What is Science?Science is referred to as a system of objective knowledge obtained through deep researches done by the human being. Science is applied in every field and every aspect of life. With the help of scientific inventions and techniques, we have got all the latest facilities and high living standards. It¶s the science, with the help of which human being has reached beyond the space and stepped on the Moon and sent a spacecraft to Mars. There are a number of branches of science, out of which earth science, physical science and life science are the major branches. These three are considered as pure sciences. Other branches of science such as engineering, technology are associated with the practical application of result of scientific activity. Topic: Branches of Science Reference: http://ph.answers.yahoo.com y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Acoustics: It is a branch of science related to the study of transmission of sound waves. It usually refers to the characteristics of theaters, auditoriums and studios and includes the behavior of sound in buildings and noise and noise control. Aerodynamics: It is associated with the study of forces of air acting on objects in motion relative to air. Aeronautical Engineering: It is a branch of science that is related to the study of design and manufacture of flight-capable machines as well as the techniques of operating aircraft. Agriculture: It is the science of cultivating the ground, harvesting the crops and rearing and management of farming, husbandry and livestock. It is associated with the production of food, fiber, feed and other goods by systematic harvesting or growing the plants and rearing the animals. Agronomy: It is a branch of agriculture that deals with field crop production and soil management. It involves the scientific study of crop production and its usage for food, feed, fiber and fuel. Algebra: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of structure, quantity and relation. It includes the use of symbols, letters and/or characters to represent numbers and express mathematical relationships. Algology: see Phycology Anatomy: It is a branch of biology, related to the study of structure and organization of living things. It involves human anatomy, plant anatomy (phytotomy) and animal anatomy (zootomy). Angiology: It is the science that includes the study of blood and lymph vessels and their disorders. Anthropology: It involves the study of both past and present human cultures. It is associated with physical and social characteristics of humanity through the study of historical and present geographical distribution, acculturation, cultural history and cultural relationships. Apiculture: It is the science and art of raising and management of honeybees, Apis mellifera. It involves the cultivation of bees on commercial scale for the production of honey. Applied Mathematics: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the mathematical techniques, which are used in the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains. Archaeology: It is a subdiscipline of anthropology that involves the study of physical evidence of past human societies, recovered through excavation Astronomy: It is the scientific study of celestial bodies such as stars, comets, planets and galaxies and phenomena that originate outside the Earth¶s atmosphere such as the cosmic background radiation. y y y y Astrophysics: It is a branch of astronomy that is associated with the physics of celestial bodies (galaxies, stars and interstellar medium). Atomic Physics: It is a field of physics that is associated with the study of internal structure of atomic nuclei as an isolated system of electrons. It mainly involves the study of arrangement of electrons around the nucleus Bacteriology: It is a branch of microbiology, which involves the scientific study of bacteria in relation to disease as well as agriculture. Biochemistry: It deals with the study of chemical substances and vital processes that take place in living organisms. It primarily focuses on the structure, function and role of biomolecules. It includes the study of organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms. Bioengineering: It is an application of systematic, integrative and quantitative engineering principles to living structures, such as creating chemicals, drugs, tissues and artificial organs. Biology: It is also known as biological science, which includes the scientific study of life. It involves the study of structure, origin, growth, evolution, function and distribution of living things. Biophysics: It is a branch of science that involves an application of methods and principles of physics to understand the biological systems. Biotechnology: It is associated with the industrial application of living organisms and/or biological techniques developed through basic research. Biotechnology is applied for producing the pharmaceutical compounds and research materials. It is mainly applied in genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology. Botany: It is also referred to as plant biology, plant science or phytology. It involves the scientific study of plant life. Cardiology: It deals with study, diagnosis and treatment of various disorders of heart and major blood vessels. Chemical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that deals with design, construction and operation of machinery and plants for different products such as dyes, acids, plastics, drugs and rubber, applying the chemical reactions. Chemistry: It is a branch of natural science that is associated with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions. It is the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself. Civil