SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES1. CHEMICAL IN MEDICINES 1.1 Chemotherapy : The branch of science which deals with the treatment of diseases using suitable chemicals is known as chemotherapy. 1.2 Classification of Medicines : Medicines are generally classified according to the purpose for which they are used. The different terms thus used along with examples are given below : 1.2.1 Antipyretics : Chemicals which are used to bring down the body temperature during high fever are called antipyretics. On taking these medicines, the person gets a lot of perspiration. A few well known examples of antipyretics are Aspirin, Phenacetin and Paracetamol, OCOCH3 OH OC2H5 1 COOH 4 NHCOCH3 NHCOCH3 O N N CH3 CH3 Aspirin Paracetamol 4-Ethoxyacetanilide Analgin (Acetylsalicyclic acid) (4-Acetamidophenol) (Phenacetin) Novalgin is another well known antipyretic. Quinine has also some antipyretic effect. Paracetamol is preferred over asprin as an antipyretic since asprin gets hydrolysed to salicylic acid in the stomach. The salicylic acid thus produced may cause ulcer in the stomach walls where from the bleeding may take place. 1.2.2 Antimalarials : Chemical substances which are used to bring down the body temperature during malaria fever are called antimalarials. Originally quinine (an alkloid) was the only drug known to be effective against malaria. Now a days, a number of synthetic drugs are used for the purpose. These are Chloroquine, Paraquine, Primaquine etc. 1.2.3 Analgesics : Medicines used for getting relief from pain are called analgesics. These are of two types (i) Narcotics and (ii) Non-narcotics (i) Narcotics : Drugs which produce sleep and unconciousness are called narcotics. These are mostly opium products. Opium contains alkaloids such as morphine and codeine which are very effective analgesics. Morphine diacetate (commonly known as Heroin) is the most widely used analgesic. 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 1 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES O RO C6H5 C–OC2H5 O N N–CH3 CH3 R= –H (Morphine) Pethidine hydrochloride R= –CH3(Codeine) (ii) Non-narcotics : The most important non-narcotic analgesics are butazolidine and brufen or ibuprofen. CH2COONa Cl CH3–CH–CH2 CH–COOH NH CH3 CH3 Cl Brufen or Ibuprofen Diclofenac sodium Aspirin, Phenacetin, and Novalgin act both as antipyretic as well as analgesic. They are quite effective and give immediate relief from pain and fever. 1.2.4 Antiseptics and Disinfectants : (i) Antiseptics : The chemicals which kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms are called antiseptics. These are not harmful to living tissues and can be safely applied on wounds, cuts, ulcers, diseased skin surfaces. These are also used to reduce odours resulting from bacterial decomposition of the body or in the mouth. They are, therefore mixed with deodrants, face powders and breath purifiers. (ii) Disinfectants : The chemical substances which are used to kill microorganisms but they cannot be applied on living tissues are called disinfectants. These are commonly applied to in aminate objects such as floors, instruments, etc. The same substance can act as disinfectant as well as antiseptic depending upon its concentration. For example, a 0.2% solution of phenol acts as antiseptic and its 1% solution acts as disinfectant. The common examples are : (i) Cl2 is used for making water fit for drinking at a concentration 0.2 to 0.4 ppm. (ii) Dettol is an antiseptic. It is a mixutre of chloroxylenol and terpenol in a suitable solvent. (iii)Bithional is antiseptic which is generally added to medicated soaps to reduce the odour produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin. (iv) Iodine is powerful antiseptic. It is used as a tincture of iodine which is 2 - 3% iodine solution of alcohol-water. (v) Some organic dyes are also effective antiseptics. These are used for the treatment of infectious diseases. The common examples of antiseptic dyes are gentian violet and methylene blue. 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 2 these are also called mood booster drugs. These induce sleep.2. (i) Hypnotics : These are also known as tranquilizers and are used to reduce mental tension and anxiety. These are used to release mental tension and reduce anxiety. These do not induce sleep. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES CH3 OH OH Cl Cl Cl S H3C OH Cl Cl Chloroxylenol Bithional 1.Chlorodiazepoxide. Ellora Park. above Dominos Pizza . Cocaine. These drugs make the patient passive and help to control their emotional distress or depression. These produce a felling of well being and confidence in the person of depressed mood. They act on higher centres of nervous system.7 Antibiotics : These are the chemical substances which are produced by micro-organisms (bacterial. The general formula of penicillin is C9H11O4 SN2R where R may be different for different members. These are also called psychotherapeutic drugs. For example. The first successful antibiotic produced was penicilin. O CH3 O H2N–C–O–CH2–C–CH2–O–C–NH2 CH3 Equanil It may be noted that different terms are used for drugs which are used to cure mental diseases. These are the constituents of sleeping pills.6 Antidepressants : These drugs are given to patients with shattered confidence. Raj Castle Complex . These also help to restore confidence and the patients work with full capacities which they already have. Therefore.5 Tranquilizers : The chemical substances used to cure mental diseases are called tranquilizers.2. