? . ::;. :, < would rather + you/he/she/we/ .',• J ,, I'd rather you didn't come with me to the fashion show tomorrow. they ....... - �· ?'· . .. :- it's (high/about) time It's (high/about) time that hats came back in fashion. ' pol ite q uestions .·,,. ·.�. Did you want me to send you our new catalogue when it comes out? ") : ' wish I if only '· . ..... :· : · 1· ..�...·.··_ .. / / '• •. l-'"' '·""'71•.-• .. .. .. . ., .. .... ;.: ·'· · ' " . ; ......' .... .'1. , .:::.:;·...;: :._ .... , . .. ... . ::/· 7 .. - : If only I I wish I had something to wear tonight. ;-.:· ; :.-....:.:, ::.. ,._...._... . .; ,c.·:· . :�._l.y:.t, •.' •'· : · · ·./ / .::, . ..·.' ': .'_ : -: .,..- .,/ . , :·-· ··• . .......... ··�·" :. • ',:.t,• •,",· '.'.<-'.I ,• . / , , - ; '• ,•l. 1.�. '·,' ...... . ·. . ...... . .......'. .'·:'. ...... ;: ,: .�:' .' ·· ·:· ·:. . · �'�.-f.. :":-! ::: ::. -.�.';'. i:.:: ; . / ..... ·. ' : ··:�.... . .or:' :-:: ,.,..'#; . . i· . . ... ... .. . :"'Pf.,:·-;:: �-.':'''!�.'. ///*:.I �,... .-, ::�:-:··. .• .·.. . . ; Suppose, what if and imagine can a lso be followed by a present tense. A present tense i nd icates that the situation is m ore l i kely to actua l ly h appen. A past tense ind icates that the situation is less likely to actually happen . .I What ifyou are accepted into art college? (more likely to happen) .I What ifyou were accepted into art college? (less l i kely to happen) Wishes ) We use d ifferent structures with wish I ifonly, depending on exactly what we want to express. I, Structure Example · '· Use :{. J ' \�· Expressing wishes a bout the present, future wish I if only + past simple/ I wish I was studying history of fashion ·. �; or genera l ly conti n uous instead of biology! ;t } ... . .. ·' wish I if only + past perfect .. ., If only I'd known Burton's was having a sale ., Expressing wishes about the past i simple/conti n uous last week. _, '': . , .. <. ·:� [.�- Criticising other people or compla in ing a bout J wish I if only + would If only Henry would get a haircut! �:: ' a situation now, i n the future or genera l ly t . ,_ /;_ :; Expressing hypothetica l ability or permi ssion :::� wish I if only + could (. ( I wish I could fit into thesejeans. !" now, i n the future or genera l ly t Expressi ng desires i n a formal way wish + fu ll infinitive I wish to try on this ball gown. 1 .. · � .. ·: ••· ......'.·:'··i: '::··;:.•/r;.'�·, ···:..:;' ···:; ".,·· ·' ' ,. ·,·:. '. · .·.:· · ·. · ·!:�···. .-.,;; ..•. .,. ·.'I'..... ·"!' ··· ::·.··'� :' ·/·�r ··,••·J��_.:,· 7-.":;.'.!.:.- • .:�·,i.."·· · "I ',:_.,•: ::f.i, · .: !"' ,:; · · ·�· • • :' :'·":• •,·,-..,f''.'"'',if'l1.' .' ".'., " ._: •·."':.";•':'T'''•,:•: :':"'-. • "'. · o,�:" . , I ', ·;_. ·:-.�. /. •'·:. ' ,' ' _,:;;: • .;;-.·,';·:·;· .•. ".-rr-. • : ·. .·�-�.'-�.'.·�: · """'.:"- .. .. . .:•·:.·. ;".·." · ·.•.'_ . ;. ··1. : ·'.·:·.·"·. · .· ".<.' · ·. ..- • ". '!i . ." •':' .•"'.,-'. .' � ." _/ I . ' ",/._• ' .-,� • We do not usual ly say If only I I wish I would . . . .I If only I I wish I had enough money to buy these shoes. .I If only I I wish I could afford these shoes. X Ifanly/Iwish Iwouldhaveenough moneyto buytheseshoes. • To express desires a bout the future, we often use hope. .I I hope I will have enough money to buy these shoes next week. .I I hope to have enough money to buy these shoes next week. X Iwish Iwi#heveenough moneyto buytheseshoesnextweek. 1 54 Unreal past, wishes / contrast Unit 25 although / though / even though Although, though and even though are used to express contrast. Even though is more emphatic than although and though. Though is more informal than although a nd even though. .i ' " Structure Example ,, . '. i r,.' i, Although / Though I Even though + subject + verb, Although I Though I Even though I wore a hat, I got sunburn. ::·:.. ·, .::. su bject + verb ·.-: .. r.· subject + verb, although I though I even though + �! · ·� :l I got sunburn, although I though I even though I wore a hat. subject + verb ' ' 1 '.• ·' ,'. .' . .....,.: ··;, . . . ,,•f·· ·· ·.'r·: :..· ·.: ·'.· . · - ·:...... ._::·:'':·..· · · :. "'.:·:'.' • ..:7-,,.r:- :' �::-1 . .:-.·-�· .' '· -.. .'• I� '1'_;,:;.":; , ••.-.-,-;;� ',· ··· · ·-� . -! " 'r 'l�-:: -.,_ ,. ·!·•1 ·.<·"!""·: ·.;:.. · ;...•: .: '-'.':'. ... ·..: :··.-·· :.-,.._·;:;..··: · ·; .. '".'I'. -.._. · ·:·':"'. . ... ... . .... ...·: ' -:.·-:• . .".,:.... . .. :..-. · �· ::·::·>';-;';.:--.·:·.: ··· -�•.-... ·. .. .... ..; . .- . : : : :;.'• , ..,.;._ ;.;.:.� ';.. . '..•-,:� . : ,,· . '• .::F��/· . ,• '. -·· ' ;._•1:, I ..'· :.: ·.> t . · : �:·: ::· -: ·. ,. Though can also come at the end of a sentence. ,/ I wore a hat. I got sunburn, though. ( 1n spite of / despite • In spite of a nd despite are used to express contrast.They mean exactly the same thi ng and take the same g rammatical structu res: < ,,.. .:-:· Structure Example ;'} , } .) in spite of I despite + -ing form, subject + verb In spite ofI Despite wearing a hat, I got sunburn. ,. A ·'· ., in spite of I despite + the fact (that) + subject + verb, '.{ ..{ In spite ofI Despite the fact (that) I wore a hat, I got sunburn. f: .' subject + verb :t ,,. 0 ·.-:. f(" in spite of I despite + noun, subject + verb In spite ofI Despite my hat, I got sunburn. 'i. -� (: ., "'. · . •'.'< .•.. .:··.: :� ':·- ·.".. ·/; -;�·:.··:1:.:':::7·�':':·, .·., ···: ·:'.-"·i'·: ,1:.:ro;· · .... .�..� ,.·....-·;..:...�:' ;, ,·, ... _ ..,. : · ·. ..:·.:-'"_;:· ·:.� · ·. ... . �·:;'.,) ....,,..., ··· . , ::'· · · ·.' , _�, '. :: ...··. ::· •.' .·,·· · · :. ':-· · ... ,'.,··;t· . _,_ �.-- : ·· . "'.: , '•/· ::, •TYl , ,,.._ ' f) ., :•'l:J"i_'• I• '• ', •' · .' './ I·� ' •,-.. , .' ' ;.°/ ' , .. ·... .��·'.'-'' ,' - ' .' .�,-� . .. .. ., .,.. ,..:·- ,; • ·7 . • �:.·..:·, . ........,; .:;. . . .·:.·�· · • ··I· :."': �) :. ' : .; '.. . ·' We can a lso put in spite ofI despite in the middle of the sentence. ,/ I got sunburn in spite ofI despite wearing a hat. We can a lso use the perfect -ing form to show that the action happened before the resu lt. ,/ I got sunburn in spite ofI despite having worn a hat. • With in spite ofI despite + -ing form, the subject of the main verb must also carry out the action of the -ing verb. X Mysunbum YIQS terribleinspiteof/despite wearinga hat. ( - My sunburn wore a hat!) however / nevertheless ) However and nevertheless a re u sed to express contrast. However is formal. Nevertheless is even more formal. " .; If The fashion show was expensive to put on. However I Nevertheless, i t did make a profit. t:i �· x The fashion show was expensive to put on. It did make a profit, however I nevertheless. �" �i ,) f( "t ·j The fashion show was expensive to put on. It did, however I nevertheless, make a profit. ,.... . ,., ·· · �-· ....... :.: :,, ,. ../: ·.... : . . . .. ..:: /;:· _. :·::�it/ '" . : ··�''Jltfl1:•;.-,.·:,. •�r�'�·.· ' ·'., •.::"t.'·"'··::; ·' ... .. • ·: ... ·tj . .· ..,..- � · ; ," _.. ..: ·:� ,· ·'."!;'.' ·._l·•./l-:. ,. .. . .....:·· ... " ,_. ":'!":' ...-.t:" • . :.;.: ..., . , . .... · ·, .�:·.· · . ,' . · ··. .... , ... . . . ...... ,:.. . /::··:•i i ;,�... . ·, ......... ... . ... ,_..... . �; . ,.... . , · .. : .:. : ,.... .. •..� . . ····/ . '.·,,."? ., · -.· ;·�.:·:or:···. ./.· .. '; ·· -::· . ., ·. . • . , , • · 1.: ' � : . . r • • . . •• ( while / whereas ) While and whereas a re used to contrast two d ifferent facts or ideas. w t. - ,, . Structure While I Whereas jeans are worn by both men and women, blouses Example �· Gi I. while I whereas + subject + verb, subject + verb · i·· �� � are worn only by women. I; ·�·: A ,, subject + verb, while I whereas + subject + verb Blouses are worn only by women, while I whereas jeans are worn by :· "; . ..., " both men and women. ·"�: . . .. .· . ' · .i:-·:,, ""' · '· .':,,..... :.:-,.;.:_ ·;.;.: : ..· :.·.-.. · ., • · .'" ':·�" . . :. ··�..,--:·"".7:" ., .,_ ".;.:. :- ·. \.-.' , .. : . :·. 1·":7 ,.: " '�:::. • : �- ...-�<:.·r,.•::1•'. ·'.'.. ' :-:.. �·.;:l ''·� . • ; ,.,,,,,,_ . . ·.:· .... :._, · · ·· .;....,·. ,..... :·:.:.. · .. . ".· '. ·"/"'�· · ·····�":"A ·.·1.:- .• .:•• .. .....,,. ... . .. ··, ·": · . ·· ;· '· .. .. · .· , .. . •.' . .. . .. �... ., :·. ....:.�·. . .; '• • '!'; •· •·.•· �·· · ." . ·:'>•'· · ·ic. 1 ··.: ""'! ·, .,,. .:.... . .. .: .::.':': · 1 55 Unit 25 Grammar ! .. .. - - ·- . .. ------·..- - ... .. ... ...------· .. ..,. __, - ·-----..-- -- -.....__ . -- -...·---·- � .. ··-· ----- - --· ·---· - ,_... .... ... ........ ·-· - . .. - �·- A Complete using the correct form of the verb i n brackets. 1 Don't you think it's time you .................................................. (tell) Andrea the truth? 2 What if we .................................................. (rent) a villa by the sea for the sum mer? 3 I'd rather peopl e .................................................. (send} me e-mai ls than ................................................ .. (phone) me. 4 Suppose you .................................................. (be going to) open a clothes shop. What kind of clothes would you stock? 5 It's time to .................................................. (go) now. 6 If you .................................................. (have) a time mach ine, which era wou ld you want to go back to? 7 Shelia would come with u s if she .................................................. (not have to) work tomorrow. 8 We'd rather you .................................................. (not lend) Brenda any more money - she's got to lea rn not to spend what she doesn't have. 9 It's h igh ti me I .................................................. (leave). 10 What if we .................................................. (get) ma rried? Wou l d that make you happy? B Each of the words or phrases i n bold is incorrect. Rewrite them correctly. 1 I wish I know how to set the ti mer on this video. Where are the instructions? 2 'If only I listened to Hilary,' said Wa rren sadly. 'Now it's too late.' ................................................ .. 3 I wish you did shut u p for five minutes! .................................................. 4 If only Cha rl ie can get tomorrow off work. .................................................. 5 Do you wish you went with Jack to the concert tomorrow nig ht? ................................................ .. 6 Excuse me. I wish speaking with the manager of this establ ishment i mmediately. 7 Al bert wishes like anything that he was driving more slowly that n ig ht. 8 I wish I would feel well enough to eat someth ing . .................................................. 9 I wish I'll g et my exam resu lts sooner rather than later. ................................................. . 10 If only you to listen to what your teachers tel l you ! ................................................. . c Choose the correct answer. 1 It's about time you ............ thinking 4 I wish Ka ren ............ that we're not trying about setti ng up you r own business. to interfere in her l ife. A start A understands B have started B would understand c sta rted c has u nderstood D to sta rt D is g oing to understa nd 2 I'd really rather you ............ the kids drop 5 I'd have been able to say g ood bye to bits of pizza all over my new sofa. Trish if only ............ to the ai rport in ti me. A don't let A I get B aren't l etting B I g ot c won't let c I have got D didn't let D I had got 3 ............ anyth ing particu lar in mind or 6 Don't you someti mes wish you are you just browsing? . . ............ 1nv1s1"bi e ?. A Did you have A could be B Are you havi ng B would be c Ca n you have c will be D Had you had D a re 1 56 Unreal past, wishes / contrast Unit 25 7 Su ppose we ............ we cou ld go and 9 Ad rian was ............ enoug h money to l ive on another planet. Wou ld you want buy a new computer for the school. to go? A wishing to have raised A to hea r B wishing he wil l raise B heari ng C hoping to have raised C heard D hoping he wi l l raise D having heard 10 Don't you wish we ............ the exam a 8 Do you wish ............ an official week on Monday and not tomorrow? com pl aint? A take A making B wil l ta ke B to make C would ta ke C you made D were taking D you make D Complete the sentences so that the meaning remai ns the same. 1 I don't l ike you r criticising me a l l the time. I wish ............................................................................................... ................................... . 2 I t's awful - Sam doesn't know how I feel about him! If only .................................................................................................................................. . 3 I'd love to be with you in Switzerland rig ht now. I \l\/ is tl .................................................................................................................................. . 4 Frank reg rets not taking the job when he had the chance. Frank wishes ........................................................................................................................ . S Would n't you like us to be sta nding i n the middle of Ti mes Square right now? Don't you wish .................................................................................................................... . 6 It's a shame I can't play chess as wel l as Steve. I wish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 What would you d o if you had a m i l lion euros? Su ppose . ............................................................................................................................. . 8 I don't really want you to smoke in here. I'd rather ............. .. . . .......................................... . . . ............... . ................................................ . 9 It's ti me for them to g o to bed. It's high time ................................................ ....................................................................... . E Match to make sentences . 1 Although ............ A of being a vegetarian, Aesop does occasionally 2 Despite ............ eat fish. 3 Despite the ............ B does occasionally eat fish. 4 Aesop is a vegetarian, ............ c Aesop does occasionally eat fish. s Despite his veg etarianism, ............ D being a vegetarian, Aesop d oes occasionally eat 6 In spite ............ fish. 7 Despite havi ng ............ E occasional ly eat fish, however. 8 Aesop is a vegetaria n. However, he F Aesop's a vegetarian, he does occasionally eat .... ........ fish . 9 Aesop is a vegetarian. He does G been a vegetarian for yea rs, Aesop does ............. occasionally eat fish . H fact that Aesop is a vegetarian, he does occasional ly eat fish. although he does occasional ly eat fish. 1 57 Unit 25 Grammar . ··-- . .. .... -· , ! _ _. __ ···-- F Com plete using although, despite, however or while. 1 ......................... the storm, over ten thousand people took part in the marathon. 2 .................... . .... I wrote myself a note to remind me, I sti l l forgot to cal l George tonig ht. 3 Most Egyptol og ists believe that the Sphinx is about 4000 years old. Some geo l ogists, ......................... , a rg ue that it must be at least 1 4,000 yea rs old. 4 ........ . ............... . having taken two a spirin, I had such a bad headache that I had to go h ome. 5 I've never seen a U FO. ......................... , that doesn't mean that I don't believe in them. 6 There a re stil l two mil lion people u nemployed ......................... the fact that we're in the m iddle of an economic boom. 7 ......................... no Eu ropean cou ntry ca rries out capital punishment, it is widely used throughout the United States. 8 Technology has benefited humankind enormously. There a re d rawbacks with our relia nce on technology, ......................... . 9 I cou ld n't find my keys ......................... sea rching for them everywhere. G Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a simi lar mea n i ng to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words in each ga p. 1 Although h e was exhausted, Mike kept on cli m bing. fact In ....................................................................................... he was exhausted, Mike kept on cl imbi ng. 2 Sal ly had been sure she would win the music competition. She came third, however. been Despite ....................................................................................... would win the music competition, Sal ly came th ird. 3 Doug wasn't shortl isted for the job even though he had a g reat CV. spite Doug wasn't shortlisted for the job ....................................................................................... a g reat CV. 4 Pla nes ca n sti l l ta ke off and land but ferries have been cancel led. whereas Ferries have been cancelled, ....................................................................................... able to take off and land. 5 Despite havi ng g ot a good deg ree, Sandra couldn't find a wel l-paid job. even Sand ra cou ldn't find a wel l-paid job ....................................................................................... a good degree. 6 Even though he'd been robbed twice, Red sti l l enjoyed living in the city. having Red stil l enjoyed l iving in the city ....................................................................................... twice. 7 It's a g reat fi l m despite the plot being a little complicated. though It's a g reat film, ....................................................................................... a little compl icated. 8 Despite looking everywhere, the kids fai led to find the ten nis ba l l . although The kids failed to find the tennis bal l ...................................................................................... . everywhere. 9 Pat rea l ly enjoyed the match even though she was beaten. of In ....................................................................................... , Pat rea lly enjoyed the match . 10 Despite thei r thorough i nvestigation of the case, the police d id n't manage to catch the culprit. investigated Despite ....................................................................................... , the pol ice didn't ma nage to catch the culprit. " -��----�--- ���,._,�·�-�-��-��- �,,,.,._,,., . ,,,_��-..-..,,,_,_,,.,.__,,�,_ �·��-��w,,_�-���� f,• ••.• 1 58 Unreal past, wishes / contrast Unit 25 H If a l ine is correct, put a tick (.!') next to the number. If there is an extra word i n a l ine, write it next to the number. The school dance . . .. .. ..... ., 1 .. ... . . ... ... .... ... .... . I went to my fi rst school dance last Satu rday night and it was a disaster! If 2 ..................... . .. . only that I'd thought about what I was going to wear a bit more carefully. Although 3 . ..... . . ... . .. ... . . . . .... bein g my best friend Jenny had told me it wasn't that ki nd of event, I'd decided 4 ... ..... .. .. ...... . . .. ... to look rea lly g rown-up and wea r a d ress and hig h-heeled shoes. When I got 5 ............ .. .......... . there, I looked tota lly ridicu lous and some people started laug hing. Despite of 6 .. . . ... .. ...... ... ... . ... this slight setback, I thought I'd hit the dance floor. If I could have survive that, 7 .. ...... . . .. ...... .. .. ... . I cou ld su rvive anything. But even though that went wrong! One of my heels :::: 8 . ........ . .... ... ....... . snapped - even if though my shoes were brand new - and I had to ca rry them ,,. 9 . . .. ...... . to the side of the room. It was very e mbarrassing! Still, despite the disastrous ·�· .. .... ........ 10 . .. . ..... . . ... . .... . . .... sta rt was, Craig Fielding came up to me and asked me if I wanted to go out with ; \ ��·- him next Satu rday. Of course I said no, but he is cute! We'l l see what happens! j ... --� ·' - _ _ · .,. .,. . .. .... _ .__ _ ___ _ ::&: , _._ . .. ..._ __!! '�----__,,_....__ . . _______ _ ___ _ ,..._._. ... _, _._ __r1 - · · -- 1�W� �- ----- ----- · -- --- ·- - ·F___ _ _ ... . .. ___ ___ _. ; - ·- I Write one word in each ga p. ., -'JJ. � , ,. . .. ,. '"' . . , . ,.. f .. ,., _,:.·•• -· "\ . ..... .. . .. ·· • . ..,.. •' . , _, . . Nl.N .. ... , ... ' • <,(• ... �-.. "¥ <> r1 t h � C c.twc. 1 1< ' ,� . with Sunny M ag enta (1 ) . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . .. . ..... the fact that I try to be as u pbeat as poss i b l e i n th i s col u m n , I have to say M i l a n has d i sa ppoi nted me. If o n ly we . (2) .. . . . . .. .... . . .. ...... . . . possi bly go back to t he gl o ry days of fa s h i o n ( i e l ast yea r) when s k i rts were s ho rt a nd p i n k was the new black. Pi nk i s / .. ! sti l l i n t h i s yea r, i nterest i n gly enough . , it's. o n ly bei ng u sed i n accessories (3) . .. ._.; .. .' J . .. . . . . . . . . ..... .. such as buckles, belts, bra ces a nd beads. B rown - the m ust- have c o l o u r of the season . - has . · ;f -�� never been my favou rite colou r, (4) ......... . ....... ... I have. to say t hat Bel i nda Steven's a l l - b rown " .. .. .. pape r beachwear was q u ite stu n n i ng. That's i n (5) . .... ... . . . ...... . ... .... of its co m p l ete i m practica l ity, 'i.f of cou rse. It rea l ly i s (6) ...... . . . . . ......... . .... time that ha ute coutu re entered the · rea l wo rld j ust ·� -� � a t i ny b i t . I know it's su pposed to b e more a rt than c ! ot h i ng, but su ppose you actua l ly · ! . ' (7) . ... . . ... .... ... ... .... . the m i stake of buying a D i ego Fe rna ndez baseba l l ca p made of cand l e � .. . . ' wax . That's one wa l k i n t he s u n s h i ne a nd five thousand e u ros i s d ri ppi ng down · yo u r face ! f { · � N ow, I ' m n ot sayi ng I wish I (8) .. ... . . ... . ... stayed back i n d u l l a nd grey London - the afte r-show ? ... ... . .... ... pa rt i es were tremendous, a s a lways . But do hope t hat next season I (9) .... . . . .. ; . . . . : ..........- I 1 · be 'a b l e to report that the fas h i o n ·wo rld 's got a gri p .o n · itself . · o nce m o re, a n d then � -? . .. � ? (1 0) .. ...... ....... though none of u s wi l l eve r be a b l e to afford a ny�of ttie items I desc ri be i n ·· .... f ;1 ... ... ,,.. ..... " ...--· i t h i s co l u m n - at least we ' l l have somet h i ng to d rea m a bo� ut once � 3::*" more. ·�-.�""'"'�;4lf''"�M-·���v�.. iWJ� �,_..._ . "J�· .��-"A"'W.¥f"�i"""'-'\<•...,��-·�:� , 'I"" . · ."' . .. -.,r- ; c ; ;: : · ··: ·. � · · .. ....YIA. ·,�- >".'�..,,;.� . . ' .. � ��" �.. >"- � 1 59 • Fashion and design . - - - Topic· vocab�lary in contrast see page 1 96 for defi nitions ' . . put on / wear cloth I cloth ing look I a ppea ra nce costu me I suit blouse I top su pply I prod uce dye I paint d esign I manufactu re gl impse I gla nce fit I suit I match current I n ew I modern average I everyday ' . , catch on become popular or fashiona ble line up get/put i nto lines do away with get rid of pop in(to) visit quickly or for a short time draw up create (plans, etc) show (a) round ta ke sb on a tour of a place dress up put on fancy or u nusual clothes take off remove (a piece of clothi ng) go over repeat or thi n k a bout again in order to tear up rip into pieces understan d completely try on put on (a piece of clothing) to see how it looks grow out of d evelop from; become too big for and whether it fits hand down g ive somethi ng valuable to you r chi l d ren or wear out become old and un usable g ra n dch ildren, usua l ly when you d ie •• 0 Phrases and -collocations art work of a rt; modern art; a rt gallery; a rt exhi bition clothes put on/try on/wear/take off clothes; clothes l ine; clothes peg; best clothes combination in combination with; combination of compliment pay sb a compliment; compliment sb on sth example be/set an example; an example of; for example; fol low an/sb's exa mple fashion in fashion; be/go out of fashion; fol low fashion; fashion model/show hair cut/brush sb's hair; have/get a new hairdo/hairstyle; have a haircut; let you r hair down make-up put on/apply/wea r/ta ke off ma ke-u p pattern fol low a pattern; a checked/striped/plain pattern style in style; be/go out of style; do sth/go somewhere in style; have style taste have/show good/bad taste (in sth); in good/bad taste tendency have a tendency to do trend a trend in sth; follow/set a trend • . - Word patterns . . - - advise sb to do; advise sb that; advise sb on/about sth; proud of sth/sb/doing; proud to do advise (sb) against sth/doing anxious a bout sth/doin q; a nxious to do refer to sth; refer sb to sth criticise sb (for sth/doing) seem to be; it seems that insist on sth/doing; i nsist that stare at sth/sb plenty of sth; plenty more sth; plenty to do use sth (for sth/doinq); use sth to do prepare (sb) for sth; prepare to do useful for sth/doinq; usefu l to sb Word �formation - c ' • advertise advertisement, enthuse (un)enthusiastic(al ly), enth usiasm, similar d issimilar(ly), similarity ad(vert), advertisinq, advertiser enth usiast attract ( un)attractive(ly), expect (un)expected (ly), expectation, style ( un)stylish(ly), stylist, attraction expecta ncy stylishness beauty beautiful(ly) fashion (un)fashionable, (u n)fash ionably succeed success, (un)successful(ly) decide decision, (in)decisive(ly), like a l i ke, d islike, u n l i ke, li keness, use usage, usefu l (ly), useless(ly), undecided (un)l ikeable, l i ki n q user, (un)usable desire (un)desirable produce product, prod ucer, production, (un)prod uctive(lv) 1 60 Fashion and design Unit 26 f .. ·--- --· -------------------·-· -----·------- - -------------------------- ----- -, j Topic vocabulary in contrast A Comp lete using the correct form of the words in the box. current •glimpse fit • • • clothing match look glance • • modern suit • • • new appearance cloth • 1 If you care about your ......................... too much, people might sta rt to think you're vain. 2 It's quite a nice skirt, but I don't thi nk it really ......................... my shoes. 3 My mum always looks quite .......................... and tries to keep u p with the latest fashions. 4 The ancient Romans wore items of ......................... quite different from today's fashions. 5 As I went into the designer's office, I caught a ........... .............. of her drawings before she hu rriedly put them away. 6 I know long skirts were in last yea r, but the ......................... fashion is to wear them quite short. 7 I've got to buy some ......................... shoes for the wedding on Satu rday. 8 I did n't get the coat in the end because it didn't ......................... me u nder the arms. 9 The shirt is so expensive because it's made out of a special ......................... that has gold in it. 1O I don't think this jumper ......................... you because you've got blue eyes and pale ski n. 11 The desig ner ......................... at my desig ns and told me that they needed more work. 12 Long dresses and high heels is q uite a good ......................... for you . B Circle the correct word . 1 Do you think the average I everyday person is interested in fashion? 2 I wish Dad would get a new costume I suit to wear for his job interview. 3 I've got red hair, so I never put on I wear red clothes or I'd look si lly. 4 John got a really cool blouse I top in town yesterday with Eminem on it. 5 India suppl ies I prod uces the world with cheap clothes. 6 I'm going to get my nails dyed I painted tomorrow. 7 During the design I man ufactu re of the clothes, lasers are used to cut the material accurately. 8 Which costu me I suit do you think I should wear to the fancy-dress party - the cowboy or the va mpire? Phrasal verbs C Write 9ne word i n each gap . ..A. n t i - fa s h i o n b y L i s a Wi l k i n s o n If you ask me, it's high time they ( 1 ) . .... .................... away with fashion. I've had enough of it. Just when I think I've finally got it right, I pop (2) ... . . . ..... . ............. a clothes shop to find that they've changed all the rules! One minute it's cool to wear brand new expensive stuff, and the next you have to take all that (3) ......... ... ............. and wear clothes that look as if they've been handed (4) .. .... ... . ............... by your grandma. You can't win! Well, I've torn (S) .. ... . ... ... ........... . my fashion magazines and adopted anti-fashion. It's an idea that has grown (6) ................... . . of frustration and, to be honest, a lack of money to spend on yet another dress that I only wear once. I started by drawing (7) .. ..... .. ............. ... a plan. I decided to line all my clothes (8) .. ... .... . .... ........... together, try them all (9) ...... . ... ............... and give to charity anything that either didn't fit or suit me. Then, I wouldn't buy any more new clothes until something wore (1 O) ................... . ..... . I went (1 1 ) . . ... ... . ..... .... . . ..... my plan again, and knew that I would have to be tough with myself. After all, I'd spent a lot of money on some of that stuff. Finally, I plucked up the courage to do it. It felt a little bit like being a child again, dressing (1 2) . .. . .... .. ... ........ in your mum's clothes, but I also felt a great sense of freedom. . . .. That was a year ago and, although I occasionally see something and thif'Jk, 'Oh, that's gorgeous! ', I haven't bought any clothes. If you ever come over to my house and I (1 3) ... . . ......... . .......... you around my bedroom, you might see last season's fashions, but you'll also see a woman who feels free. And that's anti-fashion. , Do you think it'll catch (1 4) .. ... . ... ... . ..... .. ... .. ? 1 61 Unit 26 Vocabulary Phrases and collocations D Choose the correct a nswer. 1 I don't like ............ on clothes in shops because I don't want people to see me in someth ing that doesn't suit me. A putting B trying C wearing D handing 2 I'm not sure a g reen skirt ............ combination with a blue top is such a good idea. A on B at C in D for 3 Everyone complimented Kitty ............ her new outfit. A on B to C in D from 4 I th ink some modern designs a re more like ............ of a rt. A makes B works C objects D jobs S I wish people didn't ............ a tendency to fol l ow fashion without thi n king about what suits them personal - ly. A do B make C get D have 6 I don't th ink T-sh irts and jeans will ever g o ............ of style, do you? A away B out C off D down 7 Make sure you ............ you r make-u p with a soft brush, like this one. A apply B construct C decorate D d ress 8 If you wear that shirt with the ............ pattern, you'll look like a chessboard! A plain B stri ped C shiny D checked 9 You always seem to look so formal. If only you wou ld ............ you r hair down! A get B set C put D let 10 The l atest trend ............ footwear is to wear very simple, traditional shoes. A of B on C in D from 11 My sister and I share the same taste ............ clothes and we wear each other's things a l l the time. A in B of C for D on 12 Why can't you ............ Edgar's example and wear a tie to work? A set B make C follow D do 13 My dad asked me whether h is clothes were ............ fashion and I said they were - about twenty years ago! A in B from C on D of Word patterns E Write one word i n each ga p. 1 It was Lia's fi rst job as a model and she was quite anxious ......................... it. 2 Bil l seems ......................... have had his hair done d ifferently. 3 I cou ldn't help staring ......................... the man in the restau rant who was weari ng a kilt. 4 Before starting my design, I referred ......................... some books of past d esigns to give me inspiration. S Plenty ......................... fashion designers have been successful in spite of not having any forma l training in fash ion. 6 I asked the shop assistant to advise me ......................... my choice of shoe. 7 Many fashion journalists criticised the actress ......................... arriving at the Oscars in a second-hand d ress. 8 The su permodel insisted ......................... having a star on her d ressing room door. 9 These days, most desig ners use a computer ......................... visualise their desig ns before they make any clothes. 10 Visiting fashion shows can be q uite useful ......................... picki n g u p new ideas. 1 62 Fashion and design Unit 26 F Complete using the correct form of the verb in brackets . 1 I was very proud .................................................. (see) my designs u p there on the catwal k. 2 My teacher advised me .................................................. (study) fashion at university, despite my parents' objections. 3 To be a model, you have to be prepa red .................................................. (work) very long hou rs. 4 Mario knew that there was still plenty .................................................. (do) before his fi rst fashion show. 5 I managed to chat to Charlie and she advised me against .................................................. (become) a model. 6 Westwood 's designs didn't seem .................................................. (be) as interesting as the ones she produced last yea r. 7 When I fi rst sta rted as a fashion photog ra pher, I was anxious .................................................. (please) everyone. 8 My teacher advised me .................................................. (forget) about becoming a fash ion model and concentrate on my studies instead. Word formation G Use the word given in ca pita l s at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits in the ga p i n the same l i ne. VISIT TO A FASHION SHOW I was real ly (1 ) ...................... ......... a bout my first visit to a fashion show. I had ENTHUSE t always loved fashion but had only ever seen model s in (2) .................... .......... on . ADVERTISE TV. Finally, I was going to see a rea l show! I got out my most (3) ............................... FASHION clothes. I wanted to look as (4) .................... :.......... as the models. I d on't know if I STYLE was completely (5) ............................... , but I never had much money to spend on SUCCESS cloth�s and I felt (6) ........ ....................... , which is the main thing. When we got ATTRACT ,; ,, there, it was fa ntastic! There were so many (7) ....... . ....................... women! The show BEAUTY <, .· started a nd imagine my su rprise when, completely (8) ............................... , the fi rst EXPECT ..,,. ;/' model was wea ring clothes just l i ke I was! Everyone saw the (9) ............................... SIMILAR ,$-...... ;;. .. and ? couple of people asked me who my (1 O) ........................ ....... was! Amazing! STYLE \ •., ·..-,., . �#"tr..i•·&·• ·�u . ....., ""*' •*' es-..·v .,.,,_ . _ iW '"i...... . 1• ./ Ai> &Ulllitl' WID"• £•¥'ttr;f ' � • :AW 11:1 >' f FF H Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word i n ca pita ls when this is necessa ry. 1 This designer's clothes are rea lly q uite ......................... (LIKE) anything I've ever seen before. 2 His clothes a re very ............... ......... (DESIRE) and they sel l for thousands of dollars. . 3 I could n't decide which hat to get, but then again I've a lways been q u ite ......................... (DECIDE). 4 We went on a school trip to a clothes factory and saw some of the ......................... (PRODUCE) process. 5 I'm afraid I'm completely ......................... (USE) when it comes to ma king my own clothes. 6 I don't ......................... (LIKE) this season's fashion - I just don't th ink it suits me personal ly, that's all. 7 These d resses a re ......................... (BEAUTY) made - just feel the qual ity! 8 I'm sti l l ......................... (DECIDE) a bout wheth er to go to the fash ion show next week o r not. 1 63 A Write one word in each ga p. In spite of there (1) ......................... some truth in the expression 'Never judge a book by its cover: which reminds us that appearances can be deceptive, there (2) to be far more truth in , ...... ... ................ the expression 'You never get a second chance to make a first impression� There are plenty (3) ..... . exa mples of people who have insisted (4) ........ ...... ..... expressi ng their individuality . . . . . . . . . ................ through their clothing and have suffered for it. If you are going to wear outrageous clothes, you've got to be prepared (5) . the reaction .... .................... of others. That reaction may not be positive. You may be stared (6) , criticised . . . . . . . . ................. (7) . ........ wearing someth ing unusual, or even insulted. On the other ha nd, you may be ....... ......... complimented (8) . you r style. Location and situation are very important. At a job ......... . . . . . . . . . . ..... interview, for (9) . .... , you should probably be more anxious (1 0) . ...... . ............. .. please you r .... ............ ...... potential employers than interested i n showing off the latest fashions. ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swer) B Comp l ete the sentences by changing the form of the word in ca pitals when th is is necessa ry. 11 Tracy works as a . . .. .... (STYLE) for a large modelling agency. ... ...... ........ . . . . . . 12 There's a . (SIMILAR) between the fashions of the 1 980s and the 1 960s. .......... ...... .............. 13 I think you should lower you r ... .. (EXPECT) a little; it's not easy to become a . . . . ........... . . . . . . ..... su permodel, you know. 14 Let me know when you make a . ... .. (DECIDE) about what to wea r for the . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . ..... wedding. 15 Fashion critics have greeted the new clothing line with . .. ... . (ENTH USE). ... ..... . . . . . ... ........ 16 The factory has increased . (PRODUCE) of its shoes i n a n attempt to keep . . . .. ........ . . . ... ........... up with demand. 17 That necklace is . (BEAUTY) ! ........... . . . . . . ........ . . . . . 18 All our clothes are designed for men and women .. ... .. (LIKE). .......... ... ....... .... ( 1 m a rk per a n swer) C Comp l ete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar mean ing to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words. 19 You should get some new sung lasses. about It some new sunglasses. . ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . 20 I hate it when you wea r that sil ly tie! wish I .. ............... ..................... . . wea r that silly tie! . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . . ..... 21 Janice reg rets wearing such formal clothes to the pa rty. had Ja nice ....................................................................................... such forma l clothes to the party. 22 I bought the suit althoug h it was second-hand. despite I bought the suit ....................................................................................... second-hand. 23 It's a shame I ca n't make it to the sales this weekend! only If ....................................................................................... make it to the sales this weekend! 24 I n spite of my begging her for hours, Ca rol refused to lend me her new jacket. though Carol refused to lend me her new jacket ................................................................................... for hours. 25 I don't want you to buy exactly the same trainers as I've got. rather I buy exactly the same trainers as I've got. ....................................................................................... 26 I can't go to the pa rty as I don't have anything to wear! something I'd go to the pa rty ....................................................................................... to wear! 27 Despite being a grandmother, Ed na still tries to d ress fashionably. fact I n spite ....................................................................................... is a g rand mother, Ed na stil l tries to dress fashionably. (2 m a r ks p e r a n swe r) D Match to make sentences . 28 I'm just going to pop ........... . A on that jacket you've got hanging i n the window. 29 I've g rown .......... .. B off my shoes but I think my feet smell! 30 I'd like to try .......... .. C into that new boutique for a few minutes. 31 I never thought that skirts for men D up and they took our measurements. would catch ........... . E u p for the Halloween pa rty! 32 We all l i ned ........... . F out of these shoes so my m um's going to get me 33 I'd take .......... .. some new ones. 34 Let's all d ress .......... .. G on, but they have! ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swer) E Choose the correct a nswer. 35 Could you wi pe the table with a damp 39 Jeans and T-shirts wil l never ............ , please? go out of ............ . A clothe C cloth A trend C fashion B clothing D clothes B i mage D tendency 36 I've decided to ............ my hair green for 40 I need a fun ny ............ for the the pa rty! fa ncy-dress party. Any ideas? A dye C sketch A d ress C suit B paint D draw B u niform D costume 37 That top doesn't ............ me; it's just 41 Tim forgot to use clothes ............ and all not my style. his clean clothes fell off the line into A fit C match the mud! B suit D go with A pegs C hooks B clips D pins 38 That's the most i ncredible ............ of a rt I've ever seen! A job C brand B creation D work ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swer) To t a l m a r k : . . . . . . I 50 Unit 27 :Grcamma1r. • Inversions / possessives ( Inversions with negative adverbial words and phrases ) When we put some negative adverbial words and phrases at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, the subject and the verb 'invert'. This means we use the q uestion form of the verb, even though the sentence is not a question. Inversions a re quite formal and are not usually used in conversation. Form negative adverbial word/phrase + question form No sooner had I accepted thejob than they told me I had to work weekends. Negative adverbia l Example . . :·'. .... Never Never have I worked so hard in all my life. ·•: ,, .... Rarely Rarely have I worked so hard in all my life. 1: . '·'· Seldom Seldom have I worked so hard in all my life. �.. ,_. No sooner (... than) No sooner had Matt started work than he resigned. .t i . Hardly (... when) Hardly had Matt started work when he resigned. :·:·. Not only (... but also/too) Not only were you late for work, but you had also forgotten the report. ... .'> :\ Under no circumstances Under no circumstances are employees allowed to leave the building without permission. tl . . ·:: .. At no time/point was I told what thejob involved. .. At no time/point ... ·. ; Little Little did I realise that I would become managing directorjust two years later. !'; Not until Not until the next day did I hear that I had got the job. r;.. ... Only · ' ' ·' . . . .· .· ·. . · . . · .:• ·. · •·. . . Only at the end of the interview did I think I had a chance of getting thejob. . ·, , . .. . .. .. . • '· . . , ... ·: ...- :. .- · 1: ·· ··:,:,1 · ··• · . .·.... . .. . .. .. /.' ,·· � .. · · ' .._ . .,.,_ . . � •. . ·• . . � •' .. ;:'..-i:· · -:>·,,,.·.,.,,. '·''!'" �·::· ......... ··,,-•.'· .. ... . . . ,.....•/ _ ' ··.-• ..-:: .· . · . .• /, ' '"'."• · .·,:._-, ·:·. ·. ·...- ··, .._ : ·..-::.;., ; · ··..::· '· . .......... ·. : ·.�,_.........• · ·. · ...· :·/i: . . . , :, ...., .....: . . ··-.... .... ;.-. -·. · . . --� • Little is used with verbs of thou ght (realise, know, suspect, etc) a nd means 'I did not realise/etc at all .. . � ./ Little did I know how things were going to turn out. (= I did not know at a l l how things were going to turn out.) • With not un til and only, you have to be carefu l about which verb to i nvert. ./ Not until I had finished my homework was I allowed to go out. X NotuRtilhadIfiRishedmyhomeworkIv.16saUowedtogoout. ./ Only when I had finished my homework was I allowed to go out. X Only 1.11hen hgdIfinishedmyhomeworkIWQSal/awedtogo out. . . Other 1nvers1ons ) ·.· . . . ...·. ·• ·. . ·:. .. .. ; .'. .'': ,;.:,..,. .,.. .. .... .:·� · . , ..�:• . .::,., . .. ...... ••• ·. · . ··;...;·: · . ..:4 •• t ,; . . "'--' - ,., ... . .. . .. .. :. . . . . ,. '• "':..·-;·. ' /.:.. �. .... ·:,.' .· ; . ; �· ' ,'/.',,,_,J,:. ... .. · ···. "':;"; i/' ': '· ,_• ::..:. -i > , · :'""·; "" ..;,."';.,z::' . • • · �: ·.• .:,:: · - ' • ', 1_... ....' • • ... ..:;, · /,., - · �· :,_ .� · \. , , . Use Example ? i :: 1.�· �:· 'I'm a plumber.' c:, \ I n short answers and other similar structu res using so, neither and nor 'Really? So am I!' My sister doesn't like getting ready for work, and neither do I I nor do I. , " •. \:· . •. The manager was nervous about the director's visit, as were the rest of the staff. , . After as, so a nd such So late was it that there was no one in the office. Such a hot day was it that no one wanted to work. Were our staff better trained, we might make a larger profit. (= If ou r staff were In co nditional sentences better trained ... ) . . .. . . . . - .. . .. . r ·. . .... .. . .. ,·. .. .,, · ,. • , , Had I known about the vacancy, I would have applied. (= If I had known ...) ., . . . . ·.· . .. . ... ... . · .· .'• '• ' ' . ,., _�, ''.':•1 , • ·',.'.· · . · · · : . ···-··,.:.;o. ··,-'. .-, ·... . .... ... ... ... . .. :.·. . ,.,-. ... -.;··. :,., . .' ..:..· · ... .... ; � �:.. ' '• .. .. . ..... . ....... .. ·:. '/'_I• . ....-�--;,. 'r·�:.·! 1:· •·. · -; '/:/•":"'�·� .. . .. . . . . ':"i . ·:·l!'f"··�.: ·.-?.".... .....�. ... Remem ber that 'So am/do/have /' is used to agree with a positive statement a n d 'Neither/Nor am/do/have /' is used to agree with a negative statement. ./ 'I really like myjob. ' 'So do I. ' ./ 'I really don't like myjob. ' 'Neither do I I Nor do I. ' 1 66 Inversions / possessives Unit 2 7 ( Possessive 's and s' ).,, ..:·:.., ....... . ..., .;·. , ·� ,,,,.!'>,,.,,. ' . ,.. . . ·..·.. · -·; � ..�·..,. ;: '.·... ·. ·. .... . ... . .;:·. . . , ,. .'.,... • • •• • .:.�·. • ...:.. ' ' • J,--1'• · ·,. ... · :. . :/-.·... · -� · . ' .. ..�·, ,:.I :�-: ,..: ,_,,_. . , .:1·· : .J... · ....... ,'•,,•'·� '. ·.:. '.' . !..:_;;,_. �.:: oJ.' ,..,: L... .... : : : :·, ·, , :,...-. · ,.. . , ·�··• , �-: !i'., . We ca n show possession by using � and s� Use Example ;\ .i : If· �-: That's the manager's car, over there. I.� - �� We u se 's with singular nouns, including names, and with .. 1 We are still waiting for Sarah's decision about who to take on. :1 i rreg u la r pl urals which do not end i n -s. · . •, ·! , : We j ust add a n a postrophe to regular p l u ra l nouns ending I think that women's rights should be protected by Jaw. ·. 1 ' The workers' pay was increased by ten percen t. in -s. ; �. :_;· ·:::- :( After an hour's wait, I finally got to see the manager. We use 's or s' in some time expressions. ··:· I'll be at the factory in about ten minutes' time. . :,. ',L ,;· Is this John's briefcase? + We usual ly use 's or s' with people (or g roups com posed of " We held a meeting to discuss the company's finances. ii ' : 1, :; people) and a n i ma ls. For other things, we normally use of The vet had a close look at the cat's paw. \ } the/myIetc. The technician had a close look at the back of my computer. :< (not ... at my computer's back) � . : .-:,,.-.. · :. . .... ... . . . :·.' : · ; · · · �· · . ;,.:, . I '.·' :· · :·: . . ... .-.· ••, . . .. � . . .,_: ·..... .� - · .�_ . " ·.;./·.,; '' ' • :..;.1 · J ·•·: ·,,,.,. :.. ·1..·.:.··-·.p -,,. , ...... . ...:· ···: . ·:;:-:·.-. :1 . . . .. ... .· . ·· ·:. •:/' ' ..... . ::··:.:-.:·- :�·.. . . . . ·.:;·:· ·." · : . · ; ; :::, :· ... · .".:' N.';",/""""' ... ...... ... : .. ..... . . . -.'9:·· ·: :: -:- :··....- ·. .,. .. · : . : ..· ·:·.--: : · -..... .. . . . .... ..-.. .. .. .. · ; . . .... -"· "."."":": .., With singular names ending in -s, some people use 's a n d some people just add a n a postrophe. They are both correct, although using 's is more common . ./ The report is on Char/es's computer in the office. ./ The report is on Charles' computer in the office. • With plu ra l names ending i n -s, we just add a n a postrophe, as with other plurals. ./ The Smiths' business eventually closed down. • With phrases, the possessive 's and s'm ust go at the end of the whole phrase . ./ Tom, Dick and Harry's office is around here somewhere. X Tom's, Dick'sertc=iHerry'sofficeiserouReheresomewhere. ./ The President of France's visit to England will be good for business. X ThePresident's ofFrfmcevisittofRglandwi!!begoodforbusiness. ,, ( . :. ·' Possessive determiners and pronouns ) ..; , •..;;':·.p:,··. ·...., ...:.... ,, . .... . . ... ... . ........., .....·. ·-·....., ·� .. ::" ..:·•'.:1:�· .. . ··... . 'I... : ::: - " /1,•_..:·'.-."::.:. '·k.-�... ;..... . ::• . . , � ·' . > :(. . ' . ., .. .. . . . ::.;· : , . --1 ; :, ·· _. ... ... . ·_:,:.,-. . Structure Example Possessive determ iners (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) come I'm really excited about my newjob. 'I before a nou n and show possession Are you looking forward to meeting your new boss? I i. My new job is great. How about yours? (= .. .you r job) ,, �.. �.. ; :� Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs) a re used instead of a nou n Our business is doing quite well, but I hear Simon and Julie are having problems with theirs. (= ... their busi ness) ' .. 1 .. ... :� Possessive pronouns can a lso be used after of to show She's a colleague of mine. (= . . . one of my co lleag ues) �- . possession . ....... .. . .. . . , .. . . .. . ..... .. ...:-- ·" :·.-"-'•:' ". ".-,--r ·:,:-:.'."·:··:. -. · • _..,, ,,..:-: .. ·Ji.•':·:'.rll-'·'' • -\� · ·:.:· · ' ' '; 1 ' " · : ·.:· : . ....•.--:r. · '· "·'.• ',' t<·'.·.•-jir.: ·./ �·:. ·. :·;.:.- ..-.. ' · .:· . ..... ... . '.'":"f'"'' .... �- . · ·/'' . . · .. ...... ..... . : .. .-. Are they customers ofyours? , i. ".::1: · :·::· . . <·� . ' ' · . .- , . ..........·.1 ·.:· ·. ·.. ·/·, :•t." • ·,� '.- . ..'$· "•.":-...... . .. . . ... - :-:,.-:.. ....-� -�. · p,, ...:- '·" I .. .' . ;• ".,'•::;-:-;".". "._ ":•·;" , ,'•.'/·"/ ."• '• .' "-.r, --.•.',' '.'. . " ' . . . . . ... . . A common m ista ke to be avoided is using a possessive pronoun i nstead of a possessive determi ner or usi ng a determiner instead of a pronou n . ./ I don't really get on so well with my boss. X !don'tr-eeJ/ygetonso vreJ!withmiRe boss. ./ I know yourjob is dangerous, but did Frank and Jenny tell you about theirs? X !knowyeurjobisdangerous, butdidFrankandJennyte!!yeu abouttheir? • Remem ber that there are no apostrophes i n possessive pronouns. X !knowyeurjobisdangerous, butdidFrankaRdJenf1Y tef.!youabouttheir's? • Don't get confused between its (possessive determ iner, without an a postrophe) and it's (contraction fo r it is or it has, with an a postrophe) . ./ Our company is hoping to increase its share of the market. X Ourcompanyishoping to ino=easeit'sshareofthemarket. 1 67 Unit 27 Grammar i -- ··--·--- --......----, j A Write when or than i n each ga p. 1 Hard ly had we started ......................... the fire alarm went. 2 No sooner had we set off ......................... my brother needed the toilet. 3 No sooner were the animals cau g ht ......................... they escaped agai n. 4 Hardly had I closed my eyes I dropped off to sleep. ........ ......... ........ 5 No sooner do I do the washing ......................... there's another pile to be done. 6 Hard ly were we in position ......................... the bom b went off. B Choose the correct answer. 1 No sooner ............ down than the phone 7 Rarely ............ about the envi ron ment rang. enough to give up their car. A I had sat B do I sit A do people care B people ca re c had I sat D was I sitting c are people care D care people 2 Never ............ a greater day in the history 8 Only when ............ may vehicles cross of mankind. the train tracks. A did there be B was there A is the green light on .,. c there was D there has been B the green light is on c did the green l ight be on 3 At no ti me ............ that he was the killer. D on is the green l ight A I didn't suspect B was I suspect c I had suspected D did I suspect 9 Seldom ............ such a rude person! 4 A have I met B I have met Little ............ that I knew his secret. c d id I met D am I meeti ng A did John know B John did know c was John know D John knew 10 Only after doing his chores ............ to go to meet his friends. 5 Not unti l ............ her d id I rea lise how A Jason was allowed beautifu l she was. A I saw B did Jason allow B did I see c was allowed Jason c was I saw D saw I D was Jason allowed 6 Not only ............ my keys, I've lost my wa llet, too. A I have lost B a re I lost C I did lose D have I lost C If a word or p h rase i n bold is correct, put a tick (.I). If it is i ncorrect, rewrite it correctly. 1 Hard ly Tom had opened the door when the dog ran out into the street. 2 Only when I read the book did I realise why it was so special. . ........ . . . . . . . ........ . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 Not only you passed the exa m, but you also got an A! ................................................ .. 4 Not until do I see Greg next week wil l I know whether he got the job. 5 No sooner had we found our seats than the fi l m began . ................................................ . . 6 At no poi nt while the race i s taki ng place members of the public are not allowed onto the track . ................................................ . . 7 U nder no circumstances do the eq uipment to be used without supervi sion. 1 68 Inversions / possessives Unit 2 7 8 Little I thought that one day my best friend would become pri me mi nister. 9 Never did I be so pleased to see someone else succeed . ................................................. . 10 Hardly I had put the baby to bed when she sta rted crying . ................................................ .. D Complete using the correct form of the words i n brackets . No sooner ( 1 ) .................................................. (I I start) worki ng at Taylforth Nielsen, the com puter company, than I real ised it was the perfect opportunity for my hobby: hacking! Don't get me wrong. At no point (2) .................................................. (I I have) ever stolen anything. I do it for the chal lenge. Not . only (3) ......... ........................ ...... (I I l i ke) proving I can do it, but sometimes .... . ...... (4) ................. .. ............. (it I help) a com pany to build a better security system. Rarely ......... ......... (5) ...... . . ......... ......... (they I see) it like that, of cou rse. I decided I would see if I could . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. break into the Grand Bank system. Little (6) . (I I realise) what was .............. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... waiting for me. The second day of working there, hard ly (7) .......................... ...... (everyone else I leave) .... . ............. when I started to try simple passwords. Seldom (8) ..... ............................ (th is I is) ... ...... . . . ..... enoug h, though. You usually have to work m uch harder than that. Not u ntil midnight (9) .. .................. . (I I g et) access to the Grand Bank system. Hard ly .............. ........... .... ( 1 0) . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (I I have) time to look a round the system when the door ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . to my office flew open and three men rushed in. Only when (1 1 ) ..... ..... .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . (they I show) me their I D ( 1 2) ............. .. ........... ........ (I I realise) that it was the police. .... ..... . . . . . . . They had been expecting something l i ke this and had traced my computer! Not only ( 1 3) .................................................. (I I be fired), but (1 4) .................................................. (they I keep) a l l my compute r records, too. Maybe it's time to find another hobby. E Com plete the sentences so that the mea n i ng rema ins the sa me. 1 Photographs a re not permitted u nder any circumsta nces. Under ...... ............................... . . ................................. .................. .......... . . . . ......................... . 2 We've never faced such a serious problem as this. Never .................................................................................................................................. . 3 I only rea lised it was Vanessa when she removed her hat. Only .... . . . . . . . . . .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................... .... . . . . . ......... . . . . . ............... .................. . 4 The audience did n't laugh at any point d u ring the show. At . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 As soon as Patrick had finished the e-mail, he sent it. No .... .... . . . . ..... ..... . . . . ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .� . . . . . . . 6 It wasn't clear who was going to win the match u ntil the last few minutes. Not .............. ..................... . . . . . . . . . . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ................ .................................. . 7 Dennis passed his d riving test and had an accident a lmost im med iately afterwa rds. Hard ly ..................................................... . . .......................................................................... . 169 Unit 27 Grammar 8 I d idn't learn the result of the match u nti l I read the evening paper. O rt I }' .................................................................................................................................... . 9 The president will n ot resign u nder any circumsta nces. Under .......•••••.••............•.••.•••.•.........••..••••••.•••..•................•••••••..••••.•................•...•••••••••••...•. 10 The accused showed no emotion at a ny time during the trial. At · · · · · · · · · · · • • • • • · · · · • · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · • · • • • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · · • · • • • • • • • •· · · · • · · · · · · · • • • • • · · · · · · · · • • F Complete the responses to these statements . 1 'I wish I had more money.' 'So ................................ . 2 'We never seem to spend much time together i n my fami ly.' 'Neither ........................ . 3 I m not goi ng to Jacob's party next Sunday.' ' ' 'Nor ............................... . 4 'I d idn't do my homework last nig ht.' 'Nor ............................... . 5 'I'l l be on hol iday this time next week.' 'So ................................. . 6 'I had n o idea Chris was gettin g married.' 'Neither .......................... . 7 'I should rea l ly get more exercise.' 'So .................................. . G Write one word in each gap. 1 Such a l ong way ......................... it that we decided to go by train. 2 So bad ly I play chess that I a l most never agree to have a game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 3 Pupils are expected to behave politely, as ......................... members of staff. 4 So tired ..... ............ I that I d ecided to l ie down for a while. ........ 5 Such a th reat to society ......................... you that I have n o choice but to send you to prison. 6 So cold ......................... it last winter that a l l our pipes froze. 7 Ca lculators a re ban ned from the examining room, as ......................... dictiona ries and handheld computers. 8 I have been having very stra nge d rea ms lately, as ......................... my twi n sister. H Form possessives from the nouns given . 1 (Bil ly): .... ...... ....... ...�.i.1.1;t.�� ................... opi nion 2 (my mum): .................................................. cooking 3 (ou r next door neig hbours): .................................................. cat 4 (George the Fifth): .................................................. daughter 5 (people): .................................................. prejudices 6 (the Greenes): .................................................. holiday home 7 (women): .................................................. magazines 8 (the boss): .................................................. car -r ,• . -��- . ,. . . 170 Inversions / possessives Unit 27 9 (Jack and Jill): .................................................. wedding 10 (students): .................................................. marks 11 (children): .................................................. shoes 12 (politicians): .................................................. promises I Complete using the words in the box. Use each word only once . her • hers • it's • its • mine • my • their • theirs 1 Tel l Michelle that it's my problem, not ......................... . 2 Are you sure this isn't ......................... , because it looks just like the one I was g iven for Ch ristmas? 3 Thanks for the offer, but I thin k I'll use ......................... own money. 4 I saw a wallet on the floor next to a cou ple of tourists and asked them if it was S Remind you r sister to bring ......................... book to the lesson tomorrow. 6 I'm not sure, but I thi n k ......................... Mark's bag, isn't it? 7 Could you make sure that you r children don't leave ......................... toys in my garden again, please? 8 What secrets do you thi n k the Moon might be hiding withi n ......................... craters? J If a l i ne is correct, put a tick (.1) next to the number. If there is an extra word i n a l i ne, write it next to the n u mber. FIRST DAY AT WORK 1 ........................ . Well, Trisha, that's my own fi rst day at my new job o ut of the way. I wasn't ·2 sure what to expect, but it turned out okay. My manager was really nice, . 3 ......................... m uch nicer than you rs boss sounds from your letter. No sooner had I arrived 4 ......................... at work than did he made me a cup of tea! It was a really pleasant surprise. s Not only did he do that, but he was also kind enough to explain to me how 6 ......................... everything worked.The office is real ly modern and its comfortable. The other 7 ........................ . people all have their own desks, but mine desk still hasn't been delivered, so 8 I am sharing with someone else for now. Little did I not realise when I took 9 ........................ . the job that I was going to enjoy it so m uch. I have finally found a job that I , <; 10 171 Unit 28 ---voca6ulary • Work and business Topic vocabulary in contrast see page 1 97 for definitions emp loyer I employee I staff wage(s) I salary I pay overti me I promoti on I pension job I work I ca reer comm ute I deliver company I fi rm I busin ess earn I win I gain retire I resign union I cha rity rai se I rise fi re I sack I m a ke red u ndant Phrasal verbs back out decide not to do sth you ag reed to do set up sta rt (a busi ness, organ isation, etc) bring out prod uce and sta rt to sell a new prod uct slow down decrease speed close down stop operati ng (fo r com pan ies) speed up increase speed see through (to) conti nue (or help to contin ue) to the stand in for do sb's job for them while they a re not end of sth u nplea sant or difficult availa ble see to deal with take on sta rt to employ; accept (work or responsibil ity) set to sta rt doing sth in a determ ined or enthu siastic way take over ta ke control of (a business, etc) set out sta rt worki ng on sth in order to achieve an aim turn down not accept (a n offer, req uest, etc) Phrases and collocations agreement come to/reach (a n) agreement (on/a bout sth); in agreement (on/a bout/with) sth arrangement m a ke a n arra ngement (with/for sb) (to do); have an a rra ngement (with sb) (to do) business do business (with sb); in busi ness; go somewhere on business; business tri p; small business; big business complaint have/ma ke a complaint (about sth) (to sb); letter of co mplaint (to sb) (about sth) day have/ta ke/get a day off; day job; day trip; day by day; the oth er/next day decision ma ke/take a decision (to do sth); come to/reach/ma ke a decision (about sth) duty do one's d uty; a sense of d uty; on/off d uty; have a d uty to sb/to do effort make an effort (to do); put effort into sth/doing experience have a n experience; have/gai n/get experience in/of sth/doing; experienced i n/at sth/doing hold put/keep sb on hold; hold on (to sth); hold sth interest have/ta ke/express an interest in sth/doi ng; in yo u r interest to do; ea rn/get/pay interest interview have/go to/attend an i nterview; job interview job do a job; have a job (to do); apply for a job; ta ke/get a job; in a job work do some work; have work to do; go to work; at work; work hard; out of work; pl ace of work Word patterns absent from sth good for sb (to do sth); good at sth/doing; good to sb apply for sth; a pply i n writi ng qualify as/i n sth attach sth to sth; attached to sth responsible for sth/doing begin doi ng/to do/sth; beg in by doi ng specialise in sth/doing depend on sth/sb train to do experienced in/at sth/doi ng work as/at/in sth; work for sb Word formation help (un)helpfu l(ly), hel pl ess(ly), add added, add ition, ad ditional (ly) profession (un) professional(ly) hel ping, hel per apply (in)appl ica ble, appl ied, industry industria l (ly), qualify (un)q ua lified, q ual ifying, appl ica nt, appl icati on industrious(ly) q ual ification responsible irresponsible, (ir) responsibly, commerce com mercia l (ly) machine machinery (ir) responsibil ity . manage managing, management, dedicate dedicated, ded ication supervise supervision, su pervisor manager effect (in)effective(ly) meet met, meeti ng work worki nq, (un)worka ble, worker, works employ (un)employed, (un)employa ble, (un)employment, e m ployer, employee 172 Work and business Unit 28 ,-----------------·------ · --- -----·- .�- · ------ ---- - I l Topic vocabulary in contrast A Circle the correct word . 1 The charity I un ion I'm a member of is cal ling for a nationwide strike next week. 2 It's company I firm I business policy not to allow the use of phones for personal cal ls during worki ng hours. 3 The recent raise I rise in the cost of petrol has affected loads of small businesses round here. 4 In some professions, you have to retire I resign when you're 60 or 65 years old. 5 My grandfather gets a pension I promotion from the com pany he used to work for. 6 Not only did we all have to work overtime I promotion this weekend, but we didn't get paid for it! 7 Have you had any news about that work I job I career you applied for yet? 8 The starting salary I wage is €20 OOO per year. 9 You'll get a weekly pay I wage of about €300 before deductions. 1O She became a full-time member of employees I staff I employers last year. B Comp l ete using the correct form of the words i n the box . com mute • deliver • earn • gain • make • sack • win 1 No sooner had Denzil .................................................. the lottery than he decided to q uit his j ob. 2 How long does it take you to .................................................. to work every day? 3 How m uch does a state school teacher .................................................. each yea r? 4 Over a hundred workers were .................................................. red undant when the factory closed. 5 Our next-door neighbour was .................................................. for stea ling company property. 6 Does you r loca l superma rket ............................. . .................... ? 7 Rarely have I .................................................. so much val uable experience in such a short space of time. Phrasa l verbs C Write o ne word i n each ga p. It j u st ta kes h a rd work a n d comm itment Entrepreneur Jane Dickson describes h ow she got started I was working as an IT Ma nager for a sma l l publis h i ng company (in fact, I was stand i ng (1 ) ......................... for the actual ma nager wh i l e she was away on maternity leave) when the company was taken (2) ......................... by a large mu ltinational media orga n isation. It was i n the depths of the recession, and i niti a l ly our new owners promised to see our small com pany (3) ......................... the hard ti mes. Th i ngs got worse, though , a n d they final ly backed (4) ......................... of their agreement. O u r com pany closed (5) ......................... . We were a l l made red u nd a nt - it was horri ble! I wasn't su re what I wa nted to do next. I (6) ......................... down severa l offers of work as I d i d n't wa nt to rush i nto a nyth i ng. Then, one day, I woke u p and thought: ' I 'm goi ng to set (7) .............. .......... my own busi ness ! ' . At fi rst it was tough . I h a d to (8) ......................... t o everyth i ng myself - I was t h e only employee! - b u t I set (9) ......................... it with dedication a n d refused to give up, whatever happened . Over the last five yea rs, as the company's grown, I 've taken (10) ......................... more and more staff. D ickson's now employs over five h u n d red people! I set (11) ......................... to be successfu l , and I 've managed it . I feel very l ucky, a lthough , to be honest, l uck has noth i ng to do with it. It just ta kes hard work a n d comm itment. I d on't feel satisfied yet, though . We're bri ngi ng (12) ......................... new products a l l the time, and I want to continue doing that. I also want to speed (13) ......................... our production process to make it ,more efficient. I 'm not planning to slow (14) ......................... any time soon! 4 ·��·yo.·.,,._- . ..,....... , . �. .tJ... •.,,......,.�•.__... ..�"""� · ·�--.- . -1;·���._..,.., ,.. ... .... �-· , ... ..,,. ... .- ...bil!l" " 1 ....,,:_yt1 �-"""· .._...,".l" ,,, i'__,,,.,,..,�."J.l}. "_.,..... ....,...- ....� •. .,,.. . ,.,,-�., '("' �-. ".!dit1 ,,,�.,,,... . �·I'- ........ . .... ... .. . ........... · ·� ,... ."'I n< '" . ./' ..... .,..-· .s;,,,J:� "' """"''""' ' • 173 Unit 28 Vocabulary · Phrases and collocations D M atch to make sentences . 1 I put a lot of effort ............ A on hold for ages. 2 They've made thei r decision ............ B a bout who's going to get promoted. 3 It's not in your interest to ............ c of work for over two months now. 4 The secretary's kept me ............ D i nto writing this report. s I don't know why you didn't apply ............ E business long. 6 I think we're all in agreement ............ F in you r work. 7 Dean's been out ............ G for that position. 8 The shop hasn't been i n ............ H accept a pay cut. 9 I'm glad you're finally taki ng an interest ............ I work, doesn't he? 10 Jason l ives fairly near his place of ............ J on this, aren't we? E Write one word i n each ga p. 1 Maybe you shou ld write a letter ......................... complaint to the manager. 2 When was the last time you had a ......................... off? 3 Hardly had the police officer come ......................... duty when he had to respond to an emergency. 4 My dad's ......................... work at the moment, I'm afraid. Can you call back later? S I am available to ......................... an i nterview at your convenience. 6 He's been .......................... this job for over thirty years. 7 Our company ......................... a lot of business with Altech Industries. 8 Sol's made an a rrangement ......................... the wholesalers to deliver more frequently in future. 9 J u ne's got several years' experience ......................... dealing with young children. Word patterns F Choose the correct answer. 1 Who is responsible ............ dea l i ng with complaints? A with B for C in D at 2 We began ............ looking rou nd for advertising agenci es which had experience of ou r market. A to B with c by D at 3 The covering letter wasn't attached ............ the CV. A to B with C from D by 4 Don't you think you shou ld apply for the job ............ writing? A with B for C at D in S I was only absent ............ the office for a few minutes! A for B from C in D a bout 6 Success in this i nd u stry depends a lot ............. luck! A with B from C at D on 174 Work and business Unit 28 G Cross out the incorrect wo rd i n each sentence and write the correct word on the l i ne. 1 Sadie's quite good in typing . ........................ . 2 J immy qualified at a doctor a cou ple of years ago. ........................ . 3 You need to be good at languages to work i n an i nterpreter. ........................ . 4 It'll be good that Rudy to get some work experience this summer. ........................ . 5 You've got to be experienced from dealing with difficult authors if you want to be an editor. 6 We specialise for manufacturing tiles for the building industry. ........................ . 7 After qualifying as veterinary medicine, she decided to move to Yorkshire. ........................ . 8 I'd love to work as advertising . ......................... 9 Joanne is training for become a trapeze a rtist at the moment! ........................ . Word formation H Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in ca p ita ls when this is necessa ry. 1 All the heavy ............................... (MACHINE) i n the factory has been manufactured on site. 2 Al is a manager at the local water ............................... (WORK). 3 An ......................... .. .. (INDUSTRY) d ispute is threatening to delay production of the new car. . . 4 We work u nder close ............................... (SUPERVISE), so there's not much o pportun ity for initiative. 5 Farm ....... ....................... (WORK) in Belgium have accepted a 5% pay increase. . 6 There'll be a n ..... ................... . (ADD) charge of €30 for delivery. ..... . 7 Supersonic planes have never been a ........................... .. (COMMERCE) success. .. 8 We cou ld n't have built this new train without the ...................... ........ (DEDICATE) and . expertise of the entire workforce. 9 The plan is completely ............................... (WORK). Let's just forget it! I Complete the text by changing the form of the word i n brackets . Although a certai n percentage of g raduates will still be ( 1 ) .......................... .-. ... (employ) six months after leaving u niversity, the majority wil l have found (2) ....... ............. ......... (employ) by then. Many of . . these will even have been offered a job while at u niversity, as a result of visiting a job fair. Job fairs are held at many u niversities each year. Companies come a lo ng to advertise jobs, which a re usually i n (3) ...... ................ ........ (manage), and the career structures and benefit packages that . go with them.Job fairs a re an (4) ......... ................... . (effect) way for u nderg raduates to find out what . . kind of job they might be interested in. If you go to a job fair, d ress (5) ............................... (profession). Don't wear jeans and a T-shirt. Wear a suit! You don't want to look (6) .................. ............. (responsible) when you have your first (7) ............................... (meet) with you r potential (8) ............ .................. (employ). If you're . i nterested in a job on offer, you may have to fi l l out an (9) ....... ....................... (apply) form, so it's . (1 O) ............................... (help) to take along relevant i nformation with you. You'll also need proof of all your (1 1 ) ................... ............ (qualify), so don't forget to take photocopies of all you r certificates with you. ., .. 17S A Write one word i n each ga p. Dea r S i r, I wo u ld l i ke to (1) ........ . ....... .. . ...... a compla i nt a bout a n a rticle that a p pea red i n yo u r newspa per last week . I n the a rticle, entitled 'Why they a re (2) . .. ... .. of work', ...... ....... .... the writer sugg ested that th e u ne m p l oyed were responsi ble (3) . ... .... .. .. their own ...... ...... . situati o n . If the writer had (4) ...... . . . . .. . . . . . . .. ..... thei r job properly a nd (5) ........................ . a l ittle effort to s pea k to local u nemployed peo ple, they m i g ht have rea l i sed that th i s i s not the ca se. Let me beg i n _(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . sayi ng that m ost u nemployed people wa nt to work. They a pply (7) .... .. . ...... . .. . ....... . jobs a nd (8) . . . . . . . . .. ... ........ .. .. a g reat dea l of effort i nto cha n g i n g thei r situati o n . T h e truth is that loca l businesses a re sim ply n ot ta kin g (9) ......... . .. . . . ... . . . .... n ew staff. The govern ment i s to bla me fo r the way i n which economic g rowth has (1 0) . ...... . ............... . . d own, ma kin g l ife d iffi cu lt for m a ny busin esses. I look forwa rd to rea d i n g a more ba l a n ced a rticle in the futu re. Yo u rs fa ithfu l ly, Rebecca Wi nterson ( 1 m a rk p e r a n sw e r) B Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word i n capita ls when this is necessary. 11 Dave left the office keys in a pub and he was sacked for being so .............................. . ( RESPONSIBLE). 12 'Leave it to me. I'll fi nd a solution,' the manager said, .. . . .... . ... . (H ELP). . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 13 All (APPLY) are asked to send their CV to Mrs Simpson i n the Personnel . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . Department. 14 My job is to . .. ... .. (SUPERVISE) the telesales workers. ........ . . . . .. . . ....... 15 Carol has worked for us for over twenty years with great loyalty and .............................. . (DEDICATE). 16 All our .... . . . (EMPLOY) receive fou r weeks paid holiday per year. ..... . . . ....... ......... 17 The managing director didn't think the suggestion would ever be . . ( WORK), ...... ....... . ........... .... so we had to thi nk of another sol ution. 18 It seems that M r Jones lied about his .. .. .. . (QUALIFY) on his application form. .. ...... ........ ..... ... ( 1 m a r k p e r a n sw e r) C Complete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a s i m i lar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words. 19 Yu ri qualified and then immediately fou nd a really good job. than No he found a real ly good job. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . . . . .. . . . ............ . . . .. . . . . 20 Women don't often get promoted in some industries. do Rarely ....................................................................................... in some industries. 21 I never rea lised that Tony was the head of Fizzyco. realise Little ....................................................................................... that Tony was the head of Fizzyco. 22 I didn't know about the meeting until Tracy ra ng. did Not u ntil a bout the meeting. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 I think you wil l benefit from getting a new job. good I think it will be ....................................................................................... a new job. 24 The two com panies finally agreed the deal. reached The two com panies finally ....................................................................................... the deal. 25 Customers of the bank are never allowed i nto the basement area. circumstances Under ....................................................................................... customers of the bank al lowed into the basement area. 26 I didn't think of a good answer to the interviewer's q u estion u ntil later. did Only ....................................................................................... a good answer to the interviewer's q u estion. 27 It was such a boring job that no one wanted to do it. was Such ....................................................................................... that no one wanted to do it. (2 m a rks p e r a n swer) D M atch to make sentences . 28 I ronworks Limited has closed ............ A in for him while he went into town. 29 Henry asked Janet to stand ............ B out a new flavour of ice cream next month. 30 Mr Ca rter asked me to see ............ c over Cookright and plan to close some 31 I heard that Bigburger have ta ken ............ branches. 32 Roger says he never set ............ D down and 400 people have lost their jobs. 33 Apparently, Fatfoods a re bringing ............ E u p a business sell i ng my own jewellery. 34 I'm thinking of setting ............ F to the orders while he spoke to a customer. G out to become a millionaire - it just happened! ( 1 mark per a n swer) E Choose the correct a nswer. 35 The ............ for this position starts at 39 Shel ley disagreed with the boa rd's thirty thousand euros per year. decision and so she ............ and went to A wage C salary work for another com pany. B payment D tip A retired C sacked B fi red D resigned 36 After working at the same factory for thirty years, my grandfather was 40 When the factory closed, over a looking forwa rd to his ............ . hundred people were ............ redundant. A overtime C cha rity A done C given B pension D allowa nce B taken D made 37 Some people ............ to London every 41 Here at Weatherby's, we provide a 1 1 day from as fa r away as Leeds. o u r ............ members, from senior A connect C correspond management down, with regular B com mute D commence training. A staff C crowd 38 Most governments tax people on the B crew D fi rm a mount they ............ each year. A win C earn B gain D benefit ( 1 m a rk per a n swer) To t a l m a r k : I 5o A Choose the correct answer. It can ( 1 ) ............ a long time to become successful in you r chosen field, however (2) ............ you are. One thing you have to be (3) ............ of is that you wil l face criticism along the way. The world is (4) ............ of people who would rather say something negative than positive. If you've made up your (S) ............ to achieve a certain goal, such as writing a novel, don't let the negative criticism of others (6) ............ you from reaching you r target, and let constructive criticism have a positive (7) ............ on your work. If someone says you're total ly (8) .. .......... i n talent, ignore them. That's negative criticism. If, however, someone (9) .......... .. you to revise you r work and gives you good reasons for doing so, you should ( 1 0) ............ their suggestions careful ly. There are many fi l m stars who were once out of ( 1 1 ) ............ . There are many fa mous novelists who made a complete (1 2) ........... . of their first novel - or who didn't, but had to (1 3) ............ a pproaching hundreds of publishers before they could get it published. Being s uccessful does ( 1 4) ............ on l uck, to a certain extent. But things a re more likely to (1 S) ............ well if you persevere and stay positive. 1 A be B have c take D do 2 A talented B i nvested c mixed D workable 3 A alert B clever c i ntelligent D aware 4 A overflowing B full c filled D packed s A mind B brain c thought D idea 6 A cease B remove c avoid D prevent 7 A o utcome B resu lt c effect D consequence 8 A lacking B short c missing D a bsent 9 A suggests B advises c proposes D explains 10 A think B consider c look round D take 11 A career B business c job D work 12 A mess B rubbish c trash D garbage 13 A put off B ban k on c keep on D d rop i n on 14 A require B need c depend D trust 15 A turn out B come into c deal with D sail through ( 1 m a r k p e r a n sw e r) B Choose the correct answer. 16 Ed ............ at the clock and realised 19 I want to take these jea n s back he was late for the meeting. because they're too small but I can't A glimpsed B observed find the ............ anywhere. c g lanced D watched A recipe B receipt c receiver D reception 17 What's the entrance ............ for the outdoor m u sic festival? 20 I'l l pick up a ............ on the way home A ticket B fare and then we won't have to cook. c pnce ' D fee A takeaway B fast food c delivery D microwave 18 Don't ............ the potatoes in oil; that's so u nhealthy! 21 Certificates provide proof of your A fry B boil ............ . c bake D gri l l A qualities B diplomas c qualifications D a mbitions .., .. 178 Units 1 5-28 Progress Test 22 Living on a farm in the middle of 24 The audience showed their ............ nowhere, ours is about the most by giving the orchestra a standing ............ l ifestyle you can have! ovation. A u rban B suburban A entertainment B review C rural D m unicipal C appreciation D audition 23 Wil l was made ............ three months 25 I'd l ike to speak to the person in ago and is stil l looking for a job. ........... , please. A sacked B fi red A charge B responsibility C retired D redu ndant C d uty D obligation ( 1 m a r k p e r a n swer) C Write one word i n each gap. Lack of faith in politicians A recent survey has shown an increase (26) ......................... distrust for politicians. They've always been regarded (27) ......................... u ntrustworthy, but now politicians are below estate agents and even lawyers in the public's estimations. A majority of the people who (28) . .................. .... questioned associate politicians (29) ......................... . . an inability to tell (30) .......... ............. truth. They believe they're responsible (3 1 ) ......................... most of the cou ntry's .. problems, have had a negative effect (32) ......................... the cou ntry's i mage abroad, refuse to face (33) ......................... to the fact that they cause more problems than they solve and never apologise for (34) ......................... made mistakes. The survey, (35) ......................... was carried out over a period of th ree months, also shows that politicians often g ive the impression (36) ......................... being arrogant a nd only (37) ......................... note of what the electorate believe at election time. I n (38) ......................... of these disturbing findings, people do not believe that (39) ......................... is no point in voting at elections. (40) ......................... least politicians can take some comfort in that! ( 1 mark per a n swer) D Choose the correct answer. 41 All the flowers for the wedding ............ 44 I wonder ............ mind watching this bag tomorrow. for m e for a moment. A wi ll be delivering A would you B wi ll have delivered by B you would C a re going to deliver C if would you D a re goi ng to be delive red D whether you would 42 'Have we stil l got lots of time?' 45 The prime minister denied ........... . . 'N o, ............ get a move on. We 're going anything wrong. to be late.' A to do A you'd rather B having done B you'd better C to have done C you'd prefer to D to be doing D you'd be better off 46 The woman ............ purse I found has , . 43 Let s ord er a pizza, ............ we 7. offered to g ive me a reward. A should A whose B will B who C shall C who's D cou ld D to whom 179 Progress test Units 1 5-28 47 It's high time they ............ . 49 Despite ............ president, she felt A a re leaving totally powerless. B were leaving A being C have to leave B she was D had been leaving C of having been D to be 48 I wish you ............ so rude to Rosalind last night. 50 We ............ today and I got into trouble A weren't because I hadn't done it. B wouldn't be A had checked our homework C hadn't been B had our homework checked D haven't been C were checked our homework D have checking our homework ( 1 mark per a nswer) E Match to make sentences . There is one extra letter you wi l l not use. 51 When we can afford it, we're going to A round to the idea now. do ............ B up for forgetting you r birthday. 52 Jason's thinking of d ropping ............ c with cheque books now that everyone has a 53 When the factory closed ............ credit card. 54 They should do away ............ D up the attic and turn it into a spare bedroom. 55 Let me take you out to dinner to make E out of col lege and getting a job. ············ F out a number of different products in the next 56 I never wanted a mortgage but I 'm few months. coming ............ G up a small business prod ucing tem pora ry tattoos. 5 7 Cynthia's decided to set ............ H down, h undred s of workers lost their jobs. ( 1 m a r k p e r a n sw e r) F Comp lete the second sentence using the word given , so that it has a simi lar mea n i ng to the first sentence . Write between two a nd five words i n each gap. 58 I don't think George has the ability to climb right to the top of that mountain! capable I don't think George ....................................................................................... right to the top of that mountai n! 59 Joanne, do you know anything about Chaos Theory? familiar Joanne, ....................................................................................... Chaos Theory? 60 You should n't have bought presents for a l l of us. expense You shouldn't have ....................................................................................... buying presents for all of us. 61 Charles often phones up TV stations to complain about programmes. tendency Charles ....................................................................................... up TV stations to complain about programmes. 62 Alice seemed tired to me. impression Alice ....................................................................................... she was tired. 63 Taki ng out a private pension scheme will benefit you. interest It is ....................................................................................... out a private pension scheme. 64 I understand what Gary was sayi ng but I don't agree with him. point I can ....................................................................................... but I don't agree with him. 1 80 Units 1 5-28 Progress Test 65 They won't allow passengers to get off the train at the next station. prevent They're going ....................................................................................... off the train at the next station. 66 I want you to try real ly hard to pass this exam! effort I want you to ....................................................................................... to pass this exam! (2 m a rks p e r a n swer) G If a l ine is correct, put a tick (v"') next to the n u m ber. If there is an extra word i n a l ine, write it next to the n u m ber. The secret of comedy 67 It is often been said that the secret of good comedy is timing. 68 As a comedian myself, I know that's not true. The secret 69 of good comedy is to be funny! I was told that a joke the other 70 day a bout a man whose his dog has no nose. When asked how 71 it smel ls, the man replies 'Terrible!: The problem here is 72 that, despite of the joke having a fairly clever punchline, 73 no one finds it a funny. However good you r timing is, you 74 can't make out people laugh at that joke. I get my friends to 75 tel l to me jokes all the ti me. If I've never heard them before, 76 and if they make me laugh it out loud, I might consider 77 using them in my comedy act. I am like jokes that rely on 78 word play (even though the joke was about the noseless dog 79 is rubbish!).'My m um's from Cuba and my dad's from 80 Iceland so I g uess that makes me u p an ice cube.' Now 81 that's a classic joke however you tel l it. Comedy is made not �.i 'f. just to do with timing! ·�..__. . -�----,;,---"· .. ··-� �-·-.. ,, "" ""'�� ( 1 m a rk p e r a n swer) H Use the word given in ca pita l s at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits i n the ga p i n the same l ine. Memo r i e s and r e a l ity There is a well-known (82) ............................... ,'School days are the best days SAY of your l ife.' No (83) ............................... at school ever believes it though, and STU DY by the time you realise it's true, it's too late! It's when you're worried about your (84) ............................. .. situation and are beginning to hate the FINANCE (85) ............................... of working in an office or factory every day that you BORE look back fondly on the (86) . ............. ................ times you had at school. When . EXCITE you're still at school you often focus on the negatives, like having to pay (87) ............................... during a tedious chemistry lesson, being punished ATTEND for bad (88) .... .. ......................... (when you didn't do anything wrong anyway) BEHAVE or feeling (89) ..... ......................... in an exam because you don't know any of the . H ELP answers (and, in fact, had com pletely (90) ............................... the questions too!). U N DERSTAND But it's quite (9 1 ) ............................... to complain a bout things and then have ACCEPT great memories afterwards. Just have a good time at the time as wel l! ( 1 mark per a nswer) To t a l m a r k : I 1 oo 1 81 Irregular verbs Bare infinitive Past simple Past participle arise arose arisen awake awoke awoken be was, were been bear bore borne beat beat beaten become became become begin began beg u n bend bent bent bind bound bound bite bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought bui ld built built burn burnt I burned burnt I burned bu rst burst burst buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dea lt dealt dig d ug d ug do did done draw d rew drawn dream d reamt I dreamed d reamt I dreamed drink d rank dru n k drive d rove driven eat ate eaten fa l l fel l fa llen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fo u g ht find found found fly flew flown forbid forbad (e) forbidden forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen get got got I gotten give gave given go went gone / been grind ground ground grow grew grown hang h u ng I hanged h u ng I hanged have had had hear heard heard hide hid h idden hit hit h it hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt know knew known lay laid laid lead led led learn learnt I learned learnt I learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let l ie lay lain 1 82 Irregular verbs - - -- Bare infinitive Past simple Past participle light l it l it lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put quit quit quit read read read ride rode ridden ring ra ng rung rise rose risen run ra n run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn shake shook shaken shine shone shone shoot shot shot show showed shown shrink shrank shru n k shut shut shut sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept slide slid slid sme l l smelt I smelled smelt I smelled speak spoke spoken speed sped I speeded sped I speeded spend spent spent spill spilt I spilled spilt I spilled spin span I spun spun spit spat spat split split split spread spread spread spring sprang sprung stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung strike struck struck swea r swore sworn sweep swept swept swim swam swum swing swung swung take took ta ken teach taught ta ught tea r tore torn tel l told told think thought thought throw threw th rown understand understood understood wake woke woken wea r wore worn weep wept wept win won won wind wound wound write wrote written 1 83 Verbs + full infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning [Unit 17] Some verbs can be fol lowed by the ful l i nfi nitive or the -ing form.The choice depends on the meaning. Verb Meaning Example remember + do something you are/were I'm glad I remembered to do my homework. full infinitive planning to do remember + I remember teachers at my school hitting children thi n k of a past event -mg when they were naughty! forget + full not do something you are/were I forgot to turn up for my driving test yesterday. How infinitive planning to do silly! not be able to remember a past I'll never forget taking my driving test for the first time. forget + -ing event It was awful! try + ful l make an effort to achieve I'm really going to try to pass these exams. infinitive something do something as an experi ment to Ifyou don't know what that word means, try looking it try + -ing I solve a problem up in a dictionary. stop + ful l i nterrupt an action to do I was busy writing an essay but I had to stop to answer infinitive something else the phone. stop + -ing stop an action Please stop talking! go on + ful l Jared attended Chichester Comprehensive and then stop one action a n d start another infinitive went on to study philosophy at Cambridge. The kids went o n laughing even after the teacher had go on + -ing continue told them to stop. learn I teach learn/teach a ski l l I'd love to learn to paint well. + fu l l infinitive learn I teach learn/teach a subject She teaches painting at a local adult education centre. + -ing like + ful l b e i n the habit of; think it right to We like to interview candidates in person before infinitive do offering them a place on the course. like + -ing enJ OY Do you like learning foreign languages ? mean + ful l I didn't mean to cheat. I just happened to see Helen's i ntend infinitive book. Being at university often means learning to live on your mean + -ing involve own. regret + fu I I be sorry about giving someone We regret to inform you that your application has been infinitive bad news rejected. be sorry about what (has) regret + -ing I regret leaving school with no qualifications. happened consider I Everyone considers it to be the best grammar book on imagine + ful l believe; think something is/was the market. infinitive I imagine him to be a very good teacher. consider I I'm considering going to evening classes. imagine + think about Imagine being a graduate! -ing 1 84 Reporting verb patterns [Unit 21] Different reporting verbs take different gra mmatical patterns. Some verbs can take more than one pattern. Pattern: verb + nou n Verbs: Examples: deny Katie denied the accusation. say When Angie said the price, I couldn 't believe it! suggest I suggest the blue suit for the wedding. tel l (certain phrases) Why don't you tell that joke about the merchan t banker? Pattern: verb + that clause Verbs: Examples: claim Katie claimed (that) she wasn't a shoplifter. deny Katie denied (that) she was a shoplifter. say Katie said (that) she wasn't a shoplifter. state Katie stated (that) she wasn't a shoplifter. suggest The police suggested (that) Katie empty her pockets. Pattern: verb + -ing Verbs: Examples: deny Katie denied stealing the chocolate biscuits. suggest The police suggested checking the security video. Pattern: verb + full infinitive Verbs: Examples: agree . Katie agreed to empty her pockets. claim Katie claimed to be innocen t. refuse The police refused to believe Katie. Pattern: verb + someone + fu l l infinitive Verbs: Examples: ask The police asked Katie to empty her pockets. beg Katie begged the policewoman to believe her. command The judge commanded Katie to replace the biscuits. order The judge ordered Katie to replace the biscuits. tel l The judge told Katie never to steal again. Pattern: verb ( + to + someone) + for + -ing Verb: Example: apologise Katie apologised (to everyone) for causing so much trouble. Pattern: verb + someone + noun Verbs: Examples: ask The judge asked Katie a question. tel l (certain phrases) Katie told the judge the truth. 1 85 G ossary - - - - I go (v) to move or travel to a pl ace that is away Unit 2 from where you a re n ow : We're planning voyage (n) a long journey, especially on a s h i p: It to go to Spain this win ter. was a long way from London to New York book (v) to a rra nge to have or use something by sea, but the voyage was quite relaxing. at a particul a r time i n the futu re: Shall I jou rney (n) an occasion when yo u travel from one book a room for you? ' place to a n other, especia l ly over a long keep (v) to contin ue to have o r own somet h i n g : dista nee: We had a long journey ahead of We should keep this car and sell the other us. one. trip (n) an occasion when yo u go somewhere arrive (v) to reach a place: What time does your a n d come bac k again: The whole family plane arrive? went on a trip to Florida. reach (v) to a rrive somewhere: We hoped to reach travel (n) the activity of trave l l i ng: Foreign travel the camp before dark. never really appealed to him until he retired. live (v) to h ave you r home in a pa rticu lar p lace: Paris is a nice place to live. excursion (n) a short journey that you m a ke for plea s u re: My grandmother often talks stay (v) to l ive or remain in a place for a w h i l e about going o n excursions to the sea as a g uest o r visitor: How long is he when she was a girl. planning to stay with you? view (n) t h e things t h at you ca n see from a border (n) the official l i n e that separates two pa rticular p lace: We had a spectacular co untri es or reg ions: Thousands of view of the moun tains from our room. refugees were fleeing across the border. sight (n) a person or a thing that you see that edge (n) the pa rt of something t h at is furth est h a s a pa rticu lar feature: Windmills are a from its centre: Victoria was sitting on the common sight in this part of the coun try. edge of the bed. world (n) the planet that we live o n : /t's easy these l ine (n) a long thin m a r k on t h e surface of days to communicate with people who something: Draw a straight line. live on the other side of the world. length ( n) a measurement of h ow long somet h i n g earth (n) the land on which w e live: They felt the is in size: The boat was 7 6 feet in length. earth shake. dista nce (n) the a m ou nt of space between two area (n) a part of a place or bui l d i n g : Bus services people o r things: They started to walk in rural areas are not very good. the short distance to the camp. territory (n) an a rea of land that is control led by guide (v) to s h ow someone where to go by going a parti cular country, leader o r a rmy: with them: He guided them through the Russian troops crossed into A ustrian forest. territory in February 7 849. lead (v) to take someone to a p lace by goi n g season (n) one o f the fo u r periods i nto which there with them, usua l ly i n front of the yea r is d ivided accord ing to the them: The estate agent led us into the weather: She likes to paint the changing kitchen. seasons in the garden. native (adj) l ivi n g in a particular country or a rea period (n) a n a m o u nt of time: The long dry period since birt h : My wife's a native New Yorker, ended with heavy rain. but I'm from A tlanta. fare (n) t h e money that you pay for a jou rney: home (town) (n) the city o r town where yo u lived as a The fare from York to Leeds has gone up. c h i l d : I live in Washington, but my home town is Denver, Colorado. ticket (n) a piece of paper that s hows t h at you have paid to do som ething such a s Unit 4 travel on a tra i n, bus, plane, etc: We'll pitch (n) a flat area of g ro u n d that is u sed for send your tickets a week before your flight. p layi ng sports o n : Hundreds of fans fee (n) a n amount of money that you pay to be invaded the pitch at the end of the game. a l lowed to do something such as join track (n) a pi ece of g ro u n d that is used for a n o rg a n isation: The gallery charges a ru n n i ng or racing: The cars have to go small entrance fee. round the track eighteen times. m iss (v) to be too late fo r someth i ng such as a cou rt (n) a n area marked with l i n es wh ere some train or bus: I missed the last train home sports are pl ayed, includ i ng ten n i s a n d again. basketbal l : I'll meet you at the tennis lose (v) to no longer h ave something: Mike lost court! his job last year. cou rse (n) a n a rea where a race o r sport takes place: It's one of the most challenging golf take (v) to move or ca rry someone or courses in the coun try. somet h i n g from one place to a n other: ring (n) a ra ised area that is su rro u n ded by What time do you take Amy to school? ropes where people take pa rt i n boxi ng bring (v) to take someone or someth i n g with you or w restling: The boxers are just about to from o n e place to a n other: Bring a coat en ter the ring. in case it turns cold. 1 86 Glossary rink (n) a large fl at a rea where people go to racket (n) a n object used fo r h itting the ba l l in s kate: Jan fell over on the ice rink and h urt g a mes such as te n nis: Can I borrow your her knee. tennis racket? win (v) to d efeat everyone else by be i ng amateur (adj) done fo r pleasure i nstead of as a job: the best, o r by fi n i s h i n g fi rst in a I'm interested in amateur photography competition: Who won the race? but I'd never wan t to be a professional beat (v) to d efeat so meo n e in a g a me, pho tographer. competition, election or battle: England professional (adj) playing a s port o r taking part in needed to beat Germany to get to the a n activity as a job rather than for final. enjoyment: He became a professional score (v) to get a point in a game or sport: No one footballer a t the age of eigh teen. scored in the first half. sport (n) sports in genera l : The school is keen to play (n) a piece of w ritin g that is i ntended to involve more young people in sport. be performed by actors i n a th eatre or athletics (n) s ports such a s runni ng, t h rowi ng and o n te levision o r the rad io: The school's j u m pi ng : I love watching athletics, going to put on a play this Christmas. particularly the long jump and the javelin. game (n) a n activity that you take part in for fu n, interval (n) a short break between the pa rts of u s u a l l y one that has ru l es: Monopoly is a somet h i n g such as a play or co ncert: game for all the family. The play was so boring that we walked spectator (n) someone who watches a public activity out during the interval! or event: The spectators cheered as the half time (n) i n footbal l and some other team s po rts, two teams came onto the court for the a period of rest between the two ha lves final. of a m atch : The teams are going to swap viewer (n) someone who watc hes televisio n ends at half time, so Coventry will be p rogra m mes:A number of viewers have playing uphill in the second half. written in to complain about last week's d raw (v) if two teams o r opponents d raw, o r if programme. they d raw a match, they both have the um pire (n) someone whose job is to make s u re same score, so that neither wins: They that pl ayers obey the ru les in some drew 7- 7 with Manchester United last s po rts, for exam ple te n n i s, baseba l l a nd week. cricket: I hate it when tennis players argue equal (v) to be as good as someone or somethi n g with the umpire. else: She equalled the record with a time referee (n) someone whose job is to make sure of27.69 seconds. that players i n a game obey the ru les: com petitor (n) someone who ta kes pa rt i n a The referee blew the whistle and the co m petition: There were over 5000 most important football match of my life competitors in the marathon last year! began. opponent (n) someone who is competi n g against final (n) t h e last ga me, race, etc in a com petitio n, yo u : His opponen t received only 36 per that decides who wins the whole cent of the vote. com petition: We played well throughout the whole tournament, but then lost in Unit 6 a rtificial (adj) not natura l o r real, but made by people: the final to Wil/sborough. The growers use both natural and finale (n) the last part of a performa nce with artificial ligh t. the most exciting music a nd d a ncing: false (adj) made to look l i ke somet h i n g rea l : I Everyone in the cast comes on s tage and realised that the man was wearing a false sings for the finale. beard. end (n) the time when a situation or an event natural (adj) existing i n natu re, a n d not prod uced by stops: Are you going to s tay till the end of peop l e: This cloth is made from natural the game? fibres. ending (n) the way i n which a sto ry, film o r play physical (adj) rea l and ab l e to be seen, to uched o r ends: Children usually prefer books with a felt: There was no physical evidence to happy ending. connect Whitman with the crime. bat (n) a wooden object used for h itti ng the true (adj) based on facts o r o n t h i ng s that rea l ly bal l i n g a m es such a s baseba ll, cricket happened: The film is based on a true a nd table ten nis: A good cricket bat can story. be extremely expensive. a ccu rate (adj) correct i n every d etail and without any stick (n) a long t h i n piece of wood that is used mistakes: We need to get an accurate for h itti ng o r ca rrying something in a estimate of what the new building will sport: I'm not very happy with my hockey cost. s tick. method (n) a way of doing somethi ng, es peci a l l y rod (n) a l o n g t h i n ba r or stick made of meta l, a p l an ned or established way: We plastic or woo d: We g o t Celia a fishing developed new methods ofpollution rod for her birthday. control. 