Engineering: This branch of engineering deals with the planning, designing, construction and maintenance of structures (roads, bridges, etc) and altering the geography to suit the human needs. Climatology: It involves the study of climatic data, analysis of climatic changes and investigations of its phenomena and causes. Computer Science: It includes a systematic study of computation and computing system. It involves different theories for understanding the computing systems and methods, algorithms, design methodology and tools, methods of analysis and verification and methods for testing the concepts. Cosmetology: It is the practice of beautifying the face, skin and hair, using different cosmetics. Cosmology: It is a branch of physical science that is associated with the nature of universe, its origin and overall structure. Craniology: This branch of science is related to the study of physical characteristics of the skulls of different human races. Cryogenics: A scientific study that deals with the production, control, application and uses of very low temperature. y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Forestry: It is the art and science of managing and using forests and their associated resources to produce various products such as timber for human benefits. structures and products that are meant for improving the quality of life. including the floral industry. using electronic devices such as magnetic amplifiers. Exbiology: It is a branch of science that deals with life or possibilities of life present beyond the earth. vegetation and soil. Environmental Science: It is the study of interactions among biological. Endocrinology: It is a branch of medical science that is associated with the study of function and pathology of endocrine glands. related with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for the gardens and floristry. enciphered format with the use of a key and an algorithm. topography. origin. Dermatology: It is a branch of medicine that deals with the skin disorders such as moles. related to other diseases. evaluating and marketing the gemstones. y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y . Cytology: It is a branch of biological science that is associated with the study of structure. skin cancers. Electronics: It is a branch of technology. physical and mathematical principles to design process. physical and chemical components of environmental system. It also deals with climate. nails. Floriculture: It is a discipline of horticulture. which is associated with the development and application of circuits or systems.y y Cryptography: It is the science of protecting the information by transforming it into an unreadable. grading. Eugenics: It deals with the study of hereditary improvement of human race by controlled selective breeding. unintelligible. function and pathology of cells. Ecology: It includes the study of interrelationships between living organisms and their environment. their action on bodies and changes in motion they produce. Dactylography: It is the science of using the fingerprints for the purpose of identification. treatment and prevention of the diseases associated with teeth. contact dermatitis. It also includes the disorders of hair. Dynamics: It is a branch of mechanics that includes the study of various forces. Geography: It includes the study of the earth as well as its features phenomena and inhabitants. Dentistry: This branch of medicine deals with diagnosis. etc. mouth and external genitalia. Etiology: It is the study of causes or origins of disease/abnormal condition. mechanical. Evolution: It is the sequence of changes involved in evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms. transistors. oral cavity and related structures. psoriasis and other skin conditions. Forensic Science: It is a branch of medical science that deals with establishing the evidence for legal proceeding. Genetics: It is a branch of biology that focuses on the heredity and variation of organisms as well as the patterns of inheritance of specific traits. Etymology: It includes the study of history of words and their meanings. Gemology: It is the science and art of identifying. Ethnology: It involves the study of mental and physical differences of mankind. Entomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of insects in their relations to forests and forest products. Engineering: It is an application of scientific. Epidemiology: It includes the study of cause and distribution of diseases in human population. vertices. This treatment involves full body immersion. form. etc. Hepatology: This branch of medical science incorporates the study of functions and disorders of liver as well as biliary tree. change and space. colonic irrigation. Gerontology: It deals with the scientific study of psychological. symbolic pictures. Hydrotherapy: It is the science of treating a disease using hot or cold water. Histology: It includes the study of structure and behavior of cells and body tissues. form and behavior of the words in a given language. Linguistics: It incorporates the study of structure. in water containing essential mineral nutrients. rivers. saunas. steam baths. Hydrology: It deals with distribution. Mammalogy: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of mammals. It includes the study of streams. occurrence. Iconography: It is a system of using images. or figures to represent a theme or structure. Geometry: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the questions of shape. Immunology: It deals with the study of diseases and body¶s immune system and its functions. evolution and structure of the earth¶s crust. flowers. Mathematics: It is the body of knowledge