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1920. 1. 2nd floor. Methedrine etc. These are components of sleeping pills (sedatives) Ex. 1. Ex. The common examples are Vitalin. Meprobamate. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 3 .Equanil is also an important tranquilizers used in depression and hypertension.2. fungi and moduls) and can inhibit the growth or even destroy other micro-organisms. C3H7 O O O C6H5 H3C–CH N–H C2H5 N–H CH2=CHCH2 N–H O N O N O N O H H H Barbituric acid Luminal Seconal (ii) Non Hypnotics : They reduce tension and anxiety. Streptomycin is also an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis. it is essential to test the patient for sensitivity (allergy) to penicillin before it is administered. meningitis. pneumonia. These are used 2nd floor. eye infection. etc. whooping cough. pneumonia. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES O H H S CH3 R–C–NH CH3 N COOH O H General structure of Penicillin With the substitution of different R groups. In india the important centres which manufacture Penicillin are – Hindustan Antibiotics. Penicillin has narrow spectrum. Therefore. certain urine infection. Pimpri and Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 4 . It may be noted that many patients develop allergy to penicillin. Broad spectrum antibiotics : These are the antibiotics which are effective against a variety of diseases. Rishikesh. acute fever. etc. Penicillin Nature of R Penicillin G CH2– or Benzyl penicillin Penicillin F CH3–CH2–CH=CH–CH2– Penicillin K CH3–(CH2)6– Ampicillin CH– NH2 Ampicillin and amoxycillin are some modifications of penicillins. rheumatic fever. about six natural penicillin’s have been isolated so far. local infections. The structure of chloramphenicol is : NHCOCHCl2 O2N CH–CH–CH2OH OH Chloramphenicol Sulpha drugs : These have great antibacterial powers and are used as medicines for various diseases. Ellora Park. These can be used for curing sore throat. local infections. Raj Castle Complex . These are also antibiotics and protect the body against micro-organisms. Therefore. The common examples are Tetracycline. for example. dysentery. above Dominos Pizza . these can be used for curing typhoid. Chloromycetin and Chloramphenicol which are effective against a variety of diseases. gonorrhoea. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 5 . fungi and virus. conjunctivitis. a common brand name Enovid E contains norethindrone (a progestin) mestranol or ethenylestradiol monomethyl ether (an estrogen).8 Germicides : These are the chemical substances used to kill germs.sulphanilamide. (1%) chlorine.HCl C6H5 CH3 CH–CH2–CH2–N (CHCOOH)2 CH3 N Diphenylhydramine hydrochloride Chlorpheniramine maleate 1.2. Most of these contain a combination of an estrogen and a progesterone. etc. OH OH H3C CCH H3C CCH H H H H H O CH3O Norethindrone Mestranol 1. road). etc. above Dominos Pizza . The antihistamine drugs which are widely used are diphenlhydramine hydrochloride. diphtheria. sea. Promethazine hydrochloride etc. tuberculosis. etc. nasal discharges. motion sickness (air. Chloropheniramine. formaldehyde. Thus. Raj Castle Complex . bleaching power.11 Antacids : 2nd floor. Cetrizine. All these drugs contain chemicals related to female sex harmones having a steroid ring structure.9 Anti–fertility drugs : Chemical substances which are used to check pregnancy in women are called anti-fertility drugs or birth control drugs or oral contraceptives. Some important sulpha drugs are sulphadiazine. The common examples of germicides are phenol. 1. cresol. N H2N SO2NH2 H2N SO2NH ` Sulphanilamide Sulphadiazine 1. antihistamines are widely used for treatment to hay fever. potassium permanganate solution. hydrogen peroxide. All such drugs are expected to have side effects and hence should be used only under proper medical advice. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES against diseases such as pneumonia. For example. nausea in pregnancy and post operative vomiting. Ellora Park. These are so called because they check the production of histamines. The structure of some of these are given below : C6H5 CH3 Cl CH3 CH–O–CH2–CH2–N .2. irradation sickness.2. DDT.2.10 Antihistamines : The drugs which have been used to fight allergy are called antihistamines. The rest of the light is reflected. These usually contain salts of Al. Hence acid-base balance is disturbed. 2. DYES Dyes are chemical substances used to impart colours to the textiles. not dyes. Mg(OH)2. silk. foodstuffs. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 6 . soap. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES Antacids are substances that decrease gastric acidity by neutralising hydrochloric acid. WAVE LENGTH COLOUR ABSORBED COLOUR REFLECTED (nm) (Complementary colour) 400–435 Violet Yellow green 435–480 Blue Yellow 480–490 Green-blue Orange 490–500 Blue-green Red 500–560 Green Purple 560–580 Yellow green Violet 580–595 Yellow Blue 2nd floor. acids and alkalies or other solvents used in dry cleaning etc. magaldrate etc. Mg and Na. These are of the following two types : (a) Systemic antacid (b) Non-systemic antacid (a) Systemic antacids : Systemic antacids like sodium bicarbonate decrease acidity but cause systemic alkalosis due to absorption of bicarbonate. The colour of the reflected light gives the colour of the dye which is complementary to the colour of the light absorbed. Raj Castle Complex . CaCO3. The discovery of dyes has provided glamour in our modern life. (iv)It must be resistant to the action of water. Ellora Park. These antacids are not absorbed after administration and hence acid-base imbalance is minimal. 