Modern Steelsand their properties Carbon and Alloy Steel Bars and Rods Another Customer Service of Akron Steel Treating Company Since 1943 Combining Art & Science for Solutions that Work MTI STATEMENT OF LIMITED LIABILITY (Please Read Carefully) (Standards Adopted by the Metal Treating Institute, inc.) ALL WORK IS ACCEPTED SUBJECT TO THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: It is recognized that even after employing all the scientific methods known to us, hazards still remain in metal treating. THEREFORE, OUR LIABILITY SHALL NOT EXCEED TWICE THE AMOUNT OF OUR CHARGES FOR THE WORK DONE ON ANY MATERIAL (FIRST TO REIMBURSE FOR THE CHARGES AND SECOND TO COMPENSATE IN THE AMOUNT OF THE CHARGES), EXCEPT BY WRITTEN AGREEMENT SIGNED BY THE METAL TREATER. THE CUSTOMER, BY CONTRACTING FOR METAL TREATMENT, AGREES TO ACCEPT THE LIMITS OF LIABILITY AS EX PRESSED IN THIS STATEMENT TO THE EXCLUSION OF ANY AND ALL PROVISIONS AS TO LIABILITY ON THE CUSTOMER'S OWN INVOICES, PURCHASE ORDERS OR OTHER DOCUMENTS. 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[email protected] www.AkronSteelTreating.com Combining Art & Science for Solutions that Work Contents MODERN STEELMAKING Raw Materials Blast Furnace 6 5 5 6 Steelmaking Methods The Steel Ingot Types of Steel 12 Strand Casting Vacuum Treatment 12 14 15 CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS • 19 Effects of Chemical Elements 19 AISI/SAE Standard Grades and Ranges 25 HARDENABILITY OF STEEL 43 End-Quench Hardenability Testing 44 Calculation of Hardenability 46 Hardenability Limits Tables 51 THERMAL TREATMENT OF STEEL Conventional Quenching and 61 Tempering 61 63 66 71 Isothermal Treatments Surface Hardening Treatments Normalizing and Annealing SAE Typical Thermal Treatments G RAI N SiZE 74 81 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES MACHINABILITY OF STEEL OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS 84 168 NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION 173 USEFUL DATA GLOSSARY OF STEEL TESTING INDEX 177 AND THERMAL TREATING TERMS 191 200 . MODERN STEELIVIAKING Steel is essentially a combination of iron and carbon. All steels also contain varying amounts of other ele ments. Most of this comes from the steel plant itself. and cuttings from metalworking shops. and limestone. Raw Materials The principal raw materials of the steel industry are iron ore. the industry's main sources of iron were the high-grade ores. obsolete machinery. such as silicon and phos phorus. Nearly one-half of the iron ore produced on this con tinent is now used in this pellet form. sulfur. Iron ore is a natural com bination of iron oxides and other materials. . which are added in various combinations as desired. determine to a great ex tent the ultimate properties and characteristics of the particular steel. the most available domestic iron ore is taconite. containing from 55 to 65 per cent iron. Other scrap. only about two-thirds of the steel produced by steel plants is shipped as product. worn out railway cars and rails. The presence and amounts of these and some 20 other alloying elements. which contains a lesser amount of iron. Until recently. the carbon content of common grades ranging from a few hundredths to about one per cent. a process in which the material is upgraded and formed into high-iron bearing pellets. A second source of iron is scrap. coal. making its use uneconomical without some kind of beneficiation. the remainder being discarded during processing and returned to the furnaces as scrap. comes from outside the plant from such sources as old auto mobiles. iron and steel scrap. principally manganese. Today. phosphorus. which are always present if only in trace amounts. and silicon. if needed. which were mined and sent directly to the steel plants. and limestone are charged into the top of the furnace. . manganese. the basic oxygen. the gas is burned in heating units. the product of the blast furnace. these two methods account for over 80 per cent of the steel made in America. Blast Furnace The principal charging material used in making steel is molten pig iron. These additions are often the same elements which were originally removed. Limestone is employed as a flux in both the blast furnace and steelmaking furnace where it serves to remove impurities from the melt. It is used either as crushed stone direct from the quarry or. S t e elm a king Methods Steelmaking may be described as the process of refining pig iron or ferrous scrap by removing the undesirable elements from the melt and then adding the desired elements in predetermined amounts. Pig iron contains considerable amounts of carbon. gas. sulfur. The remainder is made up of electric furnace steels. The coke is used in the blast furnace as a fuel and reducing agent. coke. when this role was assumed by the relatively new basic oxygen process. after calcining. phosphorus. The molten iron is tapped into a ladle for transporta tion to the steel producing unit. iron ore. A con tinuous blast of preheated air. reacts with the coke to form carbon monoxide gas which then combines with the oxygen in the iron oxides. the difference being that the elements present in the final steel product are in the proper proportion to produce the desired properties. and silicon. and the chemicals are pro cessed into various organic materials. The open-hearth. and the electric-arc pro cesses account for nearly all the steel tonnage produced in this coun try today. In the solid form. thereby reducing them to metallic iron. The open-hearth furnace was the nation's major source of steel until 1969. To produce it. and chemicals in the coke ovens.Coal is converted into coke. Together. as burnt lime. introduced near the bottom of the fur nace. it is hard and brittle and therefore unsuitable for applications where ductility is important. which floats on the heavier molten metal. During the subsequent refining of the heat a process which is frequently accelerated by the introduction of oxygen through roof lances nearly all of the manganese. and use a basic refining slag. OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE. Appreciable percentages of sulfur can also be taken into the slag. Simplified cutaway diagram of a typical open-hearth furnace. To begin the process. The process can be closely controlled. This initial charge lies on an "open" hearth. The pig iron. Oxygen may be injected through one or more lances. equipped with oxygen lance. yielding steels of high quality from charges which need be only nominally restrictive in their analyses. The open-hearth furnace has the ability to produce steels in a wide range of compositions. such as magnesite. and silicon are oxidized and retained by the slag. . is added in the molten state after the scrap is par tially melted.rU . BURNER GAS OR BURNT GASES HEARTH ]rj AIR TAP HOLE LADLE :uz - :m:::m: X CHAMBER uz: I :m. Most modern open-hearth furnaces are lined with a chemically basic material. or heat. each heat requiring from 4 to 10 hours of furnace time.::m: CHECKER :1:- CHECKER 1: T CHAMBER l xn-: m-1-1-1--i--1- SLAG t EJi_ POT -r-r-=--m--m. limestone. the basic open-hearth furnace is charged with scrap. which may constitute as much as 75 per cent of the charge. . Furnace capacities range from 100 to 500 tons per melt. and iron ore.VW. where it is melted by exposure to flames sweeping over its surface.Au . phosphorus. allowing the molten metal to flow into a ladle. The furnace is then tapped. BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE. To obtain the desired analysis. or. are added to the heat as it pours into the ladle. WATER COOLED HOOD ST J SHEL TAP BOF. Heats of steel as large as 300 tons can be made in less than an hour.The heat is allowed to react until its carbon content has been reduced by oxidation to approximately that desired in the finished steel. is also normally added to control the amount of gas evolved during solidification (see p. The heat is then usually poured into ingot molds where it solidifies into steel ingots. the oxygen lance is raised and the t" HOLE vessel is tilted. usually in the form of ferroalloys. 12). Although the advan tages of the use of oxygen were obvious to steelmakers a hundred years ago. only in recent years has the pure gas become commercially available in the vast quantities required to make the BOF feasible. The "BOF" involves the same chemical reactions as the open-hearth. During the charging and tapping of the REFRACTORY LINING . several times faster than the average open-hearth can operate. in the case of some elements. The steel is of excellent quality. added to the furnace just prior to tapping. but uses gaseous oxygen as the oxidizing agent to increase the speed of these reactions and thereby reduce the time of the refining process. appropriate quantities of needed elements. equivalent to open-hearth steel in every respect. such as aluminum or ferrosilicon. A deoxidizer. CD . are normally made in electric arc furnaces. slag formation. It is then usually poured into ingot molds. such as the high-alloy. The furnace proper is round or elliptical. causing the rapid oxidation of carbon.The basic oxygen furnace. The primary advantage of this type furnace is that it permits the extremely close control of temperature. In keeping with the industry's trend to use the most advanced technologies. manganese. Furnace capacity can vary from a few hun dred pounds to 200 tons or more. Special steels. these furnaces can be operated effi ciently on a cold metal charge. depending mostly on the type of steel being produced. with carbon or graphite electrodes extending through the roof. Alloying ele ments are added during a later stage of the refining process. and silicon in the melt. Some 3 to 7 hours are required for each heat. When the charge of carefully selected steel scrap is about 70 per cent molten. Additions of deoxidizers and any required alloying elements are made as the steel is tapped from the vessel into the ladle. For this reason. the entire process is usually controlled by a computer. the computer quickly determines the precise amounts of the additive elements needed. heat analysis. and tool steels. and refining conditions required in the production of these complex steels. As another advantage. During the oxygen blow. 10 . A high-velocity stream of oxygen is directed down onto the charge through a water-cooled lance. as well as the cycle time required for the refining operation. ELECTRIC-ARC FURNACE. In operation. From data on the analysis and weights of the charge materials and of melt samplings. is charged with molten pig iron and scrap. burnt lime and fluorspar. refractory-lined vessel. the electrodes are lowered to a point near the charge. These reactions pro vide the heat required for scrap melting. iron ore and burnt lime are added. electric furnaces are today being used with increasing frequency for the production of standard carbon and alloy steels. thereby eliminating the need for blast furnaces and associated facilities. which form the slag. are charged into the furnace. as with other steelmaking processes. a closed-bottom. and refining. stainless. which is melted by the heat of the electricity arcing between the electrodes and the charge. Slag practice is geared to the economies of refining steels for different levels of quality. used to remove some unwanted elements. Where cleanliness or a specific chemical analysis is the prime consideration. 11 . a double-slag practice may be used. tilting electric-arc furnace. The standard carbon and alloy steels may be refined under a single slag to meet product requirements. The first of these is an oxidizing slag. principally phospho rus and some of the sulfur. This is discarded during the refining process and replaced by a reducing slag which serves to prevent excessive oxidation of the melt.Tapping a 50-ton. thus enhancing cleanliness and the recovery of alloying additions of oxidizable elements. A further re duction in sulfur is also accomplished during this stage. Increasing degrees of gas evolution char acterize semi-killed. carbon. but have a limited usage. the top center portion of the ingot which solidifies last will contain appreciably greater percent ages of these elements than indicated by the average composition of the ingot. Of the normal elements found in steels. If no gas is evolved. thereby al lowing a brisk effervescence. pouting temperature. Types of Steel In most steelmaking processes the primary reaction involved is the combination of carbon and oxygen to form a gas. or evolution of gas to occur as the metal begins to solidify.The Steel Ingot The cross section of most ingots is square or rectangular with rounded corners and corrugated sides. The gas is produced by a reaction between the car 12 . and sulfur are most prone to segregate. as well as the size and design of the ingot mold itself. and according to the tendency of the individual element to segregate. RIMMED STEELS are only slightly deoxidized. Pipe is eliminated by suf ficient cropping during rolling. or segregation. The shrinkage which occurs in cooling may cause a central cavity known as "pipe" in the upper part of the ingot. The degree of segregation is influenced by the type of steel. and ingot size. All steel is subject to variation in internal characteristics as a result of natural phenomena which occur as the metal solidifies in the mold. Proper con trol of the amount of gas evolved during solidification determines the type of steel. It will also vary within the ingot. As a result. which may be poured big-end-up or big-end-down depending on the type of steel and ultimate product. phosphorus. Some round-corrugated ingots are produced. Another condition present in all ingots to some degree is non uniformity of chemical composition. If the oxygen available for this reaction is not removed prior to or during pouring (by the addition of ferrosilicon or some other deoxidizer). All ingot molds are tapered to facilitate removal of the ingot. capped. Certain elements tend to concentrate slightly in the remaining molten metal as ingot solidification progresses. the steel is termed "killed" because it lies quietly in the molds. The extent of the piping is dependent upon the type of steel involved. or rimmed steel. the gas eous products continue to evolve during solidification. Generally. thereby ending all gas evolution. and where surface is of prime importance. which is removed by cropping during subsequent rolling. the top center portion of the ingot will exhibit greater segregation than the balance of the ingot. While killed steels are more uniform in composition and prop erties than any other type. As in the other grades. Consequently. The rimming action may be stopped mechanically or chem ically after a desired period. If a rim is formed. The center portion of the ingot. it will be quite thin and porous. the cold-forming properties and surface quality are seriously impaired. A refractory hot-top is placed on the mold before pouring and filled with metal after the ingot is poured. has a fairly pronounced tendency to segregate. As a result. The pipe formed will be confined to the hot-top sec tion of the ingot. KILLED STEELS are strongly deoxidized and are character ized by a relatively high degree of uniformity in composition and properties. the action is very sluggish or non-existent. or "rim" of the ingot is practically free of car bon. 13 . or it may be allowed to continue until the action subsides and the ingot top freezes over. It is therefore standard prac tice to specify rimmed steel only for grades with lower percentages of these elements. which solidifies after the rimming ceases. these grades are poured in big-end-up molds. The presence of appreciable percentages of carbon or man ganese will serve to decrease the oxygen available for the rimming action. thereby forming a cavity. The most severely segregated areas of the ingot will also be eliminated by this cropping. or "pipe". Proper control of the rimming action will result in a very sound sur face in subsequent rolling. If the carbon is above . As a result. as discussed above. The metal shrinks during solidification.bon and oxygen in the molten steel which occurs at the boundary between the solidified metal and the remaining molten metal. the outer skin.25 % and the manganese over . rimmed grades are par ticularly adaptable to applications involving cold forming. The low-carbon surface layer of rimmed steel is very ductile.60%. they are nevertheless susceptible to some degree of segregation. in the uppermost portion of the ingot. with the result that a sufficient amount of gas is entrapped in the solidifying steel to cause the metal to rise in the mold. the composition is more uniform than in rimmed steel. billet or slab. As the molten metal begins to freeze along the mold walls.The uniformity of killed steel renders it most suitable for appli cations involving such operations as hot-forging. and rolled into semi-finished products--blooms. cold extrusion. A similar effect can be obtained chemically by adding ferrosilicon or aluminum to the ingot top after the ingot has rimmed for the desired time. The re mainder of the cross section approaches the degree of uniformity typical of semi-killed steels. With the bottle-top mold generally used. Action will be stopped and rapid freezing of the ingot top follows. Consequently. A deoxidizer is usually added during the pouring of the ingot. Capped steels have a thin low-carbon rim which imparts the surface and cold-forming characteristics of rimmed steel. carburizing. action is stopped when the rising metal contacts a heavy metal cap placed on the mold after pouring. Semi-killed steels are used where neither the sur face and cold-forming characteristics of rimmed steel nor the greater uniformity of killed steels are essential requirements. reheated. Strand Casting In traditional steelmaking. or slabs. it forms a shell that permits the gradual withdrawal of the 14 . and thermal treatment. This combination of properties has re sulted in a great increase in the use of capped steels in recent years. The ingots are removed from the molds. Strand casting bypasses the operations between molten steel and the semi-finished product. but there is no rimming action. CAPPED STEELS are much the same as rimmed steels ex cept that the duration of the rimming action is curtailed. primarily for cold forming. but there is a greater possibility of segregation than in killed steel. Molten steel is poured at a regulated rate via a tundish into the top of an oscillating water-cooled mold with a cross-sectional size corresponding to that of the desired bloom. SEMI-KILLED STEELS are intermediate in deoxidation be tween rimmed and killed grades. billets. Sufficient oxygen is retained so that its evolution counteracts the shrinkage on solidification. molten steel is poured into molds to form ingots. the cut lengths are then reheated and rolled into finished product as in the conventional manner. the descending solidified product may be cut into suitable lengths while still vertical. Improved recovery and distribution of alloying and other additive elements. normally unattainable with conventional refining practices. . For the great majority of applications. This additional procedure of exposing the molten steel to a vacuum during the melting or refining process may be justified in order to achieve one or more of several results: . Reduced oxygen. principally oxygen. Vacuum Treatment Liquid steel contains measurable amounts of dissolved gases. or some other quality which may be impaired by the effects of uncontrolled amounts of dissolved gases. thereby improving microcleanliness. internal soundness. certain steelmaking and deoxidation practices are specified to reduce and control the amounts of various gases in the steel. Some of the more critical applications. and then cut to length. Closer control of composition. require steels with an exceptionally high degree of structural uniformity. Reducing the amount of this gas to levels where it can no longer cause flaking is of particular importance where the steel is to be used in large sections. In such cases. however. the effect of these gases on the properties of the solidified steel is insignificant and may be safely ignored. Supplementary vacuum treatment may also be used. 15 . . Exceptionally low carbon content. . hydrogen. thereby reducing tendency to flaking and em brittlement. the solidified strand is roller-straightened after emerging from the cooling cham ber. Higher and more uniform transverse ductility. . With the straight-type mold. Reduced hydrogen.strand product from the bottom of the mold into a water-spray cham ber where solidification is completed. improved fatigue resistance and elevated-temperature characteristics. In both cases. and minimizing time for slow cooling of primary mill products. With the curved-type mold. or bent into the horizontal position by a series of rolls and then cut to length. such as for heavy forgings. Hydrogen removal by vacuum degassing is regularly specified for a variety of steels. . and nitrogen. The vacuum induction melting. which is removed from the chamber by the pumping system. As a conse quence. facili tating the release of its gases into the chamber from which they are exhausted. The deoxidizers combine with dis solved oxygen to form silicates and oxides. steel can be melted as well as refined under vacuum. such as silicon or aluminum. To mini mize such inclusions. As the liquid stream enters the cham ber. vacuum treatment is often specified. it can be present as complex oxides in steelmaking slags and refractories. which are largely retained in the solidified steel in the form of non-metallic inclusions. It can exist in solution as free oxygen or as a soluble non-metallic oxide. the low pressure causes the steel to break up into droplets. deoxidation and other metallurgical procedures performed during refining must be carefully coordinated to assure a final steel product which will meet the specification requirements. is a more complex undertaking because of this element's great chemical activity. and the electroslag processes are all used in the production of certain specialty steels.The control of dissolved oxygen. molten steel from the furnace is tapped into a ladle from which it is poured into a vacuum chamber containing either 1 ) an ingot mold for subsequent direct processing of the steel into heavy forgings. and is most effective when the deoxidizer is added late in the vacuum treatment cycle. Conventional deoxidation at atmospheric pressure is normally accomplished by adding suitable metallic deoxidizers. however. the consumable arc remelting. Where the ultimate in cleanliness is required. or 2) a second ladle from which the steel is cast into smaller ingots for processing into semi-finished and bar products. to the molten steel. how ever particularly when used in combination are expensive and are generally specified only for steels needed for the most critical applications. Such practice is known as "vacuum carbon deoxida tion" because the vacuum environment causes the dissolved oxygen to react with the bath carbon to form carbon monoxide gas. 16 . and a cleaner steel results. With most of the oxygen thus removed. There are three principal commercial processes used for vacuum treatment of steels produced by standard steelmaking methods: (1) STREAM DEGASSING. the amounts of metallic deoxidizers required for final deoxidation is minimized. This is conducted in conjunction with the use of a metallic deoxidizer. In this process. it can combine with carbon to form gaseous oxides. These processes. which is essentially a chamber wherein the degassing or deoxidizing process occurs.ALLOYS ELECTRIC HEATING ROD (2) CONTINUOUS CIRCULATION DEGASSING. The chamber is then opened to a vacuum and inert gas is bubbled into one tube. Here. To expose the maximum amount of steel directly to the vacuum. its two refractory tubes are immersed in the steel. 17 . Pumps exhaust the air from the tank and maintain the vacuum throughout the degassing operation. Circulation is continued until the steel is degassed to the degree desired. thus allowing atmospheric pressure to move the molten metal up through one tube into the chamber and down through the other back into the ladle. In this process. When the vessel is lowered. This gas creates a density differential between the two tubes. (3) LADLE DEGASSING. the melt is usually stirred by electrical induction or agitated by argon gas introduced through orifices near the bottom of the ladle. a ladle containing molten steel is moved beneath a suspended vacuum vessel. a ladle of molten steel is placed in a large tank which is then covered and sealed. 18 .Nerve center for basic oxygen steelmaking is the computer room on the charging floor. This type of interrelation should be taken into account whenever a change in a specified analysis is evaluated. manganese. and usually silicon in vary ing percentages. no other alloying element is intentionally added. cor rosion. however. the effect of any particular element will often depend on the quan tities of other elements also present in the steel. Both can have copper and boron as specified addi tions. with the exception of deoxidizers and boron when specified. carbon and alloy steels have some common characteristics. such as high-strength.and heat-resisting steels. 19 . Effects of Chemical Elements The effects of the commonly specified chemical elements on the properties of hot-rolled carbon and alloy bars are discussed here by considering the various elements individually. but also any grade to which any element other than those mentioned above is added for the purpose of achieving a specific alloying effect.CAR BON AN D ALLOY STEELS In commercial practice. and copper to ." or those which depend on thermal treatment for the development of properties required for specific applications. Alloy steels comprise not only those grades which exceed the above limits. In practice. obtainable on request. the total effect of acombination of alloying elements on the hardenability of a steel is usually greater than the sum of their individual contributions. Both contain carbon. Other important categories of alloy steels.60% max. silicon to . and differentiation between them is arbitrary to a degree. A steel qualifies as a carbon steel when its manganese content is limited to 1. are discussed in other Bethlehem Steel Corporation publications.65 % max. low-alloy steels (which are alloyed for the purpose of increasing strength in the as-rolled or normalized condition). For example. The alloy steels discussed in this edition of Modern Steels are limited to the "constructional alloy steels. and tool steels.60% max. a steel's ductility and weldability decreases as its carbon content is increased. than does carbon. which range up to . The effect of carbon on machinability is discussed on page 171. MANGANESE is present in all commercial steels. with each additional increment of carbon increasing the hardness and tensile strength of the steel in the as-rolled or normalized condition. the carbon content of the steel. or susceptibility to cracking and tearing at rolling temperatures.60%.85%. thereby increasing the steel's hardenability.04 per cent. Conversely. Carbon has a moderate tendency to segregate within the ingot. Upon quenching. and because of its significant effect on properties. it also tends to decrease ductility and toughness. As the carbon content increases above approximately . or impact strength. Its effective ness depends largely upon. Its presence in a steel is also highly beneficial to surface quality in that it tends to combine with sulfur. but above a content of . the causative factor of hot-shortness. Another important characteristic of this element is its ability to decrease the critical cooling rate during hardening. While phosphorus increases strength and hardness to about the same degree as carbon. the resulting increase in strength and hardness is proportionately less than it is for the lower carbon ranges.CARBON is the principal hardening element in steel. and is directly proportional to. The phosphorus content of most steels is therefore kept below specified maxima. Its effect in this respect is greater than that of any of the other commonly used alloying elements. PHOSPHORUS is generally considered an impurity except where its beneficial effect on machinability and resistance to atmo spheric corrosion is desired. i i lil L ii: ' 20 . particularly for steel in the quenched and tempered condition. i'i i Manganese is an active deoxidizer. and shows less tendency to segregate within the ingot than do most other elements. thereby minimizing the formation of iron sulfide. such segregation is frequently of greater importance than the segregation of other ele ments in the steel. but to a lesser extent. the rate of increase is very small. and con tributes significantly to a steel's strength and hardness in much the same manner. the maximum attainable hardness also increases with increasing carbon. and depending on the type of steel.15 to . can be present in varying amounts up to . like phosphorus.In the free-machining steels. simplified and more eco nomical thermal treatment. 