that focuses on different concepts such as structure. using microscopic examination of tissue slices. Mammography: It is a special examination breast using an X-ray. Lexicography: It is the science of compiling. gallbladder and pancreas. Marine Biology: It is associated with the scientific study of living organisms in the ocean and other brackish or marine bodies of water. biological and sociological phenomena related to aging and old age. sound. particularly vegetables. It is done on the basis of study of meaning. function. minerals and rocks. particularly reproductive and sexual function and diseases of reproductive organs. internally or externally to maintain and restore health. Hydrostatics: It involves the mathematical study of forces and pressures in liquids. history. triangles. Geophysics: It involves the study of physical and geological properties and characteristics of the earth. size and relative positions of figures as well as with the properties of space. lymph glands and spleen. Heliology: It deals with the study of the Sun. It is associated with polygons. It also involves the examination of soil and rocks. quantity. Jurisprudence: It is a branch of philosophy associated with study and structure of law and legal system. lakes. It is one of the most effective methods for an early detection of breast cancer. instead of in soil. y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y . Ichthyology: It is the study of fish.y y y y y Geology: This branch of science involves the study of origin. sitz baths and hot or/and cold compresses. It is also one of the academic disciplines. writing and editing the dictionaries. fruits and vegetables. chemistry and circulation of water on the earth. Gynecology: It is a discipline of medicine that is concerned with disorders of women. Hydroponics: It is a branch of science that deals with growing the plants. properties. Horticulture: It is an agricultural technology that is associated with growing ornamental plants. Hematology It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of function and disease of blood as well as diagnosis and treatment of disorders of blood. meshes and associated operations to be done with them in 3D applications. variety and development of specific languages and human speech in general. Nuclear Physics: It is a branch of physics. occurrence and distribution in nature of different minerals. It also involves purifying the metals and casting useful items from them. Myology: This science includes the study of structure and function of muscles and muscle tissues. Mineralogy: It is a scientific discipline that includes the study of chemical composition. Mycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the study of fungi and fungal infection. oceans and life on the earth. parturition and puerperium. Optics: It is a branch of physics that focuses on the physical properties of light and interaction of light with matter. with special emphasis on external features. function and diseases of the eyes. including bacteria. medals. transcription and translation of genetic information. such as conjunctivitis. Molecular Biology: It is a discipline of biology that includes the study of structure. physics and dynamics of atmosphere and its direct effects on the earth¶s surface. tokens and similar objects. Neurology: It is related to the structure. functioning and disorders of nervous system including the brain. Microbiology: It is a branch of biology that is concerned with the study of structure and function of microorganisms. as well as related muscles. Obstetrics: This branch of medicine deals with the health and care of a woman and fetus during pregnancy. physics. including fluid and mineral balance. diagnosis and treatment with non-surgical techniques. their taxonomy. Ophthalmology: It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of structure.y y y y y y y y y y y Mechanics: It is a branch of physics that is related to the behavior of physical bodies after subjecting to forces or displacements and the subsequent effects of bodies on their environment. origin. etc. Oceanography: It is the study of chemistry. physical properties. plants and other forms of life. DNA and proteins. It also deals with the process of replication. Oneirology: It is a scientific study of dreams and their contents. including animals. Mechanical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that includes the study of design. their interaction with each other as well as with constituent particles. internal crystal structure. development and health of an individual. their biochemical and genetic properties and their use to humans as a source for food. Morphology: It is the science of structure and form of organisms. development and diseases of teeth. Organic Chemistry: This branch of chemistry is associated with the study of carboncontaining compounds. Oncology: It is associated with diagnosis and treatment of cancer and tumors. medicine and tinder. cataracts. geology and biology of oceans in the world. Nutrition: It is the study of foods and nutrients and their effect on growth. Numismatics: This branch of science deals with the study and collection of coins. nerves and blood supplies. Metallurgy: It is the science of extracting the metals from their ores. construction and operation of machinery. which includes their structure and reactions. glaucoma. Odontology: It is associated with the scientific study of anatomy. which includes the study of atomic nuclei. Medicine: It is the science of maintaining and/or restoring human health through the study. Nephrology: It is a discipline of medical science that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of various kidney disorders. formation