2.1 How a dye exhibits colour ? : A dye is an organic compound which can absorb a certian portion of the visible light (400 – 750 nm) falling on it. (b) Non-systemic antacids : These may contain one or more of the following compounds : Al(OH)3. All coloured substances are. (ii) It must be able to fix itself permanently to the material being dyed. (iii)When fixed. it must be fast to light and washing. MgCO3. magnesium trisilicate. wool and other objects. They are compared quantitatively in terms of their acid-neutralising capacity. A substance can act an a dye if it satisfies the following conditions : (i) It must have a suitable colour. The colour of the visible light absorbed and the complementary colour reflected are given in Table. Further excess sodium may cause oedema and cardiac failure in patients with renal or cardiac dysfunction. above Dominos Pizza . however. 2 Classification of Dyes : Dyes can be classified in a number of ways as briefly described below : 2. the variety of dyes is so larger that a long list can be prepared. Such dyes are known as natural dyes.1 Acid dyes : The sodium salts of azo dyes containing sulphonic acid (–SO3H) and carboxylic acid (–CO2H) groups are called acid dyes. (ii) Auxochromes : At the same time. Similarly if a dye absorbs blue colour it will appear yellow which is the complementray colour of blue. Cl. The dyeorange–I is prepared by coupling diazotised 2nd floor. These groups which impart colour to a compound are called chromophores. it is clear that if a dye absorbs electromagnetic radiations corresponding to yellowish green. Hence these are also called coal-tar dyes. India has been the main producer and exporter of indigo. Raj Castle Complex . These do not have affinity for cotton and hence connot be used to dye cotton. Some examples of chromophores are : NO2 (nitro).2. there are certain groups which themselves are not chromophores but deepen the colour when introduced into coloured compounds.3. These dyes are applied to the fabric from their acid solutions and are used to dye wool. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES 595–605 Orange Green blue 605–750 Red Blue green From the above table.1 Natural and synthetic Dyes : Since early times. Ellora Park. N=N (azo) quinoid structures etc. However some important classes based on the characteristic structural units present in them are given in Table. above Dominos Pizza . N = O (nitroso).2. natural dyes have only limited shades. Such groups which deepen the colour of a coloured compound are called auxochromes. methyl orange. CO2H etc. the intrinsic colour of any compound is due to the presence of certain groups containing multiple bonds. 2. Most of these dyes are aromatic compounds obtained from coal-tar. Thus dyes impart colour to a fabric by absorbing the complementary colour. methyl red and congo red. However. NH2. NR2.3 Classification of dyes on the basis of their applications : The dyes are classified into the following types on the basis of their applications : 2. 2. (i) Chromopores : In general. most of the dyes used are the synthetic dyes which can have a variety of shades. it will appear violet which is the complementary colour of yellowish green.2 Classification of Dyes based on their Constitution (Chemical classification) : On the basic of chemical constitution. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 7 . Hence. 2. silk. orange–II. Some examples of auxochromes are : OH. now a days. nylon and acrylic fibres. Two examples of natural dyes known since early times are indigo (a blue dye) and alizarin (a red dye). Typical examples of acid dyes are orange–I. man has been trying to extract dyes from the plants for using them to beautify his cloths. NHR. Ellora Park. Triphenylmethane dyes C C N(CH3)2 (Triphenylmethane) N(CH3)2 (Malachite green) 4. Anthraquinone dyes O O OH OH O O (Anthraquinone) (Alizarin) 6. Inigoid dyes O O H C C N C= C=C N N C H H (Indgoid) O (Indigo) 5. Phhalein dyes O O C C O O C C (Phthalein) OH OH (Phenolphthalein) OH NaO3S N=NCl + NaO3S N=N OH –HCl Diazotised sulphanilic Orange-I acid sodium salt -Napthol 2nd floor. Type Structural unit Example 1. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 8 . Raj Castle Complex . Azo dyes –N=N– (Azo) NaO3S N=N OH (Orange-I) 3. above Dominos Pizza . SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES sulphanilic acid with -naphthol. Nitro dyes O OH –N NO2 O Nitro NO2 (Martius yellow) 2. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 9 . Ellora Park. –H2O Diazotised sulhpanilic Methyl orange acid COOH COOH (ii) NCl + N(CH3)2 N=N N(CH3)2 –HCl Diazotised anthranilic Methyl red acid 2.3. above Dominos Pizza . Raj Castle Complex . Modified nylons and polyesters can be dyed with these dyes.3. cotton. Some common examples of this class are aniline yellow. It is generally used to dye silk.2 Basic dyes : These dyes are the salts of the coloured bases containing amino groups (– NH2 or – NR2) as the auxochromes. wool. salt Similarly. In the acid solution. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES The dye orange–II is similarly obtained by coupling diaxotised sulphanilic acid with – naphthol. 