21 . Steels with the higher sulfur and particularly those with . 12 %. When present in appreciable amounts. Nickel lowers the critical temperatures of steel. and retards the decomposition of austenite. and increases the steel's susceptibility to decarbu rization and graphitization. particularly where the furnace is not equipped for precision control. Whereas sulfides in steel act as effective chip-breakers to improve machinability. specified phosphorus con tent may run as high as.25 % carbon contents require appreciable surface preparation during processing. see page 169. Extra discard of these steels at the mill may also be necessary to minimize the amount of segregated steel in the finished product. inasmuch as sulfur. it provides improved tough ness. commonly termed rephosphorizing. It is used in greater amounts in some steels. In addition. NICKEL is one of the fundamental steel-alloying elements. silicon has an adverse effect on machinability. and improved corrosion resistance. however. however. such as the silico-manganese steels. nickel does not form carbides or other compounds which might be difficult to dissolve dur ing heating for austenitizing. SULFUR is generally considered an undesirable element ex cept where machinability is an important consideration (see page 169). increasing sulfur impairs weldability and has an adverse effect on surface quality. This relative insensitivity to vari ations in quenching conditions provides insurance against costly failures to attain the desired properties. shows a strong tendency to segregate within the ingot. increased hardenability. SILICON is one of the principal deoxidizers used in the manu facture of both carbon and alloy steels. particularly at low temperatures. In these larger quantities. they also serve to decrease transverse ductility and impact strength. Moreover.35 % as a result of deoxidation. All these factors contribute to easier and more successful thermal treatment. less distortion in quenching. For a discussion of the effect of phosphorus on machinability. widens the tem perature range for effective quenching and tempering. where its effects tend to complement those of manganese to produce unusually high strength combined with good ductility and shock-resistance in the quenched and tempered condi tion. This is attained by adding phosphorus to the ladle. and to promote carburization. And because its carbide is relatively stable at elevated temperatures. Molybdenum is unique in the degree to which it increases the high-temperature tensile and creep strengths of steel. Hardenability of medium carbon steels is increased with a minimum effect upon grain size with vanadium additions of about . above this content. chromium is frequently added to steels used for high temperature applications. provide improved abrasion-resistance. 22 . giving to high-carbon chromium steels exceptional wear-resistance. the hardenability can be increased with the higher vanadium contents by increasing the austenitizing temperatures. A chromium content of 3.05 %. primarily because of its ability to inhibit grain growth over a fairly broad quenching range. chro mium is surpassed only by manganese and molybdenum in its effect on hardenability. MOLYBDENUM exhibits a greater effect on hardenability per unit added than any other commonly specified alloying element except manganese. However. In the usual amounts of from . :Sil¸¸¸¸ ii! VANADIUM improves the strength and toughness of ther mally treated steels.20 to .04 to . COPPER is added to steel primarily to improve the steel's re sistance to corrosion. Copper oxidizes at the surface of steel products during heating and rolling.CHROMIUM is used in constructional alloy steels primarily to increase hardenability. the copper addition does not significantly affect the mechanical proper ties. the hardenability effect per unit added decreases with normal quenching temperatures due to the formation of insoluble carbides. It is a strong carbide former and its carbides are quite stable. the oxide forming at the grain boundaries and causing a hot-shortness which adversely affects surface quality. Contents above this level place steels in the category of heat-resisting or stainless steels. making it highly useful in the melting of steels where close hardenability control is desired.99 % has been established as the maxi mum limit applicable to constructional alloy steels.. It is a non-oxidizing element.50%. Of the common alloying elements. Its use also reduces a steel's susceptibility to temper brittleness. Chromium forms the most stable carbide of any of the more common alloying elements. the lead additive enhances the steel's machining characteristics to a marked degree.0005 %. as added in pellet form during teeming of the ingot. boron does not increase the fer rite strength of steel. nitrogen will combine with certain other elements to precipitate as a nitride. Because boron is ineffective when it is allowed to combine with oxygen or nitrogen. as the eutectoid com position is approached. and is highly beneficial to the machining performance of the steel (see page 169). promote improved machinability and formability at a particular level of hardenability.30% aluminum are heated in a nitrogenous medium. Boron additions. when present in the usual range of . therefore. dimin ishing with increasing carbon content to where. When such steels containing . lead helps these steels achieve the optimum in ma chinability (see page 170). yet. This stable compound imparts a high surface hardness and exceptional wear resistance to the steels involved.15 to .BORON has the unique ability to increase the hardenability of steel when added in amounts as small as . Such effect is similar to that of phosphorus.35 %. This increases the steel's hardness and tensile and yield strengths while reducing its ductility and toughness. but usually only in small amounts which produce no observable effect. Lead additions have no sig nificant effect on the room temperature mechanical properties of any steel. ALUMINUM is used in steel principally to control grain size (see page 81) and to achieve deoxidation. its use to date has been most significant with the free-machining carbon grades. LEAD does not alloy with steel.004%. the effect becomes negligible. it is retained in its elemental state as a fine dispersion within the steel's structure. its use is limited to aluminum-killed steels. they achieve a thin case containing alumi num nitride. Present in amounts above about . rephosphorized. Although lead can be added to any steel. and nitrogen-treated. Instead. and in some instances. This effect on hardenability is most pronounced at the lower carbon levels. Unlike many other elements. 23 . Added to a base composition which has been resulfurized. A specialized use of aluminum is in nitriding steels (see page 67). however. It will also intensify the hardenability effects of other alloys. decrease costs by making possible a reduction of total alloy content. NITROGEN is inherently present in all steels. Aluminum-killed steels exhibit a high order of fracture toughness.95 to 1. 24 . blooms. Accompanying these tables are tables on prod uct analysis tolerances and ladle chemical ranges and limits for both carbon and alloy steels. and in effect as of the printing date of this book.AIS! and SAE Standard Grades and Ranges The following tables list the ladle chemical ranges and limits in per cent for those grades of carbon and alloy steel bars. billets. slabs. 25 . The tables are not intended to be a listing of the steels which are produced or offered for sale by Bethlehem Steel Corporation. and rods designated as standard by AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) and/or SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). 22/.28 .90 .08/.10 max .00 per cent maximum) AISI/SAE Number C .60/ .43/.13 .040 .CARBON STEELS NONRESULFURIZED (Manganese 1.040 .30/ .60 .30/ .20 .90 26 .040 .23 in .050 .90 .00 .040 .050 .70/1.35 max .11/.90 .050 .90 .60 .18 .040 .040 .30/ .00 .040 .050 .10/.050 .050 .040 .90 .60/ .60/ .9O .90 .44 .20 .08 max .60 .22/.40 .47 .13 .60/ .040 .00 .38 .050 .23 .30/ .050 .050 .90 .90 .46/.050 .60/ .60 .040 .18/.80 .050 .44 .050 .040 .040 .040 .050 .06 max .040 .050 .050 .050 .040 .50 .50/ .050 .15/.60/ .60/ .20 .20/.040 .90 .5O .60 .50 .60/ .050 .37/.35/.040 .60/ .00 .040 .050 .040 .47 .050 .040 .60 .08/.040 .30/ .040 .40/.60 .13/.050 .40/.34 .040 .50 .050 .15/.00 .60/ .90 P Max S Max 1005* 1006* 1008 1010 .30/ .23 .050 .43/.32/.050 1022 1023 1025 1026 1029 1030 1035 1037 1038 1039 1040 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1049 .040 1011t 1012 1013t 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 .25 .18/.16 .37/.90 .28 .28/.040 .25/ .050 .040 .050 .040 .13/.040 .040 .70/1.25/.42 .70/1.70/1.050 .38 .040 .31 .050 .18 .15/.18/.53 .15 .60/ .050 .30/ .00 .6O/ .70/1.60 .30/ .60/ .30/ .43/.70/1.050 .32/.040 .050 . 60/ . the following ranges and limits are commonly used for nonresulfurized carbon steels: 0.20 per cent minimum is generally used.040 .20 per cent 0.60/ .60/ .0005 per cent minimum boron.050 .70 .00 .040 .93 .60 . Copper.40/ . Such steels can be expected to contain 0.07 to 0. RODS Silicon.050 .93 .15 to 0.040 .80/ . e.50/ . Lead.g.040 .60/ .90 .90 P Max S Max 1050 1053 1055 1059* .15 to 0.050 .040 .70/1.75/ .72/ .93 .20 to 0.040 . When copper is required.80/ .55 MR .50/ .50/ .90 . 10L45.30/ .g.040 . the foregoing standard steels are ordinarily furnished to lower phosphorus and lower sulfur maxima.70 .040 .70/ . When silicon is required.10 per cent maximum 0.50/ .75 .03 .80 .60/ .050 1064t 1065t 1069t 1074t 1075t 1078 1080 1084 1070 1060 .85 .48/ .60/ .70/1.050 .55/ .040 .050 .60/ .30/ .98 .80 .90 .050 . Standard carbon steels can be produced to a lead range of 0.30 per cent 0.65 .90 .15 per cent 0.90 .. These steels are identified by inserting the letter "B" between the second and third numerals of the AISI number.040 *Standard grades for wire rods and wire only.65/ .65/ .48/ .75 .040 .040 . 10B46.65 .90 .050 .60 per cent ALL PRODUCTS Boron. the values shown in the table for BARS AND SEMI-FINISHED Ladle Chemical Ranges and Limits apply. 0.040 .40 per cent 0.040 .050 . e.040 .50 .60/ .050 . Such steels are identified by inserting the letter "L'° between the second and third numerals of the AISI number.88 .80/ .55 .050 .040 .10 to 0.55/ .80 .00 .050 .90/1.70 .050 .70/ .60/ .040 . When silicon ranges or limits are required.35 per cent to improve machinability.60 .80 .60/ .050 .AISI/SAE Number C .70 .30 to 0.050 . 27 . tSAE only NOTE: In the case of certain qualities..90 .50 1085t 1086* 1090 1095 .040 .30/ .40/ .050 . Standard killed carbon steels may be produced with a boron addition to improve hardenability.050 .80 .050 .85/ . Silicon. 040 .52 .85/1. Lead.44 .O50 . 27.22/.56 . NOTE: Addenda to table "Carbon Steels.O5O 1552 1561 1566 .25 .10/1.00 per cent) AISI/SAE Number P C .29 .O5O 1548 1551 .050 .10/.40 1.45/. Boron.44/.O5O .22/.65 .24 .050 .CARBON STEELS N O NR E S UL F UR IZED (Manganese maximum over 1.20/1.18/.50 .50 1.040 .55 .40 .75/1.65 1. the foregoing standard steels are ordinarily furnished to lower phosphorus and lower sulfur maxima. in reference to Silicon.35/1.20/1.47/.40 1. Nonresulfurized (Manganese 1.36/.040 .55/.040 .O50 . and Copper.65 1.040 . also apply to table above.00 per cent maximum)." p. 28 .040 .040 .40 1.19/.71 in 1.040 .15 S Max .040 .15 1.35/1.16 .O5O Max 1513 1522 1524 1526 1527 1541 .040 .85/1.60/.O50 NOTE: in the case of certain qualities.10/1.050 .29 .10/1.05 .040 .10/1.05O . 14/.60 Max 1110 1117 1118 1137 1139 1140 1141 1.08/.44 .35/.040 .08/. 29 .70/1.48 .08/.35/1.08/. or 0.00 .040 . When silicon ranges and limits are required.10 max.49 .40/.08/.43 . RODS Silicon.040 .14/. 27.30 1.13 .08/.08/.040 .13 .10 max 1116 and over 0.08/.30/1.45 .20.040 .00 .65 1.040 .08/. p. the values shown in the table for Ladle Chemical Ranges and Limits apply.70/1.32/.13 1144 1146 1151 BARS AND SEMI-FINISHED Silicon.CARBON STEELS R ES UL F UR IZED AISi/SAE Number P C .00 1.20 .165 .35/1.13/.39 .24/.13 .040 .13 .10 to 0. When silicon is required.13 .35/1.040 .65 . or 0. per cent limits are commonly used: Up to 1110 incl 0.30 ALL PRODUCTS Lead. Standard Steel Silicon Ranges or the following ranges and Designations Limits.35/.040 .42/.48/.20 .00/1.55 MR .70/1.13 .040 .37/.37/.20 .15 to 0.60 1.65 1.13 .13 .3O/ .33 . See note on lead. 09 .19/. P S Pb .05 M1020 M1023 . 27.12 1212 1213 12L14 1215 .07/..27 in .35 .04 .12/.Led B 1213-B C .25/.26/.00 .12 .13 max . BETHLEHEM FREE-MACHINING CARBON STEELS Name Beth-Led Beth.12 .. p.07/.. MR .05 .26/.05 .33 R 1211 .04 .07/.04/.26/.25/.05 .35 .70/1.14/..24/.21 .04 .75/1.60 .19 . It is not common practice to produce these steels to specified limits for silicon because of its adverse effect on machinability..05 .07/.25/.04/.60 .35 .60 ..04 ..04 .15/.09 .09 max .24 . ..60 .16 .20/. NOTE: These modified steels are available in the indicated analyses only.04 .09 .35 Silicon.85/1.04 .60 .70/1.12 .25/.36 .04 .60 Max M 1008 M1010 M1012 M1015 M1017 ..35 .04 .14 .30 .25/.16/.09 max .17/.15/.70/1..05 .70/1. Beth-Led and 1213-B are nitrogen treated.00 .60 .12 . ecified CARBON STEELS "'M" Series AISI Number P S Max C ..00 .50 .15 max .15 .00 .26/.35 .35 Silicon. It is not common practice to )roduce these steels to s limits for silicon because of its adverse effect on machinability.13 max ...09 max Mn .85/1.35 ..13 max .15 max .26/. Nitrogen.05 .10 max .25/.60 .10/. Nitrogen. . See note on lead.05 P Pb . Lead.25/.25/.CARBON STEELS REPHOSPHORIZED AND RES ULFURIZED AISi/SAE Number C ..04 .15 .04/.05 .23 ..40/. These grades are normally nitrogen treated unless otherwise specified...25/.07/.90 .05 .05 .25/.60 M1025 M1031 M 1044 .60 NOTE: Standard ranges and limits do not apply to °'M"-Series steels.15/.07/..09/. 30 .60/ .40 min .. 040 .050 .18/.31/.43/.050 .CARBON H-STEELS AISI/SAE Number C Mn Max P Max S .67 .26 .30 1038 H 1045 H 1522 H 1524 H 1526 H 1541 H .30 .39 .040 .00/1. page 27 .30 .00 .50/1.050 Si .040 .050 .5O 1.5O 1.17/.040 .050 .050 .50 P Max S Max Si .050 .040 .15/.54/.040 .040 .00/1.34/.35/.00 1.15/.21/.15/.050 *Standard H-Steels with 1.42/.25/1.050 .30 . the foregoing standard steels are ordinarily furnished to lower phosphorus and lower sulfur maxima.17/.20 1.15/.30 .25 .15/.45 .30 . SEE ALSO: Note on Lead.53 .15/. page 39.0005 to 0.30 .30/.040 .20 .43 .050 .003% boron. AISI/SAE Number MR .70/1.040 CARBON BORON H-STEELS These steels can be exeected to contain 0.040 .24 .15/.15/.15/.15/. NOTE: In the case of certain qualities.35/.00/1.75* .30 .30 .51 .45 . 31 .60 15B21 H 15B35 H 15B37 H 15B41 H 15B48 H 15B62 H .30 .75* 1.40/.75 per cent maximum manganese are classified as carbon steels.00/1.39 .040 .50/1.050 .5O 1.30 .30 . and Note 1.25/1.00/1.70/1.050 .50 1.040 .15/.75* 1.25/1. 30 incl Over 0.40 to 0.15/0.15 to 0.0005 to 0. a range of 0.09 to 0. Silicon.20 to 0.05 0. When boron treatment is specified for killed carbon steels. 0.10 0. lower phosphorus and lower sulfur maxima are ordinarily furnished.10 incl Over 0.050 to 0.23 to 0.50 to 1.55 to 0.CARBON STEELS LADLE CHEMICAL RANGES AND LIMITS Bars. Blooms. It is not common practice to produce a rephosphorized and resul furized carbon steel to specified limits for silicon because of its adverse effect on machinability.40 incl Over 0. and Rods When maximum of specified element is. Billets. Slabs. 32 .15 to 0.35 per cent) since it is added to the ladle stream as the steel is being poured.15 to 0.09 0.08 incl Over 0.80 To 0.40 to 0.25 to 0.60 incl O.03 0.80 incl Over 0.20 minimum is generally used.10 to 0. The carbon ranges shown in the column headed "Range" apply ximum limit for manganese does not exceed 1.08 to 0.35 incl To 0.10 0.09 incl Over 0. In the case of certain qualities.040 to 0.08 0.13 incl To 0.35 is generally used.040 incl Over 0.06 0. NOTE 3. when the specified m NOTE 2.30 0.65 incl To 0.12 to 0. a boron content of 0. When the maximum manganese limit exceeds 1.20 Silicon (Note 3) Copper Lead (Note 4) When copper is required. per cent m To 0.12 incl Over 0.01 to the carbon ranges shown above.07 0. NOTE 4.15 incl Over 0.10 per cent.050 incl Over 0. Boron NOTE 1.003 per cent can be expected. add 0. per cent Element Carbon (Note 2) Range.15 incl Over 0.05 ! Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur 0. Carbon.15 0.07 0.23 incl Over 0.15 0.20 0.30 to 0.50 incl Over 0. When lead is required.20 incl Over 0. Lead is reported only as a range (generally 0.O5 0.10 per cent.13 0.25 incl Over 0.40 incl Over 0.03 0.55 incl Over 0. 15 to 0.08 0.55 0.04 0. especially for the elements carbon.03 0.010 0.008 0.04 Over 0. 33 .35 to 0.07 0.90 incl 0. or Maximum To Over 100 of 100 to Over 200 to Over 400 to Element Specified Range. per cent sq in.05 To 0.65 incl 0.02 0.02 Over 0.06 0.03 Over 0.02 - To 0.015 0.05 0.25 incl 0. NOTE 2.015 0.07 0.02 0.010 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.CARBON STEELS PR OD UCT ANAL YSIS TOLERANCES Bars.06 0.06 0.05 0.03 0. product analysis tolerances for those elements are not technologically appropriate for re phosphorized or resulfurized steels.008 0.008 0. phosphorus. NOTE 1. Rimmed or capped steels are characterized by a lack of uniformity in their chemical composition. and sulfur.03 0.03 0. Billets.35 incl Boron 0. 800 sq in.03 Not subject to product analysis tolerances. 0. 200 sq in.05 Under minimum only Over and under 0.04 Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Copper Lead to 0. and Rods Tolerance Over the Maximum Limit or Under the Minimum Limit. incl incl Carbon To 0. incl incl 400 sq in. because of the degree to which phosphorus and sulfur segregate.25 to 0. and for this reason product analysis tolerances are not technologically appropriate for those elements.55 incl 0. Slabs.04 Over 0. per cent Limit.60 incl 0.04 0.040 incl Over maximum only 0.06 Over maximum only. Blooms.010 0. In all types of steel.35 incl 0.90 to 1. 70/.70/ .28/.25 .00 .9O .035/.75/1.40/ .00 .9O .65 .90 .38/.35/.65 .20/.20/.45/ .23 4626 .45/ .10 .25/.75 3.20/.20/.80/1.70/ .65 .15/.30 .75/1.90 1.35/.85 .40 4042tt 4047 4118 4130 .30 .18/.O35/.23 4422tt .22 4621tt .80/1.18/.70/ .55 .15/.33/.30 .30 .38/.23 n m D .80/1.70/ .20 .20 .00 .15/.65/2.00 1.65/2.22 .90 .45/.9O .5O 4150 .35/.30 .75/1.43 4142 .09/.33/.43 .90 1.00 .10 .25/.35/.20/.21 .33 4135tt .30 .17/.00 .30/.20 3.20/.75 .10 .60 .30 .10 .48/.75/1.15 .18 .00 1.14 Ni Or m io Other Elements 1330 1335 1340 1345 4023 1.70/ .15/.10 .17/.60/1.24/.15/.35/ .25 .15/.80/1.22 .30 .50/ .60/1.65 .15/.70 .45 4145 .25 .15/.050 .20/.43 .70/ .30 .25 .65/2.64 4320 4340 E4340 .90/1.O5O S 4024 4027 4028 .30 .70 ttSAE only 34 .43/.70/ .90 .70/ .43/.43 w m w w m .48 4147 .28/.25 .35 4037 .33 .20/.24/.10 .9O .45/ .23 .38/.13/.45 .00 .75/1.15/.60 .20/.90 4419tt .35/ .65/ .30 .65/2.45/ .15/.45/.65/2.00 .7O/ .00 .25 .00 1.60/1.90/1.60 w I u ! .25 .18 .20/.25 4427tt .18/.75/1.38/.15/.15/.5O/ .45/.20/.6O .4O/ .25 .60/1.20/.65/2.20/.30 .80/1.25/.20/.40 .7O/ .55 .08/.6O .60/ .30 .7o/ .20/.00 .ALLOY STEELS AISI/SAE Number MR .65/2.50 .90 .25/3.10 .00 1.70/ .30 .10 .25 .20 .25 .00 1.90 .70/ .16/.30/.00 .70/.53 4161 .45/ .60 .15/.90 1.48 .20/.30 .40/.90 J m I m .65 .80/1.17/.45 .13/.56/.90 m m m m m 4012tt m n m .70/1.65 .4O/ .25 .80/1.90 .20/.38 4137 .70/ .29 4617tt .30 .25/3.9O .80/1.70/ .40/.20/.90 .25 .75 3.18/.45 ! h ! 1.9O 1.38 .70/ .30 .90 .45/ .80 .25/3.30 .20/.40 4140 .25 .90 .90 .20/.75/1.30 4032tt .30 R n i 4718tt 4720 4815 4817 4820 .40/ .29 4615 4620 .4O/ .35 .20/. 90 .60/ .60 1.59 .40/.40/.38/ 5145tt .30 .20/ .48/ .51 .50/ .15/.30/ 5135 .9O .75/1.40/.56/ 50100tt .48 .48/ .70 .00 .70/ .20/1.70 .50 1.00 .00 .40/.25 .53 .40/.59 .15/.50/ .40 1.4O/ .4O/ .15 .75/1.28 .90 .6O .80/1.25 .75/1.85/1.70/ .38 .70 .13/ 5120 .70 .70 .70/ .40/ .25 .80 m m .15/.33/ 5140 .00 .00 .30 .20 1.00 .50 .18/ .60 .20/.25/ .70 .40/ .75/1.15/.75/1.00/1.40/.7O/ .90 .15/ .75/1.40/.70/ .00 .18/ .90 .64 .65 m 3.70 .20 .00 .60 .35 .17 .80/2.70 D .9O .4O/ .4O/ .30/1.7O/ .9O .70 .9O .30/.7O/ .4O/ .25 8650tt 8660tt 8720 8740 8822 .21 .20/.90 m m m D m i m i .40/.43/ 5147tt .60 .98/1 6118 6150 .38/ .15/.43 .00 .10 .28/ .70/ .70 .45 m m u m m 8115tt 8615 8617 8620 8622 8625 8627 8630 8637 8640 8642 8645 8655 .25 .7O/ .25 .10 .40/ .95 .56/ .40/.75/1.90 .48 .25 .10 .15 .4O/ .46/ 5150 .00 .13/ .7O/ .30/ .4O/ .43 .15/.9O .64 .48/ 5155 .75/1.23 .43/ .30 .22 .80/2.10/.7O/ .60 .59 .4O/ .64 .9O io m Other Elements i .25 .13/ .08/.6O .90 .40/ .6O .7O/ .70 .4O/ .98/1 E52100 .70/ .25 .70 .40/.25 .70/ .40/.15 1.45/ .70 .90 .00 .6O .45 .50 .15/.25 .51/ .6O .30/ .4O/ .56/ .9O .25 .75/1.15/.80 m 9310tt .25 .05 n m m m D m m .15/.75/1.10 .40/ .6O .7O/ .6O .17/ 5130 .15 .45 .80/1.6O .38/ .80 .90 .50 Ni Or .60 .15/.00/3.40/.40 .15 (See Notes.35 .60/ .70 .4O/ .98/1 E51100 .90 m m V .70/ .75/1.40/ .53 .60 .15/.64 .53 .15/.51/ 9260 .10 .40 .59 .75/1.60 .18 .48 .40/.35/ .25/ .70/ .43/ .00 .70/ .15/.40/.75/1.40/ .25/ .90 .13 .90 .70 .9O .70/ .70/ .40/.25 .70 .18 .60 .23/ .90/1.40 .75/1.20/ .90 .18 .25 .08/.6O/ . page 39) 35 ttSAE only .15/.40/.33 .70/ .25/ .40/ .70 .90 .90 .60 .12/ .43 .40/.70 .40/.6O .00 .70 .6O .16/ .23 .30/ .45 .70/ .9O .70/ .AISI/SAE Number MR .51/ 5160 .15 min .70/ .2O/ 5015tt 5046tt 5060tt 5115tt .7O/ .20/.95 .20 Si 9254tt .51/ 9255tt .70/ .80/1.25 .00 .28/ 5132 .80 .60/ .60 .08/ .33 .56/ . 44 .14/.00 1.45/ .23 4626 Ht .25 .60/ .30 .75/1.95 .85/1.17/.75/1.60/1.45/.44 .39/.20/.65/1.15/.75/1.65/1.10 .15/.55/2.20/.10 .30 m .75/1.32/.90 .95 .30/ .23 4142H 4145 H 4147 H 4150 H 4161 H m w .25 .20/.25 .40/ .30 i m m m m m m 4320 H 4340 H E4340 H .60/1.00 .30 .00 .25/.65/ .42/.46 .44 .20/3.75 1.95 m .10 .35/ .65/ .44 .25 .30 .40/ .30 .37/.12/.60 .30/.42/.00 .55/2.70 m w 4135 Htt 4137 H 4140 H .15/.20/.10 .20 .20/.20 .80 m u m .30 .30 .32/.30/ .45/2.20 .15/.17/.30/ .30 m tAISl only IISAE only 36 .80 .55/2.75/1.60/1.37/.15/.15/.35/ .15 .29/.70 .41 .30 .23 .20 .33 Ni Or io Other Elements n 1330 H 1335 H 1340 H 1345 H 4027 H 4028 H 4032 Htt 4037 H 4042 H tt 4047'H 1.17/.38 .80 3.17/.44/.45/2.60/1.15/.10 .30/ .75/1.95 .23 .60/ .60/1.60/1.23 .050 .20/.40/ .20/3.70 .20/.20/3.25 .17/.55/ .00 .20/.30 .44/.95 .65/1.65 .65/1.30 .37/.00 .75/1.75 .40 .60 m m u m m .00 1.17/.60/ .10 .035/.00 1.27/.08/.20 .60 4419 Htt 4620 H 4621 Htt .37/.34/.39/.65/1.00 .25 .30 .21 .38 .20/.30 4118H 4130H .23/.60/1.20 .55/2.27/.41 .30/ .15/.60/1.25 .30 .25 .70 m m m m m m m m .45/2.30/ .20/.80 3.17/.51 .75 1.55/2.00 .20/.55/.24/.15/.49 .45/2.00 .85/1.20/.00 .34/.00 .20 .65 .35 .35 .24/.00 .05 .15/.60/1.29 4718 Htt 4720 H 4815 H 4817 H 4820 H .20/.18 .05 1.65/1.23 .70 m .49 .25 .25 .ALLOY H-STEELS AISI/SAE Number in .23 .20 .20/.05 1.60/1.54 .75/1.25 .46 .30 m ! m m S .51 .05 .47/.35/ .20 .00 .65/1.70 .33 .25 3.05 1.15/. 5O/ .70/ .14/.95 .27/.42/.20/.65 .05 .65 .65 .20 m m m n n ! n ! m m m m m m n n V . page 39) 37 .00 .60/1.70 .24/.95 .65 .35/.17/.65 .65 .80 .15/.42/.38 .40/ .49 .47/.70/1.50/.35/ .15 9310 Htt .54 m m 5145 Htt 5147 Hff .32/.37/.60 .75 .05 .44 .65/1.60/ .50/.60/ .60/1.00 .54 m n m m m .05 .17/.35/.55/.35/.35/ .35/.30 .65 .75 .55/.35/ .35/.10 .40/ .15/.60 8660 Htt .35/.60/ .29/.39/.37/.60/ .95 .25 m m m m i m .15/.35/ .35! .50/ .44 .00 .15/.35/.05 .25 .35/.00 .65 .33 .10 .60/1.80/1.65 .15/.35/.13 ttSAE only (See Notes.70/2.00 .65 .35/.15/.25 .45/.65 .60/ .75 .65/1.25 .15/.15/.65 .70/1.35/ .65 .15/.75 .45 .65 .75 .00 .60/1.40 m Si 1.70/1 .75 .60/1.23 .60/1.00 .75 .70/1.17/.65 .55/.25 .25 .05 .34/.50 MR .20 2.23 .13/ .35/ .19/.O5 Ni Cr .75/1.65 .80 .35/.35/.25 .22/.35/.70/1.95 .70/1.70/1.15 min u m m m .20 .27/.25 .60/ .35/ .35/ .30/.10 .60/1.35/.60/1.25 .20/.95 .25 .00 .35/ .75 .60/1.75 .65 .75 .15/.25 .47/.00/1.AISI/SAE Number C .10 .23 .70/1.41 .25 .70/1.75 .08/.05 .00 .15/.35/ .60/1.90 .43/.35/ .54 8650 Htt .35/ .15 .52 .00 .47/.35/ .28 .25 .60/1.05 .35/.25 .30 .05 .95 .15 .65 .40/ .35/.35 .00 .75 .33 .75 .10/.75 .55 1.25 .00 .95 .75 .60/1.65/1.60/1.37/.15/.46 .60/ .21 .44 .00 .15/.65/1.25 .95/3.9O .05 .75/1.30 .35/.75 .07/.49 .65 8720 H 8740 H 8822 H 9260 H .20 .43 io Other Elements 5046 Htt 5120 H 5130 H 5132 H 5135 H 5140 H 5150 H 5155 H 5160 H 6118 H 6150 H 8617 H 8620 H 8622 H 8625 H 8627 H 8630 H 8637 H 8640 H 8642 H 8645 H 8655 H .60/1.19/.35/ .15/. 25/.08/.49 .3O/ .25 .45 w 86B30 86B45 Htt 94B15 Htt 94B17 H 94B30 H ttSAE only H H .42/.50 .70/1.15 .75/1.33 .15 .30/ .47/.18 .08/.40/.95 .00 .30/.70 .42/.25/.ALLOY BORON STEELS These steels can be expected to contain 0.30/ .50 .75/1.40/.15/.53 .27/.56/.35/ .15 .48 .25/ .60 .75/1.65 .15 .12/.60 .40/.70 .33 .65/1.00 .43/.64 .49 .35/.18 .30/.13/.75/1.75/1.43/.15 .43/.48 .30/.70/1 .30/.35/ .75 .25 .30/.35/. AISI/SAE Number C .15 .00 Ni Cr .42/.44/.60/ .08/.55 30/ .50 .65/1.0005% min boron content.43/.10 .55 .75/1.00 .08/.75/1.49 .15 .13/ .15/.60 .30/. page 39) ALLOY BORON H-STEELS These steels can be expected to have 0.75/1.49 .00 .65/1.0005 to 0.30/ .70/.38/.60 .70 io 50B40 Htt 50B44 H 50B46 H 50B50 H 50B60 H 51B60 81B45 .10 .40/.10 .28/.65 .10 .55 .15 ftSAE only (See Notes.70/1.10 .003% boron.43 .O5 (See Notes.00 .35/.43 . page 39) 38 .15/.37/.48 .15/.00 .70 .00 .08/.20/.60 .75/1.70 .55/.27/.20 .55 .33 in .48/.70/1.54 .60/1.14/.05 .90 ao w m 50B44 50B46 50B50 50B60 81B45 50B40tt m m R D m m w 51 B60 86B45tt 94B15tt 94B17 94B30 .15/.40/.60 .00 .05 .10 .08/.65 .75/1.25/ .65 .65/1.56/.00 .65 .50 .75 .25/ .05 .60 .35 .65/1.60 .70/1. AlSl/SAE Number MR .25 .75/1.08/.40/.65 .65 Ni m Or .05 m m m m ! .65/1.20 .00 .55/.6O .40 .25/.08/.44 .20/.00 .64 . nickel. The phosphorus and sulfur limitations for each process are as follows: Maximum per cent Basic electric Basic open hearth or basic oxygen Acid electric or acid open hearth 0. . Grades shown with prefix letter E are made only by the basic electric furnace process. 