and function of essential macromolecules such as RNA. y y y y y y y y y y y y y . Meteorology: This branch of science involves the study of chemistry. It involves the study of fungi. spinal cord. moulds and pathogenic protozoa. paper money. including its formation. It is also known as algology. which includes the application of techniques and theories from physics to study the microscopic. Physiology: This branch of biology deals with the study of physical. which involves the scientific study of structure. chemical and physical characteristics of water. land formation and distribution of flora and fauna. based on the study of seismic waves. functions and pathology of bones. currents. occurrence and chemical classification of rocks. Petrology: This science incorporates the study of history. subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems. origin. It mainly involves structural and functional changes in tissues and organs caused by the disease. Speech Therapy: It includes the evaluation and treatment of speech. Pharmacology: It involves the study of drugs/medications and their nature. Osteology: It is a branch of anatomy. soil or food. Physiography: It is the study of natural features of earth¶s surface and its natural phenomena such as climate. Physical Chemistry: It is a discipline of chemistry. energy and matter. Plasma Physics: It is a branch of physics that deals with the study of interaction of plasma with itself. origin. atomic. Protozoology: It is a branch of zoology that deals with the study of protozoans. Sociology: It is the scientific study of society. properties as well as their effects on living organisms. Physics: It is a branch of science that is concerned with the study of properties and interactions of time. Pomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of fruits and cultivation of fruits. Pollution: It involves the study of undesirable changes in biological. Phonetics: It is the study and classification of sounds of human speech. Particle Physics: It is a branch of physics that includes the study of particles and their fundamental reactions. language and voice disorders. Philately: It involves the study and collection of postage stamps. It is rearing of silkworms for producing the raw silk. Seismology: It is a scientific investigation of earthquakes as well as structure of the earth. air. Sericulture: It is also referred to as silk farming. Pedology: It is a branch of science that deals with the study of soil. human social interaction and social relationships. structure. Paleontology: It is a branch of biology that deals with the study of prehistoric life. structure and classification. macroscopic. y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y . Serpentology: It is a branch of zoology. Philology: It is the science of language and linguistics. space. composition. which can cause a number of adverse effects on the living beings. biochemical and mechanical functions and activities of living organisms. based mainly in fossils of animals and plants.y y Ornithology: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of birds. Phycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the scientific study of algae. Psychology: It is the scientific study of mental and behavioral processes. It is the rehabilitation treatment for the patients with difficulties in swallowing or communication. which deals with the study of snakes. radiation and particle beams. Radiology: It is a medical discipline that focuses on using radiation and other radioactive substances to diagnose and treat various diseases. Pathology: It is a medical discipline that is related to cause and nature of disease. edu. Therapeutics: It is the science of healing or medical treatment of disease. technology is the application of applied science. design. have been created as a result. analysis.g. associated with the collection. execute. heat and other energy related to chemical reactions. It can be applied to a variety of academic disciplines. habits and embryology of animals. Just as it does for a professional scientist. e. In other words.ph y y The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. construct a hypothesis. explanation or interpretation and presentation of data. classification and pathogenesis of viruses. These interrelationships are often responsible for much of the progress today in several specialized fields of research. these are interrelated with each other. they design an experiment so that changes to one item cause something else to vary in a predictable way. Pure science is systematic study of natural or physical phenomena by observation and experiment. but rather. from social and natural sciences to humanities and to business and government. there are several ways of broadly categorizing the sciences. and ordering by general principles. Several interdisciplinary sciences. Statistics: It is a branch of applied mathematics. structure. Topic: Scientific Method Reference: http://journals. Advances can be the result of research by teams of specialists representing different sciences. including evolution. . and evaluate your experiment.upd. such as biochemistry. both pure and applied. Scientists use the scientific method to search for cause and effect relationships in nature. Applied science is the search for practical uses of scientific knowledge. irology: It is a discipline of microbiology or pathology. there are are interconnections and cross-fertilisations. structure. Moreover. The sciences aren't distinct and independent from each other. critical testing and review.y y Statics: It is the study of forces that act on the bodies at rest. y y y y y REFLECTION: Throughout my research regarding the branches of Science. Taxonomy: It is the science of classifying all the living things by arranging them in groups according to their relationships with each other. Thermodynamics: It is a branch of physics which deals with general properties of energy and matter. which includes the study of evolution. I found out that eventhough there are differences between them. It includes the study of amount of work. Zoology: It is a branch of biology that is related to the study of animal kingdom. classification. distribution. the scientific method will help you to focus your science fair project question. in order for the scientific method to answer the question it must be about something that you can measure. your hypothesis should be constructed in a way to help you answer your original question. then _____[this]_____ will happen. Construct a Hypothesis: A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work: "If _____[I do this] _____." Variables Variables for Beginners You must state your hypothesis in a way that you can easily Hypothesis measure. or Where? Detailed Help for Each Step Your Question And. Conducting an Experiment You should also repeat your experiments several times to make sure that the first results weren't just an accident. Which. Why.Steps of the Scientific Method Ask a Question: The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How. When. Who. What. you want to be a Finding Information savvy scientist using library and Internet research to help you find Bibliography the best way to do things and insure that you don't repeat mistakes Research Paper from the past. Do Background Research: Rather than starting from scratch in Background Research Plan putting together a plan for answering your question. . You conduct a fair test by making sure Experimental Procedure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other Materials List conditions the same. and of course. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment: Your experiment tests whether your hypothesis is true or false. preferably with a number. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. He accepts criticism and changes his mind if reliable evidence contrdicts his believes. When in doubt. experiments underwent systematic process which makes it easier for the scientists to test their hypothesis. and one important part of any good research is to first do a literature review to find out what previous research has already been done in the field.Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion: Once your experiment is complete.yahoo. As years gone by. people based their beliefs on their interpretations of what they saw going on in the world around them without testing their ideas to determine the validity of these theories ² in other words. scientific methods are discovered. he questions the veracity of a statement in relation to the evidences presented. 4. and in such cases they will construct a new hypothesis starting the entire process of the scientific method over again. A scientist believes that everything that happens in this world has a cause or reason. A scientist is objective if he does not allow his feelings and biases to influence his recording of observations. A scientist shows interest and pays particular attentions to objects or events. Open-mindedness. long-held theories are modified or replaced with better ones as more data/knowledge is accumulated. With it. you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if your hypothesis is true or false. Data Analysis & Graphs Conclusions Final Report Abstract Display Board Science Fair Judging REFLECTION: For centuries. 5. A scientist listens to and respects the ideas of others. A scientist bases suggestions and conclusions on evidences. 2. their conclusions were based on untested observations. Even if they find that their hypothesis was true. 3. interpretation of data.com What attitudes do scientists manifest when engaged in an inquiry or investigation? Below are list of scientific attitudes that are qualities of scientists: 1. He asks questions and seeks answers. Scientists often find that their hypothesis was false. Curiosity. and formulation of conclusions.search. Communicate Your Results: To complete your science fair project you will communicate your results to others in a final report and/or a display board. Rather. Scientists build on the work of previous researchers. they didn¶t use the scientific method to arrive at answers to their questions. Topic: Scientific Attitudes Reference: http://news. Beliefs. Critical-mindedness. . in order to gain more reliable and dependable evidences for the improvement of modern world. they may want to test it again in a new way. Objectivity. Science is a process ² new things are being discovered and old. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by publishing their final report in a scientific journal or by presenting their results on a poster at a scientific meeting. He does not withhold important information just to please himself or others. Growth: Maintenance of a higher rate of anabolism than catabolism. Organization: Being structurally composed of one or more cells. This attitude is one of inquiry. It is a cognitive concept. 8. not only of the scientist. This ability is fundamental to the process of evolution and is determined by the organism's heredity as well as the composition of metabolized substances. 3. 1. where life is a characteristic of organisms that exhibit all or most of the following phenomena. Response to stimuli: A response can take many forms. from the contraction of a unicellular organism to external chemicals. for example. or of tendencies to react consistently in certain ways to a novel or problematic situation. 