1 87 Glossary - - way (n) a method for d oing so mething: There industry (n) all the busi n esses involved i n p roducing are so many delicious ways you can a particular type of g oods or servi ces: prepare chicken. The new tax will affect everyone in the engine (n) the part of a vehicle that makes it move: fishing industry. There was a problem with the engine, so we took the car to the garage. I I factory (n) a b ui l d i ng where l a rg e q ua ntities of good s a re produced usi ng machi nes: machine (n) a piece of equi pment with moving parts She works in a factory. that does a particular job: Sue showed award (n) a prize that is g iven to someone who him how to operate the washing machine. has achieved something: She won the motor (n) the part of a machine or vehicle that Player of the Year award. ma kes it work: The pump is powered by reward (n) someth i ng g ood that h a p p e n s or that an electric motor. you receive beca use of something that aim (n) the thing that you hope to achieve by you have done: You deserve a day off as a doing someth ing: My main aim on this reward for working so hard. course is to gain confidence. take place (phr) to happen: The Olympics take place every cause (n) a n event, thing o r person that makes four years. something happen: The cause of death occur (v) to happen: The police said that the was found to be a heart a ttack. acciden t occurred at about 4.30 pm. reason (n) a fact, situation or intention that Unit 8 explains why something happened, deny (v) to say that something i s not true: A why someone did something or why spokesman denied that the company had something i s true: The police asked her acted irresponsibly. the reason for her visit. refuse (v) to say that you wil l not do or accept esti mate (v) to g u ess or calcu late an a mount or somethi ng, o r wi l l not l et someone do val ue by using available i nformation: It something: I asked him to apologise, but is impossible to estimate how many of the he refused. residents were affected. agree (v) to have the sa m e opinion as someo n e calcu late (v) to discover a nu mber or a mount by e lse: Doreen thought that the house was using mathematics: He calculates that too small, and Jim agreed. the proposal would cost 4 million. accept (v) to reco g nise that somethi n g is true, electric (adj) using or relating to e lectricity: I've just fai r o r ri g ht: Most scien tists accept that got a new electric toothbrush. climate change is linked to pollution. electronic (adj ) using el ectricity an d extremely s m a l l headline (n) t h e title o f a newspa per story, pri nted electrical pa rts, s u c h as microchips: Our in l a rg e l etters: The whole of the fron t maths teacher said that we're allowed to page o f the paper was taken up with the use electronic calculators in the exam. headline 'YOU LIAR!: invent (v) to design o r c reate something that d id heading (n) the title at the top of a pag e o r piece of not exist befo re: Alfred Nobel inven ted writing: If you look at the heading, it'll tell dynamite. you what the paragraph is about. discover (v) to fi nd something that was h idden or feature (n) a newspaper or magazi ne a rticle, or a that no one knew about before: William part of a tel evision or rad i o prog ra mm e Herschel discovered Uranus in 1 78 1 . that co ncentrates o n a partic u l a r research (n) the d etailed study of something in s u bject: This week we've got a special o rd e r t o d i scove r n ew facts: H e did some feature on new children 's books. research into the causes of lung cancer. a rticle (n) a piece o f writi ng i n a newspa per o r experiment (n) a scientific test to fi n d out what m ag azine: He has written several articles ha ppens to someone or somethi n g in for The Ti mes. particu l a r co nditions: Researchers now tal k s how (n) a television or ra dio pro g ra m m e in need to conduct further experimen ts. which fa mous people talk a bout progress (n) t h e process of developing or i m p rovi ng: themselves and their work: Did you Keep me informed about the progress of see Johnny Depp on that talk show last the project. night? development ( n ) cha n g e, growth or i m p rovement over q uiz show (n) a television o r radio program m e i n a period of time: The development in w h i c h people a n swer q uestions i n o rder the country's economy means that more to win prizes: Your general knowledge is people are able to buy their own homes. very good; maybe you should go on a quiz m odern (adj) relatin g to o r be longing to the present show. time: Modern offices are usually full of game show (n) a television pro g ra m m e i n which computers. people play g a mes o r answer q uestio n s in o rder t o w i n prizes: Bruce Forsythe new (adj) recently made, invented o r d evelo ped : used to host a game show called The They are going to build a new office block Generation Game. here. 1 88 Glossary a nnou ncer (n) someone w h ose job is to g ive connection (n) a relationship between th i ng s or information about television or people: Some journalists are saying that ra dio prog ra m mes between other there's a connection between the criminal p rogra m mes: The announcer's just said and the bank manager. that Big B rother is not going to be on blame (n) res ponsi bil ity for a n accident, problem tonight after all as they're showing a or bad situation: Why do I always get the football match instead. blame for everything? com mentator (n) someone whose job is to give a fault (n) the fact of being responsible fo r a bad description of a n event on television or or u n pleasant situation: It's m y fault - / rad i o as it h appens: I'd love to be a sports forgot to give him the message. commentator but I don't think I can talk old (adj) something that is o l d has existed or quickly enough! been used for a long time: I'm meeting ta bloid (n) a newspape r that has s m a l l pages and an old friend for lunch. n ot much serious news: I don't know why a ncient (adj) relating to a period o f h i story a very you waste your money on that tabloid. It's long time ago: The ancien t Egyptians just full ofgossip about minor celebrities! built pyramids for the dead bodies of the broadsheet (n) a serious type of n ewspa per that is kings. p rinted on l a rg e sheets of pa per: The crowd (n) a l a rg e n u m ber of people i n the same Da i ly Teleg raph and Th e Gu ardian are pl ace: The boys disappeared into the both examples of broadsheets. crowd. journalist (n) someo ne w h ose job is to report the aud ience (n) t h e people w h o watch or l isten to a news for a newspa per, magazi ne, rad io performance: Hisjokes offended many p rog ram me or television prog ra m me: people in the audience. Enid works as a journalist for the local newspaper. enjoy (v) to g et plea s u re from so m eth i ng : Did you columnist (n) enjoy your meal? a journalist who w rites a reg u l a r series of a rtic l es for a particu l a r n ewspa per please (v) to m ake someone feel h a p py a n d o r magazine: A s a columnist, I'm allo wed satisfied : He'll do anything to please her. to express my opinion in ways that other su pport (v) to p rovid e someone with the money, journalists are often not allowed to. food, shelter o r other things that they press (n) newspa pers a n d n ews magazines, o r need i n order t o l ive: How can we the journal ists who work on them: She support our families on such low wages? has been criticised in the press for not assist (v) to help someone or someth i ng : Herjob speaking out on this issue. is to assist the head chef. med ia (n) rad i o, television, n ewspapers, the kind (adj) behavi ng in a way that shows you care I nternet a nd magazi nes, considered as a a bout oth e r people a n d want to h e l p g ro u p: The story has been widely reported th em: Thank you, Mark, you 've been very in the media. kind. programme (n) a television o r rad i o broad cast: More pol ite (adj) behaving towards other people i n a people watch the news than any other pleasant way that fo l l ows a l l the usual programme. rules of society: It's not polite to talk with program (n) a series of instructions that makes a your m outh full of food. com puter d o somethin g: I'm thinking of sym pathetic (adj) w i l l i n g to unde rsta nd someone's getting a new word processing program p roblems a n d help them: You 're not for my laptop. being very sympathetic. channel (n) a televi sion station a nd t h e l ikeable (adj) pleasant, friendly a nd easy to l i ke: I've prog ra m mes that it broadcasts: What's always found Bill to be a very likeable on the other channel? person. broadcast (n) a prog ra mme that is broadcast: We nervous (adj) fee l i ng excited and worried, o r slig htly usually watch Channel S's main news afra id: Driving on moun tain roads always broadcast in the evening. makes me nervous. bulletin (n) a sh ort news broa d cast: There's a two- bad-tempered (adj) made an noyed o r a n g ry very easily: I minute news bulletin on at eleven o'clock. don't like our new history teacher - she's newsflash (n) a sh ort b roadcast of an i mportant piece so bad-tempered! of news in th e m i d d l e of a television sensitive (adj) l i kely to become u pset very easi ly: Pau/ or rad i o p rog ra m me: We in terrupt this was always a very sensitive little boy. programme to bring you a newsflash. sensible (adj) reasonable a n d p ra ctica l : This seems Unit 1 0 to be a sensible way of dealing with the relationship (n) the way in w h i ch two or m ore people problem. or g ro u ps behave towards each oth er: company (n) the a ctivity of being with other people: What was your relationship with your I thought you might wan t some company mother like? tonight. 1 89 Glossary I - - - - g roup (n) several people o r things that a re com m it (v) to do somet h i n g that is i l legal o r tog ether or t h at a re rel ated to each m o ra l l y wrong: The study aims to find out 1 oth e r in some way: Why don 't you join what makes people commit crimes. the local drama group ? b reak (v) to fa il to obey a ru le o r law: Studen ts popular (adj) l i ked by many people: Jenny is one of the who break these rules will be punished. most popular girls in the school. rule (n) a statement that exp l a i ns what yo u can fa mous (adj) if someo ne o r something is fa mous, o r can not do i n a particula r situation: a lot of people know their n ame or You can 't do that, it's against the rules! h ave h ea rd a bout them: He dream t of law (n) the system of rules that m u st be o beyed becoming a famous footballer. in society: Failing to declare any extra typica l (adj) behaving in a way that is usua l for a income is against the la w. particular pe rson : She responded with justice (n) treatment of people that is fa i r a n d typical en thusiasm. mora l ly right: Victims are calling for usual (adj) typica l of what h a ppens in m ost justice. situations, o r of what peo ple do i n most right (n) something that you a re mora l l y o r situations: She gave us her usual polite legally a l lowed to do o r h ave: We are smile. figh ting for workers ' righ ts. o rd inary (adj) normal o r average, a n d not u n u s u a l o r judge (n) someone whose job is to make s pecial: It was just an ordinary Saturday decisions i n a cou rt of law: The judge morning. sentenced her to ninety days in prison. close (adj) related to you d i rectly, fo r exa m p l e by j u ry (n) a g roup of membe rs of th e p u blic who bei n g yo u r pa rent, child, brother or d ecid e whether someo ne is g u i l ty i n a sister: A ll my close relatives live in Oxford. court case: Thejury found him guilty. near (adj) close to someone o r somet h i n g : A prosecute (v} to offici a l l y accuse someone of a c ri m e group of s tudents were standing near the a nd as k a cou rt o f law t o j udge t h em : en trance. My neighbour is being prosecuted for u n known (adj) if so met h i n g is un known, peo ple do not driving without a valid licence. know a bout it o r do not know what it persecute (v) to treat someone very badly because is: For some unknown reason, the plane of their race, rel ig ion o r political bel iefs: landed at the wrong airport. A large number of Ca tholics were i nfamous (adj ) wel l known for someth i n g bad: Al persecuted during the war. Capone was an infamous gangster. capital punishment (n) the p u n i sh ment of legal ly kil l i ng Unit 1 2 someone who has co m mitted a serious proof (n) info rmation o r evidence t h at shows crime: They still have capital punishment that somet h i n g is d efi n itely true: We in the USA. were unable to establish proof of her corporal punishment (n) p u n i s hment that consists of h itting innocence. someone: When I was at school, corporal evidence (n) facts, statements o r objects that h e l p to punishmen t was common. p rove whether someone has comm itted robber (n) someone who stea ls money or a crime: The police didn 't have enough p ro pe rty: Why do they always glamorise evidence to con vict him. bank robbers in movies? suspect (v) to believe that someth i n g is t rue: Police burglar (n) someone who enters a b ui l d i ng i l l e g a l l y suspected that she had some connection i n o rder to steal things: Burglars broke with the robbery. in to our office last nigh t and s tole all the a rrest (v) if t h e po l ice a r rest someone, they ta ke telephones. that person to a police station because thief (n) so meone who stea ls something: How they t h i n k that h e or she has comm itted dare you accuse me of being a thief; I've a crime: He was arrested for possession o f never stolen anything in my life! illegal drugs. va ndal (n) someone who d el i berately damages charge (v) to accuse someone of co m mitting a o r d estroys thi ngs, especially p u b l ic c ri m e: The police have charged him with p ro pe rty: Vandals have broken the public murder. telephone outside our house again. su spect (n) so meone who might h ave comm itted hooligan (n) someone who is noisy or violent i n a c rime: Have the police in terviewed any p u b l ic places: Football hooligans caused suspects yet? a lot of damage to the stadium. accused (n) someo ne who is accu sed of a cri m e in a sentence (v) if a judge sentences someone, they co u rt of l aw: The accused told thejudge offici a l ly say what that perso n's that he was not guilty. punishment w i l l be: He was sen tenced to decision (n) a c hoice that you make after you h ave 1 5 years in prison. thoug ht ca refu l ly about someth i n g : The imprison (v) to put someo ne i n a p rison, or to keep committee will make a decision by the th em in a place that th ey ca nnot esca pe end of the week. from: He had been imprisoned for fifteen verdict (n} a n offici a l ju dg ment made in a cou rt: years before he managed to prove his The jury took 1 6 hours to reach a verdict. innocence. 1 90 Glossary innocent (adj) not g u i lty of a crime or anythi n g bad: cure (n) a medicine o r treatment that makes Under the law, everyone is considered someone who is i l l becom e h eal thy: innocent until proved guilty. Doctors say there are several possible guilty (adj) so m eo ne who is g u ilty has com mitted cures. a crime o r has don e something wrong: therapy (n) a form o f treatment for a n i l l n ess o r Patrick knew that h e was guilty of lying. medical co nd ition: Since the accident, witness (n) someo ne w h o sees a crime, accident o r Tina's been having therapy t o help her other event happen: Witnesses reported walk again. hearing two gunshots. I 1 effect (n) a change that is prod uced i n o ne bystander (n) someone who sees a n event happen, person o r thing by a nother: Scientists but w h o is n ot d i rectly involved in it: The are studying the chemical's effects on the car crashed into the wall, nearly hitting environment. two bystanders. result (n) so mething that is ca used d i rectly by l awyer (n) someone whose profession is to somet h i n g e l se: He said the argument provide peo ple w ith legal advice a nd was the result of a misunderstanding. services: Mayer's lawyer spoke to the healthy (adj) physica l ly stro n g a n d not i l l : I feel very press today. healthy at the m oment. sol icitor (n) i n the U K, a lawyer who gives leg a l fit (adj) h ea lthy, stro n g and a ble to d o physical advice, writes legal contracts, a n d exercise: Running around after the kids rep resents people i n the lower cou rts of keeps me fit. law: You'll be h earing from my solicitor. Unit 1 4 examine (v) to look at someth i n g or someone ca refu lly: She opened the suitcase and prescription (n) a piece o f pa per that a doctor g ives examined the contents. you that says what type of med icine investigate (v) to try to fi n d out a l l the fa cts a bout you need: The drug is only available on somet h i n g i n order to learn the truth prescription. about it: We sent a reporter to investigate recipe (n) a set of instructions for coo king o r the rumour. prepa ri ng a pa rtic u la r food: You must infection (n) the process of beco m i n g i nfected with give me the recipe for this apple pie! a d isease: There are ways to reduce your operation (n) the process o f cutting into someone's risk of infection. body fo r medical reasons: She may need poll ution (n) chemicals and other su bsta nces that an operation on her knee. have a h armfu l effect o n ai r, water surgery (n) med ical treatment in which a doctor or land: The agency is responsible for cuts o pen someone's body: I'm afraid controlling air pollution. you're going to need surgery on your plaster (n) a th i n piece o f c loth or plastic that sticks hand. to yo ur skin to cover a cut: Do you know sore (adj) painfu l a nd un comfo rta ble, usually as a where the plasters are? I've cut my finger. result of a n inju ry, infection or too much bandage (n) a long thi n piece of cloth that you exercise: / always feel s tiff and sore after w ra p a rou nd a n i nju red part of yo u r gardening. body: The doctor carefully removed the h u rt (v) to fee l pai n somewhere in your body: bandage to have a look at my injured Fred's knees h urt after skiing all day. arm. pain (n) a bad fee l i n g in pa rt of yo u r body when ward (n) a l a rg e room i n a hospital with beds for you a re h u rt o r become i l l : An old injury people to stay i n: When I was in h ospital, was causing him intense pain. I was put on a ward with ten other illness (n) a pa rticu la r d i sease, o r a period of bei ng children. i l l : Mike's illness meant that he missed cl inic (n) a place where people g o t o receive a almost two months of school. pa rtic ul ar type of medical treatment o r d isease (n) an i l l n ess that affects peo ple, a n i m a l s a dvice: My doctor sent me t o a n eye clinic or p l ants: Studies have revealed that to see a specialist. vegetarians suffer less from heart disease. dose (n) a pa rticu l a r a mount of a d rug or injured (adj) h u rt in a n a ccident or attack: The injured medicine that has been measured so man was taken to h ospital. that you can take it: The dose for children damaged ( adj) harmed physica l ly: After the explosion, is two tablets, three times a day. people were warned to keep away from fix (n) an a mount of a d ru g that someo ne feels the damaged buildings. that they need to take reg u l a rly: Many thin (adj ) someone who is t h i n h a s very l ittle fat addicts s teal in order to pay for their daily on thei r body: Charles was thin and very fix. tall. fever (n) a medical condition i n w h i c h t h e slim (adj) th in i n a n a ttractive way: She had a slim tem peratu re of you r body is very high: youthful figure. Mrs Connors called the doctor in the middle of the night because Jenny had a remedy (n) a cure for pain or for a mi nor i l l ness: I fever. know a really good herbal remedy for headaches. 1 91 ossary rash (n) a n a rea of small red spots on you r skin saucer (n) a s m al l round flat dish that you put a that is ca used by an i l l n ess or a reaction c u p on: I bought some matching cups to something: I think I'm allergic to that and saucers. new washing powder because I've got a dish (n) food that has been prepa red and rash on my legs. cooked in a particu l a r way: Do you have Unit 1 6 any vegetarian dishes? chop (v) to cut something such as food or wood vegetable (n) a part of a plant used as food, for into pieces: Chop the meat into small exa m p l e a p otato, bea n or cabbage: We cu bes. grow all our own vegetables. slice (v} to cut something into fl at pi eces: I'll slice vegetarian (n) someone who chooses n ot to eat m eat some bread. o r fi s h : My sister has been a vegetarian for g rate (v) to rub food agai nst a g rater in ord e r to ten years. cut it into sma l l pieces: Could you grate vegan (n) someone w h o ch ooses not to eat some cheese, please? anyth i ng made from a n i ma l s or fi s h, bake (v) to cook food such as bread a nd ca kes including eggs, m i l k and c h eese: It m ust in an oven: She baked me a cake for my be quite difficult going to restaurants if birthday. you 're a vegan. gril l (v) to cook something by putting it cl ose fast food (n) food that is made and served very to g reat h eat a bove or below it: Do you q uick ly, and that you can take away with want to grill the sausages or fry them ? you: Many people think that fast food like fry (v) to cook food in h ot oil or fat, or to be hamburgers is unhealthy. cooked in th is way: Heat the oil in a large takeaway (n) a meal that you buy i n a resta u rant and pan and fry the onion and garlic for 5 take home to eat: Let's get a Chinese minutes. takeaway on the way home. roast (v) to cook meat or veg eta b les in an ove n : kettle (n) a container that i s us ed for boil i ng Roast the potatoes next to the chicken. wate r: Pu t the kettle on! boil (v) to cook something in boi lin g water, or teapot (n) a conta i ner with a h a n d l e and a spout to be cooked in this way: How long does (=sm a l l tube for pou ring) that you use it take to boil an egg ? for making and pouri ng tea : Put three cook (n) someone w h o cooks food, either as teabags in the teapot and pour in the their job or for pleasure: Jane's a very boiling water. good cook. freezer (n) a large piece of e l ectrical eq ui pment cooker (n) a la rge piece of kitchen e qu ipment that is used for freezi ng food: I'll put the that you use for cooking food. It usua l ly ice cream in the freezer. includes an oven a nd a h ob: We bought fridge (n) a pi ece of equi pment that is used for a new electric cooker last week. stori ng food at l ow tem peratu res: Could chef (n) someone w hose job is to cook food in a you get the milk out of the fridge, please? resta u ra nt: Aristotelis works as a chef in a frozen (adj) preserved by being mad e extremely big restaurant in Utrecht. cold and stored at a ve ry l ow oven (n) a l a rge pi ece of eq uipment in a kitchen tem perature: I usually buy frozen that you cook food i n : Preheat the oven vegetables. to 220°C, Gas mark 7. freezing (adj) very cold: It's absolutely freezing in here! g rill (n} the part of a cooker where food is m ix (v) to combine two or more substa nces so cooked u n d e r g reat h eat: Can you pu t that they become a s i n g l e su bsta nce: the sausages under the grill? Mix the flour with the eggs and butter. hob (n) th e top pa rt of a cooker that you put stir (v) to move food or a l i q ui d a ro und using pa ns on: Put the pan on the hob and heat a s poon or other object: Stir the sauce gen tly. gen tly over a low heat. kitchen (n) a room where you prepare a nd cook wh isk (v) to mix something such as eg gs or food, and wa sh dish es: We sometimes c ream using a whisk or a fork: Whisk the eat in the kitchen. eggs for two or three minutes. cuisine (n) a particu l a r style of cooking : / love Thai soft d rink (n) a cold drink that d oes n ot conta i n any cuisine. a lcohol: Ifyou'd like a soft drink, we've go t lunch (n) a meal that you eat in the m i d d l e of the some orange juice. day: I'll get a sandwich for lunch. fizzy drink (n) a fi zzy d ri n k is a sweet d ri nk without d inner (n) the main meal of the day, usually eate n alcohol that has bubbles: I don't like fizzy in the evening: I haven't had dinner yet. drinks like lemonade. plate (n) a fl at round d ish that you put food on: menu (n ) a list of the food that is avai lable in a Let's pu t all the san dwiches on one plate. resta u ra nt: Do you see anything you like bowl (n) a round container that you u s e for on the menu? eating, serving o r pre pa ring food : In a catalogue (n) a book that contains pictu res of things large bowl, mix together the eggs, sugar that you can buy: Alan bought his jeans and bu tter. from a mail order catalogue. 1 92 Glossary Unit 1 8 I measure (v) to find the exact size, a mo unt, speed o r rate of someth i ng : We measured from ta ke (v) to perform an action: I decided to take the back of the house to the fence. the exam, even though I knew I was going degree (n) a cou rse of stud y at a u niversity, o r to fail. t h e q u a l ification that you g e t after pass (v) to be succes sfu l in a n exa mi nation com p leting the cou rse: She's doing a o r test, by achieving a satisfactory degree at Exeter University. sta n d a rd : Do you think you'll pass ? certificate (n) an official d ocument that p roves that read (v) to look at a n d u nd erstand words in a you have passed an exam i nation o r letter, book, newspaper, etc: I read a few h ave su ccessfu l ly com p l eted a course: chapters every n ight. Doctors often put their certificates up study (v) to d o wo rk such as reading a n d in their offices to show that they are homewo rk: You need to study hard ifyou qualified. want to pass. results (n) the m ark that a stu dent g ets i n an test (n) a set of w ritten or spoken q uestions exa m i natio n: You should get your exam that is used for fi n din g out h ow mu c h results next week. someone kn ows abou t a s u bject: Did speak (v) to be a bl e to tal k i n a pa rticu l a r you get a good mark in your physics test? l a ng uage: Do you speak Chinese? exam (n) an i m porta nt test of you r knowledge, tal k (v) to speak, or to have a conversation: Can especial ly o ne that you take at sch ool or their baby talk yet? un iversity: I'm taking the exam in June. lesson (n) a period of ti m e in which stu d ents a re pri mary (adj) rel ati ng to the ed ucation of c h i l d ren taught about a s u bject in school: Don't between the a ges of about fi ve and forget to bring your books to Monday's eleven: I really didn't want to leave my lesson. prim ary school. subject (n) something that you learn or teach secondary (adj) relating to the ed ucation of c h i l d ren i n a sch ool, for exam p l e E n g l ish , between the ages of 1 1 an d 1 6 or 1 8: mathematics o r biology: I prefer science Once Ian wen t to secondary school, he subjects, like physics and biology, to arts really developed a lot of self-confidence. subjects. high [school] (adj ) in the U K, a school for ch i l d ren between achieve (v) to su cceed i n doing o r havi ng the a ges of 1 1 and 1 8; in the US, a som ethi ng : We have achieved what we school for c h i l d ren between the ages of set out to do. 1 4 a nd 1 8: I hated high school because reach (v) to g et to a particular point in time, o r everyone was worried about being to a pa rticular stage in a process: The popular. children have reached the age when they col league ( n ) someone who works in t h e same wan t more privacy. o rg a n i sation o r d e pa rtment as you: task (n) something that yo u h ave to do, Friends and colleagues will remember often someth i ng that is d iffi c u lt or him with affection. u n p leasa nt: Ken began the difficult task classmate ( n ) someone who is in you r class at school: I of organising the information. get on well with all my classmates. effort (n) p hysical o r m enta l energy need ed to d o prefect ( n ) in some schools i n the U K, an older something: Writing a book takes a lot o f student w h o controls th e activities time and effort. of you nger students a nd h e l ps them know (v) to be fa m i l ia r with someone o r to obey the ru les: A t our school, the something, for exa m p l e becau se you headmaster chooses the prefects at the have met someone before o r been to a start of each academic year. place before: Do you know Terry Davis ? pupil (n) someone who goes to schoo l or wh o recognise (v) to know someone o r someth i ng has l essons in a pa rticu l a r s u bject: All because you h ave seen, h ea rd or m et the pupils stood up as the head teacher them before: I recognised the house from en tered the room. your description. student ( n ) someone who goes to a u n ivers ity, teach (v) to help stud ents to lea rn someth i ng co l leg e or school: Jennifer is one of my i n a sc hool, co l leg e or un iversity by best studen ts. g ivi ng lessons: She teaches children with qualifications (n) something such as a degree or a learning difficulties. d i ploma th at you get when you learn (v) to gain knowled g e o r ex perience successfu l ly fi n i s h a cou rse of study: of something, for exam p l e by being Sim on left school with no qualifications. taught: What did you learn at school qualities (n) positive featu res of a person's cha racter: today? What qualities do you most admire in others? Unit 20 urban (adj ) re l ati ng to towns a n d c ities: People count (v) to ca lcu late h ow many people or t h i ngs moved to the urban areas forjobs. there a re in a g ro u p: A // the votes have been counted. 1 93 Glossary suburban (adj) in a subu rb, relating to a subu rb, or environment (n) the natura l world, i n cluding the land, typical of a suburb: We live a suburban water, ai r, pla nts and a n i ma ls: Industrial life in a quiet residen tial area on the developmen t is causing widespread outskirts of town. damag e to the environment. rura l (adj ) relating to the cou ntryside, o r in the I surroundings (n) a place and a l l the things i n it: She countryside: I'd find rural life difficult after soon became accustomed to her new living in a city for so long. I surroundings. smog (n) polluted a ir that forms a cloud close to wind (n) a natural cu rrent of air th at moves fast the g ro und: Smog is a serious form of enough for you to feel it: A cold wind pollution in many large cities. blew. fog (n) thick clouds that form c lose to the air (n) the m ixtu re of gases that we b reathe: g ro und a nd a re d ifficult to see t h ro u g h : She breathed in the cold air. Driving in fo g can b e very dangerous. reservoir (n) a la ke, ofte n an a rtificial one, where smoke (n) a grey, black or white cloud that is water is stored so that it can be prod uced by something that is bu rn i n g : suppl ied to h ouses, factories, etc: They're A column o f black smoke slowly rose planning to build a new reservoir to above the building. supply water for the area. mist (n) a mass of sma l l d rops of water in the lake (n) a l a rg e area of water su rroun d ed by a ir close to the g rou n d: The whole valley land: There were some boys swimming in was covered with mist this morning. the lake. weather (n) the cond itions that exist in the puddle (n) a small pool of water that is l eft on the atmosphere, fo r exa mple whether it is ground after it has rained: Our dog loves h ot, cold, su nny or wet: The hot weather jumping in puddles. wi/I contin ue through the weekend. pond ( n) a n a rea of water that is smaller than a climate (n) the cli mate of a country o r reg ion is lake: My grandparents have got a small the type of weather it has: Mexico is pond in their garden. renowned for its hot climate and spicy food. thu nder (n) the loud noise that you someti mes hear i n the sky d u ring a storm: Carol forecast (n) a statement about what is l i kely to jumped under the bed when she heard ha ppen, usua l ly relating to the weath e r, the thunder! business or the econ omy : Did you hear a weather forecast today? lightning (n) t h e brig ht flashes of l i g ht that you see i n the s ky d u ri ng a sto rm : The ship was prediction (n) a statement a bout what you t h i n k w i l l struck by ligh tning soon after it left the h a ppen in t h e futu re: My prediction port. is that there'll be an election within six mon ths. global (adj) including o r affecting the whole worl d : The global economy has become waste (n) the u se less materials, substances or increasingly unstable. pa rts that a re l eft after you have used someth i n g : Many factories have stopped worldwide (adj) happening o r existing a l l over the pumping waste in to rivers. world: This is a worldwide network of more than 1 00 organisations. litter (n) things that peo ple have d ropped o n the g ro und in a p u b l i c place, making i t plain (n) a larg e fl a t a rea o f l and : There's a large, untidy: I wish the tourists here wouldn't flat plain between two moun tain ranges. drop so much litter on the ground. land (n) a n a rea of g rou nd, especia l l y one used rubbish (n) t h i ngs that you th row away beca use for a pa rticular pu rpose such a s fa rming they a re no longer usefu l: The streets or b u i l d i ng : The land around here is very were littered with rubbish. fertile. clean (adj) not d i rty or poll uted: Go and put on a field (n) an a rea of land that is used fo r kee ping clean shirt. a n i m a l s o r g rowing food: That's a field of wheat over there. clear (adj) if the sky is clear, there a re no clouds: We were just lying on the ground looking up desert (n) a larg e a rea o f land with few plants and at the clear, blue sky. d ry weather: The Sahara is one of the biggest deserts in the world. pour (v) to ra in very ha rd : The thunder and lightning stopped, but it continued to extinct (adj) if something such as a type of a n i ma l pour. o r plant is extinct, it no longer exists: A num ber ofplants and insects in the drizzle (v) to ra in very l ig htly: It was only drizzling rainforests have already become extinct. when I left so I didn't bother taking an umbrella with me. endangered (adj) i f something such a s a type o f ani m al o r p lant is endangered, i t m ay soon flood (v) to cover a p lace with water, or to become extinct: What can we do to help beco me covered with water: Water protect endangered species? burst through the dam and flooded local vi/lages. recycle (v) to treat wa ste materials so that they can be used again: You should recycle those newspapers and bottles. 