5. . molybdenum. chromium.25.35 per cent to improve machinability.050 0.025 0.20.025 0.15/. but are not specified or required.040 0.050 3. These elements are considered as inci dental and may be present in the following maximum percentages: copper.035 0. . Standard alloy steels can be produced to a lead range of .15/. but may be manu factured by the basic electric furnace process with adjustments in phosphorus and sulfur. 4. All others are normally manufactured by the basic open hearth or basic oxygen processes. Small quantities of certain elements are present in alloy steels.30 per cent.06. 15 per cent. 2. The listing of minimum and maximum sulfur content indicates a resulfurized steel.NOTES ON ALLOY TABLES 1.35. 6. 7. 39 . Silicon range for all standard alloy steels except where noted is . . Minimum silicon limit for acid open hearth or acid electric furnace alloy steel is. 30 0...35 incl To 0.015 0.07 incl Over 0.14 incl ....035 0.70 to 0. 0.00 Nickel *Applies to only nonrephosphorized and nonresulfurized steels....50 to 1. Slabs.0-0 incl Over 3. 0...025 0.. per cent* .2O 0..05 0..05 Acid open hearth steel Basic electric furnace steel Acid electric furnace steel Basic open hearth or basic oxygen steel (Note 5) Silicon To 0.00 incl Over 1.60 incl Over 0.0..ALLOY STEELS LADLE CHEMICAL RANGES AND LIMITS Bars.90 incl Over 1. per cent Element Carbon Open hearth Electric or basic furnace oxygen steel steel .20 to 0.04 0..5Q to 2.00 incl Over 200 to 3.80 incl Over 0..00 1.40 incl Over 0.15 0.00 incl .15 O.80 to 0.40 to 0..90 to 2.40 0.30 0..05 to 1.050 incl Over 0.10 0.050 0.30 0.2O O.20 0.11 0..O8 O. and Rods Range.90 incl Over 0.. Billets.40 Phosphorus Basic open hearth or basic oxygen steel (Note 5) Acid open hearth steel Basic electric furnace steel Acid electric furnace steel To 0....60 to 1.050 0.15 O.70 inci Over 0.20 0..12 0....25 O...040 0..40 O...30 to 10...05 0..15 incl Over 0.90 to 1.35 Manganese 0..07 to 0.35 0..55 incl Over 0.00 to 5.....04 0.O8 0..050 .55 to 0..15 to 0. Sulfur 0. Acid steels (Note 1 ) To 0.05 0.. 40 .60 to 0..07 0... ...95 incl Over 0.12 . To 0.02 0. Maximum limit.....10 to 0..025 0.40 0.50 1.20 incl Over 0...30 0..10 incl Over 0. per cent When maximum of specified element is. .20 0.. Blooms.60 incl Over 0.00 to 2.10 0....3O O.25 0..50 incl Over 0.30 0.30 incl Over 5.35 0. O..10 incl ii .02 0.20 0..050 to 0.20 incl .50 incl Over 1.20 O.08 0..05 incl Over 1.95 to 1.13" 0.35 O..09 0.50 0.10 0.050 0.. 10 incl Over 2.30 incl Over 0. In the case of certain qualities.35 0.05 0. 42.20 0.05 0.75 to 2.25 0.0005 per cent minimum boron content.00 to 4..07 0.20 to 0.45 0.15 0.00 incl To 0.80 incl Over 0.99 incl TQ 0.10 incl Over 0. Boron steels can be expected to have 0..60 to 1.60 0.50 incl Up to 0.10 0.30 0.35 0..05 0.00 incl .05 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.30 to 1.60 rmt Over 1. lower phosphorous and lower sulphur maxima are ordinarily furnished.50 incl Over 0.30 incl Over 1.25 0.20 0.10 in cl Over 0.10 0. NOTE 5. NOTE 3.50 0.10 0.60 0. per cent Open hearth or basic oxygen steel Element Chromium Electric furnace steel To 0.. since lead is added to the ladle stream while each ingot is poured.20 incl Over 0.07 0.00 to 2. The chemical ranges and limits of alloy steels are produced to prod= uct analysis tolerances shown in Table on p. 0.50 to 2.80 to 1.05 incl 1.Range.30 0.20 0.10 to 0.15 0.35 Tungsten Vanadium Aluminum Copper **Not normally produced in open hearth or basic oxygen furnaces.35 Molybdenum 0.1 5 incl To 0. Alloy steels can be produced with a lead range of 0.10 to 0.20 0.40 incl Over 0..20 to 0. per cent When maximum of specified element is.15/0.50 to 0.15 0.60 to 1.25 0.30 to 0.20 0.10 0. A ladle analysis for lead is not determinable.35 0.30 0.10 to 3.90 incl Over 0.00 incl Over 1..50 incl Over 1.30 0. NOTE 4. NOTE 1. NOTE 2..90 to 1.50 0.40 to 0. 41 .50 to 1.25 0.30 0.80 to 1.20 0.30 0.45 0. Minimum silicon limit for acid open hearth or acid electric furnace alloy steels is 0.35.15 0.10 0.25 incl Over 0.20 incl Over 0.60 incl Over 0.10 0.05 t Over 1.80 incl To 0.40 0.00 incl Over 2.15 0.80 incl Over 0.50 0..50 incl Over 0.25 to 0.15 per cent.20 0.75 incl Over 1.15 0. 02 0.03 0.01 0.40 incl Over 0.40 incl Over 0.80 incl Over 0..05 0.03 0.05 0.00 to 2.05 0.02 0.03 0.010 0.010 0.10 0.04 0.06 0.30 to 0.02 0.00 incl Over 1.03 0.05 0..04 0.05 0.90 incl Over 0.01 0..10 D 0. .03 0.005 -- -- - if the minimum of the range is 0.02 0.01 0..07 0.12 0.00 incl Over 1.01 0.04 0. NOTE: Boron is not subject to product analysis tolerances.07 incl 0. or Maximum Element Carbon of Specified Range.04 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.10 incl Over 2.02 0.03 0.01 "** 0.30 to 10.05 0.30 incl Over 0..005 O.04 incl To 0.01 0.90 incl Over 0.07 0.15 to 0.06 0.99 incl Molybdenum To 0.06 Manganese Phosphorus To 0. Over 100 to 200 sq in.01%.04 0.00 to 2.03 0.00 incl Columbium** To 0.10 to 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.010 0.10 0.010 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.50 incl Min value specified.ALLOY STEELS PR OD UCT ANAL YSIS TOLERANCES Bars.03 m 0.14 0.03 0.05 O.10 m m 0. Over 400 to 800 sq in.20 to 0.06 0. or less.10 incl Over 0..20 incl To 1.06 0. incl 0.00 incl Chromium To 0..1 5 incl Vanadium To 0.10 0.07 0.03 0.10 incl Over 0.75 incl Over 0. incl 0.01 0.07 0.20 incl Over 0.060 per cent is not subject to product analysis. 0.02 0.01 0. per cent To 100 sq in..10 incl Zirconium'* To 0.30 incl 0.06 0.05 0.10 0.75 0..01 0.07 0.00 incl Up to 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.40 to 2.25 to 0.03"" m Copper" Titanium'" To 1..03 0.04 0.01 0.07 0. **Tolerances shown apply only to 100 sq in.010 0. Slabs.10 0. *Sulfur over 0.30 incl Over 0. 42 "**Tolerance is over and under.03 0.. the under tolerance is 0.05 Over 200 to 400 sq in.40 to 1.05 0.06 0.15 incl 0.90 to 2.35 incl 0.30 to 0.010 0.05 O. Billets.00 incl 0.80 to 1.03 0.80 incl m m m m Lead" 0.90 to 2.005%.02 0.10 to 0.01 0. per cent Limit.20 incl Over 0.12 m m m iii!¸¸ 'ii Sulfur Silicon NicKel To 0.03 0.10 to 3.30 incl Over 5.03 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.10 incl Over max only Over max only* 0.00 to 4.05 m -iil n Over 1.04 0.00 to 5.03 Nitrogen'* To 0.25 incl Over 0.00 incl Over 2.20 to 0. and Rods Tolerance Over the Maximum Limit or Under the Minimum Limit.0O5 0. . Blooms.09 m m check under min limitt Tungsten Aluminum** To 1. quenching to a minimum of 50% martensite is sometimes appropriate. Whereas the as-quenched sur face hardness of a steel part is dependent primarily on carbon content and cooling rate. the depth to which a certain hardness level is main tained with given quenching conditions is a function of its harden ability.HAR DENAB ILITY OF STEEL Hardenability is a term used to designate that property of steel which determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quench ing from the austenitizing temperature. The usual practice is to select 43 . and service stresses. and prior microstructure also can have significant effects. the best combination of strength and toughness is attained by through hardening to a martensitic structure followed by adequate tempering. alloy steels of increasing hardenability are required. In order to satisfy the stress loading requirements of a partic ular application. including size. Austenitic grain size. for a given composi tion. but as section size increases. design. Grades for moderately stressed parts (quenched to 50% marten site) are listed on pages 58 and 59. it is constant for a given composition. the hardness obtained at any location in a part will depend not only on carbon content and hardenability but also on the size and configuration of the part and the quenchant and quenching condi tions used. Where only moderate stresses are involved. The hardenability required for a particular part depends on many factors. a carbon or alloy steel having the required harden ability must be selected. Quenching such parts to a minimum of 80% martensite is generally considered adequate. whereas hardness will vary with the cooling rate. Hardenability is largely determined by the percentage of alloying elements present in the steel. Grades suitable for highly stressed parts are listed on page 60 according to the section sizes in which the proper ties shown can be attained by oil or water quenching to 80% marten site. Since hardenability is determined by standard procedures as described below. Carbon steel can be used for thin sections. particularly those loaded principally in tension. time and temperature during austenitizing. For highly stressed parts. Thus. the most economical grade which can consistently meet the desired properties. These tables should be used as a guide only, in view of the many variables which can exist in production heat-treating. Further, these tables are of only nominal use when the part must exhibit special properties which can be obtained only by composition (see Effects of Elements, page 19). There are many applications where through-hardening is not necessary, or even desirable. For example, for parts which are stressed principally at or near the surface, or in which wear-resistance or resistance to shock loading are primary considerations, shallow hardening steels or surface hardening treatments, as discussed below, may be appropriate. End-Quench Hardenability Testing The most commonly used method of determining hardenability is the end-quench test developed by Jominy and Boegehold . In con ducting the test, a 1-inch-round specimen 4 inches long is first normal ized to eliminate the variable of prior microstructure, then heated uniformly to a standard austenitizing temperature. The specimen is removed from the furnace, placed in a jig, and immediately end quenched by a jet of water maintained at room temperature. The water contacts the end-face of the specimen without wetting the sides, and quenching is continued until the entire specimen has cooled. Longitudinal flat surfaces are ground on opposite sides of the quenched specimen, and Rockwell C scale readings are taken at 16tho inch intervals for the first inch from the quenched end, and at greater intervals beyond that point until a hardness level of HRC 20 or a distance of 2 inches from the quenched end is reached. A harden ability curve is usually plotted using Rockwell C readings as ordinates and distances from the quenched end as abscissas. Representative data have been accumulated for a variety of standard grades and are published by SAE and AISI as H-bands. These show graphically and in tabular form the high and low limits applicable to each grade. Steels specified to these limits are designated as H-grades. Limits for standard H-grades are listed on pages 51-57. Since only the end of the specimen is quenched in this test, it is obvious that the cooling rate along the surface of the specimen de creases as the distance from the quenched end increases. Experiments 1For a complete description of this test. see the SAE Handbook J406, or ASTM Designation A255. 44 COOLING RATE, DEG. F PER SECOND AT 1300 DEG. F z3 m LLI h,, < c 2 < [E m 1 ........ ,[ Mildly Agitated Oil I Rounds Quenched in 0 1 2 5 6 7 8 910 12 14 161820 24 32 48 llllill 111il POSITION ON JOMINY BAR--SIXTEENTHS OF IN. COOLING RATE, DEG. F PER SECOND AT 1300 DEG. F ,f z3 uJ ,h, .... S iv I // , /v ,f / ,/" / 2" / ,<2 m rr m 1 < J I Rounds Quenched in Mildly Agitated Water 1ii111[ i I III ........ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g10 12 14 16 1820 24 32 48 POSITION ON JOMINY BAR--SIXTEENTHS OF IN. (From 1959 SAE Handbook, p. 55) have confirmed that the cooling rate at a given point along the bar can be correlated with the cooling rate at various locations in rounds of various sizes. The graphs above show this correlation for sur A radius, and center locations for rounds up to 4 face, 3,4 radius, inches in diameter quenched in mildly agitated oil and in mildly agitated water. Similar data are shown at the top of each H-band as published by SAE and AISI. These values are not absolute, but are useful in determining the grades which may achieve a particular hardness at a specified location in a given section. 45 Calculation of End-Quench Hardenability Based on Analysis It is sometimes desirable to predict the end-quench harden ability curve of a proposed analysis or of a commercial steel not available for testing. The methodx described here affords a reason ably accurate means of calculating hardness at any Jominy location on a section of steel of known analysis and grain size. To illustrate this method, consider a heat of 8640 having a grain size of No. 8 at the quenching temperature and the analysis shown in step II, below. STEP I. Determine the initial hardness (IH). This is the hard . inch on the end-quench specimen and is a function of the carbon content as illustrated by the graph below. The IH for .39% carbon is HRC 55.5. ness at Based on the work of M. A. Grossman, AIME, February 1942, and J. Field, Metal Progress, March 1943. 46 STEP II. Calculate the ideal critical diameter (DI). This is the diameter of the largest round of the given analysis which will harden to 50% martensite at the center during an ideal quench. The DI is the product of the multiplying factors representing each element. From the graphs below and on page °48, find the multiplying fac tors for carbon at No. 8 grain size, and for the other elements: C Heat Analysis(%) .39 .91 .25 Mn .54 Si 1.20 Ni Cr Mo .56 .20 Multiplying Factor .195 4.03 1.18 2.21 1.60 The product of these factors is 3.93 DI. MULTIPLYING FACTORS FOR CARBON PER GRAIN SIZE • ; ,i '!,i ii !, t ! ,iI l tlJ l iil l,i i{ii iili J I i[ t ! li If tl t lilI !i tiJ / No. 4 GRAIN .32 : ' i ! . ;. ', [ { i : [ ! I [ I ! [ t , [ [/ , i' i : o5 ' ;l -- ;:! .30 i i i i { i { i I i i i I I i ': ''ii l i i! !i!; { i i i i ] t ! i l i i ; , 1/i i]_ ; [ } i I I i I i ! ': ] I / i !Z,N°.5 ;i I!iI I!!I iiIi li ii!; il ii iilI ill iIi !II/ i '[ i iJl [/! i [/ L 'i ! i Im < Z 0 ii i i t .... /]i! No. 6 i, , ' i :" .. , 'i lit i j/'I i V'i i i m < 0 .28 i ! i !. i i ' i I.....i i I ii ) f ' t i l ! il ili iiiI 1 !/ i / ! i/ i ' ! i 1 i i i ]ii i iY i i /i I 11 ;l,#'il l/i J l!r l i t I/ i1I I / iV l ll! i il ! i / i i! ' ; , No. 7 i ! f i i ...... 'I , ' ; l I/! ', _ lI J I/i i Ii i ,I ,, '.i'.'. ..... i ; ; 7, . , i I i i, II. ;/ /; i /i i, : , i i ; t li i Yi 1! i i " i i I [I , ......... iii No. 8 "' :ii < F-. .20 i ! ' ; :/ i/ . 11 , : i : ! /i :// i . i :, : : /: !/i i/ I I...! / ' ' i i i : : , . i : i/ i/ /{ Z i './ ' i i i ! ! i 1 .,i'il I i/ I ;, ' l l II ! i/ i i i i i : : i :.;i i!:! o , . ,, < ' i.u l ' i ' I 1.1/ i /i [Y i ] [ [ ] i " [ ',' d Ii/ il i!') i! i i:! i i/: r< : : : : l ,, .16 i : : :. 7 i i/ #; ..... ii ' i i i ! " ! : : I ! ://j V. iJfli ' ';! ! i:i i [ ' 7':ii !" ; i ,/ ii: i :!!!i!i , , , i : ' ! '/ i / ! ; i { i { ! i :, i i i i i , '.. ; ' i:i! , :: : ! i 0 .10 'i ! / ' I i i li ,:i i!! f ' : ! t': .14 ,, : : ' : i i ! i t :20 .30 .40 .50 .60 ii:[ CARBON, PER CENT 47 30 or greater. The IH/DH ratio is based on the observation that with a DI 7. and that a DI less than 7. Determine the IH/DH ratios corresponding to each Jominy distance for a DI of 3. The IH/DH ratios.93. 48 .30 will produce a falling curve. or dividing factors.00 // // / / 1t I / / / / i PER CENT OF ELEMENT STEP !11.MULTIPLYING FACTORS FOR ALLOYING ELEMENTS 6. are plotted on page 49. an end-quench curve approximating a straight line out to 2 inches is obtained. The drop in hardness at any point on the curve may be conveniently expressed as a ratio of the maximum hardness attainable (IH) to the hardness actually obtained (DH).00 / 1/ r / 3. ) I-.00 3...00 2. O -.\'k \ l L \ t 1 I I I ... I I L I I | I n i I I 1 L % 3..00 [l % \ \ ] "r".. . i\? J' .=. 1 _/ (...00 I ill k & l Ill l n" III I ll IIl 4.%\ L .i UJ k E) L ! 1 % % \\ ...00 11" I I*i i I I • L 1.00 ' I' k X .00 l L I ¥%&% I |I t ..00 I i i I 1 t It I 1 .. .... tl 1 -I i \ \ \ ?-" :" 1 1....00 L Ll&% I llll l It11% l lll\ 5. k i \ \] 2. I I | i [ I L r • 6..00 DIVIDING FACTOR (IH/DH) 49 .RELATION BETWEEN DI AND DIVIDING FACTORS FOR VARIOUS DISTANCES FROM QUENCHED END I il t il 1 1 1 II I I j 7.00 4. 84 30 1¾ 1. in.5 34.46 Dividing Factor -55.5 5O .41 1.75 32 1½ 1.Calculate the Rockwell C hardness for each distance by dividing the IH (5 5.21 1.92 29 2 1. 1.5 Calculated HRC ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1.5 ) by each respective dividing factor" Distance.61 54 46 39.STEP IV.5 1¼ 1.03 1.96 28. Distance Sixteenths of an inch 1038 H Max Min 58 49 i 1045 H Max Min 62 52 1522 H Max Min 41 1524 H Max Min 48 42 1526 H Max Min 1541 H Max Min 42 28 26 25 24 50 45 55 37 51 26 34 23 59 38 55 31 47 39 34 30 22 32 20 51 45 39 29 38 22 46 53 44 39 26 49 60 21 57 38 53 44 59 38 32 27 50 55 52 48 39 30 28 27 22 21 26 10 11 9 31 33 32 30 25 27 29 35 32 27 27 33 30 26 44 25 23 25 24 23 21 29 28 21 27 20 26 22 26 25 23 22 24 24 23 33 22 32 21 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 31 20 30 51 ..j. and are to be used for specification purposes. End-Quench Hardenability Limits . For steels which may have been designated as H-steels after the publishing date of this handbook. refer to the latest issues of the applicable AISI Car bon and Alloy Steel Products Manuals. These values are rounded off to the nearest Rockwell C hardness unit..HARDENABILITY LIMITS The following tables show maximum and minimum hardenability limits for carbon and alloy H-steels from the latest published data of AISI. . 27 40 21 53 28 33 29 27 25 20 51 25 54 32 26 ..j .. 34 33 32 31 31 31 34 33 32 31 31 30 30 38 23 48 27 37 22 47 26 36 22 46 26 35 35 34 20 34 20 21 45 21 45 45 24 45 24 20 25 25 25 24 24 24 23 23 30 30 25 25 52 ..... Distance 1 5B21 H Sixteenths of an 15B35 H ...j. 15B37 H Max Min 58 56 15B41 H 15B48 H Max Min 15B62 H Max Min inch Max Min Max Min 58 56 ............. Distance Sixteenths of an inch .............. 52 50 26 25 25 24 22 49 24 42 22 36 21 53 65 59 52 65 58 42 64 57 37 64 52 31 64 43 30 63 39 29 63 37 28 63 35 27 62 35 27 62 34 26 61 33 26 60 33 . Max Min 50 50 60 59 53 52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 9 48 41 47 40 46 38 44 30 4O 20 35 27 2O 55 54 53 49 48 51 50 55 54 52 49 48 37 59 58 52 51 50 63 62 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 53 51 48 45 41 38 56 56 55 54 '60 60 60 60 47 41 30 51 28 39 53 24 22 20 51 50 45 57 43 33 26 58 57 56 55 51 49 48 37 22 55 44 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 32 .......... 46 23 39 21 34 25 58 32 32 24 54 31 31 23 48 30 30 22 43 30 29 21 40 29 29 20 37 28 28 35 27 28 34 26 20 23 33 34 31 31 20 3O 1 330 H Max Min 1 335 H Max Min 1 340 H 1 345 H 4027 H 4028 H Max Min 4037 H Max Min Max ' Min Max Min 56 49 56 47 55 44 53 40 52 50 48 45 10 9 58 57 56 55 51 49 47 44 60 53 60 52 59 58 51 49 63 56 63 56 62 61 55 54 51 44 38 35 33 32 31 30 29 29 28 28 27 52 45 50 40 46 31 40 25 34 22 30 20 28 26 59 52 57 49 54 42 51 35 45 30 38 26 34 23 32 22 30 21 29 20 28 27 35 31 28 26 25 23 22 21 20 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 41 40 39 38 37 35 38 34 31 29 27 26 25 24 23 22 22 21 20 57 56 55 54 52 51 50 48 46 44 42 41 39 46 40 35 33 31 29 28 27 26 25 25 24 23 61 60 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 49 43 42 40 39 38 37 36 35 25 25 24 23 23 22 22 21 21 15 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 26 26 26 25 .End-Quench Hardenability Limits (Cont'd) ......... .............. of an J 4145 H 4147 H 4150 H 4161 H Max Min 60 60 60 60 4320 H Max Min 48 47 45 43 41 38 35 32 4340 H inch 1 2 3 4 Max Min 63 63 62 62 56 55 55 54 Max Min 64 64 64 64 Max Min 57 57 56 56 65 65 65 65 Max Min 59 59 59 58 65 65 65 65 . 40 36 35 ............. 26 25 25 54 39 56 57 56 55 42 44 40 39 59 47 59 58 34 25 21 33 25 20 33 25 32 25 31 24 30 24 30 23 30 23 30 22 29 22 29 21 29 21 I ....................... .......... .... Distance Sixteenths ........ 1 64 4 58 55 50 35 57 48 35 41 23 42 55 53 49 56 49 38 31 29 52 59 58 57 59 52 58 49 53 52 51 58 58 60 59 62 62 61 53 51 55 54 62 61 52 51 55 53 ........... of an Max Min 62 60 55 Max Min 46 41 31 Max Min 36 27 20 ...................... 60 60 60 60 ............. 34 34 33 33 32 32 ................ 47 46 45 44 42 41 40 26 28 30 32 55 35 57 37 37 36 37 58 58 58 58 38 38 38 39 63 63 63 63 43 42 41 45 24 24 24 24 56 56 56 57 43 53 ... ..................................... .......................... 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 57 57 56 55 55 55 54 51 50 49 48 46 45 43 42 40 38 37 36 35 34 34 64 64 64 63 63 62 62 62 61 60 59 59 56 55 54 53 51 50 48 47 45 43 41 40 33 31 30 29 28 27 27 26 25 25 24 24 22 21 20 20 58 58 57 56 55 53 50 48 ................... ... 24 24 23 23 51 50 49 48 45 35 34 33 33 31 55 54' 54 53 51 38 37 36 35 33 58 42 57 41 57 40 56 39 54 ............ 32 31 ................. 52 32 28 47 30 27 43 28 25 40 28 38 27 37 26 35 26 24 23 22 21 34 47 44 42 38 27 26 55 55 53 52 48 45 43 40 37 36 57 50 48 47 53 61 60 60 60 50 49 46 44 .. . 21 22 20 46 32 52 48 34 32 55 53 44 43 30 30 49 33 36 37 35 34 53 34 34 33 31 30 30 29 42 42 41 41 30 29 29 29 47 46 45 44 32 31 31 30 52 51 51 50 33 ......... 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 -.. ..... .............Distance inch 2 3 5 #ojeo 4047 H 4118 H 4130 H Max Min 46 42 4137 H Max Min 51 50 49 57 56 4140 H Max Min 60 60 59 4142 H Sixteenths ....................... 53 53 53 53 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 6 61 62 61 61 53 53 52 52 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 60 60 59 59 58 57 57 56 56 55 63 55 54 54 53 52 51 49 48 46 45 42 40 39 38 65 55 57 65 65 64 65 57 56 60 58 65 65 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 64 64 63 63 63 38 65 60 60 59 59 59 59 27 60 "60 36 34 53 25 23 41 29 60 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 58 57 57 57 53 52 52 52 51 51 50 49 49 48 60 53 ...... . 5130 H Max Min of an inch Max Min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 48 41 47 39 43 31 39 27 35 23 32 21 29 28 27 25 24 24 23 23 22 21 21 21 20 213 45 44 44 42 38 37 34 30 46 46 45 44 39 38 35 32 48 48 47 46 45 43 42 40 41 4O 39 38 34 31 29 27 48 40 56 49 46 34 55 46 41 28 53 42 36 23 51 39 33 20 49 35 30 47 32 28 45 3O 27 42 28 25 24 23 22 21 21 20 40 38 37 36 26 25 23 22 41 27 42 29 39 24 41 27 37 22 39 25 35 21 37 23 33 31 30 29 28 28 27 27 26 25 24 24 24 23 23 23 20 35 22 33 21 32 20 31 20 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 25 25 25 24 24 39 26 37 25 36 24 35 23 34 22 33 22 32 21 31 21 29 28 28 27 27 35 21 34 20 34 33 32 31 20 20 30 29 27 26 25 24 26 26 25 54 .j. 20 21 24 23 20 20 23 22 22 22 21 21 Distance Sixteenths 4720 H 4815 H Max Min 4817 H Max Min 4820 H Max Min 5120 H Max Min ...End-Quench Hardenability Limits (Cant'd) EijIt Distance Sixteenths . 60 53 60 53 60 53 60 53 60 60 60 60 53 53 53 53 41 35 27 24 21 47 47 45 43 40 37 35 33 32 31 28 27 25 25 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 21 20 20 31 37 25 29 34 23 25 27 32 22 24 26 25 24 23 22 22 22 21 21 2O 28 30 27 26 26 25 25 24 20 27 27 25 24 23 22 22 21 21 60 53 60 53 60 53 60 53 60 52 59 52 59 52 59 51 58 51 58 50 58 49 57 48 57 47 57 46 57 45 57 44 23 22 22 21 21 30 29 29 28 27 27 27 26 26 25 25 24 24 24 .. E4340 H 4419 H Max Min 48 45 41 34 30 40 33 27 23 21 4620 H Max Min 48 45 42 39 34 '1 4621 H Max Min 48 47 46 44 41 41 38 34 30 51 48 41 33 29 4626 H Max Min 45 36 29 24 21 4718 H Max of an inch Max Min Min 40 40 38 33 29 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 .. .... 57 50 56 47 54 43 52 40 50 35 48 32 45 29 42 27 40 25 37 23 36 22 34 20 33 58 51 57 49 56 47 55 43 54 38 52 35 50 32 47 30 45 28 43 27 41 25 40 24 39 23 38 22 37 21 37 21 36 35 34 33 65 64 63 52 45 62 61 6 59 58 57 56 53 49 42 38 36 34 33 32 31 31 3O 3O 54 52 50 48 46 45 35 38 33 57 58 56 38 42 35 61 60 60 59 60 59 58 56 55 53 51 5O 9 12 43 40 39 38 36 28 27 29 31 30 50 47 52 55 53 30 48 31 33 32 58 57 30 59 34 58- 35 40 37 42 27 26 25 23 45 44 41 29 28 28 25 57 56 32 33 32 31 48 47 45 43 42 41 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 . 34 33 33 32 37 22 51 25 37 21 50 24 36 49 22 35 48 21 40 39 39 38 5155 H Max Min 5160 H Max Min 6118 H Max Min 6150 H Max Min 8617 H Max Min 8620 H Max Min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 60 60 65 59 60 64 58 60 64 57 65 59 63 55 65 63 52 64 56 62 47 64 52 62 41 63 47 61 37 62 42 60 36 61 39 59 35 60 37 57 34 59 55 52 51 49 47 45 44 43 42 41 41 40 34 33 33 32 58 35 56 35 54 34 52 34 58 .j..............oojoo Distance Sixteenths of an 5132 H Max Min 5135 H Max Min 5140 H Max Min 60 59 58 57 56 53 52 50 48 43 5145 H Max Min 63 62 61 60 59 56 55 53 51 48 5147 H .... 0istance Sixteenths of an inch 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 20 37 35 34 24 42 26 21 20 39 38 24 23 54 55 53 52 29 30 27 26 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 32 32 31 30 ... 5150 H Max Min inch Max Min 64 64 63 62 62 61 57 56 55 54 53 49 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... 46 39 65 59 44 36 65 58 38 28 64 57 33 24 64 56 30 28 27 26 26 25 25 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 21 20 22 63 55 20 63 53 62 50 61 47 61 60 59 58 43 41 39 38 46 44 41 38 39 33 27 24 48 41 47 37 44 32 41 27 34 20 37 23 31 34 21 28 32 27 30 26 25 24 23 23 22 22 21 21 20 29 28 27 26 25 25 24 24 23 23 36 57 37 55 36 54 35 52 35 50 48 47 46 34 32 31 30 45 29 44 27 43 26 42 25 31 48 33 31 47 32 30 46 31 29 45 30 28 27 26 25 44 29 43 28 43 28 42 27 23 23 23 22 22 22 55 .... . 26 28 30 40 39 26 26 42 41 32 27 27 27 27 56 55 57 53 33 32 33 32 23 22 23 221 39 27 26 27 27 27 27 38 56 ....End-Quench Hardenability Limits (Cant'd) .... Distance Sixteenths of an 8622 H 8625 H 8627 H 8630 H 8637 H Max Min Max Min 8640 H Max inch 1 2 4 5 6 7 Max Min 50 49 44 40 37 34 Max Min.. 8 9 32 31 28 20 35 23 38 26 32 29 27 59 58 57 55 54 52 49 49 46 42 39 36 34 32 31 10 11 30 33 22 36 24 32 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 .. ..... 29 30 29 28 27 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 28 27 32 22 31 21 20 34 33 24 23 5O 27 26 26 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 31 21 30 21 30 29 28 28 28 27 27 27 27 27 20 20 33 23 44 29 33 22 43 28 32 22 41 27 31 21 40 26 30 21 39 25 30 20 37 25 29 20 36 24 29 36 24 29 29 29 29 35 24 35 24 35 23 35 23 47 45 44 42 41 30 29 28 28 26 26 25 25 24 24 24 24 39 38 38 37 37 37 37 Distance Sixteenths 8642 H 8645 H Max Min 8655 H Max Min 8720 H Max Min 8740 H Max Min 8822 H Max Min of an inch Max Min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 62 62 62 61 55 54 53 52 63 56 63 56 63 55 63 54 62 50 61 45 52 48 52 55 54 60 59 59 58 57 56 55 54 39 37 65 65 49 46 48 47 45 42 38 35 33 31 41 60 53 38 60 53 35 60 52 30 60 51 26 59 49 24 58 46 22 57 43 21 56 40 30 29 28 27 20 55 37 53 35 52 34 50 32 31 30 29 50 49 48 46 43 42 39 33 61 50 60 48 61 59 45 58 42 60 55 54 37 34 43 29 40 27 37 25 35 24 34 33 32 31 31 9 57 39 59 41 52 50 33 32 12 13 14 15 16 58 56 35 34 64 43 41 26 25 25 24 23 23 22 49 48 46 44 42 41 40 39 39 31 30 29 52 51 49 47 45 43 42 41 41 33 32 31 30 29 28 28 63 63 62 60 59 58 64 40 39 38 26 48 46 45 42 41 40 39 38 I 49 31 22 30 22 30 21 29 21 28 27 27 18 20 22 24 28 28 27 27 26 26 1 35 34 34 37 24 23 23 24 43 28 27 27 27 26 28 29 20 ...j .. 35 Min 53 53 52 51 3 47 34 48 36 50 38 56 55 54 52 50 47 44 41 39 37 35 34 49 46 43 39 35 32 29 28 27 26 25 24 59 58 58 57 56 55 54 53 51 49 47 46 52 51 50 48 45 42 39 36 34 32 31 30 .. 