4 –diaminodiphenyl) with two molecules of naphthionic acid (4–aminonaphthalene–1–sulphonic acid). leather and paper. butter yellow. These include azo and triphenylmethane dyes. chrysodine G (structures given below) and malachite green N=N NH2 N=N N(CH3)2 Aniline yellow Butter yellow NH2 N=N NH2 C N(CH3)2 Chrysodine G N(CH3)2 (Malachite green) Chrysodine G is an orange dye and is obtained by coupling benzenediazonium chloride (1 mole) with m-phenylenediamine. 2. Methyl Orange and methyl red are obtained by coupling N.3 Direct dyes : 2nd floor. congo red is obtained by coupling tetrazotised benzinic (4. N–dimethylaniline with diazotised sulphanilic acid and diazotised anthranilic acid respectively : NaOH (i) HO3S NNCl + N(CH3)2 NaO2S N=N N(CH3)2 –NaCl. OH OH NaO3S NNCl + NaO3S N=N –HCl Diazolised sulhaphanilic acid -Naphthol Orange-II sod. these amino groups form water soluble cations which then react with anionic sites present on the fabrics and thus get attached to them. the colour is not very fast. 3. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 10 .7 Vat dyes : 2nd floor. Because of the formation of permanent chemical bonds between the fibre and the dye.3.5 Fibre reactive dyes : These are those dyes which contain a reactive group which combines directly with the hydroxyl or amino group of the fibre. 4 – dichloro – 1. Cotton. cresol or benzoic acid. OH NaOH O2N NNCl O2N N=N –HCl p-Nitrobenzenediazonium chloride -Naphthol Para red 2. above Dominos Pizza .6 Ingrain dyes : These are water insoluble azo dyes which are produced in situ on the surface of the fabric by means of coupling reaction. 2. Important examples of disperse dyes (anthraquinone dyes) are : (i) Cellitone fast pink B and (ii) Cellitone fast blue B O NH2 O NHCH3 O OH O NHCH3 1-Amino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone 1-4-Di (methylamino) anthraquinone (Celliton fast pink B) (Celliton fast blue B) 2. N O–Fibre N N –HCl Fibre – OH + Cl N –Fibre –OH + Cl– N N N Dye Dye 2. wool. rayon and nylon. These dyes belong to the class of monoazo dyes and anthraquinone dyes.3. silk. Raj Castle Complex . The fabric to be dyed in soaked in an alkaline solution of a phenol or naphthol and is then treated witht he solution of a suitable diazonium salt to produce an surface adsorption of the dye on the fabric. Ellora Park. wool or silk can be dyes with this type of dyes. These dyes are used to dye synthetic fibres and as nylons. polyesters and polyacrylonitrile fibres.These dyes are generally used for dyeing cotton. Dyes which are derivatives of 2. these are those dyes which can be directly applied to the fabric from an aqueous solution. silk. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES As the name suggests.3.4 Disperse dyes : These are water insoluble dyes and are applied to the fabric in form of a dispersion of the finely divided dye in a soap solution in the presence of some stabilizing agent such as phenol. An example of this type of dye is para red. the colour of the dyed fabric is fast and has a long life. nylon and polyester.3. 5 – triazine are important example fibre reactive dyes. Thus these are usually used for dyeing cotton. These are most useful for fabrics which can form hydrogen bonds with the dyes. These do not contain free alkali and are used as toilet soaps.3. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 11 . in shaving sticks and shampoo. These dyes are mainly used to dye cotton fibres. are called hard soaps and the potassium salts of these fatty acids are called soft soaps. (c) A higher proportion of salts of saturated acids (palmitic. stearic etc. They contain glycerol.8 Mordant dyes : These dyes do not dye the fabric directly but require a mordant. shaving cream. The fabric to be dyed is first soaked in the alkaline solution of sodium hyposulphite and then oxidised to the insoluble coloured form by exposure to air or by some oxidising agents such as chromic acid or perboric acid. (b) Soft soaps – These are obtained from good oils using potassium hydroxide. acts as the binding agent between the fibre and the dye. (d) Medicated soaps : Toilet soaps containing some medicinal important substance are called medicated soaps. oleic acid. while a higher proportion of salts of unsaturated acids (oleic acid) yields soft soaps. 3.2 Manufacture of soap : Generally three processes are adopted for manufacture of soap. For acid dyes. (e) Metallic soaps : These are soaps of metals other than sodium and potassium. Raj Castle Complex . This reaction is known as saponification. SOAPS & DETERGENTS INTRODUCTION (a) Sodium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic acid. The mordant. 2nd floor.) gives Hard soaps. palmitic acid etc. Ellora Park. tannic acid is used as the mordant. SOAPS 3. in fact. (c) Transparent soaps : These are formed by dissolving toilet soaps in alcohol and evaporating the filtrate. metal ions are used as mordants but for basic dyes. A well known example of vat dyes is indigo. These contains free alkali and are used for washing purposes.1 Types of soaps : (a) Hard soaps – These are obtained from cheap oils and fats using sodium hydroxide. above Dominos Pizza . These dyes are primarily used to dye wool. CH2OCOC17H35 CH2OH CHOCOC17H35 + 3NaOH CHOH + 3C17H35COONa (sodium stearate) CH2OCOC17H35 CH2OH 3. (d) Alkaline hydrolysis of oils or fats by NaOH or KOH gives glycerol and sodium or potassium salt of the fatty acid. 2. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES These are insoluble dyes which are first reduced to a colourless soluble from (leuco compound) in large vats with a reducing agent such as alkaline sodium hyposulphite and then applied to the fabric. (b) Soaps are prepared by hydrolysis of higher fatty acids. e. deter-gents. When lime or ZnO are used as catalyst. After some time it solidifies and then it is cut into pieces. However. 4. glycerol. The mother liquour is known as spent-lye. CH3(CH2)10CH2 SO2ONa 2nd floor. Salting out of soap : A saturated solution of sodium chloride is added to the mixture obtained above.1 Sodium alkyl sulphates : These are the half esters of an inorganic acid (H2SO4) rather than an organic acid and a higher primary alcohol.3 Cleansing Action of Soap : When soap is rubbed with the greasy surface of clothes with water. DETERGENTS The synthetic detergents. The whole mixture is kept overnight which gets solidified and then is cut into pieces. Soap is separated from the solution and glycerol is recovered from the mother liquour. they are derived from purely synthetic chemicals rather than from chemicals obtained form natural sources like oils/fats. In this method oil is taken in an iron vessel and heated to about 50ºC. The oil gets hydrolysed and a mixture of soap. The most common is sodium dodecylbenzene sulphate. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES (a) The cold process : The soap of good quality is not obtained by this method as glycerol. These are separated and fatty acids are reacted with NaOH or Na2CO3 at higher temperature to form its sodium salt. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 12 . soapless soaps or syndets are substitutes of soaps. alkali and oil remain with the soap. which separate the dirt particles by absorbing them and escape out on washing with water.g. oil and water is obtained. lauryl alcohol (C12H25OH). CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO2ONa sodium lauryl sulphate 4. Ex. Glycerol remains in the mixture in this method.2 Sodium alkyl aryl sulphates : These are the sodium salts of long chain (linear) alkyl substituted benzene sulphonic acids (LAB) and are most widely used. This is an expensive method. the method is known as Itner process and if sulphuric acid or aromatic sulphonic acids are used as catalyst it is called Twitchell method. (b) The hot process : The following processes are involved in this method : Saponification : A mixture of oil and alkali is heated in iron vessels by steam coils. 3. (c) Modern method :– Glycerides of fatty acids are hydrolysed by water at higher temperatures in presence of catalyst to give glycerol and higher fatty acids. Sodium lauryl sulphate is the most important detergent of this type. above Dominos Pizza . Calculated amount of sodium hydroxide is added to it slowly by stirring the mixture. 4. Ellora Park. Unlike soaps. it forms an emulsion and the dirt particles separate out from the greasy surface. Soap so obtained is washed with a small amount of water to remove the alkali. Ex. Synthetic detergents are mainly of two types. Soap forms colloidal solution with water. Raj Castle Complex . like soaps they contain both hydrophilic (water-soluble) and hydrophobic (oil-soluble) parts. soapless. Due to common ion effect soap separates out and floats on surface of the solution. .g. these are commonly known as anionic detergents. Hydrocarbon part is soluble in oils or greasy materials and insoluble in water while the ionic part is insoluble in oily or greasy substances and soluble in water. example of this type of detergents is : sodium lauryl sulphate. i. the hydrocarbon part of which forms big clusters with dirt particles and the ionic part goes into water. . 4-(2-dodecyl)benzensulphonat CH3 CH3–(CH2)9–CH SO3Na Sod. example CH3–(CH2)11 SO3Na sodium 4-(1-dodecyl)benzenesulphonate (SDS). cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.4 Types of detergents : Detergents are of three types : (i) Anionic detergents. (iii) Non-ionic detergents : 2nd floor. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES Since in these detergents. i. C11H23CH2OSO3–Na+ C11H23CH2OH Conc.e. Ellora Park..dodecyl)bezensulphonate (ii)Cationic detergents : e. (a) Sodium alkyl sulphates. These are so called because a large part of their molecules are anions. 4-(2. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 13 . Another important example is sod.e. C11H23CH2OSO3H NaOH C11H23CH2OSO3Na H 2SO 4 n-Lauryl alcohol n-Lauryl hydrogen sulphate Sodium lauryl sulphate (b) Alkylbenzenesulphonates. These are of two types. Detergents form colloidal solution in water. CH3 [CH3(CH2)15N(CH3)3] Br or CH3–(CH2)15–N–CH3 Br Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (Cationic detergent used in hair conditioner) CH3 cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. above Dominos Pizza . Raj Castle Complex .3 Activity of detergents : There are two parts in detergents – one is long chain hydrocarbon part and other is ionic part. Water OIL circle ( ) represents polar group (COONa) wavy line ( ) represents non-polar group (R–) 4. the active portion is negatively charged. In this way on washing with water the whole part washes away with water. 4. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES e.g. Ellora Park. CH3(CH2)16COOH HOCH2–CH2OH + nCH2–CH2 + HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH CH3(CH3)16COO(CH2CH2)O)nCH2CHOH –H2O O Polyethylene glycol stearate 2nd floor. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 14 . above Dominos Pizza . Raj Castle Complex . there are four carbons and one oxygen atom O || : Q.