10. Intellectual honesty. 5. Nothing can be called scientific that is not based on such an attitude. to complex reactions involving all the senses of multicellular . A growing organism increases in size in all of its parts. Responsibility.com Living Things Since there is no unequivocal definition of life. A scientist gives a truthful report of observations. I believe that the success of science has more to do with an attitude common to scientists than with a particular method.answers. A scientist expresses his opinions and tries new ideas even at the risk of failure or criticism. and external factors present. Adaptation: The ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment. A scientist is humble when he admits that he is not free from commiting errors. 6. and to hold a single fact above the authority of the oldest theories. 7. rather than simply accumulating matter. Risk-taking. A scientist can generate new and original ideas. electrolyte concentration or sweating to reduce temperature. These habits are important in the everyday life and thinking.6. He recognizes that there may be better ideas and realizes that there are individuals whom he may have to consult to arrive at correct observations and conclusions. 9. scientific attitudes are normally associated with the mental processes of scientists. 2. Topic: Attributes that define Reference: http://wiki. Humility. Living things require energy to maintain internal organization (homeostasis) and to produce the other phenomena associated with life. Metabolism: Transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components (anabolism) and decomposing organic matter (catabolism). which are the basic units of life. 4. REFLECTION: Scientific attitude is really a composite of a number of mental habits. Inventiveness. and humility before the facts. Having a scientific attitude consists in being willing to accept only carefully and objectively verified facts. experimentation. the current understanding is descriptive. Homeostasis: Regulation of the internal environment to maintain a constant state. but of everyone. A scientist actively participates in a task and also dutifully performs tasks assigned to him. life is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter.organisms. REFLECTION: Life is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have signaling and self-sustaining processes from those that do not. mg=milligrams. reproduce and. mcg=micrograms. fatigue.ph Vitamin/Mineral Sources Indication Efficacy Claims Fat Soluble Vitamins can be stored in the body and need not be consumed daily. diarrhea. reduced hair growth in children. fortified Milk (Retinol form see below for Carotene sources. and the properties common to these organisms²plants. for example. adapt to their environment in successive generations. Living organisms undergo metabolism. A response is often expressed by motion. Topic: Vitamins and Minerals Reference: http://www. the leaves of a plant turning toward the sun (phototropism) and by chemotaxis. In conclusion to the science of living organisms. respond to stimuli. skin and the proper function of the immune system. blurred vision. and bacteria²are a carbon.babycenter.and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic information. or else because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate. either because such functions have ceased. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means. consuming mega doses of fat soluble vitamins. 7.) Essential for eyes. bones and teeth. either asexually from a single parent organism. irregular . loss of apetite.com. protists. Vitamin A Retinol Men: 3 000 IU Women: 2 700 IU Liver. dry eyes. Abbreviations: IU=International Units. possess a capacity to grow. Reproduction: The ability to produce new individual organisms. or sexually from two parent organisms. Overdose: Headaches. rough skin. Helps maintain hair. lowered resistance to infection. archaea. fungi. A diverse array of living organisms can be found in the biosphere on Earth. especially A and D. can lead to a dangerous buildup in the body. Deficiency: Night blindness. dry. maintain homeostasis. animals. through natural selection. While it is difficult to "overdose" on them from ordinary sources. Butter. seen primarily in premature or low birth weight babies or children who do not absorb fat properly. vomiting. blood clotting. Green Converted to Leafy Vegetables Vitamin A in the body. Vitamin K None established. Vegetable oils such as Corn. Water Soluble Vitamins are not stored in the body and should therefore be consumed daily. renal and cardiovascular damage. Preserves fatty acids. Antioxidant. . Vitamin E Men: 9-10 mg Women: 6-7 mg Corn or Cottonseed Oil. Beta Carotene (Pro-Vitamin A) (See Vitamin A) Carrots. Deficiency: Rickets in children. Brown Rice. Causes nerve abnormalities. dry. osteoporosis. Liver. Overdose: Jaundice in infants. Overdose: Unknown. Squash.periods. joint and bone pain. Wheat Germ. Broccoli. cracked skin. Defective blood coagulation. Antioxidant. (See Vitamin A) The antioxidant properties of this nutrient may be a factor in reducing the risk of certain forms of cancer. muscles and other tissues. Deficiency: Rare. VitaminD Men:100IU Women: 100 IU Egg Yolk. Helps form red blood cells. The antioxidant properties of this nutrient may be a factor in reducing the risk of certain forms of cancer. Milk. liver damage. loss of hair. Enhances calcium absorption. rashes. Nuts. Overdose: Calcium deposits in organs. bone softening in adults.03 mcg/kg Green Needed for normal Deficiency: Vegetables. Soybean Oil. also made by intestinal bacteria. Estimated at 0. Helps build and maintain teeth and bones. Cottonseed or Soybean. fragile bones. Exposure