60 6O 60 59 . Max Min 43 39 30 26 24 22 52 51 46 43 40 37 45 41 32 29 27 25 54 52 48 45 43 40 47 43...o j. ........... 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 56 56 56 56 55 54 53 51 41 44 43 42 40 38 36 24 53 46 44 39 37 34 10 11 9 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 ......... 9 10 11 ........ . 57 60 63 62 63 56 55 56 63 61 53 41 38 36 62 55 54 52 59 62 56 60 65 50 59 58 65 60 57 64 41 64 63 62 62 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 6O 62 60 58 55 52 49 46 61 61 60 60 52 48 43 58 57 56 32 31 30 63 56 55 52 47 65 64 64 65 47 42 39 59 57 53 54 50 44 59 58 57 .. 31 44 26 35 34 33 32 22 21 20 ............... 61 60 60 .....Distance Sixteenths oaj tr 9260 H 50B44 H I 50B46 H .......... 12 47 36 35 34 34 59 58 57 56 54 38 34 31 30 29 28.... 13 14 15 16 .. 33 61 59 57 55 53 51 26 28 30 32 ....... 37 36 36 35 35 35 . 55 34 28 53 32 27 52 31 26 50 30 25 49 47 45 43 29 28 28 27 24 24 23 23 26 28 30 32 37 22 35 21 34 21 34 20 57 ...... 27 24 23 21 20 54 51 47 43 29 28 27 26 61 60 60 59 42 37 35 33 64 35 37 63 64 65 65 41 40 . 50B50 H Max Min 59 50B60 H Max Min 60 51 B60 H of an 1 inch 2 Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min 54 60 65 64 63 3 4 5 6 7 8 ..j....... Distance Sixteenths of an inch 34 28 28 34 33 29 31 30 28 37 39 38 36 21 24 22 20 47 26 28 27 25 49 27 47 81 B45 H Max Min 63 63 63 63 63 63 62 62 94B17 H Max Min 46 46 45 45 ...................... 94B30 H Max Min 49 49 48 48 47 42 Max Min 39 39 38 37 34 29 26 23 21 20 56 56 55 55 54 54 53 52 52 51 Max Min Max Min 2 . p ........ 50 47 44 41 27 26 25 58 55 53 51 49 44 .. 45 43 42 40 38 33 33 32 32 31 30 30 29 29 52 50 48 40 38 37 36 35 29 38 40 37 25 26 25 24 57 36 23 56 31 58 30 32 63 36 54 28 29 60 63 62 34 34 31 30 29 64 63 36 39 38 37 34 33 31 30 28 25 18 20 22 24 .. 59 39 34 48 44 41 51 32 58 38 33 57 37 32 57 36 31 56 35 30 50 30 49 29 48 28 46 27 44 42 4O 38 25 24 23 23 ...... to 3 in. Over 1 in. to 1 in. To ½ in. Over 3 in. to 2½ in. min 42 7-1/2/16 10/16 10-1/2/16 3140H 8740H 13/16 15/16 90.000 to 170. 2½ in. Hard ness after quench Yield strength.000 Over 125. to 1½ in. 2 in.000 to 150.000 36 to 41 48 1340H 3140H 4047H 4135H 50B40 5140H 8637H 4137H 4140H 5150H 8642H 8645H 8742H 4145H 8655H 9840 4147H 4337H 81B45 86B45 4340H Over 170. to 2 in.000 41 to 46 51 4063H 4140H 50B44 5145H 5150H 8640H 8642H 8740H 8742H 9260H 4142H 4337H 50B50 5147H 6150H 4145H 50B60 81B45 8650H 8655H 9260H 4147H 4340H 51B60 81B45 86B45 8660H 4150H 9850 Over 46 min 55 185. Jominy Reference Point 3-1/2/16 1330H 4130H 5132H 6/16 8637H RC site. to 3½ in.000 4150H 5160H 8655H 9262H 50B60 8660H 58 . 1½ in.000 to 185.000 23 tO 30 tO 4140H 125.Mechanical properties obtainable with steels for MODERATELY STRESSED PARTS OIL QUENCH Round Sections Over Over Over Over ½ in. psi Quenched to 50% Martensite Full radius to center At ½ radius At ¾ radius Hardness ing 50% after marten temper.000 30 to 36 44 1335H 4042H 5135H 3140H 4135H 8640H 8740H 4137H 6150H 8642H 8645H 8742H 4142H 50B50 5147H 4142H 4145H 4337H 86B45 9850 Over 150. . 2 in. to 1 in... . 50B50 5147H 9262H NOTE: Parts made of steel with a carbon content of ... to 3 in..000 1045 5135H 3140H 5150H to 1330H 5140H 8640H 150.. . to 1½ in.. 59 .000 23 to 30 to 125. i To ½ in.000 42 1040 1330H 4037H 4130H 5130H 5132H 8630H 1340H 4135H 8637H Over 30 to 36 44 1036 1335H 1340H 4135H 125.. Over 3 in.. Over 1 in. Jominy Reference Point strength.Mechanical properties obtainable with steels for MODERATELY STRESSED PARTS WAT E R Q U E N C H Round Sections Over Over Over Over ½ in..33% or higher should not be water quenched without careful exploration for quench cracking. 2½ in.. to 2½ in...000 4037H 50B40 4135H 50B40 50B44 to 5135H 50B40 5145H 6150H 170.... temper.000 5140H 8640H 8645H 8637H 8740H 8742H . Hard ness after quench Quenched to 50% Martensite Full radius to center At ½ radius At radius Yield psi Hardness ing 50% after marten site. RC min 1-1/2/16 3/16 4/16 6/16 5/16 6-1/2/16 7-1/2/16 3140H 8640H 8740H 90. to 2 in.. to 3½ in. 1½ in.000 4130H 5145H 8740H 8630H 8637H 4137H 4140H 50B40 6150H 8642H 8645H 8742H Over 36 to 41 48 1335H 4042H 1340H 4137H 4140H 150. 33% or higher should not be water quenched without careful exploration for quench cracking. Over To ½ in.000 to 150.to2 1½ in.000 to 170. Over 1 in.000 to 185.000 41 to 46 4063H 8640H 4140H 8642H 50B44 8740H 50B50 8742H 5145H 9260H 5150H 50B50 4142H 8650H 51B60 5147H 4145H 8655H 8660H 5160H 4337H 6150H 50B60 9262H 81B45 8660H 4340H 81B45 86B45 4147H 4150H 9850 Over 46 min 185... to 1 in.Mechanical properties obtainable with steels for HIGHLY STRESSED PARTS--OIL QUENCH Round Sections Over ½ in. 60 .. Hard ness after 3 in.000 4150H 8655H 50B60 9262H 5160H WATER QUENCH Jominy Reference Point 1-1/2/16 • 3/16 ... to 2½ in.0001 Over 30 to 36 44 125. to 3 in. Over Over Over 2 in. in. Quenched to 80% Martensite .000 150..000 23 to 30 42 to 125. min 7-1/2/16 10/16 10-1/2/16 13/16 15/16 90. to 1½ in. 2½ in.000 36 to 41 48 1340H 5140H 3140H 8637H 4047H 4135H 50B40 4140H 4145H 9840 4147 4147H 4337H 81B45 86B45 4340H Over 170.000 4137H 4142H 81B45 9840 4337H 86B45 9850 Over 150.000 30 to 36 44 1330H 5132H 4130H 8630H 5130H 5132H 1340H 3140H 50B40 8637H 4135H 4137H NOTE: Parts made of steel with a carbon content of . to 3½ in. psi Hardness ing 80% after marten temper. Yield strength.. quench Full radius to center At ½ radius At ¾ radius Jominy Reference Point 3-1/2/16 1330H 4130H 5132H 1335H 5135H 3140H 4135H 50B40 8640H 8740H 4137H 8642H 8645H 8742H 6/16 RC site.i 4/16 6/16 5/16 6-1/2/16 7-1/2/16 90.000 23 to 30 to 125.000 42 1330H 4130H 5130H 5132H 8630H Over 125t. hardness and toughness by virtue of rapid cooling from above the transforma tion range. those which increase the strength. page 62). The hardenability necessary to attain the desired through hardening is a function of the section size and the quenching parameters (see graph. and (2).30 to . followed by slow cooling. the purpose of which may be to improve machinability. Treatments fall into two general categories: ( 1 ). Conventional Quenching and Tempering As discussed in the previous section. The second category encompasses normalizing and various types of annealing. thermal treatment greatly broadens the spectrum of properties attainable. Those used most frequently for quenched and tempered parts contain from . or by prolonged heating within or below the transformation range. or a variety of specialized treatments undertaken to enhance hardness of the surface to a con trolled depth. or to re lieve stresses and restore ductility after a processing which has in volved some form of cold deformation. With 61 . toughness. Steels of suitable hardenability at tain this martensitic structure when liquid-quenched from their austenitizing temperatures.THERMAL TREATMENT OF STEEL The versatility of steel is attributable in large measure to its response to a variety of thermal treatments. or cold forming characteristics. While a major percentage of steel is used in the as-rolled condition. the best combination of strength and toughness is usually obtained by suitably tempering a quenched microstructure consisting of a minimum of 80% marten site throughout the cross section.60% carbon. although the carbon specification for any particular application must be de termined by the surface hardness and overall strength level required. those which decrease hardness and promote uniformity by slow cooling from above the transformation range. Plain carbon steels with low manganese content can be through hardened only in very thin sections when a mild quench is used. The first category can involve through hardening by quenching and tempering. (6) 3rine-Vi01enl Circulation [ t 5. Once the desired cooling rate has been determined.UJ rr" < rn 0 2 4 6 8 11 12 14 16 1'8 20 22 24 26 28 30 DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END.50) (5) 3rine-NoCir. (H 2.4.ion (i-i ... a variety of factors must be considered before the method of achieving that rate can be specified.Ji) tPI 1. However. For example.J Gi. and degree of agitation. by the characteristics of that medium. viscosity. JO) [ 1 /ater-. Under these conditions.NoCirculatio' (4) /ater-Good . may be such that a drastic quench will cause quench cracks or distortion.cu. specific heat. overall economy as well as safety will best be served by using a quenchant with less cooling capacity and a steel of greater hardenability.. the cooling rate developed in a particular quenching facility will depend on the volume of the quenching medium as well as its temperature..i.. and by the quenching conditions used. rr'rr U. the mechanical properties obtained in a quenched part are primarily dependent upon the hardenability of the steel as determined by its chemical composi tion and by the rate at which it is cooled from the austenitizing temperature.. or more drastic quenches.bii--N.25) _ " 6 03 • oOS n wz z x)d Cin. As indicated above. A part with a specific mass will cool at a rate determined by its temperature in relation to that of the quench ing medium. SIXTEENTHS OF IN. 62 . ' . f--J ..00) (2))iI--G . '/ / "r-. // c0 z_o D z 2 o. carbon-boron or alloy steels are required. use of a drastic quench will make possible the development of a given set of properties in a steel of a specific hardenability.()0) /.. Careful selection of the quenching medium is essential. / / .ulatiol. or the steel composition itself. Furthermore. size and design of the part..ulatio (H . QUENCHING MEDIA.. RELATION BETWEEN DISTANCE ON STANDARD END-QUENCH TEST AND DIAMETER OF ROUND LECIEND "OR T PES CF QUENCH (1) .higher manganese carbon grades. some what heavier sections can be quenched effectively. For sections beyond the hardening capability of carbon steels./ .ircula'ion (H 1. high flash point. since the as-quenched part is in a highly stressed condition. it is of utmost im portance to temper parts immediately after the quenching operation. or as the amount of agitation during the quench decreases. Because this envelope interferes with the flow of water around the part. accomplished by quenching in a medium held at a constant temperature. water is maintained at a temperature of about 65 F. Most production quenching facilities incorporate cooling coils to maintain the oil bath at a reasonably constant temperature. and little change in cooling capacity with normal variation in tempera ture. Isothermal Treatments The preceding sections are concernedwith hardening of steel by quenching. These are characterized by relative stability and chemical inactivity with respect to hot steel. and therefore provides a more effective quench. and provide for sufficient agitation to minimize localized effects of vapor envelopes formed during quenching. The brine and sodium hydroxide solutions are generally used on very shallow hardening steels to attain high surface hardness while retaining a ductile core. Quenching oils providing a wide variety of cooling rates are available commercially. or TTT (time-temperature-transformation) curve is produced. Delay in tempering greatly increases the risk of cracking. A brine of 5 to 10% sodium chloride has a lower tendency than plain water to form an envelope. Another approach to the thermal treatment of steels involves isother mal transformation. using a medium which is at or near room temperature. it reduces the water's effective cooling capacity. As the water temperature increases. Sodium hydroxide solutions are even more effective. 63 . Regardless of the quenching medium used. In most quenching facilities. By plotting the various quenching bath temperatures against the time interval required for inception and completion of transformation (on a logarithmic scale) the so-called "S" curve. For a given steel it may be shown by means of a series of test specimens quenched in media at various tempera tures that the time required for the beginning and for the completion of transformation varies considerably. there is an in creasing tendency for an envelope of steam to form around the part.The most common quenching media are water and various mineral oils. It is not within the scope of this book to engage in a lengthy technical discussion of these curves. Some features of the curves have received rather widespread application and will be presented in the following sections. These applications involve both annealing and hardening. Each steel has a temperature range in which transformation takes place quite rapidly. This occurs at a fairly elevated temperature, and that section of the transformation curve is often referred to as the nose of the curve. Above or below this rapid transformation range, the times required for the critical changes are considerably greater. In order to harden steel it is necessary to quench at such a rate that transformation at the higher temperatures is avoided. If the bath temperature is below approximately 400 F, martensite will form. The highest temperature at which martensite will start to form is termed the Ms temperature. The Mr temperature is the highest temperature at which the transformation can be considered complete. If the quenching bath temperature is above the Ms temperature, other microstructures are formed, as discussed below. Quenching at a temperature above that of the nose of the curve results in a soft structure after completion of transformation and sub sequent cooling to room temperature. (See Annealing, page 71. ) AUSTEMPERING Ae3 COOLING CURVES Ms Mf BAINtTE TIME-LOG SCALE 64 AUSTEMPERING is a hardening treatment which consists of quenching in a molten salt bath maintained somewhat above the Ms temperature, and holding until transformation is complete. The product formed is termed lower bainite and is somewhat softer than martensite. The advantage of austempering is the high degree of freedom it provides from distortion and quenching cracks. Higher hardenability material must be used, however, to insure against transformation oc curring at the nose of the curve, since cooling rates in molten salt baths may be lower than in the oil or water used in conventional quenching. The transformation rate of the higher hardenability steels is quite slow in the temperature range involved, and therefore, austempering has the disadvantage of requiring more time than other quenching methods, even though it is not followed by a tempering treatment. Ae3 ,COOLING CURVES ILl n" rr" LLI Q.. LLI !- DESIRED HARDNESS TEMPERED TO Mf TEMPERED MARTENSITE TIME-LOG SCALE MARTEMPERING involves quenching from the normal austenitizing temperature in a molten salt bath maintained at ap proximately the Ms temperature. The part is held at this temperature for a period of time sufficient to allow equalization of temperature within the part, but not long enough to permit any transformation to 65 occur. The material is then removed from the bath and allowed to cool in air through the martensite range, followed by the customary tempering treatment to obtain the desired mechanical properties. Like austempering, martempering tends to minimize distortion and quench cracking, since the high stresses typical of conventional quenching are avoided. The two processes also share the character istic of requiring higher hardenability steels than those suitable for conventional quenching, as mentioned above. However, martemper ing compares favorably with full quenching as far as time is con cerned, since the material need only be held for temperature equalization. Surface Hardening Treatments A variety of applications require high hardness or strength primarily at the surface; for example, instances involving wear or torsional loading. Service stresses are frequently complex, neces sitating not only a hard, wear-resistant surface, but also core strength and toughness to withstand tensile or impact stresses and fatigue. Treatments required to achieve these properties involve two general types of processes: those in which the chemical composition of the surface is altered prior to quenching and tempering; and those in which only the surface layer is hardened by the heating and quenching process employed. The first category includes carburizing, cyanid ing, carbo-nitriding, and nitriding. The most common processes included in the second category are flame hardening and induction hardening. CARBURIZlNG. In this process, carbon is diffused into the surface of the part to a controlled depth by heating in a carbonaceous medium. The resultant depth of carburization, commonly referred to as case depth, depends on the carbon potential of the medium used and the time and temperature of the carburizing treatment. The steels most suitable for carburizing are those with sufficiently low carbon contents (usually below .30% ) to enhance toughness. The actual carbon level, as well as the necessary hardenability and the type of quench, is determined by the section size and the desired core hardness. There are three types of carburizing in general use: LIQUID CARBURIZING involves heating in barium cya nide or sodium cyanide at temperatures ranging from 1550 to 66 1750 F. The temperature and the time at temperature are ad justed to obtain various case depths, usually up to .03 inch, although greater depths are possible. The case absorbs some nitrogen in addition to carbon, thus enhancing surface hardness. GAS CARBURIZING involves heating in a gas of con trolled carbon potential such that the steel surface absorbs carbon. Case depths in the range of .01 to .04 inch are common, the depth again depending on temperature and time. Carbon level in the case can be controlled where advantageous. PACK CARBURIZING consists of sealing the parts in a gas-tight container together with solid carbonaceous material and heating for eight hours or more to develop case depths in excess of .04 inch. This method is particularly suitable for pro ducing deep cases of .06 inch and over. With any of the above methods, the part may be quenched after the carburizing cycle without reheating, or it may be air-cooled fol lowed by reheating to the austenitizing temperature prior to quench ing. The recommended carburizing temperatures and quenching treatments published by SAE are listed on pages 74-76. The depth of case may be varied to suit the conditions of loading in service. For simple wear applications a very thin case may suffice. Under conditions of severe loading which would tend to collapse the case, greater case depth and higher core hardness are required. Frequently, service characteristics require that only selective areas of a part be hardened. Such selective hardening can be accom plished in various ways. The most common method is by copper plating the non-wear surfaces, or by coating them with one of several available commercial pastes, thereby allowing the carbon to penetrate only the exposed areas. A second method is by carburizing the entire part and then removing the case in the selected areas by machining or grinding. A localized hardening treatment after carburizing is another method sometimes used NITRIDING consists of heating at a temperature of 900 to 1150 F in an atmosphere of ammonia gas and dissociated ammonia for an extended period of time, depending on the case depth desired. A thin, very hard case results from the formation of nitrides. Special compositions containing the strong nitride-forming elements (usually aluminum, chromium, and molybdenum) are used. The major ad vantages of this process are that parts can be machined prior to nitrid ing, and that during such treatment, they exhibit desirable dimen 67 followed by cooling at arate which will accomplish the desired hardening. temperature. and may be accomplished by conventional furnace tempering or flame tempering processes. time. and steel composition. Parts have superior wear resistance. FLAME HARDENING involves rapid heating with a direct high-temperature gas flame. Case depths range from . As optimum results from this type of thermal treatment involve metallurgical considerations somewhat unique for the pro cess. Heating and Cooling cycles must be precisely controlled to attain the desired depth of hardening consistently. Steels for flame hardening are usually in the range of . CYANIDING involves heating in a bath of sodium cyanide to a temperature slightly above the transformation range to obtain a thin case of high hardness. Various quenching media are used. INDUCTION HARDENING. somewhat brittle case (because of the presence of nitrides) backed by a fine-grained tough core. while lower temperatures (1200 to 1450 F) may be used where a liquid quench is not required. Immediate tempering is required to avoid cracking caused by residual stresses. Tempera tures of 1425 to 1625 F are used for parts to be quenched. CARBO-NITRIDING is similar to cyaniding except that the absorption of carbon and nitrogen is accomplished by heating in a gaseous atmosphere containing hydrocarbons and ammonia.sional stability with little distortion. approaching that of a nitrided case. Case composition depends on the atmosphere. with hardenability appropriate for the depth to be hardened and the quenchant used.025 inch.003 to . In recent years considerable quantities of steel have been heated for hardening by electrical in duction. and usually sprayed on the surface at a short distance behind the heating flame.60% carbon. Where required to develop core properties. This results in a hard. de pending on part size and economic considerations. followed by quenching. 68 . Nitrided parts have exceptional wear resistance with little tendency to gall and seize. They also have high resistance to fatigue plus improved corrosion resistance. an explanation of the fundamental principles and metallurgical aspects follows.30 to . and are therefore particularly serviceable in applica tions involving metal-to-metal wear. such that the surface layer of the part is heated above the transformation range. parts are quenched and tempered prior to final machining. The total depth of heating depends upon the frequency of the alternating current passing through the coil.000 cycles per second using high power and short heating cycles. The very short austenitizing times which result may have a significant in fluence on the metallurgical results and often make it necessary to give special attention to the selection of the steel. Surface hardening is normally ac complished with frequencies of 10. the rate at which heat is conducted from the surface to the interior. and the length of the heating cycle. Quenching is usually accomplished with a water spray intro duced at the proper time by a quench ring or through the inductor block or coil. Alloy steels may be required 69 . Alloy steels can also be successfully induction hardened. eddy current losses) and also from hysteresis losses caused by the rapidly alternating magnetic field if the part is magnetic. or of through hardening.. most plain carbon and alloy steels heat most rapidly below the Curie tem perature (approximately the upper critical temperature) where they are ferromagnetic. With conventional induction-heating generators. Thus. it will be heated by induced energy. a magnetic field is developed in the coil. such as a steel part. the process is capable either of surface (or case) hardening to various controlled depths. is placed in this field. If an electrical conductor. 4340 and 4150. Thus. the microstructure prior to heating.g. From the metallurgical standpoint. Heating results primarily from the resistance of the part to the flow of currents created by the induced voltage (viz.When high frequency alternating current is sent through a coil or inductor. Plain medium carbon steels are preferred for induction surface hardening. induction heating and con ventional heating vary primarily in the time allowed for metallurgical reactions. the heat is developed primarily on the surface of the part. and less rapidly above this temperature.. In some instances. oil quenching is success fully employed by dropping the pieces into a bath of oil after they reach the hardening temperature. e. Heating by induction is very rapid and zero time is nor mally provided at the hardening temperature prior to quenching. although it is often necessary to increase the hardening temperature to provide alloy solution in steels containing carbide forming elements.000 to 500. however. although the free machining grades 1141 and 1144 are frequently used. and the hardening temperature. while lower frequencies and long heating cycles are preferred for through heating by induction. however. and vanadium. or spheroidized structures which may contain considerable amounts of massive free ferrite will require a longer heating cycle. Plain Carbon Free Surface Hardness Machining Alloy after Quenching 1040 1141 4140 HRC 52 Min 4340 8740 1045 1050 1144 4150 4145 HRC 56 Min 8645 HRC 60 Min 5150 6150 This tabulation also provides minimum hardnesses to be ex pected on the surface of parts surface-hardened by induction heating and quenching. Increased hardening temperatures do not increase the austenitic grain size since grain growth is inhibited by the undissolved carbides. 