[AIPMT-2001] (1) C—N bond length in proteins is longer than usual bond length of N—bond (2) Spectroscopic analysis show planar structure of —C—NH— group || O (3) C—N bond length in proteins is smaller than usual bond length of C—N bond (4) None of above CH3 | Q. above Dominos Pizza .9 Monomer of —C— CH2— is . Raj Castle Complex .6 Which of the following is correct about H-bonding in nucleotide ? [AIPMT-2001] (1) A–T G–C (2) A–G T–C (3) G–T A–C (4) A–A T–T Q. [AIPMT-2002] (1) Edible proteins (2) Proteins with specific structure (3) Nitrogen containing carbohydrates (4) Carbohydrates 2nd floor. [AIPMT-2002] | CH3 n (1) 2-methyl propane (2) Styrene (3) Propylene (4) Ethane Q. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 15 .11 Enzymes are made up of . Ellora Park. [AIPMT-2000] (1) Thyroxine (2) Adrenelene (3) Oestrogen (4) Projestrone Q.8 —C—NH— (peptide bond) which statement is incorrect about peptide bond .4 Which of the following is not correctly matched ? [AIPMT-2000] O || (1) Neoprene —CH2—C CH—CH2— (2) Nylone-66 –NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4C–O– | n Cl n O O CH3 || || | (3) Terylene —OCH2—CH2—C— —C— (4) PMMA —CH2—C— n | COOCH3 n Q. iodine with NaOH gives iodoform (4) Sucrose on reaction with NaCl give invert sugar Q.7 Which is correct statement ? [AIPMT-2001] (1) Starch is polymer of -glucose (2) Amylose is a component of cellulose (3) Proteins are composed by only one type of amino acid (4) In cyclic structure of fructose.2 CF2 CF2 is a monomer of .10 Cellulose is polymer of . SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES Exercise : Q. [AIPMT-2000] = (1) Teflon (2) Orlon (3) Polythene (4) Nylon-6 Q.1 -D-glucose and -D-glucose are – [AIPMT-2000] (1) Epimers (2) Anomer (3) Enantiomers (4) Diastereomers Q.5 Which of following is correct ? [AIPMT-2001] (1) On reduction of any aldehyde give secondary alcohol (2) Reaction of vegetable oil with H2SO4 give glycerin (3) C2H5OH. [AIPMT-2002] (1) Glucose (2) Fructose (3) Ribose (4) Sucrose Q.3 Which one is responsible for produce energy in bio reaction . [AIPMT-2004] (1) Nucleic acid (2) Polystyrene (3) Protein (4) Starch Q. [AIPMT-2003] (1) Oxidation of glucose to glutamate (2) Conversion of pyruvate of citrate (3) Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate (4) Conversion of glucose to haem Q.27 Which of the following is considered to be an anti-cancer species ? [AIPMT-2004] 2nd floor.19 The nucleic acid base having two possible binding sites is .18 Which gives carbylamine reaction ? [RPMT-2004] (1) (CH3)3N (2) CH3NHCH3 (3) CH3NH2 (4) All the above Q.21 Which of the following is a biodegradable polymer ? [AIIMS-2004] (1) Cellulose (2) Polythene (3) Polyvinyl chloride (4) Nylon-6 Q.14 Which one of the following monomers gives the polymer neoprene on polymerization - [AIPMT-2003] (1) CH2 CHCl (2) CCl2 CCl2 = = Cl | (3)CH2 C—CH CH2 (4) CF2 CF2 = Q. Raj Castle Complex .15 Glycolysis is .13 Acrylon is a hard. Which of the following represents its structure ? [AIPMT-2002] CH3 | (1) —CH2—CH— (2) —CH2—C— (3) —CH2—CH— (4) —CH2—CH— | | | | CN COOC2H5 n COOC2H5 n Cl n n Q. above Dominos Pizza . [AIIMS-2004] (1) Thymine (2) Cytosine (3) Guanine (4) Adenine Q. [AIPMT-2004] (1) Bile acids (2) Adrenaline (3) Insulin (4) Cortisone Q.16 Phospholipids are esters of glycerol with – [AIPMT-2003] (1) Three carboxylic acid residues (2) Two carboxylic acid residues and one phosphate group (3) One carboxylic acid residue and two phosphate groups (4) Three phosphate groups Q.25 The harmone that helps in the conversion of glucose to glycogen is . [AIIMS-2004] (1) ArX + KCN (2) ArN2 + CuCN (3) ArCONH2 + P2O5 (4) ArCONH2 + SOCl2 Q. -amino acid is asymmetric (2) All proteins are found in L-form (3) Human body can synthesize all proteins they need (4) At pH = 7 both amino and carboxylic groups exist in ionised form Q.22 Which one of the following is a chain growth polymer .12 Which is not true statement ? [AIPMT-2002] (1) .26 The helical structure of protein is stabilized by – [AIPMT-2004] (1) Hydrogen bonds (2) ether bonds (3) peptide bonds (4) dipeptide bonds Q.20 Aromatic nitriles (Ar—CN) are not prepared by reaction . horny and a high melting material. [RPMT-2004] (1) Alcohol (2) HCl (3) NaOH (4) Hot water Q.24 A sequence of how many nucleotides in messenger RNA makes a codon for an amino acid- [AIPMT-2004] (1) 4 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3 Q. [AIPMT-2004] (1) Maintains blood sugar level (2) Acts as an oxygen carrier in the blood (3) Forms antibodies and offers resistance to diseases (4) Acts as a catalyst for biological reactions Q. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES Q.23 The correct statement in respect of protein hemoglobin is that it . Ellora Park.17 Benzene and aniline can be differentiated by . Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 16 . 