to sun enables body to make its own Vitamin D. 1 mg Liver. Necessary for carbohydrate metabolism and muscle coordination. Beef. visual problems. liver disorders. Deficiency: In extreme cases. Helps maintain a healthy digestive tract and nervous system. Needed in many enzymes that convert food to energy. Tuna. muscle cramps. enriched Grains.3 .1. Essential to the functioning of Vitamin B6 and Niacin.Thiamine Vitamin B1 Men: 0.1. a disease characterized by dermatitis.8 . pellagra. Mushrooms. Promotes proper nerve function. Mushrooms. enriched Noodles. Riboflavin Vitamin B2 Men: 1. . Deficiency: Unclear in humans.6 mg Women: 1.8 mg Sunflower Seeds. hysteria. Overdose: See Vitamin B1. Niacin Vitamin B3 Men: 16-23 mg Women: 14-16 mg Niacin is converted to niacinamide in the body. Milk. Converts food to molecular forms. lower cholesterol (large doses should only be taken under the advice of a physician). In very large doses. Needed for metabolism of all foods and the release of energy to cells. dried Beans.5 mg Abundant in animal tissues. Overdose: Hot flashes. cardiac arrythmias. Overdose: See Vitamin B1.5 mg Women: 2. Spinach. Deficiency: Anxiety. ulcers. Needed to manufacture adrenal hormones and chemicals that regulate nerve Deficiency: Cracks and sores around the mouth and nose. although excess of one B vitamin may cause deficiency of others. loss of apetite. Overdose: Unknown. Peanuts. in extreme cases beriberi (mostly in alcoholics). Chicken. Pork. depression.3 mg Women: 0. Bran. Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B5 Men: 2. whole grain cereals and legumes. diarrhea and mouth sores. high blood sugar and uric acid. whole and enriched Grains. Cauliflower. scaling skin. Orange Juice. Bananas. Overdose: Nerve damage. Sprouts. nausea.anorexia. Deficiency: Anemia.function. Helps form red blood cells. Deficiency: Seborrhic dermatitis in infants. dry scaly skin. metabolism of Peanut Butter glucose and formation of certain fatty acids. Needed for protein metabolism and absorption. carbohydrate metabolism. patches of itchy. diarrhea. Men: 2 mcg Women: 2 mcg Deficiency: Pernicious anemia.5 mg Animal protein foods. anemia. Overdose: See Vitamin B1 Folic Acid (Folacin) Men: 180-220 mg Women: 160-190 mg Green. the elderly or people with malabsorption disorders. Adequate amounts of this nutrient in the first stage of pregnancy may reduce the risks of . nerve damage. Broccoli.) Overdose: See Vitamin B1. Egg. Builds genetic material. Needed for Yolk. gastrointestinal upsets. irritability. Essential for the manufacture of genetic material as well as protein metabolism and red blood cell Deficiency: Impaired cell division. Essential for proper body chemistry. Spinach. Vitamin B12 Found almost Cyanocobalamin exclusively in animal products. Promotes nerve and brain function. (Note: Deficiency rare except in strict vegetarians.8 mg Women: 1. vomiting. Rare in adults. Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Men: 1. organ Meats. leafy vegetables. but can be induced by consuming large amounts of egg whites . Biotin 60 mcg Cheese. Helps form red blood cells. convulsions. easy bruising. calcium deposits in body tissues.formation. Hinders absorption of iron and other minerals. Deficiency: Rickets in children. Cheese With calcium builds bones and teeth. Sardines. Unknown. The antioxidant properties of this nutrient may be a factor in reducing the risk of certain forms of cancer. Antioxidant. Helps build strong bones and teeth. Phosphorus Men: 1000 mg Women: 850 mg (3-6 g) Chicken Breast. Helps blood to clot. Kidney Stones. Overdose: Constipation. body chemistry. bone pain. nerve and muscle function. neural tube birth defects. Turnip Greens. and strengthens blood vessel walls. Strawberries. Egg Yolks. Needed for metabolism. bleeding gums. Lentils. In extreme cases. Green Peppers Overdose: Convulsions in epileptics. Deficiency: (Rare) Weakness. Nuts. osteomalacia (soft bones) and osteoporosis in adults. . Promotes muscle and nerve function. Anorexia. Helps activate enzymes needed to convert food to energy. May mask pernicious anemia (see Vitamin B12 deficiency). Cheese. in the absorption of Overdose: iron. Milk. May reduce the effects of the common cold. Minerals in organic products essential for body functions. Broccoli.1000 mg Women: 700-800 mg Milk. Aids scurvy. Helps maintain healthy gums. Broccoli. Overdose: Hinders body's absorption of calcium. Yogurt. Calcium Men: 800 . Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Men: 40 mg Women: 30 mg Citrus Fruits. Helps Deficiency: bind cells together Muscle weakness. Potassium Men: 40-80 mmol Women: 40-80 mmol (3-6 g) Peanuts. irritability. Deficiency: Nausea. Turkey. Beans. cramps. Deficiency: Skin pallor. Essential for making hemoglobin. lean Meats.250 mg Women: 200 . Oranges. (Occurs most often in persons with prolonged diarrhea. Bananas. Tofu. headaches. whole Grains. low blood pressure. enriched Bread. muscle weakness. Necessary element in more than 100 enzymes that are essential to digestion and Deficiency: Slow healing of wounds. Cashews. nervous system disorders.210 mg Spinach. Broccoli. Deficiency: Nausea. loss of taste. muscle weakness. Mushrooms. Iron (Elemental) Men: 8-10 mg Women: 8-13 mg Liver. vomiting. Note: Oxalic acid in spinach hinders iron absorption. Kidney beans. Peanuts. Beef. Zinc Men: 12 mg Women: 9 mg Oysters.Magnesium Men: 230 . the red substance in blood that acrries oxygen to body cells. Raisins. Shrimp. twitching. anorexia. retarded growth and delayed sexual . Crab.) Overdose: Rare. fatigue. Sunflower Seeds. Beef Greens. irritability. weakness. Broccoli. Needed by cells for genetic material and bone growth. Overdose: Nausea. Popcorn. Orange Juice. shortness of