70 . Conventional hardening temperatures can generally be used when induction heating plain carbon grades and alloy steels con taining non-carbide-forming elements. These values are considered conservative minima. Since steels containing higher carbon than those shown are also successfully induction hardened. With alloy steels containing carbide-forming elements such as chromium. and decreases with the car bon content. higher hardness values for a given carbon content have often been observed for induction surface hardened parts. the list should be considered indicative rather than inclusive.30% carbon. The steels tabulated below are typical of those which have been satisfactorily hardened by induction heating. while annealed.if a very deep case or through hardening is necessary. Thus quenched and tempered or normalized structures provide optimum results. Microstructures which show a fine uniform distribution of fer rite and carbide respond most rapidly to induction heating and are necessary where shallow case depths are required. hot-rolled. molybdenum. The increment of added hardness may be as much as 5 HRC points for steels of . the hardening temperature must be increased if the normal influence of the alloying elements is desired. While the hardness in induction heating is a function of the carbon content as in conventional heating. In general. to soften the steel. a holding period. and a controlled cooling cycle. and then cooling to ambient tem perature. various types of annealing are used for various purposes. the normalizing treatment may be followed by a stress-relief treatment (see below). such as to relieve stresses. The uniformly fine-grained pearlitic structure which normally results enhances the uniformity of mechanical properties. STRESS RELIEF ANNEAL. Its usual purpose is to relieve residual stresses induced by normalizing.This treatment consists of heat ing to a temperature approaching the lower transformation tempera ture (mcx). Notch toughness in particular is much better than that experienced in the as-rolled condi tion. and for certain grades. No rm a liz in g a n d A n n e a ling Preceding discussions have been concerned with the principles and techniques of hardening and strengthening of steels by various processes which involve some form of quenching and tempering. The purpose is to facilitate austenitizing. followed by cool ing in still air. or to develop a particular microstructure conducive to optimum machinability or cold form ability. holding for a sufficient time to achieve temperature uniformity throughout the part. Another important type of thermal treatment has as its purpose either a softening of the steel or the development of a more uniform micro structure prior to further processing. Normalizing is also fre quently used as a conditioning treatment prior to quenching and tempering. machining. particularly in grades containing strong carbide-forming elements. As discussed below. NORMALIZING involves heating to a temperature of about 1 O0 to 150 F above the upper critical temperature. essential to remove any decarburized surface by machining or grinding prior to induction hardening if maximum sur face hardness is desired. welding. and where freedom from residual stresses or lower hardness is desired. A similar treatment is sometimes used to facilitate 71 . to improve formability. of course. ANNEALING consists of a heatingcycle. For large sections.steels heated to conventional hardening temperatures by induction show a similar or somewhat finer grain size than steels heated in the furnace for hardening. or straightening or cold deforma tion of any kind. It is. improves machinability. (3) Heating to a temperature just below the Acz. little change in structure will result. A degree of softening and im proved ductility may beexperienced. (4) Alternate repetitive heating to a temperature within. Several methods are used to develop this condition: (1) Heating to a temperature between the upper and lower transformation temperatures and cooling very slowly in the furnace to below the transformation range. A spher oidized structure is also desirable for machinability in high carbon steels. This treatment involves heating to a temperature above the transformation range. SUB-CRITICAL ANNEAL. depending on the temperature and time involved. A predominantly lamellar microstructure is normally obtained. The treatment does not allow consistent control of micro structures. and that the furnace charge is then slow-cooled at a controlled rate. SPHEROIDIZE ANNEAL. usually in preparation for subsequent cold defor mation. and to a temperature slightly below the transformation range. inasmuch as the carbide tends to spheroidize to a degree which depends on prior structure and on the temperature. OR FULL ANNEAL. The purpose of this type anneal is to soften the steel. The purpose of this type of an nealing is to achieve a spheroidal or globular form of the carbides. If the steel has undergone a con siderable amount of prior cold work. holding for an extended length of time. followed by controlled cooling to a temperature substantially below that range. time. then slow cooling. This treatment softens the steel. otherwise.cold-shearing of as-rolled material. with some variation depenctent upon the rate of cooling through the trans formation range and the degree of homogenization of the carbides prior to cooling. but its principal use is to improve the machinability of medium carbon steels. SOLUTION. (2) Heating as in (1). then cooling rapidly to a temperature just below the transformation range and holding for a prolonged period (see Isothermal Anneal). This treatment differs from stress-relieving primarily in that it requires a longer holding period at the annealing temperature. 72 . primarily to provide optimum cold forming characteristics. this annealing treatment will cause the ferrite in the microstructure to recrystallize. and cooling rates involved. and held at a temperature at or above the nose of the S-curve. a lower austenitizing tem perature is used so that some carbide remains undissolved. CURVES coo. but will result in finer pearlite and a higher hardness than transformation at higher temperatures. Ms Mf FERRITE AND PEARLITE TIME-LOG SCALE ISOTHERMAL ANNEAL. Transfor mation at the nose of the curve will be more rapid.=. appreciable time savings can be realized as compared with that required for con ventional annealing practices. 73 .. the work is austenitized above the upper transformation temperature. To obtain a spheroidized structure. If a lamellar pearlitic structure is desired. Cooling and transformation as for the pearlitic anneal above will result in a spheroidized structure. then cooled to. This process makes use of the principles discussed under Isothermal Treatments (page 63)and is effective in obtaining either a lamellar or a spheroidiz d structure.ISOTHERMAL ANNEALING Ae3 l D . By accelerating the cooling to the transformation temperature and also the cooling subsequent to transformation. .. F Cooling Method Reheat Temp. - Yes Yes 1650-1700 Cool slowly Quench in oil 1475-1525i 1475-1525h 0il 0il 250-325 Yes 1650-1700 Quench in oilg m 250-350 Yes 1650 Quench in oilg 325 74 . F Quenching Medium Temperingf Temp....SAE Typical Thermal Treatments ALLOY STEELS--Carburizing Grades Pretreatments Normalizeb Normalize Cycle SAE Numbera and Anneald Temperc Carburizinge Temp..350 .. F 4012 4023 4024 4027 4028 4032 4118 Yes - 1650-1700 Quench in oilg 250-350 4320 4419 4422 4427 4615 4617 4620 4621 4626 4718 4720 4815 4817 4820 5015 5115 5120 6118 Yes - Yes 1650-1700 Quench in oilg Cool slowly i m 1525-1550i 0il 250-350 Yes - Yes 1650-1700 Quench in oilg 250-350 Quench in oilg w Yes - Yes 1650-1700 Cool slowly Quench in oil 1500-1550i 1500-1550h 0il 0il 250-350 Yes - Yes 1650-1700 Quench in oil Quench in oilg 1500-1550h m 0il 250.. i In this treatment the parts are slowly cooled. g This treatment is most commonly used and generally produces a minimum of distortion. then air cool or furnace cool to obtain a structure suitable for machining and finish. heat to at least as high as the carburizing temperature. the carburizing temperature is reduced to approximately 1500 F before quenching. d Where cycle annealing is desired. as described in note e. 75 . f Temperatures higher than those shown are used in some instances where application requires. cool rapidly to 1000-1250 F. They are then reheated and oil quenched. For 4800 series steels. c After normalizing. b Normalizing temperature should be at least as high as the carburizing temperature followed by air cooling. e It is general practice to reduce carburizing temperatures to approximately 1550 F before quenching to minimize distortion and retained austenite. Distortion is at least equal to that obtained by a single quench from the carburizing cycle. h This treatment is used where the maximum grain refinement is required and/or where parts are sub sequently ground on critical dimensions. preferably under a protective atmosphere. hold for uniformity. This treatment is used when machining must be done between carburizing and hardening or when facilities for quench ing from the carburizing cycle are not available. of maximum section or 4 hr minimum time. A combination of good case and core properties is secured with somewhat greater distortion than is obtained by a single quench from the carburizing treatment. reheat to temperature of11OO-1200 F and hold at temperature approximately 1 hr per in.Pretreatments SAE INorm I Numbera lizeb Normalize Cycle and Anneald Temperc I J Carburizinge Temp. Heat treatments are not necessarily correct for coarse grain. A tempering operation follows as required. F Medium Temp. hold 1 to 3 hr. F Cooling Method Reheat Quenching Temperingf Temp. F 8115 8615 8617 8620 8622 8625 8627 8720 8822 9310 Yes Quench in 0ilg m w Yes - - 1650-1700 C001 slowly Quench in 0il 1550-1600i 0il 1550-1600h 0il 250-350 Quench in 0ilg Yes - Yes 1650-1700 C001 slowly Quench in 0il 1550-1600Z 0il 1550-1600h 0il 250-350 - 1600-1700 Quench in 0il Co01 slowly Quench in 0ilg 1450-1525h 0il 1450-1525i 0il 250-325 94B15 94B17 Yes 1650-1700 250-350 a These steels are fine grain. F 1450-1650 Carbo Mediun Oil Coolin¢. F 1010 1015 Cooling Method Reheat Temp. normalizing temperatures of at least 50 F above the carburizing temperatures are sometimes required to minimize distortion. If carbonitriding is performed.SAE Typical Thermal Treatments CARBON STEELS--Carburizing Grades SAE Carburizing Number Temp. F Cooling Medium nitriding Temp. NOTE: Normalizing is generally unnecessary for fulfilling either dimensional or machinability NOTE: Tempering temperatures are usually 250-400 F. Where dimension is of vital importance. a 3% sodium hydroxide. 76 . care must be taken to limit the nitrogen content because high nitrogen will increase their tendency to retain austenite. 1016 1650-1700 Water or Caustic 1018 1019 1020 1022 1026 1030 1109 1650-1700 Water or 0il - - 1450-1650 0il 1650-1700 Water or Caustic 1450 Water or Caustica 1450-1650 Oil 1400-1450 Water or Caustica - 1117 1650-1700 Water or 0il 1450-1600 Water or Caustica 1450-1650 0il 1118 1650-1700 1513 1518 1522 1524 1525 1526 1527 1650-1700 0il 1450-1600 0il _b _ 0il 1450 0il _b requirements of parts made from the above grades. bThe higher manganese steels such as 1118 and the 1500 series are not usually carbonitrided. but higher temperatures may be used when permitted by the hardness specification for the finished parts. .... 1500-1550 Water and Oil Oil 1475-1500 Water or 0il .............. 1400-1500 1400-1500 1575-1625 1575-1625 1550-1650 1400-1500b 1575-162. 1060 1074 1080 1084 1085 1090 ......... although all steels from 1030 up may be induction hardened.................. Water or 0il 1151 1600-1700 .. 1400-1500 ...... Water or Caustic 1525-1575 Water or Caustic 1500-1550 Water or Caustic 1600-1700 1600-1700 1550-1650 -- 1500-1550 Water or Caustic 0il 0ii . F Annealing Temp......... otherwise.. 1475-1500 1536 1600-1700 - 1500-1550 Water or 0il 1541 1548 1552 1600-1700 1600-1700 1600-1700 . ... c May be water or brine quenched by special techniques such as partial immersion or time quenched. b Spheroidal structures are often required for machining purposes and should be cooled very slowly or be isothermally transformed to produce the desired structure.. F Quenching Medium 1030 -- -- 1575-1600 Water or Caustic 1035 1037 1038a 1039a 1040a 1042 1043a 1045a 1046a 1050a 1053 - - 1550-1600 ........ a These grades are commonly used for parts where induction hardening is employed.When tempering is required.....5 0ilc 1095 1137 1141 1144 1145 1146 - 1550-1650 1400-1500b 1575-1625 1550-1600 Oil 1400-1500 1500-1550 0il 1600-i700 1400-1500 ... i 500-1550 1500-1550 1575-1625 Water or 0il 0il 0il . they are subject to quench cracking.. - 1566 NOTE... F Hardening Temp... 77 ......SAE Typical Thermal Treatments CARBON STEELS Water and Oil Hardening Grades SAE Number Normalizing Temp........ temperature should be selected to effect desired hardness. ........ F 1550-1650 Hardeninge Temp. Caustic or Oil 1600-1700 1500-1600 1475-1550 Oil 1600-1700b 1500-1600 1500-1550 Oil 78 . F 1600-1700b Annealingd Temp. F 1525-1575 Quenching Medium Water or Oil 1600-1700b 1550-1650 1500-1550 Oil 1500-1575 1450-1550 1600-1700b 1450-1550 1525-1575 1500-1575 1500-1600 Oil Oil Water or Oil 1450-1550 1550-1600 Oil 1450-1550 1500-1550 Oil 1450-1550 1600-1700b 1450-1550 1550-1550 1500-1550 Oilf Oilc 50B40 50B44 5046 50B46 50B50 5060 50B60 5130 5132 5135 5140 5145 1600-1700b 1500-1600 1500-1550 Oil 1600-1700b 1450-1550 1525-1575 Water.SAE Typical Thermal Treatments ALLOY STEELS--Directly Hardenable Grades SAE Numbera 1330 1335 1340 1345 4037 4042 4047 4130 4135 4137 4140 4142 4145 4147 4150 4161 434O Normalizing Temp. d The specific annealing cycle is dependent upon the alloy content of the steel. with the exception of 4340. c Temper at 1 1 OO. the type of subsequent machining operations. fTemper above 700 F.1225 F.SAE Numbera 5147 5150 5155 5160 51B60 50100 51100 52100 6150 81B45 8630 8637 8640 8642 8645 86B45 8650 8655 8660 8740 9254 9255 9260 94B30 Normalizing Temp. F Annealingd Temp. bThese steels should be either normalized or annealed for optimum machinability. and 52100. 79 . temperature should be selected to effect desired hardness. F Quenching Medium 1600-1700b 1500-1600 1475-1550 0il 1350-1450 1425-1475 1500-1600 1550-1625 1500-1575 1525-1600 1525-1575 Water 0il 0il 0il Water or 0il 0il 1550-1650 1600-1700b 1600-1700b 1550-1650 1450-1550 1500-1600 1500-1600 1500-1575 0il 1500-1600 1500-1600 1475-1550 1525-1575 0il 0il 1500-1650 0il 1600-1700b 1450-1550 1550-1625 0il NOTE. e Frequently. 51100. these steels. F Hardeninge Temp. are hardened and tempered to a final machinable hardness without preliminary thermal treatment. See footnotes c and f. and desired surface finish. When tempering is required. aThese steels are fine grain. 50100. 80 . is the austenitic grain size. a steel is considered fine grained if it is predominantly 5 to 8 inclusive. is usually fine grained at conventional quenching temperatures. but this cannot be guaranteed. For specification purposes. and then compared at 100 diameters magnifica tion with a standard (pages 82-83 ). This test consists of carburizing a specimen at 1700 F. as considered within the scope of this publication. a fine grain size at the quenching temperature is almost always preferred. 81 . Coarse grain size enhances hardenability. thereby increasing the temperature at which coarsening of the austenitic grains occurs. but also in creases the tendency of the steel to crack during thermal treatment. and columbium. and alloying elements such as vanadium. When austenitic grain size is specified. These requirements are usually con sidered fulfilled if 70% of the grains examined fall within these ranges. because fine austenitic grain size is conducive to good ductility and toughness. The temperature at which this occurs is dependent to some extent on the composition of the steel. A steel which exhibits coarse grain size at 1700 F. coarsening of the austenite grains eventually will occur. As any carbon or alloy steel is heated to a temperature just above the upper critical temperature. The specimen is polished and etched. titanium. Time at temperature also influences the degree of coarsening.GRAIN SIZE Grain size. Steels which are fine grained at 1700 F will be fine grained at a lower quenching temperature. Since it is impossible to produce steels of a single grain size. Aluminum is most commonly used for grain size control because of its low cost and dependability. inhibit grain growth. it transforms to austenite of uniformly fine grain size. 1A detailed discussion of the McQuaid-Ehn test and of other methods for determining grain size can be found in ASTM Specification El12. followed by slow cooling to develop a carbide network at the grain boundaries. a range of grain size numbers is usually reported. De oxidizers such as aluminum. Consequently. and coarse grained if it is pre dominantly 1 to 5 inclusive. For steels used in the quenched and tempered condition. On heating to progressively higher temperatures. fine grain size (McOuaid:Ehn) is usually specified for applications in volving hardening by thermal treatment. the generally accepted method of determining it is the McOuaid-Ehn test . but is influenced primarily by the type and degree of deoxidation used in the steelmaking process. ...i .0 01 .O0 I'. 3 4 II 7 8 83 . and that the resultant heat-to-heat variations in the percentages of individual elements present in any grade can cause significant differences in the properties obtainable by thermal treatment. and may be used as a guide in selecting grades for specific applications. 84 . or average values for a particular application of the grades involved. However. minimum. the mechanical properties given in this section should not be considered as maximum. The data were obtained by testing single heats of the compositions indicated.IVIECHANICAL PROPERTIES of Carbon andAlioy Steels The mechanical properties of a number of common carbon and alloy steels are given on the following pages. section size and thermal treatment parameters markedly influence the properties which can be developed in any particular part. Hence. Similarly. it should be kept in mind that every grade of steel is furnished to a range of composition. Page Grade Carbon Carburizing Grades 88 89 90 91 92 1015 1020 1022 1117 1118 1030 1040 1050 1060 1080 1095 1137 1141 Carbon Water.and Oil-Hardening Grades 94 96 1 O0 104 106 108 112 116 118 1144 4118 4320 4419 4620 4820 8620--' Alloy Carburizing Grades 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 138 140 142 146 148 150 152 E9310 Alloy Water-Hardening Grades 4027 4130 8630 1340 4140 4340 5140 8740 4150 5150 6150 8650 9255 5160 Alloy Oil-Hardening Grades 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 85 . . CARBON STEEL CARBURIZING GRADES 88 89 90 91 1015 1020 1022. 92 1117 1118 87 . 0 126 1 61.000 44.250 48.040 Max .5 67. 1-in.5 69.018 .048 in.6 121 2 60.8 116 Mock-Carburized at 1675 F for 8 hours.0 32.2 116 4 59.000 38.375 1 5. psi psi % 2 in.53 .) 1 56.000 41. water-quenched .30/.9 217 30.0 ' 4 67.7 111 Normalized (Heated to 1700 F.750 60.500 47.250 37.0 69.18 .050 Max -- Si Size Grain Ladle .13/. of Area. ½ 1 2 106.0 1 56 70.031 . furnace-cooled 30 F per hour to 1340 F.500 70.17 6-8 F" Acl 1390 Ac3 1560 Ar3 1510 Ari 1390 SINGLE QUENCH AND TEMPER Carburized at 1675 F for 8 hours . Case Hardness HRC 62 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.500 37.0 69. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1600 F. Round Treated Case Depth .5 121 As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ ½ Radius Center HRC 36. quenched in water.4 131 32. cooled in air.000 44.800 36.1015 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Grade . reheated to 1425 F .000 41. tempered at 350 F.000 30.250 41.0 69.250 39.15 . pot-cooled .60 . tempered at 350 F.000 37.5 HRB 98 HRC 23 HRB 84 HRC 22 HRB 82 1 2 HRB 99 HRB 97 HRB 91 HRB 80 HRB 90 HRB 78 4 88 .5 69.6 71.250 75. cooled in air.) ½ 63. reheated to 1425 F. 18 6-8 Critical Points. cooled in air. cooled in air.3 35. psi psi % 2 in.750 31.250 50. Case Hardness HRC 62 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.3 67. pot-cooled .0 67.48 .046 in.0 66. % HB As-Rolled 1 68.) Mock-Carburized at 1675 F for 8 hours.500 60.500 55.000 23.4 255 87. of Area.050 Max -- Si Size Grain Ladle .1 67.500 43.012 .000 42. Round Treated Case Depth .000 33.250 40.0 66.750 50. ½ 1 2 4 129.500 64.5 137 Annealed (Heated to 1600 F.4 29. F: Ac 1350 Ac3 1540 Ar3 1470 Ar 1340 SINGLE QUENCH AND TEMPER Carburized at 1675 F for 8 hours .6 111 131 131 126 121 Normalized (Heated to 1700 F.000 54. reheated to 1425 F. furnace-cooled 30 F per hour to 1290 F.250 42.250 64. reheated to 1425 F .022 .250 46.6 143 As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ 1 2 HRC 40.5 HRC 29. quenched in water.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 57.19 .8 35.5 36.5 HRB 95 ½ Radius HRC 30 HRB 96 HRB 85 Center HRC 28 HRB 93 HRB 83 4 HRB94 HRB78 HRB77 89 . tempered at 350 F.0 64.5 66.9 156 71.5 39.9 65.000 11. tempered at 350 F.000 63.750 36.30/.23 . water-quenched .18/.0 69.60 .750 32.2 179 75.040 Max . 1-in.1020 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Grade .000 72. tempered at 350 F.5 66.040 Max .250 52.000 25.00 .0 33.000 45.500 32.750 67. ½ 1 2 4 135.046 in. 1-in.) Mock-Carburized at 1675 F for 8 hours.000 48.000 53.000 55. tempered at 350 F.23 .3 179 82. pot-cooled . cooled in air.6 149 As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 2 1 HRC 41 HRC 34 HRC 45 HRC 38 HRB 95 HRB 84 HRC 29 HRB 88 HRB 92 HRB 81 HRC 27 HRB 84 4 9O .0 69.5 57. F: Acl 1360 Ac3 1530 Ar3 1440 Arl 1300 SINGLE QUENCH AND TEMPER Carburized at 1675 F for 8 hours .22 .0 65.82 .6 24.016 .000 35. reheated to 1425 F.000 13.0 34.6 63.5 71.2 137 Annealed (Heated to 1600 F. cooled in air.1022 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Grade .023 .250 30. reheated to 1425 F . quenched in water.000 50.9 137 143 143 137 131 Normalized (Heated to 1700 F.20 6-8 Critical Points.250 70.000 75.000 52.000 68.6 163 74.3 262 89. Round Treated Case Depth .8 63.18/. furnace-cooled 30 F per hour to 1250 F.250 46.000 42.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 65.3 67. Case Hardness HRC 62 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in. water-quenched . psi psi % 2 in. % HB As-Rolled 1 70.7 34.70/1.0 35.250 33.050 Max -- Si Size Grain Ladle .6 68.500 70. of Area. 750 66.7 64.750 26.000 2 4 67.750 42.3 65.000 32.14/.7 18. Round Treated Case Depth .8 Normalized (Heated to 1650 F.3 48. tempered at 350 F.045 in.3 64.500 50. pot-cooled .4 235 89.1117 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Grade .0 63.11 2-4 Critical Points. furnace-cooled 30 F per hour to 1290 F.1 0 .500 45.000 63.040 Max Si -Size Grain . Case Hardness HRC 65 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point in.8 183 78.5 34. water-quenched .750 41.00/1. cooled in air.0 121 61.5.750 40.6 149 As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ Radius HRB 96 HRB 90 HRB 83 Center HRB 93 HRB 86 HRB 81 ½ 1 2 4 HRC 42 HRC 34.) 1 ½ 62. % H B As-Rolled 1 69.08/.8 58.5 HRC 29.500 22.) 1 67 34.20 1.500 33. reheated to 1450 F.3 33.7 137 126 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.13 Ladle .1 149 Annealed (Heated to 1575 F.750 49.3 62. 1-in. reheated to 1450 F .500 35. ½ 1 2 4 124.015 . of Area.30 . 143 137 750 44.19 1.750 27. cooled in air.250 69.000 33. F: Acl 1345 Aca 1540 Ar3 1450 Ari 1340 SINGLE QUENCH AND TEMPER Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours .7 156 74.500 9.000 47.084 . quenched in water. tempered at 350 F.5 61.5 HRC 37 HRC 33 HRC 32 91 . psi psi Elongation Reduction Hardness % 2 in. 000 59.9 67.5 Critical Points.4 156 As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ 1 2 4 HRC 43 HRC 36 HRC 34 HRC 32 ½ Radius HRC 36 HRB 99 HRB 91 HRB 84 Center HRC 33 HRB 96.13 . reheated to 1450 F.250 47.2 30. tempered at 350 F.750 34.08/.000 13.34 Si -Size Grain .5 HRB 87 HRB 82 92 .017 .0 34.065 in. tempered at 350 F.000 90.60 1.20 1.250 43. 1-in.0 48. reheated to 1450 F .5 33.09 10% 2 90% 3.8 285 19.08 .) Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.250 72. Case Hardness HRC 61 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point in.250 77. F: Acl 1330 Ac3 1515 Ar3 1385 Arl 1175 SINGLE QUENCH AND TEMPER Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours .5 167 31.) 65.875 45. water-quenched .4 Normalized (Heated to 1700 F.0 66.8 65.0 143 131 1 56 143 137 131 Annealed (Heated to 1450 F. cooled in air. quenched in water.250 47. psi psi Elongation Reduction Hardness % 2 in.3 63. of Area.500 82.250 41.0 67.8 62. cooled in air.20 .750 69.5 33.500 51.500 32.500 102. furnace-cooled 30 F per hour to 1125 F.3 33.14/.7 67.040 Max .250 68.250 37. % H B As-Rolled 1 1 ½ 1 2 4 70. Round Treated Case Depth .3 65. ½ 1 2 4 144.9 207 27.30/1. pot-cooled .800 46.1118 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Grade Ladle .500 66. AND OIL-HARDENING GRADES It will be noted in the properties charts that the hardness values listed are frequently incom 94 96 100 104 106 108 112 116 118 patible with the tensile strength shown for the same tempering temperatures. and hardness tests made on the surface of a quenched and tempered bar will not be equivalent to the tensile strength obtained on a .505-in. specimen machined from the center of the same bar.CARBON STEEL WATER. These carbon steels are comparatively shallow hardening. 1030 1040 1050 1060 1080 1095 1137 1141 1144 93 . 0 28.250 83. 28.5 30.000 63.7 179 29.500 91.9 126 Normalized (Heated to 1700 F. cooled in air.500 85.250 54.000 86.0 29.500 62. tempered at 1100 F.250 75.000 49.750 80.8 68.000 57.34 .2 187 179 170 163 Water-quenched from 1600 F.000 61.500 85.000 74.500 84.60/.28/.7 28.14 1250 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.750 88.5 29. cooled in air.1030 Water-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Grade . tempered at 1200 F.65 . of Area. As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ 1 2 4 HRC 50 HRC 46 HRC 30 HRB 97 ½ Radius HRC 50 HRC 23 HRB 93 HRB 88 Center HRC 23 HRC 21 HRB 90 HRB 85 94 .750 49. F: Ac .31 .0 69.8 149 58.0 68. psi psi % 2 in.000 72.050 Max -Size S 5-7 Si Grain Ladle .5 71.500 56.500 63.5 163 29.500 75.500 74. Water-quenched from 1600 F.250 77.500 88.0 57.500 80.000 50.500 49.0 68.4 70.2 70.0 70.500 47. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1550 F.2 32.90 .750 64.2 32.026 1350 Ac3 1485 Ar3 1395 Ar .0 174 170 156 149 Water-quenched from 1600 F.9 137 56.1 32.) 61. tempered at 1000 F.1 167 32.500 80.1 156 60.6 65.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 67.9 71.8 170 29.9 69.750 54.2 34.000 68.2 137 58.2 28.023 Critical Points. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1200 F.9 28.040 Max .500 31.500 50. 150. F 400 500 600 700 800 900 HB 495 429 401 375 302 277 1000 255 1100 1200 1300 235 207 179 95 .. As-quenched HB 514.. psi 200.000 J 70% 60% 5O% 40% E ongat' on '- 30% 20% 10% temper.Water-quenched 1030 Treatment" Normalized at 1700 F" reheated to 1600 F" quenched in water.000 Tensile St 100. Round Tested. Round Treated" ..505-in..000 .000 \ 50. 1-in. Oil-quenched from 1575 F.500 104.250 56.750 51.500 64. psi psi % 2 in.0 27.750 82.000 30.5 62.500 78.90 .) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 75.0 26.0 61.4 66.050 Max -- Si Size Grain Ladle .15 5-7 Critical Points. tempered at 1000 F.750 95. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1450 F.0 31.750 57.625 60.250 90.2 56.250 88.500 84.) Oil-quenched from 1575 F.1 59.39 .250 53.37/.5 149 183 170 167 167 217 197 187 179 207 187 174 170 197 170 167 156 Normalized (Heated to 1650 F.875 52. cooled in air. cooled in air.60/.44 .0 28.5 54.2 28.250 66.5 61.250 54.250 83.2 30.0 28.500 69.6 65.000 49.0 28.040 Max .250 85.7 60.3 51.250 82.4 64.2 57.000 85.0 27. tempered at 1200 F. As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 2 4 96 1 HRC 23 HRC 28 HRB 93 HRB 91 HRC 21 HRB 92 HRB 91 HRC 22 HRC 18 HRB 91 HRB 89 HRC 21 . of Area.0 28.5 27.3 65.1040 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Grade . tempered at 1100 F.71 .500 91.750 96.500 50.250 58.250 72.0 31.9 53.000 100.0 30.8 62.2 63.250 92.0 27. furnace-cooled 20 F per hourto 1200 F. F: ACl 1340 Ac3 1445 Ar3 1350 Arl 1250 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.019 .036 .9 30.000 59.500 86.500 54.4 67. Oil-quenched from 1575 F.0 27.500 68. Round Tested.... Id Point 70% .000 40% 30% E ongatiO ... Round Treated" ... . reheated to 1575 F" quenched in oil. i... Tensile Strength _ 100. psi ..Oil-quenched 1040 Treatment" Normalized at 1650 F..--.i _______ -----.-..505-in... 200..000 .. 1-in. As-quenched HB 269. 150.000 ---....m. 10% 20% Temper...= - -L 6O% 5O% 50. F 400 500 600 700 800 HB 262 255 255 248 241 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 235 212 197 192 183 97 .000 .. tempered at 1200 F.000 85.71 .050 Max -Size S 5-7 Si Grain Ladle . tempered at 1000 F.000 26.2 201 101.500 23.15 Critical Points.4 192 69.826 24. As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ 1 HRC 54 HRC 50 ½ Radius HRC 53 HRC 22 Center HRC 53 HRC 18 2 HRC 50 HRB 97 HRB 95 4 HRB 98 HRB 96 HRB 95 98 .7 63.250 96.4 65.000 71.2 66.6 207 99.000 59. F: Aci 1340 Ac3 1445 Ar3 1350 Arl 1250 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.44 .6 217 101.019 .60/.0 207 68.0 28.750 78.8 61.0 65. of Area. ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 109.500 26.2 212 69.000 81.0 69. % HB Water-quenched from 1550 F.37/.000 95.000 63.750 69.6 67.040 Max . Water-quenched from 1550 F.2 62.2 197 59. psi psi % 2 in.39 .750 27.125 27.000 94.2 201 197 183 170 Water-quenched from 1550 F.7 30.7 27.500 89.7 60.000 93.500 23.90 .1040 Water-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Grade .5 223 107.875 54.036 .500 24.0 67.9 69.000 29. tempered at 1100 F.000 68.0 63.250 100. 