33 Which is simplest amino acid ? [AIPMT-2005] (1) Alanine (2) Asparagine (3) Glycine (4) Tyrosine Q. [AIPMT-2005] (1) Phospholipids (2) Proteins (3) Fats (4) Carbohydrates Q. [AIPMT-2006] (1) Glucagon (2) Testosterone (3) Thyroxin (4) Adrenaline Q. [AIPMT-2007] (1) Vitamin A (2) Vitamin B (3) Vitamin E (4) Vitamin K Q.30 The monomer of the polymer is – [AIPMT-2005] CH3 | CH3 —CH2—C—CH2—C | CH3 CH3 (1) CH3–CH CH–CH3 (2) CH3–CH CH2 = = CH3 (3) (CH3)2C C(CH3)2 (4) H2C C CH3 = Q.35 Which one of the following statements is true for protein synthesis (translation) -[AIPMT-2005] (1) Amino acids are directly recognized by m-RNA (2) The third base of the codon is less specific (3) Only one codon codes for an amino acid (4) Every t-RNA molecule has more than one amino acid attachment site Q. their chirality is due to . [AIPMT-2006] Proteins Polypeptides Enzyme( A) Amino acids Enzyme(B ) (1) Amylase and Maltase (2) Diastase and Lipase (3) Pepsin and Trypsin (4) Invertase and Zymase Q.38 Which one of the following vitamins is water soluble .34 Which of the following biomolecules is insoluble in water ? [AIPMT-2005] (1) -Keratin (2) Haemoglobin (3) Ribonuclease (4) Adenine Q.31 Which functional group participates in disulphide bond formation in proteins . SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES CH2 || Cl Cl H3 N Cl H3 N Cl Cl CH (1) Pt (2) Pt (3) Pt (4) Pt Cl Cl H3 N Cl Cl NH3 Cl Cl Q. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 17 . Its structure would be . Ellora Park.29 Aniline when diazotized in cold and then treated with dimethyl aniline gives a coloured product.28 Which of the following structures represents the peptide chain ? [AIPMT-2004] H H H H H O | | | | | | | | | | | | | | || (1) —N—C—C—C—C—N—C—C—C— | || | | | | | | (2) —N—C—C—N—C—C—N—C—C— | || | || | O O O H O H H O | | | || | | | | | | | || (3) —N—C—C—C—N—C—C—N—C—C—C— | | | | | || | | (4) —N—C—N—C—NH—C—NH— || | | H O O H Q. Raj Castle Complex . the proteins present in food materials are hydrolysed to amino acids. The two enzyme involved in the process are respectively .[AIPMT-2005] (1) Thioether (2) Thiol (3) Thioester (4) Thiolactone Q.36 Which one of the following is a peptide harmone .37 During the process of digestion. [AIPMT-2007] (1) D-sugar component (2) L-sugar component nd 2 floor. [AIPMT-2004] (1) CH3 N N NH2 (2) (CH3)2N N N (3) (CH3)2N NH (4) CH3NH N N NHCH3 Q. above Dominos Pizza .39 RNA and DNA are chiral molecules.32 The cell membranes are mainly composed of . SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES (3) Chiral bases (4) Chiral phosphate ester units Q. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 18 . the complimentary bases are .47 The reason for double helical structure of DNA is operation of – [AIEEE-2003] (1) Hydrogen bonding (2) Electrostatic attractions (3) vander Waal’s forces (4) Dipole-dipole interaction Q.45 RNA contains . above Dominos Pizza . cytosine and guanine (4) Adenine and thymine . thymine and cytosine (3) Uracil and adenine . guanine and uracil (2) Adenine and guanine .52 In both DNA and RNA. [AIEEE-2002] (1) Urasil. Ellora Park. the formation of sulphur bridges between different chains make rubber harder and stronger Q. [AIPMT-2008] (1) Oxypurin (2) Insulin (3) Progesterone (4) Thyroxine Q. [AIPMT-2008] (1) Adenine and thymine .50 Insulin production and its action in human body are responsible for the level of diabetes. 4-polymer of isoprene (4) In vulcanization. Deoxyribose (4) Adenine.46 Complete hydrolysis of cellulose gives – [AIEEE-2003] (1) D-glucose (2) L-glucose (3) D-fructose (4) D-ribose Q.51 Identify the correct statement regarding enzymes : [AIEEE-2004] (1) Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that can normally function at very high temperatures (T~ 1000 K) (2) Enzymes are normally heterogeneous catalysts that are very specific in their action (3) Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that cannot be poisoned (4) Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that possess well-defined active sites Q. Ribose (3) Cytocine.40 Which one of the following polymers is prepared by condensation polymerization -[AIPMT-2007] (1) Styrene (2) Nylon-66 (3) Teflon (4) Rubber Q. Ribose (2) Thiamine.48 Coordination compounds have great importance in biological systems.43 Which of the following statement is not true ? [AIPMT-2008] (1) Natural rubber has the trans-configuration at every double bond (2) Buna-S is a copolymer of butadiene and styrene (3) Natural rubber is a 1.42 Which one of the following is an amine harmone.49 Which base is present in RNA but not in DNA ? [AIEEE-2004] (1) Uracil (2) Cytosine (3) Guanine (4) Thymine Q. Deoxyribose Q. Raj Castle Complex .44 Green chemistry means such reaction which – [AIPMT-2008] (1) reduce the use and production of hazardous chemicals (2) are related to the depletion of ozone layer (3) study the reaction in plants (4) produce colour during reactions Q. heterocylic base and phosphate ester linkages are at – [AIEEE-2005] (1) C2' and C5' respectively of the sugar molecule 2nd floor. guanine and cytosine Q. In this context which of the following statements is incorrect ? [AIEEE-2004] (1) Chlorophylls are green pigments in plants and contain calcium (2) Haemoglobin is the red pigment of blood and contains iron (3) Cyanocobalamin is B12 and contains cobalt (4) Carboxypeptidase–A is an enzyme and contains zinc Q. This compound belongs to which of the following categories ? [AIEEE-2004] (1) A co-enzyme (2) A hormone (3) An enzyme (4) An antibiotic Q.41 In DNA. 54 The term anomers of glucose refers to – [AIEEE-2006] (1) a mixture of (4)-glucose and (L)-glucose (2) enantiomers of glucose (3) isomers of glucose that differ in configuration at carbon one (C-1) (4) isomers of glucose that differ in configure tions at carbons one and four (C-1 and C-4) Q. above Dominos Pizza . hexanal Q.64 Bakelite is obtained from phenol by reacting with [AIEEE-2008] (1) CH3CHO (2) CH3COCH3 (3) HCHO (4) (CH2OH)2 Q.56 -D-(+)-glucose and D-(+)-glucose are [AIEEE-2008] (1) epimers (2) anomers (3) enantiomers (4) conformers Q.2004] (1) Glucose.59 