194 Glossary reuse (v) to use someth ing again: Once you've checkout (n) the place where you pay i n a recorded a film onto a video cassette, you supermarket or other larg e shop: You can reuse the tape byjust recording over don't need to weigh the vegetables - they the original film. do it at the checkout. Unit 22 p roducts (n) things that a re made, g rown or economic (adj) relating to the economy, business an d o bta i ned i n larg e q uantities so that they trade: The project will bring great social can be sold: Come in and see our large and economic benefits to the region. range of software products. economical (adj) not spen d i n g or costi ng much money: goods (n) o bj ects that a re prod uced for sa l e: The material is an economical substitute Wilkins was found in possession of £8000 for plastic or steel. worth of stolen goods. receipt (n) a document that yo u get from someone refund (v/n ) to g ive money back to someon e s h owing that yo u have g iven them beca use they h ave pa id too much for money or good s: Keep all your credit card something o r have d eci ded that they receipts. d o not wa nt it I the money t h at you get back: Sandra asked the shop to refund her bill (n) a piece of paper that shows h ow much money as the jeans were too small. m oney you owe after you h ave eaten in a resta u ra nt: Could we have the bill, exchange (v) to g ive someone something in return please? for something that they g ive you: If this T-shirt doesn't fi t my sister, can she make (n) a product that i s made by a particu l a r exchange it for a larger one ? company: This is a very popular make of car. fake (adj ) m a d e t o look l i ke something rea l i n order to trick people: It turned out to be b rand (n) a product o r g roup of prod ucts that a fake passport. h a s its own name and is made by one pa rtic ula r co mpany: I tried using a new plastic (adj) made of a very com mon l i g ht, strong brand ofsoap. s u bsta nce that i s p rod uced by a chemical process: I think that we should bargain (n) something you buy that costs m u c h reuse all our plastic bags to help the less than normal : Her dress was a real environment. bargain. sale (n) a n event o r period of time d uring which Unit 24 a s h o p red u ces the prices of some of its enjoy (v) to get plea s u re from someth i ng : Did you goods: I'm sure you'll find the same dress enjoy your meal? in a sale ifyou wait a little. entertain (v) to g ive a performa nce that peop le discount (n) a red u ction in the price of someth in g: enjoy: The children sang and danced to Air Canada are curren tly offering a 7 0% en tertain the crowd. discount on selected airfares. play (v) to h ave a pa rticu la r pa rt i n a play o r fi l m : offer (n) a s pecial price that is lower than the She played Blanche in A Streetca r Named usual p rice for something: The shop had Desire. a half-price offer on CDs. act (v) to perform i n plays o r fi l ms: I've always price (n) the a mount of money that you h ave to wanted to act. pay in o rder to buy something: Oil was sta r (v) if yo u star in a fi l m, play, television at its lowest price in 30 years. prog ra m m e, etc, or if it sta rs you, you cost (n) the a m o unt of mo ney that yo u need a re the main actor or performer i n it: He in o rder to buy something or to do starred in the school play. somethi n g : The cost of basic foods has audition (n) a n occa sion w h e n yo u sing, da nce o r risen dramatically. act so that someone can decide if you change (n) c o i n s rather t h a n notes: Have you got a re g ood enoug h to perform: Good luck change for a five-pound note? with your audition for the play. cash (n) mon ey in the form of notes an d coins: rehearsal (n) an occa sion w h e n you p ractise fo r t h e Do you wan t to pay in cash o r by credit performance of a play, co ncert, etc: card? We've got rehearsals every night this week. wea lth (n) a l a rge a mount of m oney a nd other va luable things: He was a man of rehea rse (v) to practise a play, con cert, etc before immense wealth. giving a performance: How many times are you going to rehearse that song fortune (n) a large amount of mo ney: They must before the talen t show? have spen t a fortune on flowers. p ractise (v) to repeat an activity reg u la rly so that till (n) a piece of eq uipment that is u sed in you becom e better at it: How many s hops fo r add i ng up the amount of hours a day do you practise? money that someone h a s to pay an d for keeping the money in : The shop scene (n) a pa rt of a play, book, fi l m, etc i n which assistant opened the till and put the events h a ppen in the same place o r money into it. period of time: I love the opening scene of Macbeth. 1 95 Glossary scenery (n) the fu rn iture and pai nted backg rou n d hear (v) to real is e that someone or someth i n g i s on a th eatre stage: The play was good making a sound: Mary heard the sound but the scenery wasn't very realistic. of voices. stage (n) the pa rt o f a th eatre wh ere the a ctors or m us icia ns perform: They h a d n o w been Unit 26 on stage for over four hours. put on (phr v) to cover a pa rt of yo u r body with a band ( n) a g ro u p of m u sicians who play popu l a r pi ece o f c loth i n g o r jewel lery s o that m usic: He used to play in a jazz band. you a re weari ng it: Dorothy put on her coat and wen t out. orchestra (n) a l a rg e g roup of m usician s who use many d ifferent in strume nts in order to wea r (v) to h ave something on yo ur body as play mostly class ica l music: There are cloth ing, d ecoration o r protection: He over fifty people in the school orchestra. was wearing jeans and a T-shirt. g roup (n) a sma l l set of m usicians who play pop costu me (n) clothes that the actors wea r in a p l ay m usic: Would you like to be in a pop or fi l m: I thought the costumes they were group? wearing in the play were fan tastic. review (n) a n a rtic le in which someone g ives their suit (n ) a set of clothes made from the same opinion of a play, book, exhibition, etc: c loth, u s ual l y a jacket with trousers or a The film got really good reviews. skirt: He was wearing a dark suit and a tie. criticism (n) a co m ment o r co mments t h at show dye (v) to change the colour of something s uc h th a t yo u t h i n k something is wrong or a s cl oth o r hair u s i n g d ye: Why don't you bad : The new plans drew fierce criticism dye your hair red? from local people. paint (v) to put pa i nt onto someth i ng in order to ticket (n) a piece of pa per that sh ows that yo u change its co lour: Wash the walls before h ave pa id to do someth in g such a s go you s tart to paint. to a concert, visit a m useu m, o r travel fit (v) if c l othes fit, they a re the right size for on a train, bus, pla n e, etc: We'll send your you: It is important that children 's shoes tickets a week before your fligh t. fit correctly. fee (n) a n a m ount of money that yo u pay to be suit (v) if a style or so methi n g you wear suits a l lowed to do something such as join you, it m akes you look good: The new a n o rganisation: The gallery charges a hairstyle really suits her. small en trance fee. match (v) if one thing m atch e s a nother, or novel (n) a long written story a bout imagin ary they m atch, they form a n attractive characters a n d events: Have you read co mbination: She wore a green dress and any of Martin Amis' novels? a hat to match. fiction (n) books a n d stories a bout i maginary c loth (n) m aterial u sed for m aking things s u c h as events a nd people: Hardy wrote poetry c l othes a n d curtai ns: I really like the cloth as well as fiction. you've used on these cushions. What is it? comic (n) a magazine that conta i ns sto ries told in clothing (n) clothes: I told the hotel manager that a series of d rawi ngs: My little brother gets some items of clothing had gone missing a comic every Friday. from my room. cartoon (n) a film o r T V progra m m e made by blouse (n) a s h i rt fo r wom en: Women are expected photogra p h i n g a series of d rawi ngs to wear blouses in our office. so that t h i n g s i n them seem to move; top (n) a piece of c loth i ng that covers the a h u mo ro u s d rawi n g or series of u pper pa rt of you r body: She was d rawings i n a newspa per or magazine: wearing a red skirt and a black top. There's a very funny cartoon in today's design (v) to decide how someth i n g wi l l be made, paper. how it w i l l work, or w h at it wi l l look comedian (n) someone whose j o b is t o entertain l i ke, and often t o m ake d rawings o f it: people by maki n g them l a u g h : The The bride wore a dress that she designed comedian was so bad the audience didn't herself. let him finish his ac t. man ufacture (v) to m ake g oods i n l a rg e q u a ntities in a watch (v) to look at someone or someth in g for a factory: The firm manufactures women 's period of time: Did you watch the news clothing. last nigh t? current (adj) h a ppeni ng or existing now: Production see (v) to watch somet h i n g such as a fi l m or is likely to remain at current levels. television pro gra m me: Ha ve you seen new (adj ) recently made, i nvented or d eveloped : A m erican Bea uty? They are going to build a new office block look (v) to d irect you r eyes towards someone here. or somethi ng so that you ca n see them: modern (adj) re l ati n g to o r belonging to the present Dan looked at his watch. time: Modern offices are usually full of listen (v) to pay attention to a sou nd, or to try computers. to hear a sou nd: Do you like listening to music? 1 96 Glossary look (n) t h e a ppeara nce that someone or wage(s) (n) a reg u l a r amount of money that yo u something h a s : Let u s create a stylish earn for worki ng: I've usually spen t all my 1 modern look for your home. wages by Tuesday. appearance (n) the way that someone or something salary (n) a fixed a mou nt of m oney that you earn l ooks: The twins are almost iden tical in each month or year from you r job: I get appearance. an annual salary of £25 OOO. su pply (v) to provide someone or something with pay (n) money that you receive for doing you r something that t hey need or wa nt: Two job: They were demanding higher pay. h uge generators supply power to farms in com m ute (v) to travel reg u l a rly to and from work: My the area. father commutes to work every day. prod uce (v) to ma ke o r g row someth i ng: We are now del iver (v) to take something such a s g oo d s or producing the same quan tity of goods letters to a place and g ive them to with far fewer workers. someone: I can deliver the letter this g l i m pse (v) to see someone o r something for a afternoon. mom ent or not co mpletely: I glimpsed retire (v) to stop worki ng perm anently, especially a strange man through the window, and when you a re o l d : He retired from the then he was gone. army last month. glance (v) to look som ewh e re qu ickly a nd then resign (v) to state fo rma l ly that you are leaving l oo k away: 'I must go, ' Claudia said, you r job: He made it clear that he was not glancing at her watch. resigning from active politics. average (adj) the typical a mount or level : fi re (v) to make someone leave their job a s a Unemploymen t here is twice the national punishment: She was fired for refusing to average. include the information in her report. everyday (adj) very co mmon or comp letely normal: We sack (v) to force someone to leave their job: all need a friend to help us with everyday Hundreds of workers are to be sacked at problems. the factory. Unit 28 make redundant (phr) if someone i s made red u ndant, they employer (n) a person or orga nisation that pays h ave been to l d that they m u st leave workers to work for them: The factory is their job becau se they a re no longer the largest single employer in the area. needed : When the company closed, my employee (n) someone w h o is paid reg u larly to work dad was made redundant. fo r a person or orga n isation: There are overtime (n) extra hours that someone works at their six part-time employees working here. job, o r money that i s pa i d for worki ng staff (n) the people who wo rk for a pa rticu l a r extra hou rs: Do you get paid extra for com pany, org a n i sation or in stitution: doing overtime? The embassy employs around 50 people promotion (n) a m ove to a job at a hig her l eve l : His on its full-time staff. main objective is to get a promotion. job (n) work that you d o reg u la rly to earn pension (n) a n am o unt of money that someone m oney: Andy g o t a holidayjob a t a receives reg u la rl y w hen they no l onger factory in Bristol. work becau se of their age or beca u se work (n) a job that you a re paid to do: It's not easy they a re i l l : My grandma gets a small to find work. pension from the state. career (n) a job o r profession that you work at fo r com pa ny (n) a n o rga ni sation that se l l s se rvices s o m e time: Rosen had decided o n an or g oods: Max works for a large oil academic career. company. earn (v) to receive m oney for work that yo u do: firm (n) a b u sin ess, or a compa ny: Josh works for Most people here earn about £30 OOO a a law firm in Chicago. year. business (n) a n orga ni sation that buys or se l l s win (v) to get something a s a prize for products o r servi ces: Sheryl's paren ts run defeating other people or beca u se you a small clothing business. a re l uc ky: He won £4000 in the lottery. u nion (n) an orga ni sation that re presents the gain (v) to get m ore of som ething, usually a s a workers i n a pa rticu l a r i nd ustry: We result of a g ra d u a l process: I've gained a encourage all employees to join a union. lo t of weight this win ter. cha rity (n) an orga ni sation that gives money ra ise (n) a n in crease in the amou nt that you a re and he l p to people who need it: The pa i d for work: Why don't you ask for a charity helps fund projects in developing raise? coun tries. rise (n) an in crease in size, amou nt, q u a l ity or strength: The proposed tax rise was not unexpected. 1 97 Phrasal verbs database � ask after ask for news a bout: Tony was check i n reg i ster at a h otel o r a n a i rport: ask in after you and I told him you Give me your passport and I'll go to were ne. the desk to check in. back down stop d e m a n d i n g sth , sto p s ay i n g check out l eave a h otel: A// guests must check that y o u w i l l d o sth : It seemed as if 1 out by m idday. the man was going to start a ngh t check out i nvestig ate: Let's check out that new with the manager, but he even tually website Bill was talking about. backed down. clear u p beco me brig hter a n d better (for back out d eci d e n ot to d o sth yo u ag reed to weather): If 1t doesn't clear up, th en do: But you promised to help me th is I'm afraid we may have to cancel the weekend - you can't back out now! � race. bank on depend o n sth ha ppen i n I'm a close d own stop operating (fo r co m pa n i es): really banking on getting t at job at What is th e government doi th e supermarket. about the fact that dozens o local break down sto p wo rki ng (fo r a m a c h i ne, etc): businesses are closing down every That's the third time our car's broken month ? down this month! come (a)round ha ppen a g a i n (fo r reg u l a r events): brea k out esca pe (from prison): Reports are Christmas soon comes around, commg in that five prisoners have doesn't it? broken out of Penton wood Prison. come (a)round (to) be pers u a d ed to c h a n g e you r break out start s u d d e n l y (fo r a war, fi re, etc): m i n d (a bout): That's a good point. It seems that the fire broke out in the Maybe I'm coming round to your kitchen. way of thinking. � � bring forwa rd c h a n g e the date/t i m e of a n event com e across fi n d sth or meet sb c h a n ce: I so it h a ppens earlier: Because of came across some of phot raphs recen t even ts, th e meeting has been wh ile I was clearing out my esk. brought forward to the 29th. come by g et sth, es pecia l ly sth that is h a rd bring i n i ntro d uce a n ew law o r system : The to get: How did you come by th at governmen t are planning to bring in pam ting ? a law banning hun ting. come d own with sta rt to suffer fro m a m i n o r i l l n ess: bring o n ca use (an i l l ness, etc): Being out in After being out in the storm, Alice the fog always brings on my asthma. came down with a cold. � rod uct: Did you hear th at REM b ri ng out p ro d u ce a n d sta rt to sell a n ew come forward offer h e l p or i nfo rmati o n : A fter the police appealed for help from the ave just brough t out a new album ? public, a num ber of people came forward with useful information. ?o bring u p look after a c h i l d u ntil h e o r s h e becomes a n a d u lt: Both Sarah's come into i n herit: At the a9e of e hteen, Roger paren ts died when she was young suddenly came m to a ortune. and she was brought up by her com e off su cceed : Well, I think it's a stupid grandmother. plan and I'll be amazed if it comes bring u p sta rt d i scussi n g a s u bject: I hate off. to bring it up, but do you have that com e on d evelop o r m a ke prog ress: Your money you owe me? fc piano playing is really coming on, call for req u i re, need: The mana er said isn't it? that the situation called or some h come on sta rt t o b e broad cast: That quiz difncult decisions. show ou wanted to watch comes ca ll for d e m a n d : The farmers are calling for on in alf an hour. assistance from the governmen t. come out be p u bl i sh e d : I can't wait until the call off c a n cel: I hope they don't call the next Harry Potter book comes out. concert off because of this rain. come rou nd/to beco m e consci o u s: A fter a worrying ca rry o n conti n ue: You carry on pain ting this few minutes, Sean started to come wall and I'll go and get some more round and opened his eyes. brushes. com e u p with t h i n k of (a n i d ea, a plan, etc): Wh o carry out perfo rm a n experi ment, etc: The do you th ink came up with the idea investigators have been carrying of the bicycle? out tests on the pieces ofplane count o n rely o n , trust: Don't worry - you can recovered after the accident. count on me to help ifyou need it. e catch on become p o p u l a r o r fa s h i o n a ble: cross out d raw a l i ne t h ro u g h sth written: You reen hair is great, but I don't Danny realised that he'd made a thin it'll catch on! � spelling mistake and crossed the catch on u n d ersta n d : Gre is really clever word out. and always catc es on in class very cut d ow n (on) do less of (sm o k i n g, etc): Ifyou can't quickly. give up smoking, you could at least catch up with rea ch t h e sa me poi nt/level as: I ran try to cut down. a little faster to try to catch up with cut d own (on) red u ce a n a mo u nt of: My doctor th e others. has advised me to cu t down on fat. chase after fol l ow sb/sth q u ickly i n o rd e r to catch them: The shopkeeper ran cut off g m a ke a iace d iffi c u l t o r i m possi l e to enter, l eave o r out of the shop and chased after th e co m m u n i cate with: The snow shoplifter as he ran down the street. meant that the village was cut off for over a month. 1 98 Phrasal verbs database - - cut off stop the supply of sth: When we fi l l i n add information in the spaces o n a I move, don't forget to tell them to cut document: Just fill in this form and the water and electricity off. then hand it in at reception. cut off disconnect: I was talking to Gordon fi n d out discover information, etc: I've on the phone when we were always wanted to find out more suddenly cut off. about the ancien t Egyptians. dawn o n if something dawns on you, flick t h rough turn and look at the �ages of you realise it for the first time: a magazine, etc quic ly: I was It suddenly dawned on me that flicking through a magazine when, Sharon loved Oscar and that was suddenly, I saw a photograph of the why she was behaving so s trangely. man who had s tolen the money! hc d e a l with handle, cope with: My job mostly get (sb) down make sb feel sad or lose hope: This involves dealing with com laints rainy weather really gets me down. from members of the pub ic. get along (with) have a good relationship (with): I die down become less noisy, powerfu l don't know why, but I don't really get or active: The actor waited for along with my girlfriend's parents. the laughter to die down before get at try to express: The man k ointed continuing. at his shoulder, but I cou dn't k r do away with get rid of: I think they should do understand what he was getting at. awa with double e/low lines and g et away with escape punishment for: The police just et people par where they want promised that the thieves would to. not be allowed to get away with the do up repair, paint or improve: You should robbery. have your house done up before you get back return from a h lace: When did you sell it. get back from oliday? do without live without (sth you can't afford): get by manage to survive (financially): If there's one thing I could never do I don't make a huge amount of without, it's my mobile phone. money, but we get by. d raw up create (plans, etc): The architect get o n (with) have a good relationship (with): started to draw up the plans for the I get o n with most of my teachers new house. - except Mr Mills! d ress up put on fancy or unusual clothes: g et on for be almost a particular time, I used to Jove dressing up in my number, age, etc: I'm not sure what mum's clothes when I was a little girl. time it is, but it m ust be getting on d rop i n (on) visit u nexpectedly: I hope you don't for midnight. continue doin fh Jil/ had lunch and d � (e min d me dropping in on you like this, g et on with only I was ust passin and I thou ht then got on wit revising for her we could ave a quic cup of cofi ee. exams. d rop off let someone get out of a vehicle: get over recover from (an illness, etc): It took Let's get the taxi driver to drop us off Mary a long time to get over her outside the supermarket. fall asleep: A fter a lo � day a t work, illness. d rop off get rou n d to sta rt (after planning to do sth for a Henry dropped off in ran t of the TV. long time): When do you think you'll d rop out (of) leave school, etc before you have get round to fixing the bathroom dc finished a course: Dave's parents door? were ve disappoin ted when he g et through use all of, finish: I can't believe we've droppe out of university. b revent a sound from bei fj heard got through ten pints of milk in a h making a louder noise: he d rown out week! get up to do; do sth you should not do: My s outs from the audience drowned brother and I used to get up to Jots the politician out and no one could of things our parents aidn t know hear a word he was saying. about when were young. face up to accept sth and try to deal with give away give free of charge: Did you hear it: You need to face up to your that they're giving away free tickets responsibilities. to the concert tonight? fall for fall in love with: Romeo really fell for Juliet when he first kissed her. give away h � reveal sth ou are tryin to hide: I know you aven't seen t e film yet fal l for believe (a lie/trick/joke, etc): I told so I won't give the ending away. Sam that we had the day off school, give i n stop making an effort to achieve and he fell for it! sth difficult: I couldn't finish the fall out (with) have an argument with and stop crossword, so in the end I gave in being friends: Pamela h asn't spoken and had a look a t the answers. to her father since they fell out eight smell: The fridge � ets hot next to the give off produce sth such as heat or a years ago. feel u p to feel well enough to do: I know I cooker because t e cooker gives off should go to the gym today, but I a lot of heat. don't really feel up to it. give u p stop doing sth you d o reg ularly: I gave the piano up about a year ago and started playmg the gwtar. 1 99 Phrasal verbs database � - - - - - g o away go on holiday: We go away every join i n partic ate, take part: You'll feel summer, and this year we're thinking m uch etter ifyou join in, instead about Russia. ofjust watching everyone else have go d own (as) be remembered for having done fun. something: Churchill wen t Clown as keep on continue doing sth: Ifyou keep on a great war-time leader. being late for work, you're going to enter (a comrcetition, etc): You be in trouble with the manager. � stay at the same fu oint/level as: go in for should o in or the talen t con test keep u p with they're aiding at the youth club this Gordon walks so ast that no one weekend. can keep up with him! go in for l ike: I could never go in for knock out defeat and remove from a windsurfing. It's just not my kind of competition: Steve Wilson, the sport. British number one, has been go into deal with sth in detail: The head knocked out of the US Open tennis teacher asked me to go to the school championship by Peter Colling wood. 3 to talk about Alexanoer's behaviour, knock out make unconscious: When I fell off but she wouldn't go into it on the my bike, my head hit the round and phone. I was completely knocke out for be no lon y, er fresh: Milk goes off about five minutes! ;k go off ve quick y ifyou don't put it in the leave out not include: Ifyou don't like fri ge. cinnamon, then simply leave it out go off explode; be fired (for a g u n, and add sugar to the apples instead. usually accidentally): A omb wen t let d own disappoint: Voters feel really let off outside the Syrian embassy in down by the governmen t. London today, injuring five people. let off g ive little or no punishment: I can't go off stop liking: Will used to really like elieve that the teacher let Ben off jazz music, but he's gone off it lately. with just a warning! go on continue happening or doing sth: let off make a bomb, etc explode: Be very Even though everyone said they had careful ifyou're going to let off those heard it, Carol wen t on telling the fireworks. joke. /J et/Ji ut into lines: The soldiers all ne ff{i ready to be inspected by line u p g o on do sth after doing sth else: He started by criticising me, and then the o cer. wen t on to offer me promotion! live on use as a source of money: I wanted go over repeat or think about again in the job, b u t I wouldn't be able to live order to understand completely: I'd on the salary. like to begin by 2 oing over what we look after take care of: Could you look after did in last week s lesson. my cat while I'm on holiday? g o/com e round go/come to sb's house to visit look d own on think that you are better than: It them: We were wondering ifyou'd annoys me the way Vera looks down like to come round for dinner one on other people. night this week. look into investi � ate: Police are looking in to g row on if sth g rows on you, Y.OU start to the the t. like it more: I didn't like reality TV a t look out be careful: Look out! You're going to first, but it really grows on you after fall! a while. g row out of develop from: My ambition to be a l ook round examine (a place): We looked round the house but decided that it was computer programmer grew out of too expensive for us. playing computer games. g row out of become too big for: Tracy's grown l ook u p to admire and respect: I've always looked up to my elder brother out of her shoes so we'll have to buy because he never gives up. her some new ones. g row u p become older: I'd like to be a bus look u p try to find information in a book 7 driver when I grow up. or list, etc: Just a second - I'll look Har 's number up in the phone children o � randchildren, usually hand d own give something val uable to you r boo . when you 1e: This necklace m a ke off escape: It seems that the burglars made off without being seen by was handed down to me by my dressing as postmen. grandmother. hand in give to a person in authority: I took make o ut pretend that something is true: Neil tried to make out that he'd won the wallet I had found and handed it the lottery, but we all knew it wasn't in a t the police station. true. hand out g ive things to people in a g roup: make out see, hear or understa nd sb or Johnnie, please hand these out to everyone in the class. sth with difficulty: Someone was waving a t me in the distance but I hold up rob while threatening violence: couldn't make out who it was. Two men held up a security van today and then escaped on m a ke out write all the necessarrc information motorbikes. on a cheque, etc: Cou d you please make the cheque out to 'Eurofinance hold u p delay: I was held up in a traffic jam. Limited'? 200 Phrasal verbs database - -- make up become friends again after an put forward suggest: A number of sughestions argument: I had a n argument with were put forward during t e my best friend, but we soon made meeting but none of them were very up. useful. make up invent an exfc lanation, excuse, etc: put off delay, postpone: Wendy told me As I got to sc ool, I knew that I would that the wedding has been put off have to make up an excuse for being un til next January. late. put off make sb not want to do or not like make up create a story, poem, etc: Leo sth: I've never tasted blue cheese made up a poem about the English because the smell has always put teacher. me off. make up for provide sth good, so that sth bad put on gain (weight): I put on so much seems less important: When the weight over Christmas! concert was cancelled, my dad took put on hold, perform (a show, play, etc): I us to the cinema to make up for it. read that they're putting Macbeth make/head for go in the direction of: It started on at the Luvvies Theatre. to rain so we made for a nearby put out make something stop burning: farmhouse. I'm afraid you'll nave to put your name after g ive sb or sth the same name as sb cigarette out before you en ter the or sth else: My dad named h is boat building. after his grandmother. reduce the number of� ossibilities: put through connect by phone: I'll just put narrow down you through to the supervisor, Mrs I still haven't decided w ich Edwards. university to go to, but I've narrowed put up with tolerate: You have to put up with a it down to aoout four. lot in this job, but it's worth it in the pass away die: I was sorry to hear that your end. grandfather passed away. run into meet by chance: You'll never pass out suddenly become unconscious: It guess who I ran into in town this was so hot that several members of afternoon! the crowd passed out and had to be run out of not have any left: I'm afraid we've taken to hospital. run out of time, so I'd like to thank pick on keep treating someone badly or my guests and I hope we'll see you unfairly: It's n o t fair when some of next week on 'Discussion Time. the bigger boys pick on the little run over hit with a car: Andrea was run over ones. outside her h ouse and she's been pick up stop in a vehicle to give someone a taken to hospital. l ift: I'll pick you up from outside your somethin{r very easily: With a sail through do something or deal with house and we'll drive in to town. plug in connect to the electricity supply: little bit o revis10n, you should sail ':n I couldn't understand why the through the exam. vacuum cleaner wasn't worki and specifi cg urpose): I m saving up for save up (for) save money little b_x little (for a then I realised I hadn't plugge it in. pop in(to) visit quickly or for a short time: my h oli ay in India. Mum popped into the cake shop to see off go to a train station, etc to see get something for after dinner. someone leave: We all went to the a car: Gould you just pull in for pull in stop b the side of the road in b us station to see Grandma off. see through recognise that sth is not true and a second so that I can buy some not 6e tricked by it: The guard saw chewing gum? through the woman's disguise and pull out stop being involved in an activity: immediately arrested her. The other company pulled out of the see through (to) continue (or help to continue) deal at the last minute. to the end of sth unpleasant pull through survive (a serious illness, etc): The or difficult: I'm not enjoying my doctors were really worried about computer course any more, but I'll Simon, but in the end he pulled see it through to the end. through. see to deal with: Could you answer the put by save an amount of money for the door while I see to the baby? future: I try to put a little by each set in start and be likely to conti nue for a month for emergencies. while (for rain, winter, an economic stupid: I wish you wouldn't kee� put down criticise, make someone feel depression, etc): Many birds fly south before win ter sets in. putting me down in fron t of ot er set out explain, describe or arrange sth people! in a clear and detailed way: I liked put down kill (a sick/old animal): We used to your composition, but I think you have a horse, but he fell and broke need to set your ideas out more his leg so he had to be put down. clearly by using paragraphs. put down to sug g est that sth is the result of: The set out start workin g on sth in order to mimster put the recent economic achieve an aim: In the beginning, problems down to the rise in oil we set out to build a successful prices. company, but we never expected to become millionaires. 201 Phrasal verbs database set out/off start a journey: As the sun rose, we take on start to em p lor There's so much took down our tents and set out work to do m t1 e office that maybe across the desert. we should take on a secretary. set to start doing sth in a determined or take on accept (work or responsibility): kl enthusiastic way: We only had a few I haven't 9ot time to take on any hours to get the arty ready so we more projects at the momen t. set to work quic ly. take over take control of (a business, etc): set up start (a business, organisation, etc): When Mr Barker retired, his daughter You're such a good cook that I think took over the family business. you should set up a restauran t. take to begin to like: The class took to Mrs settle down become calm after bein g upset, Openshaw straight a way. etc: When his mum left him at · take to start (as a habit): I've taken to going school on the first day, Charlie was for a five-mile run every morning. quite upset, but he soon settled down and started to enjoy himself. take up start (a hobby, sport, etc): Why don 't you take up a hobby, like collecting and l ive quietl r She spent her settle down stay in one place or get married something? fic twen ties travel in round the world ta ke up fill an amount of space/time: Studying takes up most of my time and then settled own in a quiet village in Sussex. at the moment. show (a) round take sb on a tour of a place: Let me tear down destroy or remove (for buildings, show you round the garden. statues, etc): That beautiful old building was torn down to make and make them admire rou show off try to attract people's attention way for a new supermarket. tear up fi rip into ieces: Robin suddenly � (usually used negatively : My sister thinks she's a gooa sin er ana she's grabbe the letter out of my hand always sh9�ing off w en people and tore it up. come to v1s1t. think over consider: When I asked Theresa to slow down decrease speed: The train started marry me, she said she'd have to to sl�w down as it approached the thin/( it over. stat10n. throw away get rid of, discard: The CD wouldn't speed up increase speed: I realised tha t I play any more, so I threw it a way. m ight not have enough time to try on put on (a piece of clothing) to fimsh the exam so I started to speed see how it looks and whether it up. fits: Debra took the skirt into the stand for represent (for abbreviations and changing room to try it on. symbols): BBC stands for 'British try out experiment with: England need to Broadcasting Corporation� try out a few new players before the stand for put up with: I wouldn't stand for it if World Cup starts. °j someone spoke that rudely to me. turn down not accept (an offer, reguest, etc): stand in for do sb's job for them while they are I applied t oin the Air Force, but not available: Mr Howard will be they turne me down because of my standing in for Mrs O'Connell while eyesight. she's ill. turn into change into sth d ifferent: It started stand out as the holiday of a lifetime but soon b� easy to see because of being · turned into a nightm are. d ifferent: Molly has bright red hair, so she always stands out in a crowd! turn off stop a machine working: Would stand up for support in an argument or fight: I you please turn that stereo off and know that my best friend will always get your homework done? stand up for me. turn out develop in a particular way or have take aback surprise (usually in passive voice): a particular result: I was late for the We were all taken aback by the interview, but it turned out all right news. in the end and I got the job. turn over tu rn a page so that the other side relative: Geo 'ace reallh takes after his take after look or behave like an older is towards you: Ifyou all turn over, grandfather, oesn't e? you'll see a table that shows how sales have gone this year. take down write down what someone says: r, o back in the opposite direction: realised I'd forgotten mb phone so I Could Ijust take down your details? turn round take in trick sb into believing sth that �urned round and went ack to get is not true: The m an a t the door It. claimed to be a policeman, but the makin i a firm arrangement: Victor old woman wasn't taken in. turn up appear unexpectedly or without become successful or po ki ular very fast: The iPod has rea '/Yv ta en off take off hadn't een invited to the party but he just turned up anyway. sto ): being effective (for a drug, over the last couple o years. wear off take off leave the g round: As the plane took etc : My arm started to h urt again as off, I lookea down at the houses the effects of the painkiller wore off. below us. remove (a piece of clothin3 ): Carl take off wear out become old and unusable: I had to get a new pair of trainers because took off his coat and starte to my old pmr had worn out. warm himself by the fire. work out find the solution to a problem, etc: Ifyou look at the con text, maybe you can work out what the word means. 