000 Yield Point Reduct'lon o4 Area _ 50. As-quenched HB 534. Round Tested.505-in. F 400 500 600 700 800 900 HB 514 495 444 401 352 293 1000 1100 1200 1300 269 235 201 187 99 . psi 200. 1-in.000 -____.000 -- ' 60% 5O% 40% N EIonu 30% 2O% 10% Temper. Round Treated" .Water-quenched 1040 Treatment" Normalized at 1650 F" reheated to 1550 F'quenched in water.000 150.__ 100. 19 5-7 1340 Ac3 1420 Ar3 1320 Ar.7 48..000 70..000 112.. 20.90 .6 187 223 217 212 201 Normalized (Heated to 1650 F.250 111.54 .7 51.250 64.750 23.000 58.5 248 223 223 207 Oil-quenched from 1550 F.500 62.55 .500 76.9 262 20.69 .0 25.500 106.0 20.325 56.000 132.000 81.6 197 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 4 HRC 57 HRC 33 HRC 27 HRB 98 HRC 37 HRC 30 HRC 25 HRB 95 HRC 34 HRC 26 HRC 21 HRB 91 100 .500 68.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 92.5 20.000 64.) Oil-quenched from 1550 F.000 62.7 21.500 123. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1200 F.000 58.500 121.050 Max -Size S Si Grain Ladle .7 60. cooled in air.1 39.875 69. Oil-quenched from 1550 F.5 56..0 241 22.500 108.000 122.0 59.000 101. F: Ac .5 23.8 229 24.60/. tempered at 1200 F.2 53. 1250 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.1 217 25.500 122.000 74.250 100.750 74. tempered at 1100 F. tempered at 1000 F.8 23.1050 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Grade . cooled in air.7 39.48/.000 96.040 Max .1 57.750 53.5 217 25.6 61.000 55. of Area.4 38.0 21.9 45. 030 Critical Points.000 105.6 55.8 41.7 52.000 114.2 58.3 248 19.4 248 19.000 87.000 112.500 106. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1450 F.6 54. 24. psi psi % 2 in. 100. As-quenched HB 321. F 400 HB 500 600 700 800 900 321 321 293 277 269 1000 1100 1200 1300 262 241 223 192 101 . psi 200.-- TenSile Str.505-in.000 Reduction of Area 5O% 40% ongat On 30% 20% 10% E Temper. 1-in..Oil-quenched 1050 Treatment" Normalized at 1650 F' reheated to 1550 F'quenched in oil. -. Round Tested. Round Treated • .000 \ 70% 60% .000 1 50.000 . 50. 000 80.19 1340 Ac3 1420 Ar3 1320 Ar 1250 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.500 122.3 59.040 Max .000 76.2 54. tempered at 1200 F.6 61.250 20.7 24.0 23.9 59.54 .000 107.000 78.5 21.500 99.250 129.250 88.8 23.8 269 262 255 248 241 241 235 229 229 229 223 217 Water-quenched from 1525 F.250 86. Water-quenched from 1525 F.125 78.69 .7 22.4 55.6 55.7 21.1050 Water-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Grade .0 60.0 20. of Area. tempered at 1100 F.250 110.2 56. ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 134.000 118. psi psi % 2 in.250 112.500 65.750 68.9 61. % HB Water-quenched from 1525 F.55 .750 104.2 61.60/.000 92.000 117.000 131. tempered at 1000 F.0 55.5 23.7 24.250 84.0 20.030 .90 .48/.7 25.500 68.000 109.5 60. F: Ac .750 119.012 Critical Points.050 Max -Size S 5-7 Si Grain Ladle . As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 4 HRC 64 HRC 60 HRC 50 HRC 33 HRC 59 HRC 35 HRC 32 HRC 27 HRC 57 HRC 33 HRC 26 HRC 20 102 . O0O 50% 40% ongat . F 400 HB 514 5OO 495 600 444 700 415 8OO 375 900 352 1000 1100 1200 1300 293 277 235 217 103 .Water-quenched 1050 Treatment" Normalized at 1650 F" reheated to 1525 F" quenched in water.--.. 30% on__. As-quenched HB 601..505-in. Round Treated" . 1-in.. Round Tested. \ 100.000 150.. E -- 20% 10% temper..000 70% 60% 5O...000 \ -----.._. psi 200. of Area.7 53.) Oil-quenched from 1550 F.250 92.7 18.3 179 229 229 223 223 Normalized (Heated to 1650 F.3 49. cooled in air.5 HRC 27.046 .250 149.500 79.750 54.0 293 46.5 38.2 34.4 277 269 262 248 262 255 248 241 Oil-quenched from 1550 F.500 131.60 .050 Max -Size S 10% 1-3 Si Grain Ladle .250 66. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1200 F.5 HRC 25 104 .1 48. tempered at 1000 F.016 . tempered at 900 F.6 37.4 18.5 20.2 285 44.7 18.0 20.250 82.3 48. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1450 F. cooled in air.250 118.000 22.2 40.000 124.17 90% 5.7 20.500 51.0 17.8 269 52.66 .500 110.0 302 44.0 20.7 Critical Points. 46.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 90.000 112. F: Ac 1355 Ac3 1400 Ar3 1300 Ar 1250 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in. As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 HRC 59 HRC 34 HRC 29 HRC 37 HRC 32 HRC 26 HRC 35 HRC 30 HRC 24 2 4 HRC 30.500 133.750 139.55/.040 Max .000 62.2 16.000 89.65 .000 57.1 16. tempered at 1100 F.250 93.90 .750 79.250 98.500 142.000 108.6 17.750 134.1060 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Grade . psi psi % 2 in.0 53.750 125. Oil-quenched from 1550 F.2 21.5 51.2 19.000 76.000 145.0 50.500 62.5 18.0 31.500 127.0 15.000 61.500 75.000 85.750 113.5 20.60/.500 136. . Round Treated • .. psi 200..... . \ 60% 50.....Oil-quenched 1060 Treatment" Normalized at 1650 F" reheated to 1550 F° quenched in oil......000 - Tensile Strength k 150.... h ... i.000 . F 400 500 600 700 800 900 HB 321 321 321 321 311 302 1000 1100 1200 1300 277 248 229 212 105 ...... 20% 10% ........ii Reduction of Area 40% 30% Elongation ...000 Yi"'eid Point ... emper.... 5O% ...... \ 100... 1-in.505-in.... .... As-quenched HB 321....000 ......... Round Tested.... 500 103.5 34.4 35.750 107.000 104. tempered at 1000 F. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1200 F. psi psi % 2 in.000 140.7 11.500 146.500 157.7 15.000 24.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 89.000 97.76 .3 28.5 17. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1450 F. cooled in air. As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius HRC 43 HRC 42 HRC 40 HRC 37 Center HRC 40 HRC 39 HRC 37 HRC 32 ½ 1 2 4 HRC 60 HRC 45 HRC 43 HRC 39 106 . of Area.027 . tempered at 1100 F. Oil-quenched from 1500 F. Oil-quenched from 1500 F.75/. tempered at 900 F.012 .6 40. F: Acl 1350 Ac3 1370 At3 1280 Arl 1250 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.4 43.500 102.750 184.500 80.0 24.500 76.250 150. cooled in air.1080 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Grade .6 38.7 20.000 64.8 37.1 13.0 15.4 11.6 38.500 112.050 Max -- Si Size Grain 8O% 5-7 Ladle .000 181.5 17.2 11.85 .6 17.0 16.0 12.7 15.500 141.500 110.000 150.7 12.6 37.13 20% 1-4 Critical Points.000 152.000 70.0 10.90 .3 42.000 87.500 125.000 166.1 1 74 293 293 285 269 363 352 352 341 341 331 321 311 302 302 277 269 Normalized (Heated to 1650 F.000 121.250 134.000 134.500 75.7 45.7 12.88 .000 163.0 15.7 10.040 Max .60/.0 15.2 33.) Oil-quenched from 1500 F.250 169.625 89.0 27.500 54.000 171.500 180. . As-quenched H B 388. 1 -in....000 \ . 5O% 40% 30% Elongation f --' 20% 10% nper..000 ' " 2e 150.....000 Reduction of Area.. F 400 500 600 700 800 900 HB 388 388 388 388 375 341 1000 1100 1200 1300 321 293 255 223 107 ..Oil-quenched 1080 Treatment: Normalized at 1650 F" reheated to 1500 F" quenched in oil.505-in.. 70% 60% 50. \ 100. Round Treated • .... psi • 200...000 \ • elo' . Round Tested. 750 17.1095 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Grade .7 31.040 Max Ladle .250 10.2 17.03 .4 352 98.7 17.4 311 80.1 302 87.5 363 102.96 .2 18.7 302 9.000 148.2 32.3 331 101.7 22.500 130.500 13.2 13.4 269 10.500 58.012 .000 132.250 13.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 95.2 42. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1450 F.20 m S Size 50% 1-4 Si Grain 50% 5.250 151.3 27. Oil-quenched from 1475 F.0 23.0 20.750 167.4 34.4 321 92.7 40.000 12.000 175.9 255 Oil-quenched from 1475 F. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1215 F.8 331 93.000 142.000 57. As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius HRC 44 HRC 42 HRC 40 Center HRC 41 HRC 40 HRC 37 ½ 1 2 4 HRC 40 HRC 60 HRC 46 HRC 43 HRC 37 HRC 30 108 .000 55. tempered at 900 F.0 331 95. F: Acl 1350 Ac 1365 At3 1320 Ar MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.000 79. tempered at 1000 F. cooled in air.250 65.050 Max .0 13.250 12.029 .50 .000 166.8 35. tempered at 1100 F.0 29. cooled in air.250 184.500 72.000 139.000 77.90/1.6 192 Normalized (Heated to 1650 F.500 15.8 43.5 293 9.750 165.000 11.250 13.000 80.4 293 277 269 262 Oil-quenched from 1475 F.8 38.) 12. psi psi % 2 in.7 1265 Critical Points.750 134. 116.750 151.30/.500 128.000 12.4 17.5 13.500 159.000 147. of Area.40 . ...000 \ \ \ \ 100.. 1-in. Round Tested.505-in.... 5O% 40% 30% 20% 10% Elongation . F 400 HB 401 500 600 700 800 900 388 375 375 363 352 1000 1100 1200 1300 321 293 269 229 109 . Round Treated • . .... I 150..... psi 200.Oil-quenched 1095 Treatment" Normalized at 1650 F" reheated to 1475 F" quenched in oil...... As-quenched HB 401.."' emper.. .000 ....000 ReduCtiOn o Are ...000 I 70% 60% 50.-.. F: Ac.96 .000 96.000 94.1 35.000 78.750 167. tempered at 900 F.500 98.5 18.3 13.7 12.050 Max -Size S 50% 1-4 Si Grain Ladle .000 As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ 1 2 4 HRC 65 HRC 64 HRC 63 HRC 63 ½ Radius HRC 55 HRC 46 HRC 43 HRC 38 Center HRC 48 HRC 44 HRC 40 HRC 30 110 .012 .7 15.250 99.8 31.20 50% 5.0 12.6 41.040 Max . Water-quenched from 1450 F.500 182.90/1. 144.7 Critical Points.10 9 5 Water-q uenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Grade .03 .029 .2 16.000 140. tempered at 1100 F.3 17.000 102.7 37.500 90.9 43.000 165.1 293 293 285 262 Water-quenched from 1450 F.30/.500 111.7 375 363 352 331 321 311 302 285 44. 1265 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in. psi psi % 2 in.1 41. tempered at 1000 F.000 143. 1350 Ac3 1365 Ar3 1320 Ar.5 12.4 39.000 135.0 15.40 .500 121.4 44.3 33. % HB Water-quenched from 1450 F.000 131.7 31.250 172.4 16.7 43.750 150. of Area.000 154.000 179.500 81.50 . ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 191.000 113.7 17.000 12. ...505-in......_n iii . 1-in...... . F 400 500 600 H B 601 601 534 700 800 900 461 388 331 1000 1100 1200 1300 293 262 235 201 111 .. Round Treated" .000 ReduCtion of Are .....000 150.. 60% 50._.000 ....000 . psi 200. l 20% 10% 'emper. \ \ \ \ 70% .a /50% 40% 3O% - Elonoatio_n. As-quenched H B 601.__ \ 100._.Water-q uenched 10 9 5 Treatment" Normalized at 1650 F" reheated to 1450 F" quenched in water. Round Tested.--- __. 8 207 57. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1130 F.0 223 63.015 .000 127.000 48.08 .0 22.37 1.2 55.000 105.3 53.500 108.040 Max .) Oil-quenched from 1575 F.0 57. F: Acl 1330 Ac3 1450 Ar3 1310 Arl 1180 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.000 96.0 63.000 21.000 26.5 192 80.500 112.17 1-4 Critical Points.500 50.250 104.9 58.500 100. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1450 F.6 60.8 255 75.000 97.750 57.250 56.8 61.8 25.000 94.500 57.5 25.000 24.750 98. As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 4 112 HRC 48 HRC 34 HRC 28 HRC 21 HRC 43 HRC 28 HRC 22 HRC 18 HRC 42 HRC 23 HRC 18 HRC 16 .0 229 68.0 174 201 197 197 192 Normalized (Heated to 1650 F.750 98.5 60.2 217 58.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 84. cooled in air. 100.750 23.35/1. cooled in air.6 51.5 201 90.5 48.750 22.32/. of Area.5 51. tempered at 1100 F.13 S -- Si Size Grain Ladle .65 .500 68.1137 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Grade .000 23.3 55.8 64.40 .000 18.8 23.000 100.000 97.5 21.5 59.750 21.1 207 61.750 97.500 49. psi psi % 2 in.500 23. Oil-quenched from 1575 F.39 1.1 61.0 56. tempered at 1200 F.08/.000 94.3 56.6 23.000 24.0 24.000 95.000 58.1 217 201 197 192 Oil-quenched from 1575 F. tempered at 1000 F. O00 100. 1-in. Round Treated" .000 Z ]" 40% 30% 20% 10% mper.00.000 t50. As-quenched H B 363. psi .505-in..... 70% i 60% 5O% 50. F 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 HB 352 331 285 277 262 241 229 217 197 174 113 .Oil-quenched 1137 Treatment" Normalized at 1650 F" reheated to 1575 F" quenched in oil... Round Tested..000 . 000 81.0 59.750 21.5 60.8 56.08/.2 248 71. of Area.5 223 217 201 197 Water-quenched from 1550 F.39 1.040 Max .000 60.0 24. % HB Water-quenched from 1550 F.250 20.9 51.65 .1 229 69.0 61.3 52.000 17. Water-quenched from 1550 F.37 1.000 110.000 16. psi psi % 2 in.015 . tempered at 1100 F.500 95. tempered at 1200 F.17 Critical Points.6 229 87.13 Ladle .000 108.2 58.1137 Water-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS P C Mn Grade .500 112.1 63.4 57.32/. As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ ½ Radius Center HRC 57 HRC 52 HRC 48 HRC 53 HRC 35 HRC 23 HRC 50 HRC 24 HRC 20 1 HRC 56 HRC 50 HRC 45 2 4 114 . ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 129.1 51.500 107.000 20.2 223 76.750 67.500 122.9 201 89.35/1.1 223 95.750 105.7 217 61.750 105.3 262 98.000 23.500 97.08 .40 .000 21.3 24.000 22. F: Acl 1330 Ac S -1-4 Si Size Grain 1450 Ar3 1310 Arl 1180 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.9 22.250 97.000 102.250 23.8 64.0 61.000 112. tempered at 1000 F. . 1-in... Round Tested. Round Treated • . F 400 500 600 700 800 900 HB 415 415 375 341 311 285 1000 1100 1200 1300 262 229 187 179 115 .. -'- 20% 10% mper..505-in.00.000 \ \ \ X.000 100..000 f 50.000 70% 60% 5O% 40% 30% f Eiongat'lon .Water-quenched 1137 Treatment" Normalized at 1650 F" reheated to 1550 F'quenched in water.\ \ 150. As-quenched HB 415.. psi "). 58 .5 21.5 22.7 23.800 105.0 262 229 217 212 235 207 201 197 217 197 192 183 Oil-quenched from 1500 F.1 63.8 20.200 51.040 Max .600 65.) 57.200 108.1141 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Grade . % HB MASS EFFECT Annealed (Heated to 1500 F.200 103.300 25.8 201 49.500 129. As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius HRC 49 HRC 43 HRC 28 HRC 22 Center HRC 46 HRC 38 HRC 22 HRC 18 ½ 1 Ht 2 4 116 HRC 52 C 48 HRC 36 HRC 27 .000 55.65 .7 22.2% Offset) Elongation Reduction Hardness in.13 P -- S Size Si Grain Ladle .08 .800 95.5 21.750 57. tempered at 1200 F. of Area.1 65.300 87.5 24.8 24.45 Mn 1. Oil-quenched from 1500 F.7 23.300 60.8 207 55.8 64.000 100.8 25. cooled in air.000 105.5 201 55.19 10% 5 90% 2-4 Critical Points.3 60.200 100.700 69. Oil-quenched from 1500 F. tempered at 1100 F.02 .200 62.800 68. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 900 F.000 110.6 62.8 20. F: Act 1330 Ac3 1435 Ar3 1230 Art 1190 Yield Strength Size Round Tensile Strength (.3 201 57.35/1. tempered at 1000 F.1 63.3 163 Normalized (Heated to 1650 F.700 66.200 116.500 101.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 86.7 18. psi psi % 2 in.39 1.5 59.800 95. cooled in air.5 23.37/.200 75.2 25.7 22.1 58.300 58.200 96.2 49.000 101.300 95.7 57.2 54.700 61.08/.300 74.0 23.500 110.2 62.500 107.400 69.800 102. 530-in. Round Treated • .000 \\ 150.000 o% /f 7 50.Oil-quenched 1141 Treatment" Normalized at 1575 F" reheated to 1500 F" quenched in oil. psi -. As-quenched H B 495. Round Tested.000 emper. .\ \ 200.505-in.000 i "< \ 100. F 400 500 444 600 415 -- 40% 30% 20% 10% HB 461 7OO 8OO 388 331 900 293 1000 262 1100 1200 1300 235 217 192 117 . 000 52.750 95.0 223 20.65 .000 94.000 61. tempered at 1000 F.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 84.000 54.500 105.000 68.4 57.0 207 Oil-quenched from 1550 F. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1450 F. As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ 1 2 4 HRC 39 HRC 36 HRC 30 HRC 27 ½ Radius HRC 32 HRC 29 HRC 27 HRB 98 Center HRC 28 HRC 24 HRC 22 HRB 97 118 .2 52.4 45.5 207 57.000 89.0 21.2 23.8 55.7 57.0 40.500 58.000 72.33 .750 98.35/1.250 60.05 S -- Si Size Grain 25% 5-6 75% 1-4 Critical Points.2 217 68.000 102. psi psi % 2 in.) Oil-quenched from 1550 F.500 54.0 25.7 167 201 197 192 192 Normalized (Heated to 1650 F.3 46.0 24.500 79.6 212 21.5 51.000 23. tempered at 1100 F.5 50.46 1.500 94.000 101.000 23.7 51.48 Ladle . cooled in air.1 235 19.0 42. F: Acl 1335 Ac3 1400 At3 1285 Ar 1200 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.5 41.1144 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Grade .6 21.250 20.8 54.500 97.24 . 71.750 104.000 21. cooled in air.000 94.4 212 65.37 .750 67. of Area.750 63.250 97.750 101.3 51.5 49.40/.040 Max 1.000 24. tempered at 1200 F. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1150 F.000 50.3 56.7 201 201 192 183 Oil-quenched from 1550 F.019 .750 23.000 96.8 24.4 192 69.500 108.250 113.5 21. 20.24/.4 52. Round Tested._.000 Yield Point 70% 60% 50.000 150.._.__." 5O% 4O% 30% Elongation __.000 ------. psi 200. As-quenched HB 285._ .-. 1-in..000 Reduction of Area . F 400 500 600 700 800 900 HB 277 269 262 255 248 241 1000 1100 1200 1300 235 229 217 201 119 .505-in.---- - Tensile Strength 100...._ 20% 10% emper. Round Treated • .Oil-quenched 1144 Treatment: Normalized at 1650 F" reheated to 1550 F" quenched in oil._. 120 . ALLOY STEEL CARBURIZING GRADES 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 4118 4320 4419 4620 4820 8620 E9310 121 . 500 49.4 33. reheated to 1525 F.27 .000 57.40/.2% Offset) Elongation Reduction Hardness in.1 74.16 .565 138.500 34.008 .000 31.5 41. reheated to 1525 F.000 70. quenched in oil. cooled in air.15 Size Grain .4118 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Ladle .500 64.5 28.0 71.08/.000 43.) 1 75.08 6-8 Mo Grade .52 MASS EFFECT Yield Strength Size Round Tensile Strength (.5 235 192 187 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius HRC 33 Center HRC 33 .500 32.000 93. quenched in oil.0 170 63.500 89.500 43. of Area.70/.23 .565 85.5 49.000 93.21 Mn P S Si Ni Cr .000 93. cooled in air. .0 63. .) .0 28.000 54.500 21.000 97.000 53.. tempered at 300 F.35 -.500 17.3 293 1 2 4 119.500 77.0 71.5 1 2 84.5 56.0 62.20/.3 241 201 192 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.0 26. % H B Annealed (Heated to 1600 F .000 64.000 89.500 56.60 .2 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.80 .3 61.90 -- -.000 22.7 137 Normalized (Heated to 1670 F.000 45.565 1 2 HRC 22 HRC 20 HRC 20 HRB88 HRB88 HRB87 HRB87 HRB87 HRB85 HRC 33 4 122 .0 37.18/.007 . furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1150 F .0 34.0 28.565 143.5 41.9 277 1 2 4 115.0 143 156 137 4 75.500 17. tempered at 450 F..500 46. psi psi % 2 in. 4) quenched in agitated oil . Round Tested CASE Hardness Depth HRC in.000 63.3 352 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1 ) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.80 P .500 17. 3) tempered at 450 F.21 Mn . 3) reheated to 1525 F.000 13.9 277 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 56 .063 177. 56 .2% Offset) Elongation Reduction Hardness psi psi % 2 in.9 229 123 .500 21. of Area. 7) tempered at 300 F. 57 . 5) reheated to 1475 F.063 177. 2) quenched in agitated oil. 61 . .000 63.008 S .500 17.16 Cr .5 41. 5) tempered at 300 F. 2) pot-cooled.0 341 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 3) reheated to 1525 F.565-in. 7) tempered at 450 F.500 131. 2) pot-cooled.0 42. 5) tempered at 450 F.0 48. 4) quenched in agitated oil. Round Treated. CORE PROPERTIES Yield Strength Tensile Strength (. % HB Recommended Practice for Maximum Case Hardness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.0 48. 6) quenched in agitated oil. 62 .27 Ni .000 93.000 9.047 143.5 41. 2) quenched in agitated oil.4118 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS c Ladle .3 293 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1 ) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 5) reheated to 1475 F .52 Mo .047 138.047 120. 4) quenched in agitated oil.000 22. 3) reheated to 1525 F. 3) reheated to 1525 F.505-in.047 126.000 130. 4) quenched in agitated oil. 6) quenched in agitated oil. 62 .4 241 Recommended Practice for Maximum Core Toughness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.007 Si . F: Acl 1380 Ac3 1520 Ar3 1430 Arl 1260 . 2) pot-cooled.0 42. 3) tempered at 300 F.08 Grain Size 6-8 Critical Points. 2) pot-cooled.000 89. 25 Grain MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.59 .1 415 302 255 248 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.4 163 Normalized (Heated to 1640 F.500 119.000 102.8 105.8 75.000 22.60 .250 11.0 45.750 163.500 148. cooled in air.47 Cr .5 24.7 59.000 17.3 54. reheated to 1500 F.000 149.) ½ 1 2 4 121. tempered at 450 F.500 102.) 1 84.0 56.000 20.000 75.0 58. ½ 1 2 4 212.65 -.5 51. of Area. quenched in oil.4320 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Ladle . ½ 1 2 4 187.021 . quenched in oil.5 HRC 30 HRC 24 HRC 36 HRC 44.77 .5 HRC 35 HRC 25 HRC 37 HRC 44.8 23.5 51.3 50.625 29.30 Size .45/. cooled in air.9 52. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1560 F.9 20.8 17.250 107.250 58.018 .500 132.20/.8 63.20 Mn P S Si Ni 1.000 152.750 118. furnace-cooled 30 F per hour to 790 F.65/2.0 22. psi psi % 2 in..3 22.9 388 285 255 241 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 2 4 1 HRC 39 HRC 44.500 13.8 55.35 1.750 129.250 86.-.000 23.22 .40/. tempered at 300 F.500 115.2 85.000 74.2 54.750 57.00 .20/.5 HRC 27 HRC 24 124 .000 61.23 Mo 6-8 Grade .4 57.7 248 235 212 201 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.375 67.17/. reheated to 1500 F. 2) pot-cooled. 3) reheated to 1500 F.23 Mo 6-8 Size Grain Critical Points.25 Si 1. F: Acl 1350 Ac3 1485 Ar3 1330 Arl 840 .20 Mn . 2) pot-cooled.3 293 125 .565-in. % HB Hardness Depth Recommended Practice for Maximum Case Hardness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.47 Cr .075 218. 5) reheated to 1425 F .750 94.5 .9 41 5 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.8 56. 59 . Round Tested CASE H RC in.060 215. 58.075 151.5 . Round Treated. 3) tempered at 300 F. 6) quenched in agitated oil.59 .250 178.5 49.505-in. 4) quenched in agitated oil.500 158. 3) tempered at 450 F.1 429 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 5) reheated to 1425 F. 2) quenched in agitated oil. 2) pot-cooled. 59 . .5 49.075 145.000 159. 2) pot-cooled.4320 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Ladle . 4) quenched in agitated oil.5 48.750 12. 60.750 97.000 19.500 173. 3) reheated to 1500 F.000 13.500 13. CORE PROPERTIES Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness psi psi % 2 in. 4) quenched in agitated oil. 5) tempered at 450 F.018 S .5 50. 7) tempered at 450 F.2 429 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 6) quenched in agitated oil. 62.0 50. 62 .4 302 Recommended Practice for Maximum Core Toughness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.77 Ni . 5) tempered at 300 F. of Area. 3) reheated to 1500 F.060 217.500 21. 7) tempered at 300 F.075 211. 4) quenched in agitated oil. 3) reheated to 1500 F.021 P . 2) quenched in agitated oil.000 12.4 415 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1 ) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.5 . 57 .0 67.500 58.45/.000 26.000 65. cooled in air.4 201 25. quenched in oil.750 77.9 60.45/.750 62.250 97.250 96.03 .9 31.01 .8 63.250 48.52 6-8 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.4419 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS c Mn P S Size Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .750 32.0 68.250 72.0 69.500 24.500 48. ½" 1 2 4 103.2 68. tempered at 450 F.000 50.3 217 24.1 170 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ 1 2 HRB 96 HRB 94 HRB 94 ½ Radius HRB 95 HRB 93 HRB 92 Center HRB 93 HRB 89 HRB 88 4 HRB 93 HRB 90 HRB 82 "Treated as .2 66.4 64.500 52.. ½" 1 2 4 102.010 .2 192 83.8 143 143 143 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.2 69.250 58.3 201 179 60.. reheated to 1550 F. cooled in air.2 149 62.5 30. tempered at 300 F. quenched in oil.18 .23 .750 24.750 25.8 30. 126 .7 64.3 27.6 197 92.8 121 Normalized (Heated to 1750 F.565 in.000 47.7 66. of Area.029 .) 1 ½" 64. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 900 F .250 62.000 33. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1675 F .20/.28 .18/.60 Ladle .250 53.) 1 2 4 75.250 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.750 51.35 -. Rd.500 27.000 86.65 -- -.-.250 72.3 60. reheated to 1550 F. psi psi % 2 in.6 212 94. . 5) tempered at 450 F. 5) tempered at 300 F.01 .500 54. 2) pot-cooled.7 217 Recommended Practice for Maximum Core Toughness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.0 235 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 2) pot-cooled. of Area.28 .500 88. 4) quenched in agitated oil. 66 . 64 . 3) tempered at 450 F.7 64. Round Tested CASE Hardness Depth HRC in. 3) reheated to 1550 F. 7) tempered at 300 F. 2) pot-cooled.500 23.4419 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS c Ladle . 2) pot-cooled. 4) quenched in agitated oil.054 120.250 24. 7) tempered at 450 F. 6) quenched in agitated oil.500 54. 65 . 3) reheated to 1550 F.52 Size Grain Critical Points.3 60.250 65.029 S .500 86.070 98. 59 . 3) reheated to 1 575 F.4 59. 5) reheated to 1525 F .054 118.3 217 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1 ) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.500 24.57 .062 102.565-in. 60.7 49. 3) reheated to 1575 F.750 21.8 63.500 18. 3) tempered at 300 F. 2) quenched in agitated oil. 4) quenched in agitated oil.750 62. 6) quenched in agitated oil.5 . 4) quenched in agitated oil. CORE PROPERTIES Ar 1420 6-8 Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness psi psi % 2 in. 61 .6 212 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.062 103.070 106.250 19. 5) reheated to 1525 F .03 Si Ni Cr Mo .18 Mn .7 201 127 . Round Treated.8 67. F: Acl 1380 Ac3 1600 Ar3 1510 .7 241 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.010 P . 2) quenched in agitated oil. % HB Recommended Practice for Maximum Case Hardness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.505-in. 000 51.125 53. reheated to 1500 F.2 187 29. ½ 1 2 4 117.250 62.8 255 25.000 31.9 192 26.0 66.30 Size .3 241 27.5 68.016 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point in.65 -- .2 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.250 54.21 6-8 Ladle .22 .8 70. ½ 1 2 4 127.) ½ 1 2 4 87.7 29.750 53.750 84.17 .5 68. tempered at 450 F.17/. furnace-cooled 30 F per hour to 900 F .000 52.500 84.0 29.00 -. of Area.500 81. quenched in oil.) 1 74.10 .8 69.81 .0 59.7 67.750 89.8 70.% HB Annealed (Heated to 1575 F .500 20.7 192 29.000 95..20/.65/2.000 65.3 149 Normalized (Heated to 1650 F.250 80.45/.5 69.750 21.000 54. quenched in oil. cooled in air.2 170 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. tempered at 300 F.52 .4620 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS c Mn - P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .4 65.0 197 27. cooled in air.000 98.1 163 192 174 167 65.500 67.500 77. psi psi Elongation Reduction Hardness %2in.250 52.750 30.3 60.0 69.26 1. reheated to 1500 F.35 1.000 96.20/.5 30.500 98.000 66.017 .250 83.3 170 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 2 4 1 HRC 27 HRC 40 HRC 24 HRB96 HRB 99 HRC 32 HRB 94 HRB91 HRB 97 HRB 91 HRB88 HRC 31 128 . .016 . 3) reheated to 1525 F.750 20.0 55.4 277 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.060 147.4620 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS c Ladle . Round Treated. 3) reheated to 1525 F. CORE PROPERTIES Arl 1220 Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness psi psi % 2 in.5 .060 115.1 235 129 . 2) pot-cooled. 2) pot-cooled.750 16.017 Critical Points. 3) reheated to 1500 F.0 55.250 22. 5) reheated to 1475 F . 3) tempered at 300 F. 4) quenched in agitated oil. 59 .7 311 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1 ) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.5 . 5) tempered at 450 F. 7) tempered at 450 F.250 77.5 .8 57.250 83. 59 .500 19.505-in. 2) quenched in agitated oil. 3) tempered at 450 F.5 63.26 1. 62.17 Mn . 