D-Glucopyranose exist in two forms [IIT.2005] (1) Anomers (2) Epimers (3) Enantiomers (4) Diastereoisomers Q. sucrose (2) Sucrose.57 The two functional groups present in a typical carbohydrate are : [AIEEE-2009] (1) – OH and –COOH (2) – CHO and –COOH (3) > C = O and –OH (4) – OH and –CHO Q. [AIEEE-2005] (1) Teflon (2) Neoprene (3) PVC (4) Thiokol Q. Raj Castle Complex .62 Which of the following is a polyamide ? [AIEEE-2005] (1) Nylon-66 (2) Teflon (3) Bakelite (4) Terylene Q.60 Monomers are converted to polymer by – [AIEEE-2003] (1) Hydrolysis of monomers (2) Condensation reaction between monomers (3) Protonation of monomers (4) None is correct Q.53 The pyrimidine bases present in DNA are – [AIEEE 2006] (1) cytosine and guanine (2) cytosine and thymine (3) cytosine and uracil (4) cytosine and adenine Q.66 The compound is used as . will give positive test with Tollen's reagent : [IIT-Scr. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES (2) C5' and C2' respectively of the sugar molecule (3) C5' and C1' respectively of the sugar molecule (4) C1' and C5' respectively of the sugar molecule Q. fructose (3) Glucose.63 Which of the following is fully fluorinated polymer. . Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 19 . 65 Buna-N synthetic rubber is a copolymer of – [AIEEE-2009] Cl (1) H2C=CH–C=CH2 and H2C=CH–CH=CH2 (2) H2C=CH–CH=CH2 and H5C6 – CH = CH2 (3) H2C = CH – CN and H2C = CH – CH = CH2 (4) H2C=CH–CN and H2C=CH–C=CH2 CH3 O O–C–CH3 COOH Q.61 Nylon threads are made of –[AIEEE-2003] (1) Polyamide polymer (2) Polyethylene polymer (3) Polyvinyl polymer (4) Polyster polymer Q. [AIEEE-2002] 2nd floor. Ellora Park.58 Which of the following pair.55 The secondary structure of a protein refers to – [AIEEE-2007] (1) -helical backbone (2) hydrophobic interactions (3) sequence of -amino acids (4) fixed configuration of the polypeptide backbone Q. fructose (4) Acetophenone. 74 Which one of the following is employed as a transquilizar drug ? [AIPMT-2010] (1) Naproxen (2) Mifepristone (3) Promethazine (4) Valium Q. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES (1) Antiseptic (2) Antipyretic (3) Antiallergic (4) Antibiotic Q. [AIEEE-2003] (1) Liquid hydrogen + liquid oxygen (2) Liquid nitrogen + liquid oxygen (3) Liquid hydrogen + liquid nitrogen (4) liquid oxygen + liquid argon Q.77 Of the following which one is classified as polyester polymer ? [AIPMT-2011] (1) Nylon . Identify the product D.76 In a set of reactions m-bromobenzoic acid gave a product D.69 Which harmones contains iodine ? [AIPMT-2009] (1) Insuline (2) Testosterone (3) Adrenaline (4) Thyroxine Q. Ellora Park.81 Which among the following is a tranquilizer ? [RPMT-2011] 2nd floor.79 Which of the statements about "Denaturation" given below are correct ? [AIPMT MAINS-2011] Statements (a) Denaturation of proteins causes loss of secondary and tertiary structures of the protein (b) Denaturation leads to the conversion of double strand of DNA into single strand (c) Denaturation affects primary structure which gets distorted Options : (1) (a).72 Which one of the following does not exhibit the phenomenon of mutarotation? [AIPMT-2010] (1) (+) Sucrose (2) (+) Lactose (3) (+) Maltose (4) (–) Fructose Q.73 Which of the following structures represents Neoprene polymer? [AIPMT-2010] (1) ( CH 2 – C CH – CH ) 2 n CN (4) (CH CH 2 ) n | | Cl | Cl (2) (CH 2 – CH) n | C6 H 5 (3) (CH 2 – CH) n Q.78 Which of the following is not a fat soluble vitamin ? [AIPMT MAINS-2011] (1) Vitamin A (2) Vitamin B complex (3) Vitamin D (4) Vitamin E Q.80 Weakest intermolecular forces are present in [RPMT-2011] (1) Neoprene (2) Terylene (3) polystyrene (4) Bakelite Q.68 Which one of the following types of drugs reduces fever. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 20 .66 (2) Terylene (3) Backelite (4) Melamine Q.75 Which one of the following is employed as Antihistamine ? [AIPMT-2011] (1) Omeprazole (2) Chloramphenicol (3) Diphenyl hydramine(4) Norothindrone Q.71 The segment of DNA which acts as the instrument manual for the synthesis of the protein is – [AIPMT-2009] (1) nucleotide (2) ribose (3) gene (4) nucleoside Q.70 Which one of the following is employed as a tranquilizer ? [AIPMT-2009] (1) Equanil (2) Naproxen (3) Tetracycline (4) Chlorpheninamine Q.67 Which of the following could act as a propellant for rockets. [AIEEE-2005] (1) Antipyretic (2) Analgesic (3) Tranquiliser (4) Antibiotic Q. [AIPMT-2011] COOH SOCl2 NH3 NaOH B C D Br2 Br A CONH2 SO2NH2 COOH NH2 (1) (2) (3) (4) Br Br NH2 Br Q. above Dominos Pizza . Raj Castle Complex . (b) and (c) (2) (b) and (c) (3) (a) and (c) (4) (a) and (b) Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ans. 1 2 2 4 3 1 2 2 2 4 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Ans. 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 Ques. Ellora Park. above Dominos Pizza . 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Ans. 81 82 Ans. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Ans. 1 2 2nd floor. SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES (1) Eqvanil (2) promethazine (3) Omeprazole (4) Cimetidine Q. 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 Ques. Raj Castle Complex .82 The following carbohydrate is [IIT-2011] H OH H O HO HO OH H OH H H (1) a ketohexose (2) an aldohexos (3) an furanose (4) an -pyranose ANSWER KEY Ques. 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 3 4 2 2 4 1 Ques. Baroda : (0265) – 3053166 21 .
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