By Nikhil vaishnavEducation aims the behavior modification of learners. Behavior modification is achieved through a series of activities. Curriculum is concerned with guiding the teacher and student in the educative process. curriculum came to signify a group of subjects or courses of study arranged in a particular sequence for instructional purpose in the schools. “Curriculum” is a Latin word ‘currere’, means ‘running’, ‘race course’ or ‘run away’, which takes to reach goal. Curriculum is a runway for attaining the goals of education. A group of subject or course of study arranged in a particular sequence, for instruction purpose in school and colleges. develop skills”.Ronald c. doll(1996): curriculum as a “formal and informal content and process by which learner gain knowledge and understanding.” . Stenhouse(1975): “A attempt to communicate the essential principles and features of an educational proposal in such a form that it is open to critical scrutiny and capable of effective translation into practice. selected and articulated.” Bevis(1982): “curriculum is the manifestation of many composite parts and factors which together enables the achievements of nursing educational goals that have been fully identified.” . Cunningham : “curriculum is in the hands of the artist(teacher) to mould his material(students) according to his ideals (aims and objective) in his studio(school). education is a dynamic process. . Newer concept of curriculum. solving problems of life and being creative in planning and building one’s own future. by which the learner is guided and helped to live in the present world making necessary adaptations. Traditional concept of curriculum represented the mastery over subjects. certain type of knowledge and skills. as the main objective of educational prog.according to strict syllabus planned by administrative system of the school. Passing the exam was the main goal. is a power full determinant factor of aims(why) of education. . .It is based on the philosophy of the nation. . The developmental of curriculum depends largely on the three fields 1)Philosophy :. .It aims at the all round development of the individual. . but also equally a strong deciding factor of content and methods(what and how) of education.It indicate the desired ideals of life in the youngsters.It helps in development of proper philosophy of life . 2) Sociological determinant schools are the social institutions specially setup for preservation and transmission of culture by society through the curriculum. Transmits the ideals and values that the society upholds and considers to be inherrited by the new generation. Makes education as an effective media of social control Social changes reflects the social needs of the community. To realize the social aims of education. Enables the youngsters to participate efficiently in social life. - . .3) Psychological determinants .Knowledge of the nature of the learner and learning process and the conditions facilitating optimum learning . 1) Directive stage :- At this initial stage the beliefs. Objectives for the courses . 2) Formative stage :At this stage all design of curriculum takes place. The characteristics of the student and behaviors expected by the end of the course . for specific levels within the course. knowledge and concepts that form the basis of curriculum are identified from the literature and by exploration of the common beliefs in the society. . basing on philosophy are developed. Evaluation for grading .Evaluation for curriculum revision .Evaluation for continued learning . The evaluation techniques and types of evaluation methods depending on objectives formulated for the courses. There are three types of evaluation: .3) Functional stage:At this stage curriculum assume more practical form. Different types of teaching methods and learning experiences are decided upon. Out put evaluation . 4) evaluative stage:- This evaluation is done when the full curriculum is implemented. It includes: . Here evaluation is the summative type.Throughout evaluation .Input evaluation . Based on Tyler and other author’s observation there are four elements or stages in the development of curriculum. The steps are: Formulation of educational objectives Selections of appropriate learning experiences Effective organization of selected learning material Evaluation of the extent to which goals have been achieved . .Philosophy of school: . .Philosophy is a written statement of the beliefs and values which the school has agreed upon as a group in relation to the programme.The objectives prepared must be screened through the stated philosophy of the school which the faculty has developed and the objectives must be consistent with the stated philosophy.. its goals and values.The first step in curriculum development is the formulation of educational goals. . Selection of learning experiences. Learning experience is something in which the student actively participates and which results in a change of behaviour. . is what will be the content of curriculum. 2) The learning experiences must be such that the students obtain satisfaction from carrying on the kind of behavior implied by the objectives. Tyler identified five general principles of selection of learning experiences:1)For a given objective to be attained. 