6) quenched in agitated oil. 4) quenched in agitated oil. Round Tested CASE Hardness Depth HRC in.81 Si Ni Cr Mo . 6) quenched in agitated oil.500 80.075 148.9 302 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1 ) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.000 77.250 116.065 115. 2) pot-cooled. 7) tempered at 300 F. 4) quenched in agitated oil. 4) quenched in agitated oil .6 248 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1 ) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. % HB Recommended Practice for Maximum Case Hardness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours" 2) quenched in agitated oil.52 P S .500 115.21 Grain Size 6-8 . 3) reheated to 1500 F.7 248 Recommended Practice for Maximum Core Toughness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 5) reheated to 1475 F .060 122. 58. 5) tempered at 300 F. F: Acl 1300 Ac3 1490 Ar3 1335 .5 59.075 119.500 17. 62 .10 .565-in. of Area.5 62.000 22. 2) pot-cooled. 60. 250 22.70 -- -.500 1 5.000 13. quenched in oil.000 23.500 135.4820 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Ladle .000 21.0 59.250 19.000 23.000 22.8 235 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius HRC 45 HRC 39 HRC 31 HRC 24 Center HRC 44 HRC 37 HRC 27 HRC 24 ½ 1 2 4 HRC 45 HRC 43 HRC 36 HRC 27 130 .22 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in. furnace-cooled 30 F per hour to 500 F .18/.0 59. ½ 1 2 4 209.000 163..4 21 2 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.5 53.750 14.7 269 80.000 1 69.0 59.) ½ 1 2 4 11 2. psi psi % 2 in.0 58.25/3.000 170.) 1 98.500 19.0 352 93.23 . cooled in air.3 58.20/. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1500 F .75 -.07 .3 277 81.0 62.250 24. reheated to 1475 F.0 51.8 56.2 52. ½ 1 2 4 205.35 3. cooled in air.3 401 126.750 67.30 Size Grain .500 109.250 130.8 197 Normalized (Heated to 1580 F.2 229 69.500 72.027 .000 117.8 235 70.500 118.4 241 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. quenched in oil..750 172.500 107.61 .20 Mn P S Si 3.20/.29 .500 26.50/. reheated to 1475 F.500 15.016 . tempered at .8 223 68.1 331 92.47 Ni Cr 6-8 Mo Grade . tempered at 450 F.0 57.3 388 120.250 103. of Area.0 63.300 F.2 54. 3) reheated to 1475 F. 2) quenched in agitated oil.000 165. 2) pot-cooled.000 184.5 .500 13.500.021 S . F: Ac 1310 Ac3 1440 Ar3 1215 .0 53.3 41 5 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.500 165. 56 . % H B Recommended Practice for Maximum Case Hardness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 3) tempered at 450 F. 60 . 4) quenched in agitated oil. 6) quenched in agitated oil . 2) pot-cooled.51 P .18 . 3) reheated to 1500 F.8 52.0 53.3 41 5 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. Round Tested CASE Hardness Depth HRC in.49 Cr Mo . 57. Round Treated. 4) quenched in agitated oil .500 13. 61 . 60 .039 205. 7) tempered at 450 F.21 Ni 3.565-in.047 205. 5) reheated to 1450 F .21 Mn . 4) quenched in agitated oil. 2) pot-cooled. 56.500 171.5 .500 13.8 53.039 200. 4) quenched in agitated oil.4820 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS c Ladle .500 170. 5) tempered at 300 F.2 41 5 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 5) reheated to 1450 F . 3) reheated to 1500 F. of Area.000 12.500 167. 2) pot-cooled.3 53.047 207.8 52.24 Arl 780 Size 6-8 Grain Critical Points.505-in.000 13. CORE PROPERTIES Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness psi psi % 2 in. .0 401 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.018 Si . 2) quenched in agitated oil.4 415 Recommended Practice for Maximum Core Toughness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 3) tempered at 300 F. 7) tempered at 300 F.4 401 131 .047 196. 13. 5) tempered at 450 F. 3) reheated to 1475 F. 6) quenched in agitated oil.047 204. cooled in air. furnace-cooled 30 F per hour to 1150 F .40/.250 114.43 .23 .3 57.500 25.20/.2 49.750 51.0 57.0 229 55. quenched in oil.70 .500 28.70/.23 .60 .750 19. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1600 F .750 117.28 .7 255 73.81 .40/.8620 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Size Mo Grain 90% 7-8 Grade . cooled in air..500 26.90 -.0 59. tempered at 300 F.750 24.19 10% 4 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.250 22.500 14.25 Ladle .8 201 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 2 4 1 HRC 29 HRC 43 HRC 23 HRC22 HRC 27 HRC 43 HRC 25 HRC 43 HRC 22 HRB95 HRB 97 HRB 93 132 .500 98.3 62.750 87.5 54.250 54.) ½ 1 2 96.3 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.500 91.6 53.5 57.875 31.8 4 81.500 126. ½ 1 2 4 178. ½ 1 2 4 199. of Area. psi psi % 2 in.8 52.750 55.3 59.750 51.9 352 80.35 .15/.000 13.500 124.56 .250 98.1 149 Normalized (Heated to 1675 F. tempered at 450 F.750 20.000 139.3 27.250 51.5 183 179 197 163 26. quenched in oil.500 157.016 .5 62.000 23.-. reheated to 1550 F.025 .18/.4 388 83.) 1 77.8 235 57. reheated to 1550 F.1 62.2 248 72.7 62.6 207 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. % HB i Recommended Practice for Maximum Case Hardness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.250 77. 2) quenched in agitated oil. 5) reheated to 1475 F . 4) quenched in agitated oil . 2) quenched in agitated oil.750 120. 3) reheated to 1550 F. 4) quenched in agitated oil .750 11. 64 .250 12.6 388 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 3) tempered at 300 F.025 P . 4) quenched in agitated oil. Round Treated. 5) tempered at 300 F.016 S . 2) pot-cooled. 3) reheated to 1550 F. 3) tempered at 450 F.565-in.3 53. 7) tempered at 300 F. F: Acl 1380 Ac3 1520 Ar3 1400 .500 149. 58 .28 . 7) tempered at 450 F.075 188.000 20.750 14.2 341 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 4) quenched in agitated oil.8 50.81 . 3) reheated to 1550 F.4 388 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.056 192.43 Si Ni Cr Mo .5 49. 2) pot-cooled.8 269 Recommended Practice for Maximum Core Toughness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. Round Tested CASE Hardness Depth HRC in.076 167. 3) reheated to 1550 F.505-in.050 181.0 56.250 134.070 130. CORE PROPERTIES Arl 1200 10% 4 Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness psi psi % 2 in.070 133.23 Mn . 61 . .56 .5 51.19 Grain Size 90% 7-8 Critical Points.5 51.250 12. 5) tempered at 450 F. 63 .000 150. 2) pot-cooled.8620 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS c Ladle .6 352 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.7 262 133 . 6) quenched in agitated oil.250 22. 2) pot-cooled. 5) reheated to 1475 F . 6) quenched in agitated oil . of Area.000 83. 61 . 64 . 000 145.5 61.09 .13 20% 2-4 8O% 5 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.08/.500 141.000 131.00/1.500 17.65 -.750 143. quenched in oil.13 .35 3.5 63.250 157.010 .000 1 5.500 131.250 136.0 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.750 82.750 20.45/. quenched in oil. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1550 F.7 321 105.000 94.5 57.15 Size Ladle .3 277 19.1 262 255 285 269 60.500 131.50 1. 16 178.40 .5 66.7 293 62.11 1.7 Mock-Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. cooled in air.250 125.750 1 5.000 16.7 58.3 42.) 1 119.000 122.1 241 Normalized (Heated to 1630 F.5 67.250 87.32 3.5 19.) ½ 1 2 4 133.20/.-.9 363 1 2 4 1 59.8 68. reheated to 1450 F.750 82.012 .0 269 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 4 HRC 40 HRC 40 HRC 38 HRC 31 HRC 40 HRC 38 HRC 35 HRC 30 HRC 38 HRC 37 HRC 32 HRC 29 134 .08/.500 1 5.8 19. psi psi % 2 in..500 143.E9310 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .23 . ½ 1 2 4 178.750 17.000 81. furnace-cooled 30 F per hour to 760 F .0 60.750 108.7 58.00/3.5 321 18.0 61. tempered at 450 F. tempered at 300 F.500 20.000 63. of Area.3 363 1 23. cooled in air.57 . reheated to 1450 F.0 18.1 293 96. 19 Si Ni Cr 1.014 Critical Points.5 .53 .565-in.000 15. 59.11 5-7 Size . % HB Recommended Practice for Maximum Case Hardness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.505-in. 54. 3) reheated to 1450 F. F: Acl 1350 Ac3 1480 Ar3 1210 .0 341 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 3) tempered at 300 F. . 6) quenched in agitated oil .013 P S .5 60.039 178.500 15.23 Mo Grain .000 14. 2) quenched in agitated oil.8 61.000 137. 58 .000 1 5. 3) tempered at 450 F.5 60. 5) reheated to 1425 F .047 168.500 138. 2) pot-cooled. 60. 3) reheated to 1475 F.500 139.055 169.047 173. Round Treated.000 146. 5) tempered at 450 F.500 15.5 . 62 .1 375 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.500 144. 7) tempered at 300 F. 7) tempered at 450 F.1 363 Recommended Practice for Maximum Core Toughness Direct quench from pot: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. 2) pot-cooled. 2) pot-cooled.5 .000 15. 4) quenched in agitated oil . of Area.3 62.0 363 Double-quench and temper--for maximum refinement of case and core: 1 ) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours.039 179. 3) reheated to 1475 F. Mn .000 135.7 363 Single-quench and temper--for good case and core properties: 1) Carburized at 1700 F for 8 hours. CORE PROPERTIES Ar 810 Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness psi psi % 2 in. 2) quenched in agitated oil. 4) quenched in agitated oil .3 59.29 3.055 174. 59.8 352 135 . 2) pot-cooled. 5) reheated to 1425 F.E9310 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Ladle 11. 6) quenched in agitated oil. 4) quenched in agitated oil.5 .0 59. Round Tested CASE Hardness Depth HRC in. 4) quenched in agitated oil. 5) tempered at 300 F. 3) reheated to 1450 F. 136 . ALLOY STEEL WATER-HARDENING GRADES 138 140 142 137 . 565 144.8 60.28 . . tempered at 1100 F.0 67.500 143. cooled in air. tempered at 1000 F.30 Size Ladle .22 5-7 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Strength Elongation Reduction Hardness in.) 1 .30 .2 60.2 61.0 25.565 1 2 4 HRC 50 HRC 50 HRC 47 HRB 83 HRC 50 HRC 50 HRC 44 HRC 27 HRB 75 HRC 47 HRC 27 HRB 77 138 .250 111.1 55.500 101.2 67.000 133.70/.90 .250 85.8 27.000 26.05 .000 1 22.0 57. cooled in air. of Area.3 52.000 73.8 22.750 51.750 20.033 .500 17.8 68.1 223 201 285 Water-quenched from 1585 F.6 68.35 -.500 61.000 11 5.9 Water-quenched from 1 585 F.250 30.250 85.565 1 56.000 24.3 212 71.0 64.7 28.75 .8 58.27 .2% Offset) psi % 2 in.0 66.3 201 311 229 25.-..0 1 92 As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center .07 .250 23.000 114. psi (.7 23.4 302 1 2 4 139.250 55.565 1 2 4 130.000 100. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 800 F.7 25.0 Water-quenched from 1585 F. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1585 F.5 262 93. .500 1 6.500 81.2 57.250 1 04.4027 Water-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn --- P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .000 1 30.3 67.5 25.250 1 5.750 47.250 61.) 60. tempered at 900 F.000 89.014 .000 94.250 114.25/.750 1 8.500 93.6 68.565 1 2 4 75. .9 179 179 163 156 143 Normalized (Heated to 1660 F.6 229 80.20/.000 77.4 321 1 2 4 1 50.20/.250 95. 000 . o\ 70% 100. Round Treated ' .22 5-7 Critical Points.565-in. . r. As-quenched HB 477. Round Tested.000 1 50. 60% 50% 40% 30% Elongation -- 20% 50..05 .014 .505-in.000 per.. 1320 Treatment" Normalized at 1660 F" reheated to 1585 F" quenched in water. 1370 Ac31510 Ar3 1410 Ar. . F: Ac.75 ..27 .10% HB 41 5 1100 1200 1300 262 229 1 92 139 .28 . F 400 500 415 600 41 5 700 388 800 363 900 321 1000 302 .07 ..033 ... 250.000' .000 psi 200.Water-quenched 4027 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn Ladle P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Size . ½ 1 2 4 133.4 63.250 106.48 .5 HRC 25 HRC 24.500 16.000 88.5 66.0 63.500 18.20 .7 24.6 197 167 163 25.2 69.750 52.0 321 331 269 14.7 20.0 241 Water-quenched from 1575 F.4 54.5 2 4 132.0 67.250 95.6 61.8 293 121.10 .1 59.) 59.15/.9 302 144.2 55.7 69.000 98.60 -- u . of Area.4130 Water-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .500 128.500 91.000 137.33 .12 .3 63.40/.30 .000 89. tempered at 1000 F.20 6-8 Ladle .250 67. ½ 1 166.5 As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 HRC 51 HRC 51 HRC 47 HRC 50 HRC 50 HRC 44 HRC 50 HRC 31 HRC 32 4 HRC 45.7 21.25 Size . furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1255 F: cooled in air.500 129.000 113.500 20.500 110. tempered at 1100 F.750 121.000 122.000 63.80/1.91 . tempered at 900 F.500 77.6 25.500 101.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 81.500 97.750 91.5 241 235 Water-quenched from 1 575 F.250 114. ½ 1 2 4 1 51.28/.2 67.5 65. % H B Annealed (Heated to 1585 F.0 Water-quenched from 1 575 F.250 61.5 140 .000 142.4 61.5 61.35 .000 161.2 21.500 21.015 .2 27.750 28.500 18.500 161.2 1 56 217 Normalized (Heated to 1600 F. cooled in air.1 63.5 229 197 269 262 21. psi psi Elongation Reduction Hardness % 2 in.750 116.20/.5 28.015 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point in.000 19.750 57. F: Acl 1400 Ac3 1510 Ar3 1400 Arl 1305 Treatment: Normalized at 1600 F" reheated to 1575 F • quenched in water.20 .000 l emper. .91 . As-quenched H B 495.20% 10% 50. psi 200...000 t'lon o Area N " '" .000 f 100. 60% 40% 30% 1 ]Elongation .20 6-8 Critical Points.015 .. Round Tested.015 ..12 . F 400 HB 461 500 444 600 429 700 415 800 401 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 331 302 269 241 202 141 .48 .Water-quenched 4130 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Ladle S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Size .530-in.30 . Round Treated" 505-in.000 \ \ z \ ?_ 150. 250 19.000 92.2 56.70/.000 72.2 187 187 Water-quenched from 1550 F. psi psi % 2 in.250 54. of Area.5 24.500 23.750 16.750 95.250 107.2 53.250 134.250 89.2 63.2 64.9 58.7 235 Water-quenched from 1 550 F.000 56.250 150.250 96.0 58. 19.2 18. tempered at 900 F.000 18.70 . cooled in air.33 .) 1 ½ 1 81. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 11 55 F.250 29.85 .2 65.7 269 113.2 59.4 302 146.750 107.35 .40/.250 134.19 6-8 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.000 21.2 223 197 269 241 As-quenched Hardness (water) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 HRC51 HRC52 HRC 52 HRC 47 HRC31 HRC49 HRC 48 HRC 25 HRC30 HRC47 HRC 43 HRC 22 4 142 .0 25.40/.7 68.250 26.15/.021 .25 Size Ladle .500 62.28/.750 1 20.7 59.29 .500 1 8. tempered at 1000 F.250 22.4 59.9 60.90 m m .5 57.62 . tempered at 1100 F. % H B Annealed (Heated to 1 550 F.500 16.2 23. cooled in air.44 .6 269 100.000 94.000 21.3 1 56 201 187 Normalized (Heated to 1600 F.000 111.000 61.5 293 129.5 25.6 68.25 .1 285 123.012 .) 2 4 93.000 101.0 217 132. ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 139.000 86.750 62. ½ 1 2 4 1 52.000 132.0 63.8630 Water-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .20/.750 131.500 11 8.5 Water-quenched from 1 550 F.60 .6 235 82.1 61.5 58. 505-in.000 \ 200.530-in. psi 250. Round Treated .000 \ 150.48 Critical Points.65 . F: Ac11365 Ac31465 . 1205 Treatment: Normalized at 1600 F.000 mper.Water-quenched 8630 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si Ni Or Mo Grain Size .000 \\\ 100. F 400 HB 495 5OO 6OO 477 444 700 415 800 375 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 341 311 285 248 217 143 . reheated to 1550 F.30 .000 • 70% 50% 40% 30% Elongation ' 20% 10% 50.024 . quenched in water. Ar31335 Ar.018 . As-quenched H B 534.18 6-8 Ladle .80 . Round Tested.27 . . 1717L . ALLOY STEEL OIL-HARDENING GRADES 146 148 150 152 1 54 156 158 160 162 164 166 145 . 000 79.5 20.5 21.000 121.0 22.250 63.250 83.2 21 .2 217 64. 21.000 108. 57.500 81.4 229 66.7 248 Normalized (Heated to 1600 F.000 76.5 241 255 241 217 217 Oil-quenched from 1525 F.250 82. psi psi % 2 in.1 64.4 _ 207 269 248 235 235 285 285 60.5 26.000 142.7 21.000 118.500 72.1 23.9 57.000 132.250 72.) Oil-quenched from 1525 F.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 102.000 120.0 59.3 51.5 22.500 121.750 120.000 84. tempered at 1000 F. tempered at 1200 F.500 112.10 .250 81.9 60.1340 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn -- P -- S .0 23.250 120.12 .60/1.027 .750 103.000 108.250 118.7 24.7 25.8 212 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius HRC 57 HRC 56 HRC 34 HRC 30 Center HRC 57 HRC 50 HRC 32 HRC 26 ½ 1 2 4 HRC 58 HRC 57 HRC 39 HRC 32 146 .0 62.0 57.38/.43 1. of Area. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1475 F.-.250 131.5 241 62.2 55. Oil-quenched from 1525 F.0 21.750 102. 59. cooled in air.016 .25 .8 19.500 127. tempered at 1100 F.000 118. cooled in air.000 105.250 71.000 25.90 Ladle . furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1110 F.40 1.9 61.3 64.7 18.000 98.2 25.35 -.Size Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .-.500 96.500 137.500 116.77 .20/.2 57.01 6-8 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in. reheated to 1525 F . Round Tested.. As-quenched H B 601.000 70% 60% 100. Round Treated .039 . psi \ 250.000 50% 40% J 30% Elongation .03 .23 ...000 \ \ \ \ 200. F: Acl 1340 Ac3 1420 Ar3 1195 Arl 1160 Treatment: Normalized at 1600 F . F 400 H B 578 500 534 600 495 700 444 800 415 900 388 1000 1100 1200 1300 363 331 293 235 147 .015 .70 .565-in.505-in..000 L Temper.. quenched in agitated oil.v 20% -10% 50. .6-8 Oil-quenched 1340 Size S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Critical Points. .SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Ladle .02 -.43 1.000 \ \ L 150. 7 341 143.80/1.75/1.7 65.8 48.500 25.21 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.500 95.83 .000 140.000 91.4 321 140.250 1 5.500 148. cooled in air.500 57.5 62. of Area.750 17.40 .500 112..35 -.00 -.750 18.750 69.7 56.2 64.8 241 83. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1 230 F.2 60.5 148 .500 102.15//125 Ladle .9 311 115. % H B Annealed (Heated to 1 500 F.-.750 21.000 21.4 Oil-quenched from 1550 F. 161.20/.250 135.750 87.) 1 95.500 156.5 62.1 59.2 302 285 302 241 17.500 21.2 48.500 128.43 .38/. cooled in air.250 23.750 127.8 22.500 1 32.5 56.750 19. ½ 1 2 4 136.750 17.000 60.94 .5 46.0 65.2 65.500 171.8 285 99.7 1 6.009 .26 .5 59.1 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 117. tempered at 1100 F..4 55.3 285 127.1 235 Oil-quenched from 1 550 F.3 277 1 22.250 19.500 23.0 262 116..012 .0 269 98.9 197 Normalized (Heated to 1600 F. psi psi % 2 in.500 148.9 62.000 15.000 139.10 .11 . tempered at 1000 F.9 229 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round" Surface ½ Radius Center ½ HRC57 HRC56 HRC55 HRC 38 HRC 34 1 2 4 HRC55 HRC 49 HRC 36 HRC55 HRC50 HRC 43 HRC 34.750 121.) ½ 1 2 148.000 19.750 98.4 277 Oil-quenched from 1550 F. tempered at 1200 F.4140 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Size 7-8 Grade . 1 57. . As-quenched HB 601.024 .24 6-8 Critical Points. ElOngation "- 20% 10% ':=.000 50% 40% 30% .031 . F' Ac.505-in.. F 400 H B 578 500 534 600 495 700 461 800 429 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 388 341 311 277 235 149 ... Round Treated" . Round Tested.12 1.20 . ..mper.a i -o o o % d (33 150.41 .SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Ladle Oil-quenched 4140 Size S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain . 1395 Ac3 1450 Ar3 1330 Arl 1280 Treatment" Normalized at 1600 F" reheated to 1550 F" quenched in agitated oil.000 \ .01 .000 -I-: o6 \ \ \ 70% 60% 100.000 \ \ 200.530-in.85 . psi 250. tempered at 1200 F.0 12.500 176.5 63.5 13.000 17.250 22.750 124.750 164.0 45.000 175.7 60.500 128.7 269 135.87 .5 21.0 20.750 20.0 331 159.500 185.30 Size Ladle .0 285 277 269 255 Oil-quenched from 1475 F.7 59.1 12.500 103.000 134. of Area. % H B Annealed (Heated to 1490 F.3 59..43 .750 161.750 147.) Oil-quenched from 1475. psi psi % 2 in.0 20.4 217 388 363 341 321 363 352 341 331 Normalized (Heated to 1600 F.0 45.000 170.000 16.000 121.250 133.000 125.9 35.000 166.2 13.750 165.80 m -.000 139.90 .4 293 114. cooled in air.020 .28 1.68 .5 54.000 169.5 49.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 108.35 1.1 331 139.20/.70/. As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 4 HRC 58 HRC 57 HRC 56 HRC 53 HRC 58 HRC 57 HRC 55 HRC 49 HRC 56 HRC 56 HRC 54 HRC 47 150 . 162.500 145.20/. cooled in air.500 19.0 60.000 114.0 15.9 54.000 1 59.000 105.000 68. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 670 F.3 36.000 164.250 19.500 141.40 .000 182.1 57.2 16.7 14.7 62.013 .38/.8 53. tempered at 1100 F.3 37.750 145.65/2.60/.000 209.00 . tempered at 1000 F.2 13.25 7-8 MAS S EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.74 . Oil-quenched from 1475 F.4340 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS c Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .3 36. SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Oil-quenched 4340 Size Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Ladle .41 .67 .023 .018 .26 1.77 .78 .26 6-8 Critical Points, F: Ac 1350 Ac3 1415 Ars 890 Arl 720 As-quenched H B 601. Treatment: Normalized at 1600 F; reheated to 1475 F; quenched in agitated oil. .530-in. Round Treated ; .505-in. Round Tested. psi \ 250,000 \ \ \ \ 200,000 \ % 150,000 7O% 60% 5O% 100,000 4O% 3O% Elongation 20% - 10% 151 .,mper, F 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 HB 555 514 477 461 415 388 363 321 293 5140 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Grade .38/.43 .70/.90 -- Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Size m .20/.35 m .70/.90 Ladle .43 .78 .020 .033 .22 .06 .74 .01 6-8 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in. psi psi % 2 in. of Area, % H B Annealed (Heated to 1 525 F, furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1200 F, cooled in air.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 83,000 120,000 11 5,000 113,000 111,400 146,750 141,000 128,000 125,000 130,500 127,250 118,000 115,500 120,000 117,000 109,500 106,000 42,500 75,500 68,500 65,500 60,375 28.6 22.0 22.7 21.8 21.6 57.3 167 Normalized (Heated to 1600 F, cooled in air.) 62.3 235 59.2 229 55.8 223 52.3 217 Oil-quenched from 1550 F, tempered at 1000 F. 131,500 17.8 57.1 302 121,500 18.5 58.9 293 100,500 19.7 59.1 255 81,500 20.2 55.4 248 113,000 105,000 89,000 73,500 20.2 20.5 22.0 22.1 61.4 61.7 63.2 59.0 269 262 241 235 Oil-quenched from 1550 F, tempered at 1100 F. Oil-quenched from 1550 F, tempered at 1200 F. 102,000 22.2 63.4 241 94,500 22.5 63.5 235 81,500 24.5 67.1 223 68,000 24.6 63.1 217 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 4 HRC 57 HRC 53 HRC 46 HRC 35 HRC 57 HRC 48 HRC 38 HRC 29 HRC 56 HRC 45 HRC 35 HRC 20 152 Oil-quenched 5140 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Size Ladle .43 .78 .020 .033 .22 .06 .74 .01 6-8 Critical Points, F: Ac 1370 Ac3 1440 Ar3 1320 Ar As-quenched HB 601. 1260 Treatment: Normalized at 1600 F; reheated to 1550 F; quenched in agitated oil. .530-in. Round Treated; .505-in. Round Tested. psi 250,000 ....... \ \ 200,000 150,000 ............... \\ \ \ 7O% 60% 50% \ 40% 30% 100,000 Elongation ........ ' 20% 10% 153 temper, F 400 500 600 700 800 900 HB 534 514 461 429 375 331 1000 1100 1200 1300 302 269 241 207 8740 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .38/.43 .75/1.00 -- -- .20/.35 .40/.70 .40/.60 .20/.30 Size Ladle .41 .90 .016 .010 .25 .63 .53 .29 7-8 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in. psi psi % 2 in. of Area, % HB Annealed (Heated to 1500 F, furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 11 O0 F, cooled in air.) 1 "L00,750 60,250 22.2 46.4 201 Normalized (Heated to 1600 F, cooled in air.) ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 135,500 134,750 132,000 132,000 179,000 178,500 170,750 138,750 153,500 149,250 142,500 123,750 140,000 138,000 127,250 115,500 89,500 88,000 87,500 87,000 165,000 164,250 153,500 108,500 139,500 134,500 122,500 96,750 16.0 16.0 16.7 15.5 13.5 16.0 15.7 18.0 17.4 18.2 18.5 20.5 47.1 47.9 50.1 46.1 47.4 53.0 52.8 55.6 55.1 59.9 62.0 59.8 269 269 262 255 352 352 331 277 311 302 277 248 Oil-quenched from 1525 F, tempered at 1000 F. Oil-quenched from 1525 F, tempered at 1100 F. Oil-quenched from 1525 F, tempered at 1200 F. 127,250 19.9 60.7 285 123,000 20.0 60.7 285 105,750 21.5 65.4 255 88,250 22.7 62.9 229 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 4 HRC 57 HRC 56 HRC 52 HRC 42 HRC 56 HRC 55 HRC 49 HRC 37 HRC 55 HRC 54 HRC 45 HRC 36 1 54 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Oil-quenched 8740 Size Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Ladle .39 1.00 .012 .017 .25 .53 .52 .28 6-8 Critical Points, F: Acl 1370 Ac3 1435 Ar3 1265 Arl 1160 Treatment: Normalized at 1600 F; reheated to 1525 F; quenched in agitated oil. .565-in. Round Treated; .505-in. Round Tested. As-quenched HB 601. psi \ \ X ...... 250,000 \\ 200,000 \ \,\ 150,000 70% 60% 50% 100,000 40% 30% Elongation -/ 20% 10% emper, F 400 500 600 700 800 900 HB 578 534 495 461 415 388 1000 1100 1200 1300 363 331 302 241 155 4150 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si .20/.35 .27 .12 Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .48/.53 .75/I.00 Ladle .51 .89 .018 .017 .80/1.10 .15/.25 Size .87 .18 95% 7-8 5% 5 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in. psi psi % 2 in. of Area, % H B Annealed (Heated to 1525 F, furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1190 F, cooled in air.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 105,750 194,000 167,500 158,750 146,000 189,500 175,250 168,750 158,750 170,000 165,500 150,250 132,500 148,000 141,000 134,750 124,000 55,000 20.2 40.2 197 Normalized (Heated to 1600 F, cooled in air.) 129,500 10.0 24.8 375 106,500 11.7 30.8 321 104,000 13.5 40.6 311 91,750 19.5 56.5 293 176,250 159,500 151,000 127,750 155,500 150,000 131,500 98,250 13.5 14.0 15.5 15.0 14.6 15.7 18.7 20.0 47.2 46.5 51.0 46.7 45.5 51.1 56.4 57.5 375 352 341 311 341 331 302 269 Oil-quenched from 1525 F, tempered at 1000 F. Oil-quenched from 1 525 F, tempered at 1100 F. Oil-quenched from 1525 F, tempered at 1200 F. 137,250 17.4 53.3 302 127,500 18.7 55.7 285 118,250 20.5 60.0 269 91,000 21.5 61.4 255 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ 1 HRC 64 HRC 62 HRC 47 ½ Radius HRC 64 HRC 62 HRC 43 Center HRC 63 HRC 62 HRC 42 2 4 HRC 58 HRC 57 HRC 56 156 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Oil-quenched 4150 Size Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Ladle .50 .76 .015 .012 .21 .20 .95 .21 90% 7-8 Critical Points, F: Acl 1390 Ac3 1450 Ar3 1290 Arl 1245 Treatment: Normalized at 1600 F; reheated to 1525 F; quenched in agitated oil. .530-in. Round Treated; .505-in. Round Tested. As-quenched H B 656. psi \ \ 250,000 \ 200,000 -.(:3 --,-.0 0 LO -- .LO 0 ..=_ -t' ¢'q 150,000 03 .00 .0 03 ¢ 4 ¢5 u 70% 100,000 ' 60% 50% Reduction of .. , 40% 30% 50,000 , remper, F 400 500 555 600 534 Elongation ! ! 20% 10% 1000 1100 1200 1300 401 363 331 262 157 H B 578 495 444 429 700 800 900 515 0 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .48/.53 .70/.90 --- .20/.35 -- .70/.90 -- Size Ladle .49 .75 .018 .018 .25 .11 .80 .05 7-8 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in. psi psi % 2 in. of Area, % HB Annealed (Heated to 1520 F, furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1190 F, cooled in air.) 1 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 98,000 131,000 126,250 123,000 122,000 158,750 153,000 132,000 125,000 144,000 137,000 126,750 120,000 135,500 128,000 118,750 115,000 51,750 81,500 76,750 72,500 63,000 145,250 131,750 96,750 85,750 22.0 21.0 20.7 20.0 18.2 16.4 17.0 18.5 20.0 43.7 60.6 58.7 53.3 48.2 52.9 54.1 55.5 57.5 197 262 255 248 241 311 302 255 248 Normalized (Heated to 1600 F, cooled in air.) Oil-quenched from 1525 F, tempered at 1000 F. Oil-quenched from 1525 F, tempered at 1100 F. 131,000 19.2 55.2 285 115,250 20.2 59.5 277 87,250 20.0 58.8 255 80,500 19.7 56.4 241 121,000 108,000 88,500 75,500 21.7 21.2 22.7 21.5 59.7 61.9 63.0 60.8 269 255 241 235 Oil-quenched from 1525 F, tempered at 1200 F. As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 4 HRC 60 HRC 59 HRC 55 HRC 37 HRC 60 HRC 52 HRC 44 HRC 31 HRC 59 HRC 50 HRC 40 HRC 29 158 49 . reheated to 1525 F.11 ... . F: Acl 1345 Ac3 1445 Ar psi 300. quenched in oil. \ 200..000 ' | .505-in...000 "\ \ -.t3 .