Descriptive Epidemiology Trans

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITYCOLLEGE OF MEDICINE BATCH 2017 FMCH II DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY Lectured by Dra. Garcia (012115) DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY Epidemiology: -provides valuable information to enable health care providers and administrations to efficiently allocate resources -the distribution of health and disease in groups of people and the study of the factors that influence this distribution FACTORS AFFECTING DISEASE FACTORS AFFECTING DSE DITRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION -modern epidemiology also encompasses the evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities and the delivery of health care services AGENTAGENT -hence, it is the basic science and fundamental practice of public health Epidemiology differs from clinical medicine in two important regards: 1. 2. Epidemiologist study groups of people, not individuals Epidemiologists study well people in addition to sick people and try to find out the crucial difference between those stricken and those spared - etiologic factors for disease 1. Nutritive -excess of deficiency can disease 3. Chemical -allergens, poisons, irritants 4. Physical agents - ionizing radiation, UV light 5. Infectious agents Descriptive Epidemiology: PERSON PERSON -concerned with describing the general characteristics of the distribution of disease particularly: - what populations or subgroups do or do not develop a disease 1. 2. 3. Agent Person Environment (place and time) -provide clues leading to the formation of an etiologic hypothesis that is consistent with existing knowledge of disease occurrence -uncover patterns of occurrence suggesting etiologic relationships and can lead to planning effective prevention and educational programs 1. Characteristics one is born with -gender (hormonal differences and anatomic differences) -genetic makeup (sex-liked diseases eg. Color blindness) 2. Characteristics that are modified or acquired with time -immunologic experience (small exposures of a single agent can be protective or harmful) FMCH II: Descriptive Epidemiology Trans by MRPC © 2015 1 Endemic goiter (if a man from manila moves to mountain province. Healthy person entering the area become ill with a frequency similar to the indigenous inhabitants Inhabitant while have left the area do not show high rates Species other than man inhabiting the same area show similar manifestation TIME TIME –how frequency of occurrence over time 1."If you are expose in small amounts. However. hypertension) Sedentary lifestyle prone to -what geographic location is most or least common 1. In central Luzon. prolonged exposure may eventually develop disease in one person" "A geographic association may be explained in terms of the occurrence of a disease" Criteria suggesting association to a place: 1. sugar. 2. -people of the same ethnic groups living at different provinces will have different incidence rate of a certain disease 3. CYCLIC FLUCTUATIONs/ VARIATIONS 3. the incidence rate of having goiter would be the same as the incidence rate of those living already in the area) 2. there is a possibility that you will develop immune response to it. be distributed Climate (extremes: frostbite or heat stroke) Diet Cultural practices Food preparation and storage method Eg. POINT EPIDEMIC -response of a group of persons to a source of infection or contamination to which they were exposed almost simultaneously -peak of the curve is only one -number of people per square kilometer 6. Transitory -fatigue Eg. use of preservatives. Mosquitoes FMCH II: Descriptive Epidemiology Trans by MRPC © 2015 2 . Behavior -lifestyle (eg. 3. carcinogens -aging and modification of disease by time (acquisition of immunity by acquiring little immunity 3. SECULAR CHANGES SEASONAL Eg. 7. and salt 5. Eg. 4. Communicable disease (air-borne and spread person to person Exposure to pollutants Presence of vectors 4. PLACE PLACE may High frequency rates are not observed in persons of similar ethnic groups inhabiting other areas "Dose is not assoc with ethnic group" "You may have all four" Factors that geographically: High frequency rates are observed in all ethnic groups inhabiting the area -one exposure at one time (one peak in the epidemic curve) 2. Population density Eg. Vaccines. -nutritional status (eating a lot: you will feel good) 4. 5. disease) -controlled observation -experimental studies --END-- -changes on place over time 1. Determines whether high rates of certain diseases noted in certain countries are intrinsic to the inhabitants of that country -certain disease is very common to that place -" is it the person or e place?" 2. CLUSTERING IN TIME PROGRESSION IN SCIENTIFIC PROCESS PROGRESSION IN SCIENTIFIC PROCESS -casual observation -e interval between the precipitating event and onset of illness can be measured with precision Eg. COMBINATION PERSON. Demonstrated that certain places do possess characteristic of significance in the etiology of certain diseases independent of the people who inhabit those places -endemic goiter -"it is not about the person but the geographic are" 3. ANDTIME and TIME -called as migrant population studies -hypothesis formation (time or place or person vs.PLACE. Assess significance from the points of view of risk of a particular disease of the years spent in the homeland prior to migration relative to those spent in the host country -lifestyle dependent -those who migrated to the states have decrease incidence of developing breast ca than those Asians born in the US FMCH II: Descriptive Epidemiology Trans by MRPC © 2015 3 . Post-partum syndrome/ psychosis (due to separation anxiety) COMBINATION OF OF PERSON. PLACE.-changes occur gradually over long periods of times (several decades) 4.