202 Phrases and collocations database 203 Phrases and collocation s database - - - 204 Phrases and collocations database - --- - - -- -- Phrases and collocations database - -- -- money ma ke/earn/win/save/have money; play play a part/role (in sth); play with sth/ spend money (on sth/doing); short of sb; play sth; have a part/role to play money; do sth for the money (in sth); be/act/sta r in a play; watch/ see a play mood in a good/bad mood; in the right/ wrong mood; i n the mood for sth p leasure take pleasure i n sth/doing; gain/get pleasure from sth/doing necessary necessary (for sb) to do point see/take sb's point (about sth/doing); news in the news; on the news; hear the (see) the point in/of sth/doing; there's news; newsflash; newspaper no point in/sth/doing; make a point note make/take/keep (a) note of sth; note of doing sth (down) popular popular with/among notice notice sb doing/do; ta ke notice of sth; profit make a profit (from sth) at short notice; g ive sb notice of promise promise to do; give/make sb a occasion on this/that occasion; on occasion; on promise; brea k a/you r promise the occasion of sth; special occasion purpose do sth on pu rpose; purpose of sth opinion in my opinion; give/express your/an opinion (of/about sth/doing); hold/ question ask/answer a question; question sth/ have an opinion (of/about sth/doing) sb; in q uestion; question mark order in order; put sth in order; in order to queue join a q ueue; in a queue; q ueue u p; do; give an order (to sb) (to do) stand/wait in a queue part ta ke pa rt in sth/doing; be a pa rt of reason reason why; reason for sth; reason sth; part with sth; have a pa rt (in a with sb play, etc) recipe follow a recipe; recipe book; recipe for party have/throw a party (for sb); give sb a disaster pa rty; go to a party; dinner/birthday/ etc pa rty research ca rry out/do resea rch (on/into sth) pass responsibility have/ta ke (the) responsibility for sth/ pass sth (over) to sb; pass an exam/ test/etc; pass a building/etc doing pattern fol low a pattern; a checked/striped/ route plan your/a route; take a route plain pattern save save money/time; save sth for later permission give sb permission to do; ask (sb) for sense make sense of sth; it mal<es sense (to permission to do; have/ask for/get do); sense of h u mour/taste/sight/etc permission (from sb) to do shape get in/into shape; stay/keep in shape; phone ca ll make/receive/get a phone ca l l the shape of sth; i n the shape of photo( g raph) ta ke a photo (of sth/sb) shopping do the shopping; go shopping; pity pity sb; take pity on s b; feel pity for sb; shopping centre; window shoppi ng it's a pity (that) show put on a show; show appreciation (for place ta ke place; in place of; at a place sth/sb); show sth to sb; show sb sth; on show; stea l the show; TV/radio/ q uiz/game show; show business 206 Phrases and collocations database --- shower take/have a shower; a rain shower; a tu rn tu rn (a)rou nd/away; turn sth over; in light/heavy shower of rain tu rn; take turns; take it in turn(s) (to do); your turn (to do) side (on) the opposite side; (on) the far side; side with sb; on the winning/ view have/hold/take a view; be sb's view losing side that; in my view; in view of; look at/ see the view; view of sth; view from sight catch/lose sight of sth/sb; in sight of sth/swh sth; at fi rst sight voice in a low/deep/hig h/etc voice; have sights see the sights a good/ bad voice; voice an opinion sightseeing go sightseeing (about sth); silence in silence wash wash the dishes; wash one's hands; do the washing-up; dishwasher; sol ution have/find/think of/work out/come up washing machine with/figure out a solution (to sth) waste a waste of time; waste you r time; speed at (high/ful l/etc) speed; a burst of industrial/household waste s peed; speed li mit watch watch sth/sb; watch (out) for sth/sb; spread spread sth; spread sth over/on sth; keep watch spread to a place way lose/make/fi nd you r way; in a way; on style in style; be/go out of style; do sth/go the way; go all the way (to sth/swh) somewhere in style; have style weather weather forecast; u nder the weather suggestion make/accept a suggestion work do some work; have work to do; go to table lay/set/clear the table; book/reserve a work; at work; work hard; out of work; table place of work talent have a tal�nt (for sth/doing); talent world all over the world; around the world; contest throug hout the world; the whole taste have/show good/bad taste (in sth); in world; in the world; world record good/bad taste wrong do wrong; do the wrong thing; the tendency have a tendency to do wrong thing to do; go wrong; the wrong way u p time on time; (just) in ti me; the whole time; high/about time; take your time (doing); take time to do; sth takes u p (you r) time; spend time doing; spend time on; at/for a certain time; time passes; fi nd time to do; make/fi nd time for; for the time being; have a good/nice time (doing); tell the time; free/spare/leisure time tour go on I take a tou r of/(a)round somewhere; tour a place; tour guide trend a trend in sth; fol low/set a trend trip business trip; school trip; go on a trip; take a trip (to a place) 207 Word patterns database able to do com pliment sb on sth absent from sth concentrate on sth/doing accord ing to sb confuse sth/sb with sth/sb; confused about/by accuse sb of sth/doing sth/sb addicted to sth cong ratulate sb on sth/doi ng admire sb (for sth/doing) consider sth/doing; consider if/whether; advise sb to do; advise sb that; advise sb consider sb for sth; consider it strange, on/about sth; advise (sb) agai nst sth/ etc (for sb to do) doing continue sth/doing; conti nue to do; continue afford to do with sth afraid of sth/sb/doi ng; afraid to do convince sb (of sth); convi nce sb to do; convince sb that agree with/on/to sth; agree with sb; agree to do; agree that cope with sth/doi ng allow sb to do; allow sth correspond with sth/sb announce sth (to sb); annou nce that covered i n/with sth anxious about sth/doing; anxious to do criticise sb (for sth/doi ng) apologise (to sb) for sth/doing demand sth (from sb); demand that appear to be deny sth/doing apply for sth; apply in writing depend on sth/sb approve of sth/doi ng; approve sth descri be sth/sb as; describe sth/sb to sb a rg ue with sb; a rgue about sth/doi ng; argue deserve sth/to do that d iffer from sth/sb arrange sth (with sb); arrange for sb to do difficult to do; find sth difficult; find it difficult arrest sb for sth/doing to do arrive i n/at a place; arrive here/there disappointed with/by sth; i n sb ask sb sth; ask sb to do sth (for you); ask discuss sth/doi ng (with sb) about/for sth; ask if/whether doubt sth; doubt that; doubt if/whether associate sth/sb with sth/sb d ream about/of sth/sb/doi ng attach sth to sth; attached to sth enjoy yourself; enjoy sth/doing attack sth; attack sb for sth/doing; an attack except (for) sth/doing; on sth/sb expect sth/sb (to do); expect that attempt to do experienced i n/at sth/doing avoid sth/sb/doing explain that; expla in sth (to sb) aware of sth; awa re that fail to do ban sb from sth/doing; ban sth familiar with sth; fa miliar to sb beg sb (for sth); beg sb to do famous for sth/doing begin doing/to do/sth; begi n by doing fond of sth/sb/doing believe sth; believe in sth; believe that; believe force sb to do sth; force sb into sth/doing to be forget to do; forget doing; forget about sth/ belong to sb/sth doing; forget if/whether benefit from sth; a benefit of sth forgive sb for sth/doing boast of/about sth/doing (to sb) free to do; free from/of sth; free for sth borrow sth (from sb) full of sth bound to do g lance at sth/sb capable of doing glimpse sth; catch a glimpse of sth careful with/a bout/of sth good for sb (to do sth); good at sth/doing; cause sth (to do) good to sb charge sb with sth guilty of sth/doing charge sb (for sth/doi ng) happy to do sth; ha ppy for sb (to do sth); choose between; choose to do happy about sth/doing cla i m to be/do; claim that hard to do; hard doing comment on sth; make a comment (to sb) about hear sth/sb; hea r about sth/sb; hear from sb sth hope to do; hope that compete against/with sb; compete for/in sth independent of/from sth complain (to sb) (about sth/sb/ doing); complain inform sb that; inform sb about/of sth of sth inject sth into sth/sb 208 Word patterns database insist on sth/doing; insist that reg ret (not) doing; reg ret sth; reg ret to tell/ instead of sth/doing inform you i ntend to do/doing rely on sth/sb interested in sth/doing remember to do; remember sth/sb/doing; invite sb to do remember that involve sth/doing; involved in sth/sb/doing respect sth; respect sb for sth/doing; have respect for sth/sb keen to do; keen on sth/sb/doing responsible for sth/doing know (about) sth/doing; know of sb; be result of sth/doing; resu lt in sth; result in known as sth (your) doing; result from sth/doing; as lack sth; lack of sth; lacking in sth a result of sth lead to sth/(your) doing save sb from sth/doing; save sth (for sth/sb) learn about sth/doi ng; learn to do; learn by say sth (to sb); say that doing seem to be; it seems that lega l (for sb) to do send sb sth; send sth (to sb) lend sth to s b; lend sb sth settle for/on sth let sb do sth short of sth; short on sth l i ke sth/doing; like to do; be like sth/doing; be like sb (to do) similar to sth/sb/ doing likely to do; it is (un)likely that special ise in sth/doing listen to sth/sb spend sth (on sth/sb/doing) live in/at a place; l ive on/for sth; l ive here/ stare at sth/sb there stop sth/doing; stop to do; stop sb from look at/for sth/sb; look forward to sth/doing doing love sth/sb/doing; love to do study sth; for sth make sb do; be made to do succeed in sth/doing manage to do suffer from sth; suffer sth mean to do; it/this means that; it/this means suggest sth/doing (to sb); suggest that sth/doing suitable for sth/doing; suita ble to do need to do; need doing; i n need of; no need supposed to do for sure/certain ma ke/be sure/certain that; su re/certa in object to sth/doing to do; be sure/certain of sth offer sb sth; offer sth (to s b); offer to do surprise by surprise; surprised at/by sth operate on sb/sth talented at sth/doing pay sb (for sth/doing); pay sth (to sb) tell sb sth; tell sb that; tel l sb about sth/ persuade sb to do; persuade sb that; persuade sb doing; tel l sb (not) to do of sth tend to do pla n sth; plan to do think of/about sth/sb/doing plenty of sth; plenty more sth; plenty to do threaten to do, threaten sb with sth point (in) doing ti red of sth/doing possible (for sb) to do; find sth possible; fi nd it train to do impossible to do try to do; try sth/sb/doing; try and do prefer to do (rather than [to] do); prefer sth use sth (for sth/doing); use sth to do (rather than sth); prefer sth/doing (to useful for sth/doing; useful to sb sth/doing) wait for sth/sb; wait (for sth) to do; wait and prepare (sb) for sth; prepare to do see pretend to be; pretend to do; pretend that warn sb about/against sth/doing; wa rn sb of prevent sth; prevent sb from doing; prevent sth sth; warn sb not to do; wa rn (sb) that from ha ppening willing to do profit from sth/doing wonder a bout sth/doing; wonder if/whether/ prom ise to do; promise sb (sth); prom ise that why proud of sth/sb/doing; proud to do work as/at/in sth; work for sb prove to do; prove sth (to sb) worry about sth/sb doing; worried that; qualify as/in sth worried a bout/by refer to sth; refer sb to sth worth sth/doing refuse to do sth; refuse sth write about sth/sb/doing; write (sth) to sb; regard sb as (being) sth write sb sth; write sth down 209 Word formation database able unable, (in)ability, disabled, disabi l ity desire (un)desirable academy academic, academ ical ly develop (un)developed, developing, developer, accept acceptance, accepting, (un)accepta ble, development (un)acceptably differ different(ly), difference accurate accurately, inaccurate(ly), (in)accuracy direct i ndirect, direction, di rector, (in)directly accuse accused, accusation discover discovery achieve achievement discuss discussion act (in)active(ly), acting, actor, actress, disgust disgusting, disg u sted action, (in)activity dista nt distantly, dista nce add added, addition, additional(ly) economy economic, (un)economical(ly), addict addicted, addictive, addiction economics, economist advertise advertisement, ad(vert), advertising, edit editor, editorial, ed ited advertiser educate education, educator, educational(ly) allergy allerg ic effect (i n)effective(ly) al low disallow, al lowance, allowa ble emphasis emphasise, em phatic am use (un)a m using(ly), am usement employ (un)employed, (un)em ploya ble, announce a nnouncement, (un)announced (un)employment, employer, employee anxious anxiously, a nxiety end endless(ly), ending, u nending appear appea rance, a ppa rently enjoy enjoyment, enjoya ble apply (in)applicable, applied, applicant, enter entrance appl ication entertain entertaining, entertai n ment, appreciate (un)appreciative(ly), appreciation enterta iner argue argument, arg u mentative enthuse (u n)enth usiastic(al ly), enth usiasm, arra nge rea rra nge, arrangement enth usiast arrive arrival environ ment environ menta l(ly), environmenta list assist assistance, assistant equip equi pment, equipped associate d isassociate, association, evident evidence, evidently (un)associated excite (un)exciting, excited (ly), excitement attend attention, (i n)attentive(ly), attendance, expect (un)expected(ly), expectation, attendant expecta ncy attract (un)attractive(ly), attraction expense (i n)expensive(ly), expenses aware u nawa re, awa reness explain explanation bea uty beautiful (ly) extreme extremely, extremity, extremist behave behaviour fai l failure, failing belief disbelief, believe, (un)believa ble, fa me (in)famous(ly) (un)beli evably fashion (un)fash ionable, (un)fashionably benefit beneficial fi nance fi nancial(ly), fi nances bore boring(ly), bored, boredom fit u nfit, fitness broad breadth, broaden forge forgery, forger build builder, buildi ng fortune misfortune, (un)fortunate(ly) ca re careful(ly), careless(ly), (un)ca ri ng freeze froze, frozen, freezing, freezer certify certificate, certified friend friendship, (un)friendly comfort discomfort, (un)comforta ble, globe global (ly) (un)comfortably g reat greatly, greatness, commerce commercial(ly) g row growth, grown-u p, growi ng, grown, com m u nicate com munication, (un)commun icative, home-g rown, g rower commu nicator ha ppy u n happy, (un)ha ppiness, (un)ha ppily compete competition, competitor, harm harmful(ly), harmless(ly), (un)harmed competitive(ly) help (un)helpful(ly), helpless(ly), helping, contain conta i ner, content(s) hel per converse conversation honest d ishonest, (dis)honesty, (dis) honestly convict convicted, conviction h u mour h umorous, h umourless convince convinced, (un)convi ncing ill i l l ness correspond correspondence im porta nt unimportant, im portance, im portantly create creative(ly), creation, creativity, creator improve im provement, i m proved crime criminal industry i ndustrial (ly), industrious(ly) cu lture cultural(ly), (un)cultured inform information, (un)informed, cu rrent currently (un)i nformative danger dangerous(ly); endanger; endangered inhabit i n habitant day daily, everyday inject injection decide decision, (in)decisive(ly), u ndecided inj u re i nj ury, i nj u ries . . . . . dedicate dedicated, dedication intense inten sity, i ntensify, i ntensely 21 0 Word formation database interest (un)interesting (ly) qualify (un)q ualified, qual ifying, qualification introd uce introduction, introductory rea l u n real, rea lly, realise, real isation, reality, invent inventor, invention I realistical(ly) invest investment, investor 1 reason (un)reasonable, (u n)reasonably, investigate investigative, investigation, reasoning investigator recogn ise (un)recognisable, recog nition involve (un)involved, involvement recover recovery jealous jealousy, jea lously relate relative(ly), relation, relationship journal jou rnalist, jou rna lism, jou rnal istic research resea rcher ki nd unkind, (un)kindness, kindly reside residentia l, resident, residence know knowledge, (un)knowledgeable responsible i rresponsible, (ir)respo�sibly, law lawyer, (un)lawful (ir) responsibility like alike, disl ike, u n l i ke, likeness, revise revision, revised (un) likeable, l iking revolution revol utionary likely u n l ikely, likeli hood ridicule ridicu lous(ly), ridiculousness literate i l literate, (il)l iteracy, literatu re rob robbery, robber lose lost, loss safe unsafe, (un)safely, save, safety, saviou r, low lower, lowness saver luxury luxu ries, luxu rious(ly) say saying machine machinery scholar scholarship, schola rly, scholastic mainta in mai ntenance science scientist, (u n)scientific(al ly) manage managi ng, management, manager second secondly, secondary ma rry ma rriage, (un)married secure insecure, (in)security medal medall ist, medallion similar dissimila r(ly), similarity meet met, meeting solve sol ution, (un)solvable mix mixed, mixtu re, mixer strong strength, strengthen, strongly murder m u rderer study student, studies, studious natu re (un)natural (ly) style (un)styl ish(ly), stylist, styl ishness neig hbour neig hbou rly, neighbouring, succeed success, (u n)successful(ly) neighbourhood suggest suggested, suggestive(ly), suggestion nerve nervous(ly), nervousness sun sun ny, sunshine obey disobey, (dis)obedient(ly), supervise supervision, supervisor (dis)obedience surgery su rgeon, surgical(ly) observe observer, observation su rprise (un)surprising(ly), su rprised offence offensive, offend, offender sweet sweetly, sweetener, sweetness operate operation, operator, operating, teach teacher, ta ught cooperate, cooperation, technology technological(ly), technical(ly), (u n)cooperative technician, technique oppose opposition, opponent, opposite, theft thief opposing thi n k thought, (un)thinkable, thoughtful, orig in (un)original (ly), originate, originator thoug htless pay paid, payment, paya ble thorough thoroug hly, thoroughness perform perform ing, performance, performer time timeta ble person (im)personal (ly), personal ity tou r tourism, tou rist photog raph photog raphy, photographer, train retrain, trainer photographic treat treatment poison poisonous, poisoning understa nd (mis)u nderstandi ng, (mis) understood, pol ite impolite, (im) politely, (im) politeness u nderstandable, u nderstandably pol itics political(ly), pol itician use usage, useful (ly), useless(ly), user, pollute (un)poll uted, poll ution, pol lutant (un)usable poor poorly, poverty va lue (in)valuable, (in)val uably, va l ueless, popular u n popu lar, popu lar(ly), popu larity va luation possible impossible, (im)possibility, (im)possibly vary (in)va riable, (in)variably, varying, va ried, power powerfu l(ly), powerless(ly), em power va rious(ly), variation, va riety practice practise, (im)practical(ly) wea lth wea lthy prepare preparation, preparatory, (un)prepared willing u nwilling, (un)willingness, (un)willingly prison prisoner, imprison(ed), im prisonment wood wooden produce product, producer, production, work working, (un)worka ble, worker, works (un)productive(ly) world worldwide profession (un)professional(ly) write writer, writing, wrote, (u n)written prove proof, (un)proven, disprove psychology psychologist, psychological(ly) 211 US English vs UK English: vocabulary and spelling US English UK Eng l ish US English UK English Travel and transport Food and drink � airplane as(oline) aeroplane petrol burner can (eg of bea ns) hob tin ighway, freeway main roa d, motorway ca ndy sweets one-way (ticket) single (potato) chips crisps t parking lot ca r pa rk cookie biscu it pavement road su rface French fries ch s, French fries rai l road railway si lverwa re cut ery sidewa l k pavement stove cooker su bway u nderground ta ke out ta keaway tire tyre trai ler carava n truck va n, lorry, truck vacation holiday windshield wind screen Hobbies, sport and games Education and learning football America n footba l l elementa ry/junior high/ prima ry/secondary school soccer footba l l, soccer senior high school � sneakers trainers eraser rubber, eraser to practice to practise g rade ma rk, rade track and field ath letics principa l head, eadteacher, headmaster, headmi::i ress q u iz (at school) test recess break school ( = university) u n iversity Science and tech nology Weather and the environment aluminum aluminium downtown town/city centre antenna aerial fa l l , a utumn autu m n g cel l phone mobile phone garbage ca n, trash can dustbin, (ru bbish/l itter) bin elevator I l ift ga rba e, trash ru bbish r fau cet, ta p tap neigh or neighbour flashfi ght torch nei borhood neighbourhood zero noug ht, zero ya r garaen The media Money and shopping ·- ta l k show TV prog ra m chat sh ow, ta l k show TV progra mme check check, bill (in a resta u ra nt) rea ltor cheque bill estate agent I sa les clerk shop assistant sto re, shop shop People and society Entertai nment a pa rtment flat, a pa rtment hum or I h u mour crazy ( = insane) mad, crazy movie fi l m d ia per na ppy movie theater cinema line queue, line theater theatre mad angry m t: d n ( = u n pleasa nt, rude) nasty sti ngy ( = not generous) mea n, sti ngy The law and crime Fashion and desig n � atto rney, lawyer ba.rrister, solicitor, lawyer cl oset wa rdrobe, cupboard 1 ·ail icense nson icence col or cuffs (o n trousers) col our tu rn-u s� offense offence model i ng model i ng pants, slacks trousers sweat�r jumper, jersE!y, weater vest waistcoat zip per zip Health and fitness Work and busi ness doctor's office desk clerk receptionist (doctor's) surgery rc labor labour d rug store, pha rmacy chem ist('s) ra ise ay rise, ra ise restroom (public) toilet/lavatory two weeks ortnig ht, two weeks 212 Revision Test l : Units l - 4 A Choose the correct answer. Being a business travel ler Are you ( 1 ) ............ of travelling? At first sight, havi ng a job which (2) ...... . ..... going on long business (3) ............ looks g lamorous. The reality, however, often (4) ............ from the image. Many business travel lers soon (5) ............ off living out of a suitcase. As a business traveller, you often (6) ............ at a place, (7) ............ into the hotel, have you r meetings and then (8) i mmediately back to the airport. Many business travellers rarely (9) ......... time to see the ............ ... ( 1 0) .... <?r experience the local culture. ........ 1 A keen B interested c fond D enthusiastic � 2 A contains B involves c occupies D needs 3 A trips B journeys c travels D voyages 4 A breaks B alters c changes D differs 5 A come B go c are D take 6 A arrive B reach c get D make 7 A check B examine c look D i nspect 8 A run over B pull out c set off D join in 9 A d iscover B find c locate D place 10 A sights B pictures c displays D scenes B Match to make sentences . There is one extra half you do not need . W.·-:·· 11 My uncle's i nvited me ............ A in the school tennis tournament. 12 I've been thin king ............ B turns to use the skateboard. , 13 D ave s competing ............ c learning to swim when I had the chance. . 14 I just had my turn so it's ............ D to go fishing with him next weekend. 15 You should concentrate ............ E to what our coach tells u s. 16 We took it in ............ F on improving you r technique. i 17 I reg ret not ............ G to taking part in the com petition. � · "' � 18 We always listen ............ H of taking up golf. ·· . "' I you r go now. C Complete each second sentence u sing the word given, so that it has a simi lar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two a nd five words in each ga p. 19 Head for the castle and you won't get lost. direction Go the castle and you won't get lost. . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Taking a risk doesn't frighten me. afraid I taking a risk. · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·� · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 21 How likely are you to pass the exam? chances What ....................................................................................... passing the exam? 22 Sadie is talented at tel ling jokes. talent Sadie ....................................................................................... jokes. 23 I've fina l ly started taki ng Chinese lessons. round I've finally ....................................................................................... taking Chinese lessons. i,j' I didn't understand maths when I was at school. used � 24 I ....................................................................................... u nderstand maths when I was at school. 21 3 25 Living in a foreig n country isn't strange to me now. got I in a foreign country. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 I'll stop the car over there so you ca n get out. off I'll ....................................................................................... over there. D Choose the correct answer. 27 How much i s the bus ............ to the city 31 I don't know how you ............ u p with centre? Carl's complaining . all the time. A fee C fare A put C get B pnce D cost B do D make 28 It took ages to cross the ............ from 32 The tower is 63m in ............ . Turkey to Greece. A high C height A border C line B scale D rise B edge D boundary 33 I'm thinking of buying a new fishing 29 Make sure you book a ticket in ............ . A ahead C before A rod C bat B forward D advance B racket D stick 30 What's the ............ between New York 34 I can't believe you ............ Charlie in and Chicago? that chess game. A length C space A took C won B d istance D gap B scored D beat E Choose the correct a nswer. 35 'What did you use to do on Sundays?' 39 How m uch ........ . ... to get into the 'We would usually ............ to church a rena? in the morning.' A it costs A go B costs it B went C does it cost C were going D does it costs D u sed to g o 40 It's only the second time I ............ a job 36 I ............ reading a wonderful book interview. about space travel. A have A just fi nish B am having B just do finish C have had C have just fi n ished D have been having D have just been fi nishing 41 What did you do while ............ for the 37 It was the fi rst time we ............ to a others to come? Mexican restau rant. A were you waiting A go B you were waiting B went C had you been wa iting C have been D you had been wa iting D had been 42 Don't you think Sam ............ j ust l ike 38 'Can you come out to play?' his father? 'No, we ............ dinner at the moment.' A looks A have B is looking B are having C has been looking C have had D had been looking D have been having To t a l m a r k : . . • ... I 5 0 214 r Revision Test 2: Units 5 - 8 l � A Write one word in each ga p. Space probes b ehave strangely Is an u nknown force having an influence (1 ) ......................... Pioneer 1 0 and 1 1 , NASA's oldest space probes? The probes have been travelling through space for over thirty years but scientists have now (2) to the conclusion that their current position does not . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . correspond (3) predictions of where they should be. The probes appear to be ......................... (4) ... the control of something other than the sun's g ravity. Scientists are ...... ................ unsure of the cause (S) . ........ the probes' slowness but have narrowed (6) ........................ . ............. ... the possibilities to three main options. They (7) ... . . forward their suggestions at . . . . . .. . . .. ......... a conference this week. It is possible, but u n likely, (8) . . . both probes a re malfu nctioning . . . . .. .. . ............. in the same way at the same time; our u ndersta nding of gravity may be wrong, or an unknown force in the u niverse is (9) .. . a d ifference to the speed of the craft. Scientists say . . . . ... ... . .. ......... they will need to carry (1 0) .......... more research before they can determine what the cause is. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . B Complete the sentences below by cha ngi ng the form of the word in capita l s when this is necessary. 11 No one knows what the real . (EXPLAIN) is. .............. ................ 12 From his . . . .. ....(APPEAR}, you would think that Adam is lazy, but he's not. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 The pri me minister is going to make an . . . . .... . .. (AN NOU NCE) this afternoon. . ............... .. .. 14 Gordon's got a g reat sense of . ............ . (HUMOU R). . ................ 15 Let's have a more detailed .. ... .... ... (DISCUSS) about that later. ........ . ... . ...... 16 We'l l have to get a lot more (INFORM) before we make a final decision. ..... .......................... 17 The (I NVENT) of the wheel changed the world enormously. ............................... 18 I 'm going to write a letter to the . (EDIT) about that a rticle. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... C Complete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the fi rst sentence. Write between two and five words i n each gap. 19 Do you think you'l l succeed in persuading Graham? manage Do you think you'l l Graham? ....... ......... . . . . . . . . . ......... .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Mass communication improved when they introduced the postal service. introduction Mass communication improved ....................................................................................... the postal service. 21 It's a waste of time looking at that website. point There ....................................................................................... looking at that website. 22 They a re going to hold the interview in the White House. place The interview ....................................................................................... in the White House. 23 Did you describe the burglar to the police? description Did you ....................................................................................... the burg lar to the police? 24 I believe that people will l ive on other pla nets in the future. view It ....................................................................................... that people wil l live on other pla nets in the futu re. 25 Could you connect me to the editorial depa rtment, please? through Cou ld you ....................................................................................... to the editorial department, please? 26 You didn't even try to answer the question. attempt You dtdtl't ven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . an-swering th e questton. . .. . . ... ....... . .. . . .. ... . .. .. .. . -·-- 21 5 f l�' �!f. y. · · D Choose the correct answer. �· � ' !!. • 27 I'm going to take the car to the garage as the ............ has been making a funny 31 We're really looking ............ to seeing you both next weekend. noise. A ahead c forward A machine c appliance B i n front D in advance B engine D device 32 It's q u ite ............ to feel nervous before 28 The politician ............ to admit that a job interview. he had done anything wrong. A physical c natural A denied c refused B real D biological B accepted D explained 33 We have five security guards ............ 29 The news caught me completely by watch every night. .... ....... . . A keeping c taking A disbelief c shock B holding D making B amazement D surprise 34 Her new novel is ............ out next 30 The cou ntry's economy rel ies month. heavily on the tourist ............ . A bringing c going A industry c com pany B coming D a rriving B factory D firm E Choose the correct answer. 35 'Shall we m eet at seven o'clock?' 39 What time ............ ? 'No, I'll still ............ then.' A the train will leave A work B does the train leave B have worked c will the train have been leaving l c be working D is leaving the train D have been working 40 When 1 ............ , I want to be a 36 Call me as soon as you ............ your test journalist. resu lts. A g row u p A get B am g rowing u p B wil l get c will g row up c will have got D am going to g row up D wil l be getting 41 By eight o'clock tonight, ............ 37 There a re a ............ websites dealing computer games for over twelve with this issue. hours! A lots A you'll play B lots of B you'll be playing c lot c you have played D lot of D you'l l have been playing 38 I don't believe ............ g hosts! 42 'Are you still taking your exams?' A at 'Yes, but by this time next week ............ B for my last one!' c In A I'm finishing D on B I'll finish c I'll have finished D I'll have been finishing To t a l m a r k : . . . . . . I 50 21 6 Revision Test 3: Units 9 - 12 ,< . A If a l ine is correct, put a tick (v') next to the number. If there is an extra word i n a l i ne, write it next to the number. � J · .. How things change! ·� ' · 1 A few years ago, I was the smallest person in my class. In fact, l · ! 2 ········· · · · · · ··········· I was so much small that most of the other kids teased me. 3 ........................ . They would pick up on me and make jokes a bout me. It was 4 ....................... .. awful ! The worst thing was u n less they always got away with it. 5 The teachers never told them to stop. Then, one day, my body 6 ....................... . . started to g row. Soon, I was the bigger than all of them and they 7 ....................... . . all stopped teasing me. Now, if I see someone bullying someone 8 ......... . .............. . else, I would i mmed iately tel l them to stop. I explai n that if they 9 ......................... . don't, then I will make them! They know I'm strong enough that 10 .......................... . to do that, so they soon change their attitude. How things can change in only a few years! B Comp l ete the crossword . 11 the noun from 'approve' (8) 12 see something by chance for a short time (7) 4 16 13 extre mely old (7) 14 a person who steals (5) 15 think that someone has done something (7) ). 16 the decision of a cou rt (7) · · l 17 the opposite of 'rude' (6) . :i. 18 not gui lty (8) C Complete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words i n each gap. 19 If the curtain were l onger, it wou ld reach the floor. enough The curtai n is ....................................................................................... the floor. 20 You d idn't send the invitation and that's why Paula did n't come. if Paula ....................................................................................... you had sent the invitation. 2 1 You might need to phone home, so take you r mobile with you. case Take you r mobile with you ....................................................................................... to phone home. 22 Wesley is so cheerfu l that he makes other people around him happy. such IJ. Wesley is ....................................................................................... he makes other people a round him happy. 23 Do you agree with national service? favour . . 7 A re ....................................................................................... nat1ona I service . 24 Alan doesn't need to confirm his dentist's appointment. necessary It ....................................................................................... to confirm his dentist's a ppointment. ,, ,)". �; 217 25 Sasha's parents made her apologise. made Sasha by her parents. ................... .............. ...................................................... 26 I can't. park here. allowed I .......................................... . ............................................ here. D Choose the correct a nswer. 27 When they thought they had enoug h 31 The policeman ............ m y details. evidence, the police ............ the man A took in C took down with m urder. B made u p D put u p with A charged C arrested 32 If you do go to see Alec Smith's new B suspected D i nvestigated play, then I'm sure you'll ............ yourself. 28 David seems to have found a new A entertain C cheer ............ of friends. B enjoy D please A group C audience 33 It seems that the thief took ............ of B com pany D team the open window and got inside that 29 Can you imagine what it was like to way. have ............ punishment in schools, A occasion C chance with teachers hitting pupils? B opportu nity D advantage A painfu l C corpora l 34 When they were stil l ............ , the Beatles B capital D harmfu l used to play in a club called The Cavern, 30 Mrs Mackenzie waited for the class to in Liverpool. ............ before she continued. A u nknown C hidden A bring up C pass away B i nfamous D covered B settle down D bring on E Choose the correct answer. 35 Laura is about ............ me. 39 I've got a good chance of getting the A you nger than two years job, ............ I do okay in the interview. B two years you nger than A u nless C you nger two years than B in case D two years than younger C only D provided 36 If you ............ iron, it starts to get red hot and then white hot. 40 If you ............ so bad-tempered, Ju lie A wou l d heat wou ld n't have got annoyed with you. B heated A haven't been C heat B weren't D wil l heat C wouldn't have been 'How are you getti ng to Rome?' D won't have been 37 'It's ............ expensive for us to go by 41 The new law is ............ the o l d one. -�.·::. plane, so we're taking the train to Rome.' A more stricter than A such B the strictest than B enough C m uch strictest from C too D m uch stricter than D that 42 We had .... .. ...... a good time at the party 38 The man cou ld have been sent to that I didn't want it to end. prison if the judge ............ his story. A so A wouldn't have believed B too B wasn't believing C enough C wouldn't believe D such D hadn't believed �·· � '----------��------�---_� T a_1__ o t_ m = ,-.�-r_k ._ .__ ._ . _1 s o----------------------------�-----' � ( _ ____: -· """'· -·'· � • • ...... __ · -- -�··'-'- - -- ,,,;,;,_..,_.,,, .. ......,. 218 -- - ... f Revision Test 4: Units 1 3 - 1 6 A Use the word given i n ca pita l s at the end of each l ine to form a word that fits in the ga p i n the same l i ne. In the operating theatre Have you ever been to hospital to have ·a n ( 1 ) .. .. . . .. ? It's an interesting .. .... ... ..... ......... OPERATE experience. While the patient in the ward is waiting (2) . . to be . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANXIOUS taken into the operating theatre, the (3) . . and n u rses are getting ...... ........... ............ SURG ERY the theatre, and themselves, ready.This (4) . involves making ............................. . PREPARE sure they, the theatre and the equipment are (5) ...... . . .. . clean. Hygiene ... . ..... ........... THOROUGH and (6) . :........................ are the most important things.The patient arrives and ..... SAFE is u sually given an (7) . . of an anaesthetic, so he or she is ............ ................. INJECT (8) of what happens next. Sometimes this involves cutting their ............................... AWARE body open. If you think that's (9) just remember it can be. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DISGUST h ugely (1 O) to the patient - sometimes the d ifference between ............................... BENEFIT life and death! B Complete using the words in the box. There is one word you won 't need and one that you may use twice. A going • B must • C ought • D should • E have • F had • G wouldn't • H might Hi Sal ly! Thanks for you r e-mail two weeks ago. I know I ( 1 1 ) have replied sooner, but I've ......................... been so busy! Abo ut three weeks ago, I ( 1 2) . . . to go to London for a job interview. It went wel l, and . . ... .... ...... ....... the next day they called me up and offered me the job! I'm ( 1 3) to be worki ng for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . .. a national newspaper!!! It's not certain yet, but I ( 1 4) have to go on a short training . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . course before I start. What I do know is that I'll ( 1 5) . . ... . to move to London to live, ..... .... .......... . and that's ( 1 6) to mean sel ling my house here in Manchester. I've already started ......................... packing up all my stuff. You ( 1 7) . believe how many boxes I've already filled.There ........... ............. ( 1 8) . .... be at least twenty! ..................... Anyway, I'd better go now as I've still got lots to do. Hope to hear from you soon, All the best, Adrian C Complete the second sentence using the word give n , so that it has a si m i la r mea n i ng to the first sentence . Write between two and five words i n each gap. 19 I'm afraid we haven't got any soda water left. out I'm afraid we've soda water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Unfortu nately Alan is usually late. tends Unfortunately Alan ....................................................................................... late. 21 Sophie wou l dn't help me with my homework. willing Sophie ....................................................................................... me with my homework. 22 Do you think you should red uce the amount of fatty food you eat? down Do you think you should ....................................................................................... the amount of fatty food you eat? ,,.;/J;.� 41 219 23 The office is closed because we haven't got enough staff. lack The office is closed due to staff. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 24 'I'll take Tony to school,' said Ben. offered Ben ....................................................................................... Tony to school. 25 The business needs more clients. need The business is ....................................................................................... more clients. 26 I always think of Spain when I thi nk of lemons. associate , I always ....................................................................................... Spain. �"j .·.· . ·1 D Choose the correct answer. 27 Scientists haven't found a ............ for 31 I'll ask the waiter to bri ng us the ............ . that disease yet. A menu c brochu re A healing c remedy B catalogue D leaflet B thera py D cure 32 Three people were ............ in the 28 I really like Lebanese ............ . accident. A cuisine c plate A damaged c spoilt B kitchen D dish B inj u red D broken 29 I'm not sure Brian ............ u p to goi ng on 33 Fi rst, ............ the onions i n a little a long walk yet. vegetable oil u ntil crispy brown. A touches c senses A fry c g rill B feels D experiences B bake D boil 30 You may experience some side ............ 34 Inviting both Doug and Shirley to the . when you take this medicine. party 1s a ............ �or d"1saster.I A results c effects A prescription c recipe B consequences D products B receipt D bill E C hoose the correct answer. 35 'Why did you get the bus to work?' 39 Shona could ............ before she learnt to 'I'm having my car ............ at the tal k properly! moment.' A have sung A servicing B sing B serviced c be singing c to service D have to sing D to be serviced Those books I ordered should ............ by 40 36 I got my little brother ............ my now. bedroom for me! A be delivering A tidied B have delivered B having tidied c have been delivered c to tidy D have been delivering D tidy 41 It's very kind of you to bring some cakes 37 Most fast food ............ to be u nhealthy with you but you real ly ............ to. but I'm not sure that's true. A didn't need A said B needn't have B it is said c need n't J c has said D not need D is said 42 Eating so much chocolate really isn't 38 'Maybe that's Stan at the door.' good ............ you. 'No, it ............ be. He's gone to Trevor's A to for the weekend.' B at � A can't c for � B mustn't D with c shou ldn't D wouldn't To t a l m a r k : I so , :: i-$���. . - .,, .;.,�• .· U•·•·� . 'l�/f. .. 'd.YllJU: ·. ' . -� ""' · .· , . t 220 Revision Test 5: Units 1 7 20 - A Choose the correct answer. Exams or continuous assessment? How do you feel when you (1 ) ............ an exam? Do you always (2) ............ in getting all you r ideas ! down on paper, or do you sometimes feel that you're (3) ............ a mess of it? Apart from those l ucky few who (4) ............ through exams, most secondary school (5) ............ find them very stressful. Many teachers a re (6) ............ of the problems thei r students face and u se a different method for measuring their progress: continuous assessment. With conti nuous assessment, students are g iven various (7) ........... to do th roughout the year. All their marks are added together to produce a total ; mark at the (8) ............ of the year. Students have to (9) ............ more responsibility for thei r education because they can't rely on doing wel l on just one day. Also, they have more time to (1 O) ............ over .· $ • their work, meaning that they a re able to do their best. m. 1 A write B make c sit D give 2 A manage B succeed c achieve D pass 3 A doing B having c taking D making 4 A sail B go c move D drive 5 A colleagues B prefects c classmates D pupils 6 A recognisable B knowledgeable c aware D i ntelligent 7 A efforts B tasks c achievements D resu lts 8 A end B finish c edge D stop 9 A take B get c make D do 10 A consider B i magine c think D examine B Use the words i n the box o n ly once to complete the sentences in Tab l e A. The meaning of the sentences in Tab le B wi l l help you . There's· one word you won 't need . A prefer • B had • C like • D would • E to • F that • G rather • H better • I than Table A Table B C Complete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a s i m i l a r mean ing to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each ga p. 19 Tom finally succeeded i n opening the jar. managed Tom finally ....................................................................................... the jar. 20 We were made to wait behind the line by a policeman. us A policeman ....................................................................................... behind the l ine. 2 1 Wil l you tel l me how much the entrance fee is? let Could ....................................................................................... how m uch the entrance fee is? 221 ..,,, ··· 22 My parents a lways said I should go to university. encouraged My pa rents to u n1vers1ty. . . ........... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 I saw the answers to the test on my teacher's desk by accident. mean I ....................................................................................... the answers to the test on my teacher's desk. 24 It's better for me if we meet outside the cinema at seven. rather I ....................................................................................... outside the cinema at seven. 25 I really don't want to go to work today. feel I rea lly ......................................................................... .... .......... to work today. 26 Please don't put your feet on the sofa. would I ....................................................................................... put your feet on the sofa. D Choose the correct a nswer. 27 The speaker ............ the a udience's 3 1 All the town's drinking water comes attention to the numbers on the screen. from a ............ a few miles away. A pulled c drew A puddle c bowl B got D made B pond D reservoir 28 As the storm started, we saw a huge 3 2 It's very important in today's world to flash of ............ . be able to ............ a foreig n language. A thunder c flood A say c tal k B rain D lightning B speak D tel l 29 I'm in two ............ about whether to go 33 Hugh was quite worried because h e to the wedding or not. hadn't ............ for the test. A brains c mi nds A studied c read B thoug hts D heads B examined D learned 3 0 Slow down! I can't ............ with you! 3 4 I ............ sig ht of the robber just before A get on c put down he disappeared around the corner. B drop out D keep up A caught c took B got D had E Choose the correct a nswer. 3 5 Cou ld you tel l me ............ ? 3 9 'The exhibition was g reat, wasn't it?' A where is the manager 'Yes. Did you ............ the Picassos?' B the manager is where A see c where the manager is B saw D about where is the manager c have seen ?� 36 I can't help ........... that Charlotte wou ld D had seen look better if she lost some weight. 40 It's been a really hot summer, ............ ? A to think A wasn't there B thinking B hasn't it c to thinking c didn't there D think D wasn't it 37 Did you remember ............ Cheryl to 41 The company spends more on bring her CD player tomorrow nig ht? advertising ............ to increase sales. A to ask A order B asking B so C to asking C so as D ask D for 38 After finishing her course, Rachel went 42 I've been revisi ng a l l day and I only on ............ a wel l-known lawyer. stopped for half an hour ............ l u nch! A to become A to have B becoming B having C to becoming C to having D b€-eome D h ave To t a l m a r k : • . • . . . I SO 222 Revision Test 6: Units 21 - 24 A Write one word i n each ga p. Online auctions Have you decided it's time to part ( 1 ) ......................... a l l those old books (2) ......................... you haven't read for years, or all those CDs you never l isten to? One way to profit (3) ......................... the things you no longer want is to sell them. Over the last few yea rs, there has been an enormous increase (4) .......... .............. the n umber of people (5) ......................... sel l things online through services like . ebay. It can be a fun way of making money and you a re bou nd (6) ......................... enjoy it. Here's how it works. (7) ......................... decided to sel l you r things, you need to set u p an ebay account. Then, you need to tell people what the things you are selling (8) ......................... l i ke. You can also add photographs so that people take more notice (9) ......................... you r advertisement. People visiting the website can then offer you money for you r things. The person who promises (1 0) ......................... pay the most money wins the a uction. If you've got just the right thing for sale that someone is l ooking for, you can make a fortu n e! B Com p l ete the sentences below by changi ng the form of the word i n ca p itals when th i s is necessa ry. I actually found the show q uite .......................... .... (EXCITE) ; in fact, I almost fell asleep in the . middle! By the time he was 30, Frank was a very ............................... (WEALTH) man. My mum has very ........... ................... (EXPENSE) tastes and spends a lot on clothes each . month. Everyone agrees that the ............................... (CURRENT) problems were caused by mistakes made in the past. You can make you r ....... ....................... (PAY) through a cash machine or at the Post Office. . The ............................... (POPULAR) of programmes like this is based on the way they make sta rs out of ordinary people. Works of art can often be a good ............................... (INVEST) for the future. Gary's ............................... (SUGG EST) was that we see what's on at the theatre. C Complete the second sentence u si ng the word given, so that it has -a s i m i lar mea n i ng to the first sentence. Write between two and five words i n each gap. 19 'I enjoyed myself yesterday,' said Brian. day Brian said he ....................................................................................... before. 20 'Don't touch my bag!' Josie said to Michael. her Josie told ................................................................. . ..................... bag. 21 'Where did you put my ruler?' Kate asked me. I Kate asked me ....................................................................................... ruler. 22 'Please don't tell anyone my secret!' said Sandra to Kevin. begged Sand ra ....................................................................................... anyone her secret. 23 'I'm sorry I didn't believe you,' I said to Veronica. not I apologised ....................................................................................... her. i- .___ _ _ ____________________________________� t ._;.j� �--- 223 24 'I must remember to set the video,' said Denise. she Denise to set the video. . .. . . . . . . . ........ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 'I didn't make fu n of Ian after the party!' Joe said. denied Joe ....................................................................................... after the party. 26 'I've won a fortune on the lottery!' Don said. have Don claimed ....................................................................................... a fortune on the lottery. D Choose the correct a nswer. 27 When we ............ at global poverty, it 31 That necklace i s wonderful! I t m u st can often feel like we will never solve have ............ you a fortune! the problem. A done c spent A see c watch B charged D cost B look D observe 32 I hope I can ............ you to be there if I 28 One of my favourite actors is Jim need any help. Carrey, who has ............ in some very A let down c make out funny fil ms. B get through D cou nt on A played c gone 33 Only $300 for that laptop? That's a real B acted D pretended ............ ! ' 29 I don't know what we're goi ng to A sale c contract :21 ............ if I lose this job. B bargain D donation ;�� A get by c live on � 'i 34 Why don't you ............ the q u eue while �. B give away D g row on I g o and get some cash out of the .... ,, 30 The man was a rrested when his ............ passport was spotted at the airport. machine? A enter c join )� ::m: "'J (' A artificial c u n real B stand D belong ·� ti; ' 1 B plastic D fake E Choose the correct answer. ::#, :.:. 35 This is the book in ............ Foster 39 Mr Anderson refused ............ the " ·�, describes his experience of the war. policeman i nto his house. l l A that A allowing B what B to allowing c where c that he allowed D which D to al low 36 Isn't that Tim, the boy ............ father 40 The explanation ............ for the owns a huge yacht? problems didn't satisfy anybody. A whose A giving B his B which gave c which c given D that D having given 37 'What did Maria ask you?' 41 I'm afraid I'm a l ittle short ............ 'She asked me ............ I had ever been money this month, so I can't lend you abroad.' any. A that A of B whether B from c for c with D a bout D for 38 Tina gave her ticket to the concert to 42 Eventually, William agreed ............ his Joh n, ............ then sold it to Nick. teacher what he had behind his back. A which A that he shows B he B with showing c who c to show i D whom 0 on showing ���.,... o · Tot a l m a r k : I so '"f !)j ,:· •.'- '-,-:,·. - -:·�l'b ' 224 Revision Test 7: Units 25 - 28 A Use the word given i n capitals at the end of each l i ne to form a word that fits i n the ga p i n the sa me l i ne. Position Vacant A major international fashion company is looking for a (1 ) ... . .. . .. for ...................... MANAGE its expanding Asian department.The successful (2) . .... .... . . . .. .... .......... . wil l have a .. APPLY good understanding of the (3) world, as well as a lot of ............................... COMM ERCE (4) . ... ... .............. for the fashion ind ustry. Knowledge of desig n is an ...... . . .. ENTH USE advantage since, in (5) ............................... to sales, this job involves taking ADD (6) .... ................ ..... . for the development of new clothing ranges. You must have .. . . . RESPONSIBLE a (7) .... ... .. ... ... attitude and a ppearance, together with a desire to succeed .. ... .. .. ..... .. PROFESSION in a difficult market. I n return, we offer an (8) .. ... salary with good ......................... . ATTRACT chances of promotion. If you believe you have the necessary (9) .............................. . QUALIFY for this post, apply to the (1 0) ............................... in writing at the address below. SUPERVISE B Match to make sentences . There is one extra half you do not need . 11 I complimented Sarah .......... .. A never goes out of style. 12 The woman made a complaint .......... .. B i n jackets is to wear them very long at the back. 13 Pete gained a lot of experience ........... . C to become a model? 14 They say that a simple black d ress .......... .. D on her lovely new d ress. 15 I real ly don't like Liz's taste ............ E in becoming a fashion designer. 16 I was su rprised when George F of design when he worked at Freeman's. expressed an interest ............ G to meet him to discuss the new designs. 1 7 When did you make the decision ............ H in clothes, but she never listens to my opinion. 1 8 The a rticle said that the latest trend ............ I about the clothes she'd bought. C Complete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the fi rst sentence . Write between two and five words i n each ga p. 19 First of all, the director explained the reason for the meeting. began The director the reason for the meeting. ....................................................................................... 'I don't think you should become a model,' Jane's teacher said to her. becoming Jane's teacher advised ....................................................................................... a model. Could you do my job while I visit the doctor this afternoon? sta nd Could ....................................................................................... while I visit the doctor this afternoon? Even though he was rich, Bob took a job at McDonald's. being In ....................................................................................... , Bob took a job at McDonald's. 23 As soon as I left, I realised I'd forgotten my coat. than No ....................................................................................... I real ised I'd forgotten my coat. 24 I reg ret not becoming a model when I had the chance. become I wish ....................................................................................... when I had the chance. 225 � 25 Stop buying exactly the same clothes as I do. buy I wish ....................................................................................... exactly the same clothes as I do. 26 I had no idea that the man was Jean-Paul Gaultier. realise Little ....................................................................................... the man was Jean-Pa u l Gaultier. D Choose the correct answer. 27 The top is your colou r, but are you sure 31 When we start work i n the morning, r.' it ............ you? I t looks a bit big. I usually ............ at the schedule for the A suits c matches whole day. B fits D goes A glimpse c monitor B watch D glance 28 When Ed fi nally ............ at the age of 65, after 40 years in the same com pany, 32 Al l the members of ............ were asked they gave h i m a watch. to attend the meeting. A resigned c retired A employees c company B promoted D fired B workers D staff 29 When you ............ the i nterview, 33 The ............ decided to cal l a strike over remember to bring some samples of pay and the factory was closed for 48 your work. hours. A apply C join A charity c un ion B attend D make B club D institution 30 Most people who work in the centre of 34 The customer was so annoyed that he London ............ from the suburbs every ............ the receipt in front of the morning. manager! A commute c connect A ripped up c tried on B deliver D s pread B took over D wore out E Choose the correct answer. 35 I think you should be very proud ........... . 39 'Shal l I come over at n ine?' everything you've achieved. 'I'd rather ............ at ten instead.' A from A you come B in B you will come C of C you had come D for D you came 36 It's about time you ............ yourself a job. 40 Rarely ............ d esigner labels at A got affordable prices. B get A you find C will get B are you find D had got C find you 37 I know you don't like saving money, D do you find but suppose you ............ your job. What 41 I wish ............ about work all the time. It's then? so boring! A wil l lose A you don't talk B lost B you not talk C are losing C you wouldn't tal k D would lose D you hadn't talked 38 'They've got some g reat clothes on sale 42 I n Britain, most shops close at 6 pm, in there!' ............ in other countries they often 'If only I ............ the time to go shopping!' open in the evening, too. A will have A despite B can have B moreover C had C nevertheless D have D whereas To t a l m a r k : I 5O ':..· ..·. . Photocopiable Tests Answer Key Revision Test 1 3 with 12 GLI M PSE 4 u nder 13 ANCIENT 5 of 14 THIEF 1 c 6 down 15 SUSPECT 2 B 7 put 16 VERDICT 3 A 8 that 17 POLITE 4 D 9 making 18 I NNOCENT 5 B 10 out 19 not long enough to reach (2 6 A 11 explanation marks) 7 A 12 appearance 20 would have come if (2 marks) 8 c 13 announcement 21 in case you need (2 marks) 9 B 14 h u mour 22 such a cheerful person/man/ 10 A 15 discussion boy (that) (2 marks) 16 i nformation 23 you in favou r of (2 marks) 11 D 17 invention 24 isn't I is not necessary for Alan 12 H 18 editor (2 marks) 13 A 19 manage to persuade (2 marks) 25 was made to a pologise (2 14 I 20 with/on the introduction of (2 marks) 15 F marks) 26 am not allowed to park (2 16 B 21 i s n o point (in) (2 marks) marks) 17 c 22 is going to take place (2 27 A 18 E marks) 28 A 23 give a description of (2 marks) 29 c 24 is my view (2 marks) 30 B 1 9 in the direction of (2 marks) 25 put me through (2 marks) 31 c 20 am not afraid of (2 marks) 26 make an attem pt at (2 marks) 32 B 2 1 a re your chances of I a re the 27 B 33 D chances of you (r) (2 marks) 28 c 22 has a talent for tell i ng (2 34 A 29 D 35 B marks) 30 A 36 c 23 got round to (2 marks) c 31 37 c 24 never used to (2 marks) c 32 38 D 2 5 have got used to living (2 33 A 39 D marks) B 34 40 B 26 d rop you off (2 marks) 35 c 41 D 36 A 42 D 27 c 37 D 28 A 38 c Revision Test 4 29 D 39 B 30 B 1 operation 40 A 2 anxiously 31 A 41 D 32 c 3 surgeon(s) 42 c 4 preparation 33 A 34 D Revision Test 3 5 thoroughly 35 A 6 safety 36 c 1 .I 7 injection 37 D 2 much 8 u naware 38 B 3 up 9 disgusting 39 c 4 u nless 10 beneficial 40 c 5 .I 11 D 41 B 6 the 12 F 42 A 7 .I 13 A 8 would 14 H Revision Test 2 9 that 15 E 1 on 10 .I 16 A 2 come 11 APPROVAL 17 G 227 18 B didn't I would prefer you not 33 B 1 9 run out of (2 ma rks) to (2 ma rks) 34 c 20 tends to be (2 ma rks) 27 c 35 D 21 wasn't I was not willing to 28 D 36 A help (2 marks) 29 c 37 B 22 cut down on (2 marks) 30 D 38 c 23 a/the lack of (2 marks) 31 D 39 D 24 offered to ta ke (2 marks) 32 B 40 c 25 in need of (2 ma rks) 33 A 41 A 26 associate lemons with (2 marks) 34 A 42 c 27 D 35 c 28 A 36 B Revision Test 7 29 B 37 A 30 c 38 A 1 manager 31 A 39 A 2 applicant 32 B 40 B 3 commercial 33 A 41 c 4 enthusiasm 34 c 42 A 5 addition 35 B 6 responsibil ity 36 c Revision Test 6 7 professional 37 D 8 attractive 38 A 1 with 9 qualifications 39 B 2 that I which 10 supervisor 40 c 3 from 11 D 41 A 4 in 12 I 42 c 5 who I that 13 F 6 to 14 A Revision Test 5 7 Having 15 H 8 a re I look 16 E 1 c 9 of 17 c 2 B 10 to 18 B 3 D 11 u n exciting 19 began by explaining (2 marks) 4 A 12 wealthy 20 her again st becoming (2 5 D 13 expensive ma rks) 6 c 14 current 21 you sta nd in for m e ( 2 ma rks) 7 B 15 payment 22 spite of being rich (2 ma rks) 8 A 16 popularity 23 sooner had I left than (2 9 A 17 investment ma rks) 10 c 18 suggestion 24 I had become a model (2 11 B 19 had enjoyed himself the day ma rks) 12 E (2 ma rks) 25 you wouldn't I would not buy 13 G 20 Michael not to touch her (2 (2 marks) 14 H marks) 26 did I rea lise (that) (2 ma rks) 15 A 21 where I had put her (2 marks) 27 B 16 D 22 begged Kevin not to tel l (2 28 c 17 c ma rks) 29 B 18 I 23 to Veronica for not believing 30 A 19 managed to open (2 marks) (2 marks) 31 D 20 made us wait (2 marks) 24 said she had to remem ber (2 32 D 21 you let me know ( 2 marks) ma rks) 33 c 22 always encouraged me to go 25 denied making fun of Ian (2 34 A (2 marks) marks) 35 c 23 did not I didn't mean to see (2 26 to have won (2 ma rks) 36 A ma rks) 27 B 37 B 24 would rather meet I we met (2 28 B 38 c marks) 29 c 39 D 25 do not I don't feel l i ke going 30 D 40 D (2 ma rks) 31 D 41 c 26 wou l d rather you did not I 32 D 42 D 228 Unit 1 4 D 5 A :) A. 6 c 1 m uch do the tickets cost/ 1 u sually goes 7 A m uch are the tickets 2 is tal king 8 B 2 these trainers belong to 3 aren't eating 9 A 3 does not/doesn't like 4 Is air travel getting 10 A 4 has only been 5 calls 5 have been here (for) 6 do babysitters generally earn E 6 have been writing this for 7 You're always coming 1 knows 7 time I have flown 8 I don't go/I always try 2 IS 8 is havi ng a bath 9 does stop 3 look 9 does enjoy 10 takes 4 see 5 u nderstand/know/see _Q 6 incl ude Unit 2 1 often gets u p 7 disagree 8 seems 'A. 2 Do you speak 3 I've already bought 9 do 1 c 4 I 've ever had 2 D 5 works/does work G. 3 c 6 has never eaten 1 B 4 A 7 Sean has/Sean's already 2 F 5 B booked 3 D 6 c 8 Does Melanie need 4 H 7 B 5 A 8 D c. 6 c 9 c 7 E 10 D 1 I've ever eaten 11 A 2 hasn't seen 8 G 12 B 3 have gone 4 H, has been writing �8 5 Have you ever met 1 to 6 I've been trying 2 going 1 world 7 I haven't finished 3 to 2 area 8 Have you already decided 4 been 3 guide 9 We've lived/been living 5 making 4 fa re 10 I've never heard 6 are 5 voyage 7 have 6 fee ·p 8 am 7 sight 9 had 1 ever 10 is C. 2 yet 3 since 1 see 4 for 2 make 5 so 1 been 3 check 6 ra rely 2 do/real ly 4 pull 7 just 3 got 5 picks 8 still 4 being 6 gone 9 before 5 There 7 catch 10 already 6 are 8 get 7 am E 8 looks/seems p 9 have 1 B 1 set out/off 10 thin k 2 c 2 checked in 11 not 3 c 3 drop me off 12 ever 229 4 turn round 7 dista nce Unit 3 5 ta kes off 8 entrance 6 run over 1 saw 7 keep u p with 2 was watching Review 1 3 went E 4 practised 1 does 5 were you ta lking 1 limit 2 off 2 take 6 owned 3 going 7 did 3 in 4 see 4 top 8 jumped 5 are 9 was working 5 lost have 6 10 got 6 trip 7 change 7 straight 11 were playing 8 do 8 side 12 did pass 9 from 9 go 10 up 10 had .B 11 IS 11 seeing 12 has 1 were you going 12 on 13 means 2 Did you enjoy 13 (a) round/of 14 to 3 was always ta king F 15 for 4 did not/didn't have 5 went 1 B B 6 beca me 2 c 7 was working 3 B 16 photog ra pher 17 direction 8 hea rd 4 D 9 appeared 5 A 18 u n recog nisa ble 19 timetable 10 threw 6 D 7 D 20 tourism 21 inhabitants c 8 B 22 arrival 1 had just left G 2 gave C. 3 read 1 be 2 it 23 had j ust got on 4 made 3 in 24 have been i n Budapest for 5 got 4 bei ng 25 second time I've/have visited 6 had 5 to 26 keep up with 7 was 6 so 27 keen on travelling 8 got 7 it 28 at full speed 9 had left 8 been 29 in the direction of 10 went 9 of 30 regret not looking at 11 got 10 to 12 had a l ready beg un p 13 lea rned .H 31 B 14 spoke 1 tou rist 32 A 15 tal ked 2 arra ngements 33 B 16 did you decide 3 timetable 34 D 4 cultural 35 D D 5 photographer 36 c 1 had written 6 i n habitants 2 had stayed E 3 had been waiting 37 c 4 had been running 1 unrecog nisable 38 A 5 had seen 2 worldwide 39 c 6 had known 3 d ifferent 40 D 7 had been getting 4 broaden 41 B 8 hadn't been having 5 direct 42 c 9 hadn't eaten 6 a rrival 10 had been listen ing 230 E J: . 7 out 8 go 1 A 1 been 2 c 2 for E 3 B 3 was/were 4 D 4 was 1 B 5 D 5 had 2 c 6 A 6 wou ld 3 B 7 D 7 used 4 D 8 B 8 got 5 A 9 been 6 c F. 10 being/swi mming 7 D 11 never 8 D 1 I'd painted/I'd been painting 12 use 9 B 2 .L.b_yy/ I was buying/I had been 10 c buying 11 D 3 has worked/had been working Unit 4 12 A 4 was needi ng/needed 13 B 5 was arrivi ng/ arrived A� 14 D 6 was eating/watch ing/ate/ 1 rink watched 2 cou rse F 7 was learning/had learnt/ 3 cou rt 1 D learned 4 ring 2 A 8 was owning/owned 5 track 3 G 6 pitch 4 B G 7 was winning/scored/beat 5 F 8 rod 6 c 1 used to 9 racket 7 E 2 get 10 sticks 3 would 4 used to 11 bat(s) �, 5 playing B 1 found 6 use to 2 in 7 getti ng 1 referee 3 aga inst/with 8 used to 2 ath letics 4 invoved/mea nt 3 game 5 that H 4 professional 6 to 5 the interval 7 made 1 people wou ld wa l k more 6 drew 8 was 2 never used to/used not to 7 Viewers 9 do 3 used to play 8 fi nal 10 rather 4 have got used to sending 9 ending 5 would often get home 10 competitors H 6 get used to living 1 trainers 7 did not/d id n't use to go c, 2 practise 8 never used to have/used not 1 put up with getting 3 interesting to have 2 got round to 4 com petitive 3 get up to 5 fortu ne I 4 gone off skiing 6 Association 1 wou ld 5 carry on having 7 medal l i sts 2 not 6 put (off) the match (off) 8 allowance 3 to 9 maintenance 4 been ·o 5 were 1 In I· 6 have 2 out 1 knowledge 7 themselves 3 ta ken 2 enjoyable 8 wou ld 4 up 3 equipment 9 got 5 out 4 practically 10 were 6 forward 5 competition 231 6 opponent 40 B 2 as soon as I fi nish 7 lost 41 A 3 while you travel/you're 8 fortunately travelling 4 before they show/have shown Unit 5 Titan Review 2 5 I will/I'll be ta king ·A: 6 after we have/we've watched A 1 '1 7 I will/I 'll have sent out 1 interesting 2 You're going to 8 unti l you do/have done 2 association 3 I 'II 9 by the time 3 u nfortunately 4 '1 10 once we've/we have 4 knowledge 5 Shal l/Ca n 5 equipment 6 '1 F 6 enjoya ble 7 Wil l/Would/Could/Can you 1 What will the coach driver be 7 competition 8 '1!we're going to try/we're doing between 5.30 and 8 8 trainer trying/to try am?/at 6.30 am/7.30 am? etc. 9 opponents 9 '1 2 When/What time wil l the 10 meda llist 10 '1 coach arrive i n Penzance? 11 '1 3 When/What time wil l B 12 Are you going to/Are you Seil Ionian 1 1 1/ the ferry going going to go to to set sai l ? 11 H 12 c 4 How long wil l Scil l on ian 1 1 1/the e .. 13 F ferry have been sailing for at 14 E 1 We aren't/We're not 1 1 .25 am? 15 G 2 I 'm going to do 5 What will the ferry 16 A 3 is going to sing/is singing passengers/ tourists/day 17 B 4 going to buy tri ppers have done at/just 18 D 5 going to be/being after 1 2 o'clock? 6 Does/Wil l 6 What wil l they be doing ·c , 7 Are they going to broadcast/ between 1 2 o'clock and 1 .30 Wil l they broadcast am?/at 1 2.30/1 pm? etc. 19 had been playing tennis for 8 Are they broadcasting 7 What wil l they be doing 20 did not/didn't use to 9 leaves between 1 .30 and 2.30 pm?/at 21 make certain (that) 1 0 Does the restaurant open/ls 2pm? etc. 22 get used to the restau rant open ing 8 When/What time wil l the 23 had already run tourists who went swimming 24 never used to spend/used not c be leaving the beach? to spend 1 have been 9 What will the others have just 25 ta ke up 2 be fin ished ? 26 would prefer to play 3 wil l n ot/won't be 1 0 When/What time is Scil l onian 27 little chance of you r winning/ 4 be I l l/ the ferry leaving? you wil l win 5 studyi ng 1 1 When/What time do they get back to Plymouth? D D 28 c 1 I will/I'll have cooked G 29 c 2 I will/I'l l have been waiting 1 In 30 A 3 I wil l/I'll have been swimming 2 on 31 c 4 won't have fin ished 3 In 32 A 5 Jan wil l have been tal king 4 on 33 c 6 won't have been cl imbing 5 at 34 B 7 'II/wi l l probably have passed 6 In 8 Wil l you have done 7 In .E : 9 Elaine will have been working 8 at/in 35 c 10 proba bly won't have left 9 at 36 D 10 In 37 c E 11 on 38 A 1 when/once/after we've got 12 on 39 D home 232 H 4 work I 1 5 ca rrying to 1 wooden 2 at 6 came 2 observation(s) 3 on 7 put 3 Researchers 4 in 8 plugged 4 psychologist 5 on 5 building 6 in D 6 importance 7 of 1 A 7 introd uctory 8 towards 2 E 8 technologically 9 at/on 3 c 10 at 4 F 11 at Review 3 5 B 12 to 6 D A. I 1 explanation E 1 after/when/once 2 introduction 2 have 1 c 3 scientists 3 In 2 B 4 possibility 4 to 3 B 5 building 5 wi l l 4 B 6 revolutionary 6 By 5 c 7 discovery 7 have 6 D 8 appearance 8 be 7 A 9 researcher 9 been 8 D 10 importance 10 at 9 c 11 in B 10 B 12 will/may/mig ht/could 11 A 11 D 13 at 12 D 12 A 13 F F.: 14 c Unit 6 15 H ."