Comparative Police Research Indonesia and Philippines

BACKGROUNDThe Indonesian National Police When large parts of Indonesia was under Dutch colonial occupation until 1940s, Police duties were performed by either military establishments or colonial police known as the veldpolitie or the fields police. Japanese occupation during WW II brought changes when the Japanese formed various armed organizations to support their war. This had led to the distribution of weapons to military trained youths, which were largely confiscated from the Dutch armoury. After the Japanese occupation, the national police became an armed organization. The Indonesian police was established in 1946, and its units fought in the Indonesian National Revolution against the invading Dutch forces. Also participated in suppressing the 1948 communist revolt in Madiun. In 1966, the police was brought under the control of Armed Forces Chief. Following the proclamation of independence, the police played a vital role when they actively supported the people’s movement to dismantle the Japanese army. And to strengthen the defence of the newly created Republic of Indonesia. The police were not combatants who were required to surrender their weapons to Allied forces. During the revolution of independence, the police gradually formed into what is now known as Kepolisian Negara Republic Indonesia (POLRI) or the Indonesian National Police. In 2000, the police force officially regained its independence and now is separate from the military. List of Chiefs of Police (Kapolri) R Said Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo Soekarno Djojonegoro Soetjipto Danoekoesoemo Soetjipto Joedodihardjo Hoegeng Imam Santoso Moch. Hasan Widodo Budidarmo Awaluddin Djamin Anton Sudjarwo Moch. Sanoesi Kunarto Banurusman Astrosemitro Dibyo Widodo (29 September 1945-14 December 1959) (15 December 1959-29 December 1963) (30 December 1963-8 May 1965) (9 May 1965-8 May 1968) (9 May 1968-2 October 1971) (3 October 1971-1974) (1974-25 September 1978) (26 September 1978-1982) (1982-1986) (1986-19 February 1991) (20 February 1991-April 1993) (April 1993-March 1996) (March 1996-28 June 1998) In that year. Until 1868. Later police forces began to model the US departments. When the police was included into the military structure in 1960s. personnel of the Spanish army and local militias were also tasked with policing duties in local communities. When POLRI conducted the transition to be fully independent out of armed forces structure at 2001. All changed with the arrival of the Spanish rule and the introduction of Western law to the archipelago. Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo. the Philippine Constabulary (PC) was raised in 1901 as a national gendarmerie force for law enforcement. the ranks changed into military style such as captain. The Philippine National Police The common history of the police forces of the Philippines can be traced back to the reigns of the preHispanic lakans. where soldiers who served in the communities where the people lived (and which reported directly to local leaders) also enforced local laws.) With the beginning of American rule and the Philippine–American War. both writing about several cases of Civil Guardsmen abusing the local populace. Now POLRI return to Dutch style ranks just like early years. during the Revolutionary period it grew into a corps of military police with detachments in Luzon and the Visayas. together with the Island Carabiniers (raised 1768 and the colony's first ever police service). . directly reporting to the American government. and was notorious for its abuses against Filipinos. they use British style police ranks like Inspector and Superintendent.Present ) (17 April 2015 – 13 July 2016) (13 July 2016 — present) Ranks of Indonesian National Police At their early years.Roesmanhadi Roesdihardjo Suroyo Bimantoro Da'I Bachtiar Sutanto Bambang Hendarso Danuri Timur Pradopo Soetarman Badrodin Haiti Tito Karnavian (29 June 1998-3 January 2000) (4 January 2000-22 September 2000) (23 September 2000-28 November 2001) (29 November 2001-7 July 2005) (8 July 2005-30 September 2008) (30 September 2008 – October 2010) (October 2010 . datus and sultans in the islands. At the same time. Starting from a single division. major and colonel. POLRI used European police style ranks like Inspector and Commissioner.October 2013) (October 2013 . what is now the Manila Police District came into existence as the Philippines' first city police force. (These abuses were mentioned in José Rizal's two novels. the local branch of the Civil Guard was officially established by order of then GovernorGeneral Carlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada. Aglipay Arturo Lomibao Oscar C. Razon Jr.A.A. Larroza Panfilo M. 2007) (October 1. Imperial Umberto A. 2008 – September 14. 1994 – December 15.A. 1992 – May 6. 1992) (August 28. 2015 – June 30. the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998. 2015 – July 16. Calderon Avelino I.first as a command of the Army. 1999 – January 2001) (March 16. Nazareno Raul S. 1990. Verzosa Raul Bacalzo Nicanor Bartolome Alan Purisima Leonardo Espina (OIC) Ricardo C. Lacson Leandro Mendoza (March 31. and later on its own after the State Police folded. 2010) (September 14. Sarmiento II Santiago L. 8551 envisioned the PNP to be a community. Republic Act No. 2006 – October 1.July 2002) Hemogenes E.and service-oriented agency. 1993 – July 8. 2005 – August 29. 2001 . 2008) (September 27.) Passed on December 13. 1997) (December 15. 6975. Edgar B. 2015) (February 5. Alino Roberto T. (The PC's personnel would later be fighting on both sides in the Second World War. 2010 – September 9. 2012) (December 17. 1993) (May 6. 9708. 1999) (November 16. ordered the merger of both the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police and formally created the Philippine National Police. and by R. 8551. R. 2006) (August 29. 2011 – December 17. Rodriguez Recaredo A. List of Chiefs of the Philippine National Police The "Director General" is head of the Philippine National Police and the position is invariably held by a four-star general. 2005) (March 14.The PC was later integrated into the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the late 1930s . Lastimoso Edmundo L. 1994) (July 8. 1997 – July 1998) (July 1998–1999) (1999 – November 16. 2015) (June 16. 2007 – September 27. The R. Cesar P. 2011) (September 9. the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990. Jesus A. 2004 – March 14.A. 2012 – February 5. 1991 – August 28. 2004) (August 23. Marquez Ronald Dela Rosa (July 2002 – August 23. 6975 was further amended by R. 2016) (July 1. 2016 – present) . Ebdane Jr.