breath (all signs of irondeficiency anemia) Overdose: Toxic buildup in liver and in rare instances the heart. Wheat Bran Activates enzymes needed to release energy in body. Needed for nerve and muscle function. Warning: Overdose can be fatal to people with kidney disease. Helps maintain regular fluid balance. cardiac arrhythmias. Green Beans. diarrhea.15-0. Antioxidant. Overdose: Generally results from inhalation of manganese containing dust or fumes. including on needed to make skin. Deficiency: Unknown in humans. Stimulates iron absorption. Deficiency: Rare in adults. whole Grains and Cereal products are the richest dietary sources.2 mg Adequate amounts are found in Seafood. Molybdenum 0. Nuts and Seeds. nerve tissue and lungs. connective tissue and nerve fibres. Liver and other meats. changes. abdominal pain. Overdose: Liver disease. Kidney. Grains and other Seed contain varying amounts depending on the soil content. Manganese 2-5 mg Tea. Interacts with Vitamin E to prevent breakdown Overdose: of fats and body Finger nail chemicals. hair loss. not dietary ingestion. The richest sources of copper in the diet are Liver and other organ Meats. hair and other pigments. Component of some enzymes important in metabolism. Deficiency: Unknown in humans. Overdose: Nausea. gastric bleeding.05-0. Needed to make red blood cells. Selenium 0. vomiting.metabolism. diarrhea.3 mg Deficiency: The concentration Component of in food varies enzymes needed in Unknown in depending on the metabolism. vomiting. Infants may develop a type of anemia marked by abnormal development of bones. Seafoods. Copper 2-3 mg Component of several enzymes. development in children. Adequate amounts are found in Fruits and Vegetables. Needed for normal tendon and bone structure. Helps . support normal growth and development. Overdose: Gout-like joint pain. Although you get vitamins and minerals from the foods you eat every day. tissue culture of sugarcane. Beans. Ida Dalmacio. bananas and pepper.gov. she contributed to the sol'n of the aflatoxin problem that exists in the feed and food industries. and banana and development of seedless calamansi. Magdalena Cantoria. Eduardo Quisumbing-the father of phil.made important research in the field of microbiology. orchidology who pioneered in the study of phil. I did not appreciate what vitamins and minerals are for in the past.ph Filipino Biologists a. d. I come to think that it is a vital need in our everyday life.researched inthe morphology and biochemistry of drug plants and the pharmacognsy of phil. Milk. Without enough intake in each of it. and mammals c. Carmen Velasquez.known for mango flower induction tech. rattan.dost. but as I read my research about it. and help cells and organs do their jobs. REFLECTIONS: Vitamins and minerals make people's bodies work properly. Breads and Cereals contribute the highest amounts. some foods have more vitamins and minerals than others.asti. medicinal plants. humans. b. Vitamins and minerals boost the immune system. he wrote the book 'medicinal plants of the philippines' &did remarkable researches on phil. e.identified numerous species of genera of parasitic worms in the phil. fishes. Ramon Barba. deficiencies might occur that can affect our body functions Topic: Biologists Reference: http://agham. . which the food was grown. birds.environment in regulate iron storage. mint and piper plants. Without them. and paleontologist. Shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans for the discovery of restriction endonucleases. Italian naturalist and physician. Werner Arber (1929-). Swiss-born American zoologist. Biological scientists in the field may work in warm or cold climates. I am truly amazed of how biologists find ways on discovering different unbelievable facts about life and its process. These people are really noble and gifted with such a brilliant mind. such as botanists. Biologist involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve medical. Biological scientists usually are not exposed to unsafe or unhealthy conditions. industrial or agricultural processes. people will not understand the value of life of every organisms living. which led to the development of recombinant DNA technology. German biologist and scientific explorer. in all kinds of weather. British paleontologist. REFLECTION: A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of life. Often described as the greatest fossil hunter ever known. Mary Anning (1799-1847). Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876). Swiss microbiologist and geneticist. do field studies that involve strenuous physical activity and primitive living conditions. Many biological scientists. Founder and director of Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology. . Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605). with a special expertise in ichthyology. geologist. One of the founders of embryology. Those who work with dangerous organisms or toxic substances in the laboratory must follow strict safety procedures to avoid contamination. and zoologists. Together with Conrad Gesner. ecologists. Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship to their environment. he led the Renaissance movement that placed a renewed emphasis on the study of the nature. Biologists involved in basic research attempt to discover underlying mechanisms that govern how organisms work. one of the most famous scientists of his day.Foreign Biologists Louis Agassiz (1807-1873). von Baer discovered the notochord and the embryonic blastula. Jaelyn Elna R. 2010 Date Submitted . BSN-IV December 10.ARELLANO UNIVERSITY SY 2010-2011 2nd Semester BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE Requirement Submitted by: San Diego.