• "'!/:! 1 about 16 E A 2 it 17 B 1 B 3 them 18 G 2 D 4 are 3 c 5 being c 4 c 6 am 19 looking forward to doing 5 D 20 with the introd uction of 6 A G. 21 finally managed to bring 7 c 1 resu lted in 22 I find it impossible to 8 A 2 managed to discover understand 9 D 3 is also known as 23 resulted in Fleming's discovery 10 A 4 plan to protest of/Fleming discovering 24 are sometimes known as B 5 considering Dr Knight for 6 It is impossible/not possible 25 came to/reached the 1 false concl uson for us 2 electric 26 made an attempt to 3 motor 27 as soon as we have 4 ind ustry H� 5 taking place 1 revol utionary D. 6 modern 2 impossible 28 c 7 engine 3 appearance 29 B 4 i ntrod uction 30 B c 5 explanation 31 A 1 broken 6 scientifical ly 32 D 2 narrowed 7 invention 33 c 3 turn 8 discovery 34 A 233 E E 9 - 35 c 10 the 1 an/some 36 A 2 informations/i nformation 11 the 37 c 3 glasses/g lass 12 - 38 D 4 was/were 13 an 39 D 5 hairs/hair 14 - 40 B 6 a jean/jeans 15 a 41 D 7 Much/Many 16 the 8 knowledges/knowledge 17 the 9 are/is 18 the Unit 7 10 another/more 19 an 20 the . A. F 21 the 1 the evening 1 were only a few 22 - 2 cricket 2 gave the police a descri ption 3 the bus 3 is only a little/is not a lot of J 4 a headache 4 joining the fire brigade 5 prison 1 We went to the theatre last 5 was shocki ng and we/was so night and saw a g reat play, 6 a waiter shocking (that) we 7 a taxi although some of the acting 6 are only a few 8 music was a bit poor. 7 only ate/ate only a little 9 chemistry 2 Give me a ri ng tomorrow 8 a lot of hats 10 in the 1 920s before I go to work and we'll G arrange to meet at the office. i3 3 The prime minister told a 1 H reporter that the govern ment 1 A 2 F 2 c wanted to pass a law ban ning 3 G hunting. 3 D 4 B 4 A 4 I asked the hotel ma nager 5 D 5 c where the pool was and she 6 A 6 B 7 E di rected me to the seventh 7 A 8 c floor. 8 c 5 They said on the news on the 9 D H rad io that Mou nt Vesuvi us, 10 D the volcano that destroyed 1 D Pompeii, cou ld eru pt again. c 2 B 6 The car has revolutionised 3 D 1 The transport and is absolutely 4 D 2 a vital to the economy of most 5 A 3 an 6 D countries. 4 the 7 c 7 The judge read the j ury� 5 a 8 B verdict aloud and then 6 the 9 D sentenced the accused to five 7 a 10 A years in prison. 8 the 11 B 8 A job in the media can be 9 an 12 c quite stressfu l because of the 10 the pressure you are under to do things on ti me. D 9 Very few people i n the 1 9th 1 1 are/were 2 the century went to school or 2 was 3 a university and most started 3 are 4 the work at a very young age. 4 takes 5 the 1 0 I have a l ittle free time since I 5 looks 6 the gave up karate, so I'm th inking 6 was not/wasn't 7 - of tryi ng a new hobby, like 7 IS 8 - learning a musical instrument. 234 Unit 8 E a A 1 as 1 1 politicians 2 with 1 2 informative 1 denied 3 in 1 3 journal 2 refused 4 in 14 an nou ncement 3 accepts 5 to 1 5 unwritten 4 (has) agreed 6 with 1 6 disbelief 5 headline(s) 1 7 communication 6 heading G 1 8 hu morous 7 featu re 1 to 8 article 2 that C. 9 press 3 about 1 9 is little difference between 10 media 4 from 20 was/had a great influence on 11 newsflash 5 to 2 1 gave a description of 12 bu lletin 6 not 22 under the control of 7 of/about 23 is no poi nt (in) trying a 8 by/at 24 is my view 9 to 25 is likely to make 1 program 10 to 26 i n place of 2 tabloid 27 to com ment on 3 columnist H 4 game 1 unannou nced D 5 an annou ncer 6 broadcast 2 com munication 28 much 3 editorial 29 few C. 4 h u mour 30 lots 5 unwritten 3 1 some 1 turn 6 secondary 32 little 2 fi l l 7 journalism 33 most 3 put 8 information 34 many 4 handing/giving 5 made I E 6 look 1 discussion 35 D 7 stands 2 politicians 36 B 3 journalists 37 A D 4 ridiculous 38 D 5 disbelief 39 c 1 came out/was brought out 6 powerful 40 A 2 made that story up/made u p 7 unconvincing that story 41 B 8 believable 3 comes on/is on 9 communicators 4 go into 10 uninformed 5 flicked through the magazine Unit 9 11 hu morous 6 bring that u p A 7 see through Review 4 1 Yes 2 No/Yes E lf. 3 Yes 1 D 4 No/No 1 few 2 c 5 Yes/Yes 2 the 3 B 3 to 6 No/Yes 4 D an 7 Yes/Yes 4 5 D 5 � 6 A B 6 a 7 A 7 � Exa m ple answers: 8 c 8 � 1 you tease them or pick on them. 9 B 9 into 2 you say they have done 10 D 10 much something wrong. 235 3 you don't tel l the truth. 6 wouldn't have died in poverty 5 al l envi ronmental poll ution to 4 you have lots of money. if he had been recognised stop today, the world would 5 good things happen to you. as a great painter during his be much better off. 6 you don't work hard. lifetime. 6 the hole in the ozone level 7 you respect them. 7 wouldn't have made any been discovered sooner, fewer 8 you don't respect them. records if she hadn't been people would have got skin discovered. cancer. c Possible answers: 7 I not had such a good English 1 leaves 8 hadn't become President of teacher at school, I wouldn't 2 wil l call the USA i n January 2001 , lots have become a teacher. 3 are taking of things would have been 4 have been different. J . . 5 find/see 9 hadn't won the European Cup 1 '1 6 have seen/got in J u ly 2004, I would have been very upset. 2 have 7 has been working 3 had 8 get 4 '1 9 don't forget G. 10 don't want 5 for 1 B 6 would 2 D 7 except b 3 c it 8 1 unless 4 A 9 '1 2 in case 5 D 10 wil l 3 as long as 6 A 4 if 7 c 5 So l ong as 8 c Unit 1 0 6 in case 9 A 7 provided 10 D A 8 unless 1 A Ii. 2 A E 1 you'd done 3 B 1 If I l ived alone, I'd get lonely. 2 wouldn't be standing/we'd 4 D 2 If Don didn't have so much brought 5 D homework, he'd play footbal l 3 hadn't stayed up/ wou ldn't be 6 B tonig ht. feeling/feel/have felt 7 c 3 If I could swim, I'd go scuba diving with Terry. 4 I'd be/hadn't helped/weren't 8 B 4 We'd order pizza if we had helping 9 A enough money. 5 I would have/I'd have 10 A 5 If we were staying in the same recorded the match last night hotel, we cou ld share a room. 6 I'd have asked/didn't already B 6 If I were you, I'd cal l Antony have 1 support rig ht now. 7 did n't live/wouldn't have been 2 typical 7 I'd come if I did n't have to help 8 would n't have needed/was/ 3 close my dad with something. were 4 ancient 8 If I went to bed as late as you, 9 Would you have got/hadn't 5 blame I wouldn't be able to get up offered 6 pol ite early i n the morning. 1 0 had/would you have retired 7 pleased 8 relationship E 1 I would have done this book 1 her condition improve, we'l l . C, last year! inform you immediately. 2 the dinosaurs wou ldn't have 2 Jade get to i nterview a 1 look become extinct. famous politician, she wil l ask 2 make 3 he/she would have moved to lots of difficult q uestions. 3 grow a bigger house. 3 you able to go abroad for the 4 get 4 hadn't met, I wouldn't have summer, where would you go? 5 bring been born. 4 I to become a vet, I'd find 6 look 5 wou ld have survived if there putting animals down very 7 put had been enough l ifeboats. difficult. 8 fal l 236 D E 1 passed away 1 personality 37 D 2 stand u p for 2 relationshi p 38 B 3 fal len for 3 correspondence 39 c 4 picks on 4 unwilling 40 B 5 taken a back 5 nervously 41 D 6 jealousy D 6 settled down 42 7 obedient 7 asked after 8 unhappiness 9 achievement E 10 carefu l Unit 1 1 1 do A 2 have/start Review 5 1 tal ler 3 took 2 greener 4 have A 3 fitter 5 losing 4 happier 1 of/about 6 meet 5 trendier/more trendy 2 have 7 take 6 more nervous 3 down 8 fall 4 g rew 7 wiser 9 make 5 taken 8 cheaper 10 in 6 get 9 lazier 11 mood 7 make/fu nd 10 more serious 12 breaking 8 of 11 more quickly 13 had 9 to 12 better 10 from 13 less E 11 If 14 worse 12 to 15 farther/fu rther 1 B 13 fall 2 B 14 take/req uire B 3 D 15 that 4 A 1 greatest 5 c P. 2 most boring 6 c 3 h ighest 7 c 16 friendship 4 luckiest 8 A 17 disobedience 5 (the) most often 18 jealous 6 deepest 19 nervously G 20 disabled 7 ugliest 21 arg u mentative 8 (the) worst 1 with 22 impolite 9 farthest/fu rthest 2 are 10 loveliest 3 that c 11 craziest 4 in 12 most modern 5 from 23 made my mum a promise 13 worst 6 to 24 let me go out 14 least 7 off 25 have fallen out 15 (the) best 8 for 26 meet with anyone's approval 9 it 27 in the mood for 28 of her inability to make c 10 to 29 asked me to open 1 latest 30 take care of H 2 least 3 worse 1 argument D 4 more 2 marriage/marrying/getting 31 D 5 most married 32 B 6 less 3 politeness 33 D 7 younger 4 kindness 34 A 8 better 5 unable 35 A 9 higher 6 friendshi p 36 B 10 best 237 .P H. B 1 best book I have ever 1 '1 Across 2 the farthest/the furthest 2 very/really 2 hooligan anybody/anyone 3 very/really/extremely 4 verdict 3 hardest I have ever worked 4 '1 8 thief 4 is shorter than 5 '1 1 0 evidence 5 beach is nicer than 6 very/really/extremely 1 1 suspect 6 no mountain is higher than 7 '1 1 2 guilty 7 the farthest/the fu rthest 8 '1 1 3 prosecute anybody/anyone 9 very/really/extremely 10 '1 Down 8 an uglier painting/a painting 11 '1 1 lawyer uglier than 3 arrest 9 are more com mon/commoner 12 very/really/extremely 4 vandal than 5 i nnocent 10 is the fastest runner I 6 charge 1 A 7 persecute � 2 B 9 accused 3 B 1 John is so tal l that he can see 4 c c over the wal l . 5 D 1 2 My sister is so clever that I'm come forward 6 A 2 made/went off sure she will go to university 7 B 3 This computer game is so good 3 looking into 8 A 4 bringing in that I can't stop playing it. 9 D 4 Tim has so much work to do 5 held up 10 B 6 broke out that he can't come out. 7 chased after 5 It's so h ot that I can't sleep. J 8 went off 6 Tina arrived so late that she missed the train. 1 such 2 too () 7 We have so many bills to pay 3 such 1 hand that we don't have any money 4 so 2 back for l uxuries. 5 too 3 away 8 Australia is so far away that it 6 too 4 down takes a day to get there. 5 let 7 so 8 so 6 taken F 9 too 1 D E 2 A 1 putting 3 c Unit 1 2 2 intention 4 E 3 isn't 5 F A_ 4 gave 6 B 1 Jury 5 fau lt 2 commit 6 for � 3 ru les 7 account 4 witness 8 went 1 enough pizza 5 corporal 9 order 2 old enough 6 right 10 taking 3 early enough 7 break 4 sensible enough 8 laws E 5 hard enough 9 imprisoned 1 6 enough credits 10 justice 2 A 7 warm enough 11 capital 3 H 8 to get 12 sentenced 4 E 9 us all to sit down 13 bystanders 5 B 10 to pu l l 14 judge 6 D 238 7 G c c 8 F 19 as the worst crime in 1 must/(wil l)have/need to 9 c 20 have no respect for 2 has/needs to 21 have such strict laws (that) 3 had/needed to G; 22 was not old enough 4 have/need to 1 for 23 took/mistook me for the thief 5 mustn't 2 that 24 better than anyone/anybody 6 don't/won't have/need to 3 of (else) 7 have to 4 to 25 such a lot of 8 didn't have/need to 26 were too young 9 have/need to 5 to 27 take into account 10 need n't 6 for ·· H ., .P p 28 c 1 must be at home as 1 offenders 29 c 2 must be taking 2 proof 30 D 3 boy can't/could n't be 3 lawyer 31 A 4 can't/could n't be expecting us 4 accusations 32 B 5 must have been 5 i nvestigator 33 c 6 must have been talking 6 imprisonment 34 c 7 can't/could n't have won 7 security 8 can't/couldn't have been trying 8 dishonesty "E 9 evidence 35 D E. 10 forgery 36 B 1 must 11 addiction 37 B 2 able 12 robbery 38 D 3 could 13 thief 39 A 4 cannot 14 conviction 40 c 5 should 15 criminals 41 c 6 mustn't 16 m u rderer 7 had 8 have Unit 1 3 9 will Review 6 · 10 oug ht A.. 11 might A .; 1 speak 12 needn't 2 '1 1 accused 3 be able to 2 investigation �E 4 could/was able to 3 evidence 5 could/was able to 1 D 4 lawyers 6 could 2 B 5 proof 7 have got 3 D 6 thief 8 '1 4 A 7 robberies 9 able 5 D 8 conviction 10 play 6 c 9 forgery 7 B B 8 c 10 im prison ment 9 D 1 Cou ld/Can 10 A B 2 were allowed to 3 could/were allowed to 11 G G. 4 should 12 D 5 ought to/should 1 can 13 A 6 shouldn't 2 could n't 14 H 7 have written 3 could have gone 15 c 8 may 4 ought not to/should n't have 16 E 9 waited/been waiting told 17 B 10 been doing 5 don't have/need to 18 F 11 can 6 had to 239 7 can't/cou ldn't have been 8 i njured H 8 Did you have to 9 i l l nesses 9 mustn't/must not 1 unaware 1 0 dose 10 ought to/should 2 al lergic 3 ill ness c 4 poisonous H 1 ca me down with the flu 5 uncomfortable 1 c 2 give up smoking 6 fitness 2 A 3 to put the dog down/to put 7 injuries 3 D down the dog 8 strengthen 4 A 4 feel up to playing 5 B 5 bring on I 6 B 6 broke out 7 A 1 operation 8 D 2 emphasise D 3 surgeons 9 A 10 c 1 came rou nd/to 4 discomfort 11 D 2 cut down 5 beneficial 12 B 3 wea r off 6 surgical 4 putting on 7 recovery 5 passed out 8 injections 6 got over 9 operators 1 ought 7 pull through 2 had 8 look after 3 can't/could n't Review 7 4 must E 5 can .�. 6 can't 1 B 1 unaware 7 may/might/could/must 2 D 2 em phasise 8 shou ld/cou ld/may/might 3 A 3 injection 9 cou ld/may/might 4 D 4 poisonous 10 not 5 D 5 uncomfortable 11 cou ld/m ig ht 6 A 6 surgeon 7 c 7 treatment 8 D 8 prescription Unit 1 4 9 A 9 al lerg ic A 10 B 10 recovery 11 c 1 prescription 12 D B 2 recipe 3 thera py f 11 is no need for Adrian 4 cu re 12 led to the m inister's 5 remedy 1 E 13 is not worth (your) seeing 6 examine 2 A 14 made/got an appointment 7 investigate 3 D with/to see 8 operation 4 B 15 am tired of being 9 surgery 5 c 16 is unlikely to 10 sore 17 to be able to do 11 hurt G 18 cut down on 12 pain 1 about/by 2 to c a 3 to 19 come/gone down with 1 thin 4 into 20 get over 2 healthy 5 with 21 come rou nd/to 3 rash 6 about 22 passed out 4 bandage 7 to 23 put on 5 i nfection 8 from 24 break out 6 effects 9 from 25 bringing on 7 wa rd 10 to 26 give u p 240 f) 30 long 78 '1 31 m uch 79 them 27 B 32 even 80 '1 28 A 33 should/must 81 that 29 c 34 between 30 B 35 a H 31 A 36 learning/fi nding 32 D 82 criminals 37 than 33 B 83 ridiculous 38 m 34 c 84 robber 39 wil l 85 comfortable 40 better E 86 unbelievable 87 nervously 35 c f) 88 humorous 36 A 41 c 89 secu rity 37 D 38 42 A 90 equipment A 39 43 B 91 evidence B 40 44 D D 41 45 B A 42 c 46 D Unit 1 5 47 c 48 B A Progress Test l 49 B 1 was 50 D 2 was A 3 has 1 c E. 4 has 2 A 51 F 5 was 3 c 52 H 6 is being painted 4 B 53 A 7 was 5 c 54 B 8 be 6 A 55 D 9 has 7 D 56 c 10 being 8 c 57 G 11 was 9 A 12 was 10 A 13 was 11 B 14 had 58 second time I have/I've lost 12 c 15 Was 59 have been playing squash for 13 A 60 looking forward to being 14 c 61 often results in a 15 D 62 is not point (in) denying 1 is h eld 63 to be able to travel 2 was created B 3 is going to/will be presented 64 make sure/certain (that) 16 c 65 are not/aren't old enough 4 wil l have been arrested 17 c 66 never used to be/used not to 5 have been marked 18 A be 6 were discovered 19 D 7 was bullied 20 A 8 is being considered 21 B 9 be lowered 67 been 22 B 10 was blown 68 to 23 c 11 has been played 69 on 24 c 12 are being questioned 70 had 25 A 71 the 72 out c c 73 '1 1 Our car is being serviced by a 26 the 74 were mechanic at the moment. 27 If 75 them 2 A man was shot with an air 28 can 76 '1 gun outside the petrol station 29 taking 77 to l ast night. 241 3 Gunpowder was invented by F. Unit 1 6 the Chinese. 1 B A. 4 At the surgery yesterday, I was 2 A exa mi ned by Dr Peterson and 1 fry 3 D I was g iven a prescription. 2 chop 4 c 5 I went to see it because I had 3 bake 5 B been told it was a good fi l m 4 grate 6 c by a l l my friends. 5 whisk 7 D 6 This photograph was ta ken by 6 slice 8 B my grandfather. 7 mix 9 D 7 It looked like the window had 8 roast 10 B been broken with a ham mer 9 g ri l l some ti me before. 10 sti r G 8 Our dog was given an 11 boil injection with a special 1 has been scratched syringe by the vet. 2 is being operated on B 9 The winning goal in last night's 3 you been invited to Fiona's match was scored by Donatello 4 was probably written by 1 cuisine with a brilliant free kick. 5 is being considered 2 Frozen 1 0 Your check was sent last 6 was sent to Megagrocer's by 3 cook Friday and should be 7 got my teacher to explain 4 kettle delivered to you tomorrow. 5 menu .H 6 hob p 1 being 7 freezer 8 cooker 1 The new road has been under 2 to 9 dishes construction for a long ti me 3 have 10 dinner now. 4 us 11 vegan 2 The horse had been i n 5 been 12 ta keaway training for the race for over a 6 told 13 Fizzy yea r. 7 got 3 The issue has been under 8 bei ng discussion in Pa rliament. 9 to c 4 The criminal had been under 10 had 1 to observation for the past two 2 round/over/by weeks. I 3 i n/by 5 This plane has been in use for 4 turn 2 Dave sent a real ly nice letter over 25 yea rs now. to Jill. 5 on 6 The Cyborg D423 robot has 3 I th rew the ba ll to Colin. 6 i nto been i n development for over 4 The waiter offered a menu to us. 7 out ten years. 5 The hotel provides satellite 8 gone television to/for its g uests. 9 run E 6 My g randma ta ught this song 10 on to me. 11 out 1 is said that Ba li is a beautiful 12 on island. 2 is generally thought that life � 13 out 14 put won't be found on Ma rs. 1 was 3 is general ly said to be too 2 was Q commercialised. 3 by 4 is often argued that prison 4 are 1 c doesn't work. 5 were 2 F 5 has been suggested that the 6 were 3 D school start to prod uce a 7 been 4 G magazine. 8 had 5 A 6 is said to taste like squid. 9 was 6 I 7 are said to have discovered 10 was 7 J America before Columbus. 11 had/got 8 B 8 is thought to be ca used by 12 got 9 H eating the wrong things. 13 were 10 E 242 E 1 7 safety 8 to be 1 8 thoroughly 9 to accept 1 on 2 of 10 to go 3 between c 11 being sent 4 and 19 has to be stirred 12 to be given 5 as 20 had the cake delivered by 6 with 21 got Elaine to taste c 7 a bout/with 22 is said to be 1 i ng 8 of 23 has been said 24 has been u nder construction 2 ing 9 m 25 were grown in 3 mg E 26 get your cooker fitted by 4 i ng 27 the sauce is lacking in 5 ing 1 to cook 6 mg 2 go mg o· 7 mg 3 to buy 8 FI 4 to help 28 D 5 getting 29 F 9 ing 6 to lend 30 B 10 FI 31 A 11 mg G 32 c 12 FI 33 G 13 ing 1 mixtu re 34 E 14 FI 2 creative 15 BI 3 preparation 4 original E. 16 mg 5 surprised 35 B 17 ing 6 disgusting 36 D 7 thoroughly 37 c D 8 sweetly 38 A 1 worki ng 9 anxiously 39 c 2 trying 10 appreciation 40 D 3 doing 11 grown 41 B 4 using 12 mixer 13 containers 5 taking 14 safety Unit 1 7 6 achieving 7 maki ng 8 to play Review 8 1 go mg 9 tel ling 2 to fail 10 to be A 11 learning 3 to do 1 have/eat 4 turning 12 to improve 2 on 5 to speak 13 behaving 3 for 6 moving 14 to sit down 4 to 7 making 15 come 5 of 8 to get 16 l istening 6 as 9 of getting 17 hoping 7 with 10 to tell 8 see 11 to put E 9 about 12 to going 10 that 1 '1 2 x 1 lying 3 x 11 sweetener(s) 2 making 4 '1 12 d isgusting 3 buying 5 '1 13 anxiously 4 to study 6 '1 14 originate(d) 5 to persuade 7 '1 15 creative 6 wal king 8 '1 16 container 7 stealing 9 '1 243 F Unit 1 8 11 B 12 B 1 forgot to ta ke A 13 A 2 never forget going up 1 pupils 14 B 3 must remember to hang 4 likes to wea r 2 prefects 3 students f: 5 regrets saying/having said 4 achieved 1 for 6 regret to tel l/inform you (that) 5 reach 2 to 7 didn't mean to crash 6 taught 3 on 8 will mea n having 7 learn 4 for 9 was made to tidy 8 primary 10 didn't ha ppen to watch 5 of 9 secondary 6 for 11 is often considered to be 10 high 7 for 11 results 8 in G. 12 certificate 1 to 13 degree G 2 going 3 would B. 1 to 2 that 4 rather 1 passed 3 about/of 5 wrote 2 measure 4 in 6 than 3 speak 5 about 7 had 4 qualifications 6 to 8 would 5 recog nise 7 of 9 to have 6 task 8 for 10 better 7 subject 11 not to 8 study H. 9 test 10 classmates 1 scholarship H 2 attention 1 to c 3 solution 2 rather 4 studies 3 prefer 1 on 6 teachers 4 go 2 throug h 7 revision 3 at 8 certificates 5 rather 4 (a) round 6 better 5 out/through I 7 order 6 up 8 as 7 on 1 u nthinkable 9 to 2 education 10 not D 3 academic 11 had 4 i l literacy 1 set out the ideas 5 intensely I 2 think the col lege's offer over 6 fai l u re 3 give in 7 understandably 1 B 4 deal with all the work 8 unsolvable 2 B 5 suddenly dawned on me 9 reasonable 3 A 6 d ropped out of u niversity 10 improved 4 B 5 D E 6 A 1 B Review 9 7 A 2 D 8 c 3 D A 9 D 4 B 1 on 10 c 5 A 2 up 11 B 6 c 3 for 12 D 7 A 4 th rough 13 A 8 B 5 crossed 14 c 9 D 6 of/in 15 B 10 c 7 over 244 8 made 10 c F� 9 had 11 A 1 D 10 on 12 B 11 2 A on 3 c 12 in B., 4 H 13 made 1 Were you washing your hair 5 G 14 learned/learnt 15 when I rang? 6 E of 2 Did Julie give you her e-mail 7 F address yesterday? 8 B B. 3 Do you always have l unch this 16 certificate late? G 17 revision/revising 4 Are Jack and Tom coming to 18 attention 1 will the party tonig ht? 2 sha l l 19 solution 5 Can you give me a hand later? 3 IS 20 behaviour 6 How do you spell your name? 4 won't 21 improvement 7 Why can't the government 5 do 22 literature do something about the 6 am situation? 7 isn't c 8 Where did you go for your 8 wil l 23 was made to wait honeymoon last year? 9 should n't 24 would rather you didn't/did not 9 What will your house l ook like 10 aren't 25 was getting at when it is finished? 11 didn't 26 is no point (in) counting 1 0 Which flavou r of ice cream is 12 do 27 in two minds (about) your favourite? 28 to d rop out of H 29 is capable of doing c 30 1 I wonder if you cou ld tell me succeeded in passing 1 Whose what time the plane from D 2 when Frankfu rt arrives. 3 who 2 Cou ld you let me know when 31 c 4 Why you wou ld like me to come for 32 D 5 how an interview? 33 B 6 What 3 I wonder if you know which 34 B 7 Which bus I should catch for the 35 D 8 Where town centre. 36 A 4 Do you think you cou ld tel l .D me how you work this ticket E machine? 1 did you ask 5 I wonder if/whether you have 37 c 2 d id you see 38 c seen George. 3 gave you 6 I would like to know if/whether 39 A 4 thought you 40 B you have any double rooms. 5 taught you 7 Can you tel l me what you 41 c 6 did you borrow 42 c were doing in my office? 7 brought you 8 Do you know where this 8 did George accuse add ress is? 9 do you admire Unit 1 9 10 told Dave I A.. , 1 you know when Tina gets E 1 D 2 what time/when the film starts 2 B 1 Do 3 know if/whether service is 3 A 2 Why included 4 D 3 does/mig ht/could 4 let me know what 5 c 4 does 5 wonder if/whether you have 6 c 5 Can/Could been 7 A 6 where 6 if/whether Gail passed 8 D 7 how 7 did Mary go 9 D 8 What 8 are we given 245 J 6 is a waste of time 8 '1 7 in sight of 9 taken 1 be 8 lost control of 1 0 up 2 it 3 whether 4 it E a 5 did 1 come 11 likelihood 6 him 2 on 12 poll ution 7 not 3 made 13 accu rately 8 it 4 have 14 residential 5 making 15 environ mentalists 6 whole 16 sunny Unit 20 7 like 17 endangered 8 at 18 freezing A 1 reservoir Q 2 flooding 1 with/by 19 if/whether you saw 3 rural 2 for 20 caught sight of 4 lightning 21 the weather clears/brightens u p 3 to 5 fields 22 had torn down 4 with 23 has an effect on 6 d rizzling 5 of 24 am not really familiar with 7 forecast 6 from 25 made a mess of 8 waste 7 at 26 put the problems down to 9 surrounding 8 with/in 27 a re aware of 10 reuse 9 about/of 11 global 10 to/wil l D. 12 envi ronment 11 of/on 13 climate 28 D 12 for 14 extinct 29 c 15 smoke 16 air G 30 B 31 A 17 cleaner 1 global 32 D 2 freezing 33 c B 3 endangered 34 D 1 cleared u p 4 accuracy 2 died down 5 Developers 3 cal ling for 6 environmenta l ly 7 extremely 35 A 4 face u p to 36 c 5 put out 8 residential 9 37 B 6 cal l off l i kelihood 10 38 c 7 cut off harmless 39 A 8 do u p 11 sunshine/sun 40 D 12 neig hbou rhood 41 c c 13 lower 14 g reatness 1 away/out 15 pollutants 2 get/bring Unit 21 16 u nnaturally 3 for 4 down 5 in Review 1 0 1 didn't want 6 to 2 had seen A 3 was giving D 4 had been trying/had tried 1 to 5 has decided 1 under the weather 2 out 6 is/was 2 had a bad effect on 3 from 7 were going to 3 taking/having a quick look at 4 '1 8 loves/loved/does love 4 took a long time to 5 of 9 had asked/was going to ask/ 5 has (the) responsibility for 6 '1 wou ld ask reading 7 that 1 0 had been brought u p 246 B f' 5 it 6 been 1 could 1 I had had my ear pierced. 7 that 2 would 2 he could meet Doug there at 8 to 3 '1 six o'clock that night. 9 so 4 '1 3 they were stil l moving to 10 doing 5 wil l Blackpool the following/next 11 has week. 6 '1 12 with 4 has/had to wea r a suit to work. 7 might 13 me 5 I wanted someone to feed my 8 '1 cat while I was/am away. 14 would 9 '1 15 said 6 she could g uess what she'd/ 10 had to she's given Lindsay for her birthday. Unit 22 C· 7 she loves/loved h i m or not. 8 Simon would be coming to A 1 her the party the fol lowi ng/next 2 the/those 1 fortune night. 3 them 9 had been anywhere near 34 2 economical 4 they Aylesford Street the previous 3 receipt 5 it night/the night before. 4 checkout 6 them 5 exchange 7 their G 6 fake 8 the/that 7 offer 1 Why are you thinking of 8 change quitting the gym? 9 pnce D 2 What's the difference 1 the following month they between a refugee and an a wou ld asylu m seeker? 3 How did you get on with Peter Across 2 he night before she had 3 brand three days ago? 3 gone there two days before/ 6 economic 4 When did you last go on previously 7 bargain holiday? 4 they were sta rti ng their 5 Which of them/these do you 9 cost 5 that he could pick them prefer? 1 0 til l 6 was goi ng to buy them 6 How are you going to get to 1 1 cash 7 told h i m he had to Manchester tomorrow? 1 2 sale 8 he thought I might 7 Who did you go out with last 9 she hadn't/hasn't been weekend? Down contacted 8 What gives you the right to 1 discount 1 0 had been different the day ask questions like that/this? 2 prod ucts 4 receipt � H 5 refund 7 bill 1 said 1 to ask 8 goods 2 have stated 2 stood/spoke 3 ordered c 3 would 4 tell 4 was 5 hasn't apologised 1 bank on 5 did 6 had refused 2 make out 6 had 7 to suggest 3 put by 7 that 8 denied/denies 4 get through 8 was 9 agreed 5 look round 9 that 10 claim 6 ca me/had come by 10 could/would 7 gave away 11 got/received I 12 told I) 1 to 13 was 2 if 1 without 14 would 3 that 2 on 15 them 4 have 3 by 247 4 save Review 1 1 Unit 23 5 across 6 into A .A 7 make 1 poverty 1 who 2 wea lthy 2 where E 3 which 3 daily/everyday 4 why 1 savi ng some money for/ 4 l uxu ries 5 where putting some money by for 5 accepta ble 6 whose 2 make a profit 6 assistance 7 which 3 little/not much demand for 7 economists 8 whom 4 to be/get in(to) debt to 8 investment 9 when 5 have cost (you) a fortune 9 (in)va l uable 10 whose 6 increase in inflation of 10 rea lity 11 which 7 spending it on 12 which 8 to the expense of B 9 charged me 13 1 0 a large amount of money 11 D 1 when 1 1 enough money to go 12 A 2 which 1 2 last but not least 13 H 3 '1 1 3 notice the shoplifter ta king/ 14 F 4 whose ta ke 15 B 5 why 1 4 do the shopping 16 E 6 which 17 c 7 who F 18 G 8 '1 9 whom 1 E 2 G c 10 when 11 who 3 c 19 was/got charged for 12 which 4 A 20 this credit ca rd belong 5 B 21 a small amount of c 6 F 22 cost (me) a fortune 2 Prince Charles, whose wife 7 D 23 an apology from was Princess Diana, is heir to 24 saves me (from) having the throne of England. G 25 no notice of 3 Microsoft has a lot of power in 1 on 26 am (a bit/a little) short of the world of computers, which 2 from 27 I borrow some money from annoys some people. 3 to 4 The eu ro, which was 4 from D introduced in January 2002, 5 to replaced a n u m ber of national 28 B currencies. 6 for 29 A 5 Friends, which is one of my 30 D favourite series, ran for ten JI years. 31 c 1 economics 32 D 6 Venus, which is m uch closer to 2 reality the Sun than the Ea rth is, is a 33 c 3 poverty very hot place. 34 c 7 Cricket, which is played 4 expensively 5 end less between two tea ms of eleven, E is popular in many cou ntries 6 payment 35 B of the world. 7 assista nce 8 Pa rts of Buckingham Palace, 8 daily 36 A where the queen lives, are 9 financia lly 37 c open to the public. 10 wea lthy 38 A 9 The greyhou nd, which ca n 11 unacceptable 39 D reach speeds of over 65 12 valueless 40 B kilometres an hour, is the 13 l uxuries 41 c fastest dog. 248 10 1 984 was written by George 7 Having lost 5 D Orwe l l, whose real name was 8 Being 6 B Eric Blair. 9 Having missed 7 c 10 ma king 8 B .D 9 A 1 why .1 10 D which 11 c 2 1 for the bus, I suddenly 3 who 12 D remembered where I'd left my 4 which keys. B 5 which 2 to run in the rain, I slipped. 6 whose 3 Tim cry, I felt quite sorry for him. 1 after 7 whom 4 (that) he was going to fail the 2 off 8 who exam, John was depressed. 3 with 9 when 5 quite ta ll, I'm quite good at 4 off 10 who basketbal l . 5 on 11 who 6 knowing any Japanese, 6 out 12 which Georgia used a phrase book 7 for when she was there. e: 7 a lot of money, Ed can afford c 1 --.} three holidays abroad every 1 go down 2 --.} yea r. 2 put on 3 --.} 8 (that) she was lost, Maria 3 grow on 4 --.} began to worry. 4 named after 5 --.} 5 taken off 6 x J. 6 coming (a)round 7 x 1 Looking through the window, 7 let down 8 --.} I saw a plane passing 9 --.} overhead. .P 10 --.} 2 --.} 1 about 11 x 3 Having examined me, the 2 Make 12 --.} doctor gave me a prescription. 3 in 4 Turning on the television, I 4 fu n heard the newsreader say 5 with 1 D there had been an explosion. 6 showed 2 D 5 --.} 7 giving 3 c 6 --.} 8 Voicing 4 A 5 B I,(_ E. 6 A 1 who 1 to 7 B 2 --.} 2 the 8 D 3 been 3 the 4 it 4 out G 5 her 5 up 4 that 6 --.} 6 the 6 which 7 not 7 out 8 which 8 which 8 be 9 that 9 --.} 9 of 11 that 10 he 12 which E 1 you enjoy yourself at .H Unit 24 2 is bound to do 1 meeting 3 instead of worrying 2 passing A 4 avoid queu(e)ing/the q ueue 3 finished 1 c by getting 4 Looking 2 A 5 a pologised for not inviting/ 5 having done 3 B having invited 6 Heari ng 4 c 6 am happy for you to 249 7 isn't like Doug to I) D 8 is (very) talented at playing 9 a re not supposed to go 27 D 1 you would n't criticise me all 10 promised to meet Kyle 28 B the time. 11 he deserved to win 29 A 2 Sam knew how I felt about 12 proved to be 30 A him. 13 did you say was 31 c 3 I was/were with you in 32 c Switzerland right now. 33 B G. 34 D 4 he had taken the job when he 1 suggestion(s) had the chance. 2 popularity e 5 we were standing in the 3 currently middle ofTi mes Square right 4 entertainment 35 c 36 A now? 5 fa mous 6 I was able to/could play chess 37 B 6 involvement as wel l as Steve. 38 A 7 actors 7 you had a million euros, what 39 D 8 excitement 40 B would you do? 9 conversations 41 A 8 you didn't smoke in here. 10 bored 42 A 11 various 9 they went to bed. 12 amusement 13 performance E. Unit 25 14 sayi ng 1 F &. 2 D 1 told 3 H Review 1 2 2 rent/rented 4 'a 3 sent/phoned 5 c 4 were going to 6 A 1 entertainer 5 go 2 conversation 7 G 6 had 3 boredom 7 did n't have to 8 B 4 performances 8 didn't lend 9 E 5 currently 9 left/was leaving 6 excitement 10 got/get E 7 variety/variation 1 despite 8 amusing a· 9 famous 2 Although 10 1 knew 3 however actively 2 had listened 4 Despite 3 would/could B 4 could 5 However 5 6 despite 11 instead of having were going/could go 12 j ust like Sand ra to 6 to speak 7 Although 13 is/are bound to go 7 had d riven/had been d riving 8 however 14 a re not supposed to take 8 felt/was feeling 9 despite 15 applogised (to me) for ruining 9 hope 16 are happy for you to 10 listened/would listen Q 17 make fun of c 1 spite of the fact (that) 18 made an impression on 2 having been sure (that) she 1 c 3 in spite of (his) having c 2 D 4 whereas planes are stil l 19 d ropped off 3 A 4 B 5 even though she had got 20 let down 5 D 6 despite havi ng been robbed 21 get along/on 22 put on 6 A 7 (even) though the plot is 23 takes after 7 c 8 although they (had) looked 24 fel l for 8 B 9 spite of being beaten 25 go down 9 c 10 having investigated the case 26 count/rely on 10 D thoroughly 250 f.:I 6 out 7 up 1 '1 1 unlike 8 up 2 that 2 desirable 9 on 3 being 3 indecisive 10 out 4 '1 4 prod uction 11 over 5 of 5 useless 12 up 6 have 6 dislike 13 show 7 though 7 beautifu l ly 14 on 8 if 8 undecided 9 '1 10 was fl 1 B Review 1 3 I 2 c 3 A A 1 Despite 4 B 1 being 2 could 5 D 2 seems 3 However 6 B 3 of 4 a lthough/though/but 7 A 4 on 5 spite 8 D 5 for 6 high/about 9 D 6 at 7 made 10 c 7 for 8 had 11 A 8 on 9 will 12 c 9 example/instance 10 even 13 A 10 to · t::. B Unit 26 1 a bout 11 stylist A 2 to 12 similarity 1 appeara nce 3 at 13 expectations 2 matches 4 to 14 d ecision 3 modern 5 of 6 on/about 15 enthusiasm 4 clothing 16 production 7 for 5 glimpse 17 beautiful 8 on 6 current 9 to 18 alike 7 new 10 for 8 fit c 9 cloth E 10 1 9 is a bout time you got suits 11 1 to see 20 wish you wouldn't/would not glanced 2 to study 2 1 wishes she had not/had n't 12 look 3 to work worn 22 despite it(s) being/despite the p 4 to do fact (that) it was 5 becoming 1 average 6 to be 23 only I cou ld/was able to 2 suit 7 to please 24 (even) though I begged her 3 wear 8 to forget 25 would rather you didn't/did 4 top not 5 su pplies ·G 26 if I had something 6 painted 27 of the fact (that) she 1 enthusiastic 7 manufacture 2 advertisements/ads/adverts 8 costume 3 fashionable 4 stylish 28 c c 5 successful 29 F 1 did 6 attractive 30 A 2 into 7 beautiful 31 G 3 off 8 unexpectedly 32 D 4 down 9 similarity 33 B 5 up 10 stylist 34 E 251 E 1 2 did I realise 1 0 students' 1 3 was I fi red 1 1 child ren's 35 c 1 4 they kept 1 2 politicians' 36 A 37 B 38 D .E.. I 39 c 1 no ci rcumstances are 1 hers 40 D photographs permitted. 2 m i ne 41 A 2 before have we faced such a 3 my serious problem as this. 4 theirs 3 only when Vanessa removed 5 her Unit 27 her hat did I realise it was her. 6 it's 4 no point d u ring the show did 7 their 8 the audience laugh. 8 its 1 when 5 sooner had Patrick fi nished 2 than the e-mail than he sent it. J 3 than 6 u ntil the last few minutes was 1 own 4 when it clear who was going to win 2 " 5 than the match. 3 boss 6 when 7 had Dennis passed his driving 4 did test when he had an accident. 5 " .a 8 when I read the evening 6 its paper did I learn the resu lt of 7 desk 1 c the match. 8 not 2 B 9 no ci rcumstances will the 3 D 9 " president resign 10 have 4 A 1 0 no time d u ring the trial 5 A did the accused show any 6 D emotion. Unit 28 7 A 8 B E .A 9 A 10 D 1 do I. 1 union 2 do we. 2 company c, 3 am I. 3 rise 4 did I. 4 retire 1 had Tom opened 5 will I. 5 pension 2 " 6 had I/did I. 6 overtime 3 did you pass/have you passed 7 should I. 7 job 4 I see 8 salary 5 " 6 are members of the public G 9 wage 1 was 10 staff allowed 7 is the equipment to be used 2 do 3 are B 8 did I think 9 was I/have I been 4 was 1 won 10 had I put 5 a re 2 commute 6 was 3 earn/make D 7 are 4 made 8 has 5 sacked 1 had I started 6 deliver 2 have I H. 7 gained 3 do I like 4 it helps 2 my m um's c 5 do they see 3 ou r next door neigh bou rs' 6 did I realise 4 George the Fifth's 1 in 7 had everyone else left 5 people's 2 over 8 is this 6 the Greenes' 3 through 9 did I get 7 women's 4 out 10 had I had 8 the boss's 5 down 11 they showed 9 Jack and Jill's 6 turned 252 7 up 6 additiona l I) 8 see 7 com mercia l 9 to 28 D 8 dedication 10 on 29 A 9 unworkable 30 F 11 out 12 out 31 c I 32 G 13 up 14 down 1 u nemployed 33 B 2 employment 34 E p 3 management E 1 D 4 effective 2 B 5 professionally 35 c 3 H 6 irresponsible 36 B 4 A 7 meeting 37 B 5 G 8 employer(s) 38 c 6 J 9 a pplication 39 D 7 c 10 40 D helpfu l 8 E 41 A 11 qualifications 9 F 10 I Progress Test 2 Review 1 4 � A 1 of A 1 c 2 day 1 make 2 A 3 on 2 out 3 D 4 at 3 for 4 B 5 attend 5 A 4 done 6 doing/in 6 D 7 5 made does 7 c 8 with/for 6 by 7 for 8 A 9 of/in 8 put 9 B 9 10 B E on 11 D 10 slowed 1 B 12 A 2 c 13 c 3 A a 14 c 4 D 11 irresponsible 15 A 5 B 12 helpfu l ly 6 D 13 a pplicants B 14 su pervise 16 c G 15 dedication 17 D 1 fft/at 16 employees 18 A 2 at/as 17 workable 19 B 3 fft/as 18 qualifications 20 A 4 that/for 21 c 5 c from/in/with/at c 22 6 for/in 23 D 7 �/in 19 sooner had Yu ri qualified than 24 c 8 �/in 20 do women get promoted 25 A 9 for/to 21 did I realise 22 Tracy ra ng did I know c H 23 good for you to get 26 in 1 machinery 24 reached (a n) agreement on/ 27 as 2 works about 28 were 3 industrial 25 no circu mstances are 29 with 4 su pervision 26 later did I think of 30 the 5 workers 27 a boring job was it 31 for 253 32 on 79 � 33 up 80 up 34 havi ng 8 1 made 35 which 36 of 37 taking 82 saying 38 spite 83 student 39 there 84 financial 40 At 85 boredom 86 exciting 87 attention 41 D 88 behaviou r 42 B 89 helpless 43 c 90 misunderstood 44 D 91 acceptable 45 B 46 A 47 B 48 c 49 A 50 B 51 D 52 E 53 H 54 c 55 B 56 A 57 G 58 is capable of climbing 59 are you familiar with 60 gone to the expense of 61 has a tendency to phone 62 gave me the impression (that) 63 i n you r interest to take 64 see Gary's point 65 to prevent passengers from getting 66 make a real/real ly make an effort 67 been 68 � 69 that 70 his 71 � 72 of 73 a 74 out 75 to 76 it 77 am 78 was 254