3)The reactions desired by the experience are within range of possibility for the students involved. the student should have a right type of experience to practice the kind of behaviors to attain particular objective . . 5)The same learning experience will usually bring out several outcomes. .4)There are many particular experiences that can be used to attain the same educational objective. Every experience is likely to bring out more than one learning objective. Some of the organizing principles: a) Proceed from simple to complex b) Proceed from concrete to abstract experiences Proceed from what is close at hand to what is farther away. d) Proceed from normal to abnormal c) . they must be organized so that the learner receive the maximum benefits of a well planned curriculum. After the content and learning experiences have been selected carefully in relation to desired objectives. 2nd implies that evaluation must involve more than a single appraisal at any one time to see whether changes have taken place.” The evaluation concept has two aspects: 1st it implies that evaluation must appraise the behavior of students since it is the changes in behavior which is sought in education.Tyler defines: “evaluation is the process of determining to what extent the educational objectives are actually being realized by the curriculum and instruction and the degree to which the changes in behavior implied by the objectives are actually taking place. . Comprehensive evaluation requires a variety of evaluation techniques because each provides unique but limited evidence on some aspects of pupil behavior. guidance and administrative nurture. Evaluation procedure must contribute to improved decision of instruction. Proper use of evaluation technique require an awareness of their limitations as well as their strength. . The objective of evaluation must be stated clearly before evaluation is made. Evaluation is a mean to an end and not an end itself. Aggarwal suggests the following principles for developing a fruitful curriculum: 1)The conservative principle 2)The forward looking principle 3)The creative principle 4)The principle of totality 5)The activity principle 6)Child centered 7)Principle of variety and flexibility 8)Principle of character building . 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Philosophy of nursing education Educational psychology Society Student (learner) Knowledge explosion and scintific advancement Technological advancements in patient care resources . He stressed the importance of stating the objectives in terms of student behavior .The product model or behavioral objectives model The emphasis in this model is on the achievement of objectives by the students. The behavior model provides guidance to the drawing up of objectives for curriculum. It is an output model.which are observable and measurable. 1) . .He identifies four fundamental questions to be answered in the process of developing a curriculum: 1. How can learning experiences be selected that are likely to be useful in attaining these objectives. How can the effectiveness of learning experiences be evaluated . i. How can learning experiences be organized for effective instruction 4.e. objectives. 2. 3. What educational purposes should the school seek to attain. evaluation .Selection of learning experiences .Organization of those experiences .Statement of objectives .Acceptance of this model has led to the generic model of curriculum building consisting four stages or steps in developing curriculum: . . The teacher has to be committed and willing to be a learner to improve self performance and judgement. According to stenhouse.the purpose of education was to make student outcome unpredictable.but to provide a basis for speculation and conjecture about a discipline. The greatest weakness of this process model was its dependence on the quality of teacher. Curriculum as an agenda of important cultural issues is utilized in this model by Denis Lawton(1983) This approach do not include detailed subject matter. focuses upon controversial issue and political matters which stimulate discussion and enquiry by students because there is no right answer to the issues and they need to be debated. . instead . The curriculum as a portfolio of meaningful personal experiences 4. Beattie(1987) suggest that there are four fundamental approaches: 1. The curriculum as a map of key subjects 2. The curriculum as an agenda of important cultural issues . The curriculum as a schedule of basic skills 3. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Traditional or subject matter curriculum The activity curriculum The experience curriculum The undifferentiated curriculum Basic education curriculum Life centered curriculum . The legitimate curriculum The illegitimate curriculum The hidden curriculum The null curriculum . and to give meaning to the learning experiences chosen to correlate with theory. In curriculum construction this structure is intended to guide the selection of content to be presented over a period of time . . the conceptual framework is a structure in which a complex of ideas are united so as to provide a large general idea. THANK YOU .