=. As-quenched HB 653...80 .Oil-quenched 5150 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain .. Round Tested. \ \ \ 250..000 O ei e e % ffl e 150.. \ - 70% 6o /x e . 100. Size Ladle .000 - \ \\ • o \\.018 ..25 .05 7-8 Critical Points.000 . F 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 HB 601 555 514 461 415 363 321 1100 1200 1300 159 293 269 241 . 1310 Ar 1240 Treatment: Normalized at 1600 F.530-in. Round Treated..018 .75 . --' \ \ o 40% ' 3O% 20% 1 O% Temper. .. 7 55. of Area.750 1 67.18 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in.014 .2 363 352 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 1 66.250 129.500 19.01 .6150 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si .750 128.) 1 96.0 48. ½ 1 179.500 Oil-quenched from 1 550 F.2 293 130. 160.250 136.250 1 31.8 53.000 89.500 21.4 269 94.35 Ni -- Cr . % H B Annealed (Heated to 1500 F.000 20.51 .20/.80/1. psi psi % 2 in.4 262 147.250 127.6 63.0 59.000 93.500 177.95 .8 20. 141.750 23.000 14.5 1 6.4 48.250 67.4 197 Normalized (Heated to 1600 F.0 53. cooled in air.0 55.500 145.750 17.500 1 8.11 .6 14.) ½ 1 2 4 141.3 293 11 6.9 293 1 29.3 321 1 58.5 57.53 .48/.500 17.70/. cooled in air.5 49.000 1 51.6 61.0 269 262 255 285 21.7 241 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 HRC 54 HRC 61 HRC 60 HRC 47 HRC 60 HRC 58 HRC 44 HRC 60 HRC 57 4 HRC 42 HRC 36 HRC 35 160 .5 49.80 .7 331 302 Oil-quenched from 1 550 F.000 141.250 133.90 Ladle .000 108. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1240 F.0 46. tempered at 1200 F.750 121.2 311 148. tempered at 1100 F.7 56.250 1 50.7 18.750 59.0 56.35 .10 Mo V .15min Grain Size 70% 5-6 30% 2-4 Grade .500 1 9.4 52.500 1 6.7 48.015 . tempered at 1000 F.000 1 58.2 Oil-quenched from 1 550 F.250 75.750 14.500 1 6.500 173. 18 1. . .565-in.000 \ \ \ \ \ \ 200..49 . F 400 i 20% 10% HB 601 500 600 700 578 534 495 800 444 900 401 1000 1100 1200 1300 375 341 293 241 161 .000 . Round Tested.00 .012 .o O 150. As-quenched H B 627.505-in.17 6-8 Critical Points.000 Temper.\ \\. F : Acl 1395 Ac3 1445 Ar3 1315 Ar.SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P Ladle Oil-quenched 6150 Size S Si Ni Cr Mo V Grain .u ".. \.000 n O o .05 . psi 250. Round Treated" . 1290 Treatment" Normalized at 1600 F" reheated to 1550 F" quenched in agitated oil.016 .78 .29 .\ \\ k oo 60% 50% 100.000 40% 30% Elongation 50. 5 1 5. cooled in air.8 285 293 277 19.1 55.000 21.000 17.0 61.8650 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS c Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .2 255 137.7 57. 18.750 17.40/.8 59.8 54.500 113.9 Oil-quenched from 1475 F.020 .250 143.750 121.250 121. cooled in air.000 131.35 .0 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 144. tempered at 1200 F.48/.86 .500 172.500 145.750 93.5 48.75/1.250 148.500 165.7 44.5 10.250 99.000 141.70 .8 40. % HB Annealed (Heated to 1465 F.) 1 ½ 1 103. psi psi % 2 in.31 .250 177.750 22.000 132.250 154.3 302 212 363 293 285 363 352 331 285 Normalized (Heated to 1600 F.20/.0 18.) 14. 151.58 . of Area.000 94.3 40.0 14.2 62.40/.000 148.53 .6 54. tempered at 1000 F.500 56..9 321 142.53 .016 .00 m -.000 Oil-quenched from 1475 F.60 .3 311 131.000 20.24 6-8 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 860 F.500 22.000 15.15/.6 14.250 139.48 .3 241 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 4 HRC61 HRC 58 HRC53 HRC 42 HRC61 HRC 58 HRC53 HRC 39 HRC61 HRC 57 HRC52 HRC 38 162 .0 293 98. tempered at 1100 F.750 148.2 49.000 95.25 Size Ladle .750 159.4 25.5 59.4 46.5 22.5 17. Oil-quenched from 1475 F.8 54.500 153.0 61.000 126.250 168.750 182.5 2 4 135. _ 50% 40% . F 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 HB 555 555 514 495 429 415 363 321 302 255 . .000 -M u \ .53 .000 " o/'% -p.505-in.019 .25 6-8 Critical Points. F: Acl 1325 Ac3 1390 Ar3 1230 Arl 910 Treatment: Normalized at 1600 F.52 . Round Tested.000 Reduction of- . Round Treated .SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Oil-quenched 8650 Size Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Ladle ...018 . \ "¢'4 \ \ \\.530-in. reheated to 1475 F.000 --'----' | . psi L \ \ 250.24 . 70% 60% 100.000 \ \ \\ \.80 . quenched in agitated oil. As-quenched H B 638. 3O% L " -'--" --' 50.51 . . \ 150.. ''-"- 20% 10% 163 Elongatton mper.\ 200. 7 41.51/.6 43.5 36.01 6-8 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Point Elongation Reduction Hardness in. ½ 144.0 21.4 229 277 269 Normalized (Heated to 1650 F.000 19. psi psi % 2 in.500 135.750 102.3 45.000 164.8 293 293 277 20.12 .7 18.500 87.0 19.9255 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS c Mn -- P -- S 1.5 HRC 37 HRC 31.500 85.000 21.2 48.500 137.5 43.000 21.5 HRC 52 HRC 35.000 82. tempered at 1000 F.0 Oil-quenched from 1625 F.0 21.52 .5 18.7 269 269 331 321 302 293 Oil-quenched from 1625 F.0 21.000 155.250 81.750 137.3 285 1 2 4 138. of Area.80/2.20 ---Size Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .95 Ladle .1 40.500 132.750 83.70/.2 18.000 79.016 2.07 .3 302 44.750 149. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 1 220 F. tempered at 1100 F.750 21.20 .500 133.250 106.000 133.250 118.750 123.7 48. % H B Annealed (Heated to 1 550 F.5 164 .0 19. Oil-quenched from 1625 F.000 145. tempered at 1200 F.7 14.4 50.7 20.2 39.000 132.500 94.75 .024 .000 170.) 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 4 135.250 154.7 46.0 48. cooled in air.7 50.000 91.000 137. 45.500 146.250 84.1 45.59 .9 16.0 38.250 70.2 277 262 277 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 4 HRC57 HRC61 HRC55 HRC59 HRC48 HRC 58 HRC 33 HRC 27. cooled in air.) 1 ½ 1 112.1 19.000 150. 6-8 Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Size Critical Points.505-in. ey"f \ 40% 30% 20% 10% 165 Temper.000 I . F : Ac 1410 Ac3 1480 Ar3 1330 Ar As-quenched H B 653.Oil-quenched 9255 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Ladle . Round Treated .000 \\ 250. quenched in agitated oil. 200. reheated to 1625 F. 300.020 . F 400 HB 601 500 601 600 578 700 534 8OO 900 415 1000 1100 1200 1300 352 321 285 262 477 .78 .000 70% 60% " -' 50% 1 00.00 .58 .08 -.000 k '\ \ \\ \ \ \ ' 150.08 .024 2. 1270 Treatment: Normalized at 1650 F.000 \\ \ \ \ \ \\. . psi 1-in. Round Tested. 250 14.000 16.750 18.5 16.000 1 28. cooled in air.0 14.0 34.01 6-8 MASS EFFECT Size Round Tensile Strength Yield Strength Elongation Reduction Hardness in. % H B Annealed (Heated to 1495 F.750 21.000 73.5 52.24 .750 20.7 55.8 39.250 91. of Area.74 .8 51. tempered at 1000 F.) ½ 1 2 4 149. psi (. tempered at 1100 F.5 262 262 269 248 Oil-quenched from 1525 F.250 134.250 18.00 -.6 277 4 ½ 1 129.0 285 Oil-quenched from 1 525 F.2 285 269 262 255 Oil-quenched from 1 525 F.750 77.7 341 102.75/1.5160 Oil-quenched SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn m P S Si Size Ni Cr Mo Grain Grade .84 .750 1 33.0 55. ½ 1 2 4 ½ 1 2 170.034 .500 70.) 1 104..2 1 9.500 1 54. furnace-cooled 20 F per hour to 900 F.750 40.6 60.250 133.70/.8 57.2 293 101.7 44.5 241 As-quenched Hardness (oil) Size Round Surface ½ Radius Center ½ 1 2 HRC 53 HRC 63 HRC 62 HRC 40 HRC 46 HRC 62 HRC 61 HRC 32 HRC 43 HRC 62 HRC 60 HRC 29 4 166 .750 21.8 2 4 113.6 1 97 Normalized (Heated to 1575 F.2 45.750 1 33.1 341 145.8 57.000 18.5 45.0 53.500 1 65.250 17.04 . cooled in air.250 126.500 93.8 22.0 54.30 m .250 110.8 50.6 302 145.90 -- Ladle .000 138.000 77.6 302 135.2 1 7.20/.000 17.250 11 5. tempered at 1200 F.500 1 55.56/.2 30.6 50.250 1 20. 1 52.500 84.64 .750 89.010 .2% Offset)psi % 2 in.62 . 20.250 140.500 14. 60% 50% 150.530-in.010 . F 400 H B 627 500 601 600 555 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 514 461 388 341 302 269 229 167 . psi 300. reheated to 1525 F.04 . Round Tested.000 250.74 . As-quenched H B 682. Round Treated .62 .Oil-quenched 5160 SINGLE HEAT RESULTS C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Grain Size Ladle . .000 e 30% I 20% 10% -.24 .84 . .505-in.---- Temper.01 6-8 Critical Points.000 ) 70% ' . quenched in oil.034 . F: Acl 1380 Ac3 1420 Ar3 1310 Arl 1280 Treatment: Normalized at 1575 F.000 \ \ \ \\ 200. OF STEEL MACHINABILITY Among the many practical methods of shaping steel."Machinability of Steel. Historically. both alone and in conjunction with such other methods as forging. and cold-heading. 168 . it is the ability to be cut by an appropriate tool." available on request. it can overlook the con tributions of some elements. but notwithstanding the simplicity. As a consequence. the cut ting-speed method of rating has been more commonly employed. yet. machining is perhaps the most widely employed. The term. which augment production by permitting the use of higher feed rates. there appear to be no fundamental units by which this ability can be measured. By its simplest definition. Under these conditions. 2) The duration of average tool life must also be similar to that of the other steels being evaluated. this method does not include the equally important effect of tool feed rate on production. Machining performance is therefore gen erally expressed in relative terms which compare the response of one material to that of a standard in a similar machining operation and employing similar performance criteria. or the cutting speeds used to attain these rates. This approach has clearly shown that the machining performances of different steels can be truly compared only when the production conditions for each steel satisfy two basic similarity requirements: 1) The level of product quality with respect to surface finish and dimensions must be similar among the steels being evaluated. is most often used to describe the performance of metals in machining. Six to eight hours of actual running time is the preferable duration. machinability. Machinability Testing Over a period of many years. notably nitrogen and phosphorus. machinability can be rated by compar ing either the maximum production rates achieved with each steel. Bethlehem has conducted almost continuous machinability studies involving hundreds of tests run on multiple-spindle automatic bar machines of the types commonly used in industry. This 1A more detailed discussion of this subject is contained in the Bethlehem Steel booklet. extrusion. 06% markedly improve the machinability of a nonresul furized base. In the case of the 1200 and 1100 series steels.problem is avoided when machinability comparisons are based on maximum production rates consistent with the basic similarity re quirements. comprising the 1200 and 1100 series. But even in these grades. Small increases in sulfur up to . lead. sulfur and carbon are major variables. Both increase hardness and tensile strength. with manganese exerting a secondary but significant influence.12%. inasmuch as this method automatically considers both cutting speed and tool feed rate. as measured by relative production rates for equal part quality and tool life.010%. phos phorus. Phosphorus and nitrogen can be added to free-machining grades of steel to en hance machining performance. the rate of improvement caused by increasing sulfur is somewhat higher in steels with the lower carbon contents.07/. For increases above this level. particularly in the cold-drawn condition. the quality of the machined surface varies with composition. find their greatest application in the manufacture of parts requiring ex tensive machining into shapes of varying complexity on automatic bar machines. The ability to use higher speeds and feeds with increasing phosphorus and nitrogen contents (within the stated limits) is re 169 . is markedly improved by increasing phosphorus content to within the range of . machinability improves at a lower rate. Actual tests as described above have established that the machinability of the 1200 series steels.05/. the elements which most affect machining performance are sulfur. and selenium. Further improvement is realized when nitrogen content is increased to a level of about . Phosphorus and Nitrogen One of the distinguishing features of the very free-cutting grades is their ability to be machined at higher production rates while main taining the desired finish on the product. Sulfur Increasing sulfur improves machining performance at all carbon levels in both alloy and plain carbon grades. in the 1100 series. nitrogen. Free-cutting steels. Within the composition ranges of the 1200 series. 15/.35 %. L e a d A dditio n s The machining performance of steel is considerably improved by the addition of lead (see page 23 ) in the usual specification range of . This control of the built-up-edge results in an improvement of surface finish. 170 . Lead lubricates the cutting edge of the tool and per mits an increase in cutting speed and feed and an improvement in surface finish quality without an attendant decrease in tool life. As a result. lead additions can be expected to improve production rates in screw-machine operations in particular by some 20 to 40 per cent.lated to the decreased size and more controllable behavior of the built-up-edge on the cutting tools. 1045.o9.(Resulfurized to . Cold-Drawn 4O '" o. 171 .o4 2 o\ -.00 CARBON.o8.60% Mn .". I I Cold-.Fawn /° I01 .13% S) 8O .60 .30/.oo8 i 'i°j° '. .60/.20 . °\ - Loeo . For carbon contents up to . The graph above illustrates this effect by plotting machin ability ratings for a series of grades with increasing carbon contents at two manganese levels. and 1050 were significantly improved by annealing.EFFECT OF CARBON AND MANGANESE ON MACHINABILITY V 100 Machinability Rating. however.-. • . 0 .90% Mn (except 1095) ...80 1..... this results in improved machinability for both hot rolled and cold-drawn steels.20/.4O .25%. Per Cent (B1112=100% at 170 fpm) As-Rolled.08/.. hardness increases to the point where tool life is adversely affected.o :' . !110 . leading to a decrease in the machinability rating. .. Note also how the machinability ratings of 1040.oo oe5 . PER CENT Carbon and Manganese Plain carbon steels with very low carbon contents tend to be tough and gummy in machining operations. Spheroidized 20 . As the carbon is increased above this level. Cold-Drawn .oe I I As-Rolled.. Increases in carbon and manganese increase the strength and hardness of steel and result in improved surface finish and chip character.. For example. whereas the more highly alloyed 8620 has about the same machinability as the higher-carbon 1040. and to a degree. The intensity of this effect on hardness differs for the various elements. with the parameters of the machining operation itself. a compromise structure consisting of lamellar pearlite with some spheroidized carbides may be desirable. Normalizing is sometimes used for the lower carbon grades. 172 .Above that carbon level. hardness increases with increasing percentages of the element. but annealing is more frequently used because it results in lower hardness. it is sometimes desirable to use a lamellar structure and accept a somewhat shorter tool life. Since alloying elements increase the percentage of pearlite in the micro structure of a given carbon level over that typical of plain carbon steels. In general. cold-drawn condition. Accordingly. it is common practice to ther mally treat alloy bars prior to cold-drawing and machining. a spheroidized structure is usually preferred because it imp[oves tool life. determination of the optimum microstructure must take into consideration the carbon level and the alloy content. Where machined finish is of paramount importance in these higher carbon grades. For certain ma chining operations. depending on both carbon and alloy content. although at some sacrifice of surface finish. Alloy Steels The commonly used alloying elements increase the as-rolled strength and hardness in comparison with a plain carbon steel of equivalent carbon content. In the as-rolled condition.50% which corresponds to -approximately 90% pearlite. Higher carbon grades are fre quently annealed to improve machinability. but in all cases. particularly when they are to be cold-drawn prior to machining. Optimum microstructure varies with the per cent of pearl ite typical of the composition involved. the leaner alloys machine more like their plain carbon counterparts than do the more highly alloyed types. or up to the carbon level of about .35 % carbon are machined in the as-rolled or as-rolled. a lamellar annealed structure is preferred in the low and medium carbon ranges. 4023 behaves about the same as 1022 or 1026 under the cutting tool.40/.Most carbon steels below . such as a steel bar. ultra sonic methods are used for internal inspection. PULSE ECHO ULTRASONIC SYSTEM. such as a notch or hole in a test block. supplementing or replacing visual methods of inspection. and are reflected from the boundaries of the section as well as from internal discontinuities. and magnetic particle and eddy current methods for the inspection of surface. shape and orientation of discontinuities within the steel can be estimated. an electrical voltage is generated when this material. Conversely. but can be detected by their shadowing effect which results in a partial or total loss of this back reflection signal. Two basic calibration methods are used to provide stan dards for the test against which the received signals can be compared. is vibrated. the standard is provided by signals from a reference reflector. for bar and billet testing. size. and the image interpreted with respect to the strength of the returning pulse and the time lapse between its generation and reception. Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic testing is based upon ultra-sound. With proper calibration of the test equipment. In general. Some discontinuities are not good reflectors. In one. or sound which is pitched too high (above 20. is caused to vibrate mechanically with ultra sonic energy. or crystal. the location. In the second. The holder containing the crystal 173 .000 cps) for the human ear to detect. when excited electrically.EXAM I N ATi O N NONDESTRUCTIVE Nondestructive tests are effective for the inspection of the surface or internal quality of steel products. the standard is derived from the signal reflected from the far side of the steel section. The reflected pulses are received and portrayed on a cathode ray tube. Ultrasonic test systems are based upon the behavior of piezoelectric material which. Pulses of this sound energy are sent into a section of a material. and variables associated with transducer and instrument characteristics. which is usually between 1 and 10 MHz (1MHz= 1 million cycles per second).. temperatures. |lie log II ! Olllll OI e I IoO|ol II I I . or pulse.. Since sound travels at a constant speed in a specific material under constant conditions. or search unit.and its associated electrical components is called a transducer. the amount of hot or cold working of the steel. distance (time) is represented on the hori zontal axis of the tube. Another essential part of the overall unit is the electronic package which functions as the control center. The magnitude of the echo will depend upon several external factors including the operating frequency. and is one of the major elements of the test system. AMPLIFIER REFLECTOR Pulse-echo ultrasonic system. CRT VIDEO DISPLAY 174 . distance within a material is a function of time. the amount of beam dispersion. that excites the crystal. PU LSER SYNCH RONIZER SWEEP GENERATOR TRANSDUCER . With these variables rela tively constant. the reflected signal amplitude will be dependent upon the following material characteristics" • the area of the reflector. the surface condition and internal metallurgical structure of the steel.T o. Both the exciting pulse and any echoes are displayed on a cathode ray tube. which may be a discontinuity or boundary. Thus. MARKER GENERATOR . its shape and orientation to the ultrasonic path. It also receives and amplifies the voltage generated as a result of reflected sound vibrating the crystal..o... This instrument generates a brief power output. and signal amplitudes (exciting pulse and echoes) on the vertical axis. plus its roughness. It should be noted that the ultrasonic vibrations are normally directed into the test piece through a suitable coupling medium such as water. circular magnetization is most frequently used to facilitate the detection of longitudinal discontinuities such as laps or seams. glycerin. For bars and billets.° the distance of the reflector from the search unit. • the acoustic impedance of the reflector.dry condition of the indicating particles. Discontinuities at right 175 .c. or oil to prevent the high energy losses that would occur in air transmission. Many variations of magnetic particle testing are employed in practice depending upon the type of anticipated discontinuity and its location. the direction of magnetization. the normal lines of magnetic force are distrupted by discontinuities within the otherwise homogenous microstructure of the material. This type of field is created when the current is passed longitudinally through the material itself.) and its magnitude and duration. In a ferromagnetic material that has been magnetized.c. Results are affected by the type of current used (a. Electromagnetic Test Methods Magnetic particle indications of quench cracks. and the wet or. or d. Fine magnetic particles are attracted to these field gradients. and so provide a measure of the geometry and extent of the discontinuity. thus causing localized force gradients. In one.angles to the bar length would need to be detected by longitudinal magnetization produced by passing current through a coil encircling the material being tested. a small pair of coils. This testing method is useful in detecting primary discontinu ities. and on the detection of variations in these fields as caused by structural discontinuities in the material under test. 176 . cracks and seams. Variations attribut able to differing magnetic characteristics of the steel itself can be minimized by magnetic field saturation. There are two basic variations of the eddy current test. Certain variables. discon tinuities which are oriented parallel to the bar axis can be detected. as well as fab ricating discontinuities. such as non-metallic inclusions and porosity. is rotated circum ferentially about the bar. such as laps. EDDY CURRENT TESTING. It is based upon the interaction between alter nating current flow in metallic materials and the reactive magnetic fields thus produced. Eddy current testing is a non-contact means of testing bars. In the other method. such as test signal frequency. and the surface condition of the bar can have an important influence on test results. the material being tested is passed lengthwise through an electrical coil assembly consisting of an inducing coil positioned between two sensing coils that respectively produce an eddy current flow in the steel and detect variations in the induced reactive fields. an inductor and a sensor. probe spacing between the coils and the work. With the fields thus generated. bursts. rods or tubes for surface flaws at production speeds. This test mode provides detection capability oriented essentially for discon tinuities at right angles to the long axis of the bar. US EF UL DATA Bethlehem produces tool steels in all popular sections. 177 . sizes. and types. 50 --.00 5.25 .45 .1.50 -.00 1.1. XX .50 -- .25 ..00 2.00 1..50 1.25V Optional 1.40 * .80 1.TOOL STEELS Identification and Type Classification The percentages of the elements shown for each type are only for identification purposes and are not to be considered as the means of the composition ranges of the elements.. Superior .00 1.50 1.80 2.25 -.00 -.-.00 Cromo-W55 ..60 .00 5.50 Bearcat .40 2.25 4.50 Bethlehem I i Identifying Elements. I AISI Type GradeNamel C I MR I Si I W I Mo i Crl WATER-HARDENING TOOL STEELS X..00 I .25 5.50 2.1 0 3.75 Medium Alloy Air-Hardening Types A2 A3 A-H5 --1.00 A7 A8 A9 A-7 2.75V 1.40 -.1.35 1..10 .00 1. XCL.50 ---1.00V 1.60/1. COLD-WORK TOOL STEELS Oil-Hardening Types 01 02 BTR -.00 1.00Co 4.25 m m 178 .00 1.25 -.40" .55 --..1.70 --------1..80Ni A10 -- -A-HT 1.90 .50 ---. 12.55 .90 1..25 --.00 SHOCK-RESISTING TOOL STEELS $1 $2 $5 $6 $7 67 Chisel .00 1.00 A4 A6 Air-4 1..00Ti High Carbon--High Chromium Types D2 D3 D4 D5 D7 Lehigh H Lehigh S ---2.00 1. .00 12.00 1..50 Omega .00 ---------- 1.45 1.75 .50 -.-..00 -- .00 2.35 1.00 -.00V 1.00 5.00 12.50 Imperial .00V 1.-2...00 12.25 -.40 5.25 -- 1.40 1.2.1.25 1.00V 3.00 12.50Ni 1.00 -1.60/1.05 1...00 1.50 -. 06 07 O-6 1.40 3.. Best..25 -- -1..20 -.80 -- 1.25V -1.00 -67 Tap 1. per cent Other W2 W5 Wl • Other carbon contents may be available.1. 00 8.50 ------- ------- 9.00 -6.80 .80 --• 90 -• 90 -.25 12.00 8.00 11.25 8.50 2.00 2.40 ..00 4.1 5 2.50 -2.00 -5.00 18.00 5.00 4.00 4.55 ---8.90 1.1 ON .00 -..00 5.1 0 -1.35 5.25 1.50 .00 4.40 ------2.00 4.50 --4.00 5.00 4.00 4.1 0 -1.00 8.00 4.00 5.25 - 5.85/1.00 1.00 20.25 3..00 5.50 3.85/1.00 2.00 2.00 .00 4.00 3.00 Molybdenum Types H43 HW8 .75 4.00 3.26 .00 5.00 4.20 -1.00 18.30 -.1 5 -1.25 -2.80 .00 5.35 .00 2.00 -1.85* -. 179 .1 5 1.00 n 12.00 18.25 H 12 Cromo-W H13 Cromo-High V H14 H19 -Cromo-N .00 12..25 .00 1.50 8.25 8.00 -1.75" .75 -5.50 .25 5. H11 H10 m m Cromo-V .00 4.00 4..00" --- -------- 1.00 15.00 4.00 2.50 8.00 Molybdenum Types M1 MIO M30 M33 M34 M36 M41 M42 M43 M44 M46 M47 M2 M3 M3 M4 M6 M7 M-1 M-2 (Class 1 ) (Class 2) M-4 M-7 M-10 .O0 m D .00 6.80 -1.80 .05 -1.50 1.00 1.00 8.00 5.00Ni m Tungsten Types H21 H22 H23 57 HW 57 Special .00 -6.75 4.00 1.50 4.50 --- 1.00 8.00 2.00 1.00 4.50 1.80 -1.00 6.25 4.00 4.00 1.AISI Bethlehem Type Grade Name Identifying Elements.50 4.30 .00 5.00 1.00 5.25 .50 -2. per cent clMnls.00 15.75 3..00 2.00 12.20 -1.50 ------------18.75 .00 4.O0 8.75 -1.00 5.00 *Other carbon contents may be available.00 4.45 .50 2.75 9.25 9.00 ---- ---- 3.40 6.50 5.00 12..00 1.00 8.00 u 14.25 9.40 n m 2.20 1.35 .-.00 4.40 Co .75 8.00 .00 HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS Tungsten Types T1 T2 T4 T5 T6 T8 T15 T-1 ..00 5. Iv HOT-WORK TOOL STEELS Chromium Types ..00 3.00 8.50 4.00 12.75 1.25 -1..00 4.00 4.00 - - H25 H26 Special HS-55 H24 1.00 3.1 0 -- 2.00" -1.50 4.60 2.00 11.00 18. E w Molc.00 4.40 • 40 -- ------- -- 1.50 1.00 2.00 4.00 5.95 1.00 2.75 1.00 3.00 -------4.35 • 35 .50 8.00 6. .10 * . fOptional.00 --.40 .25 NITRIDING STEELS Identifying Elements.40 .60 .40/ .35 1.10 .75 2.30 1.40/ .07 --- P3 P4 P5 Duramold Ni-Cr .00 .50 1.70 -.70 .50 --1... 2.TOOL STEELS (Cont'd) AISI Bethlehem Identifying Elements...80 .20 .20 .10 .20/ 1.15/ -- .45 .30 .40 .45 ..40/ . ..85/ .00 1. per cent Type Nitriding 135 (Type G) (Aircraft Spec.50/ .25t 75 1..75 1.25 -- -- .20 Nitriding EZ .35 1.20 .40 .55 .10 SPECIAL-PURPOSE TOOL STEELS Low Alloy Types L2 L6 Tough M Bethalloy 1. .50 -..20 .30/ .00/ .20 1.50 .25/ -1.07 . OTHER SPECIAL-PURPOSE TOOL STEELS Bethlehem Identifying Elements.00 ..27 . 1.00/ 3.50 .50/ -- ..15/ 1..5% Ni) C I Mn { Si 1 Mo l Cr 1 Ni 1 A' [ .35 ..70 .10 .00 ..20V • Other carbon contents may be available.85/ .90/ -- 1. .00 ..30/ .50 - P2 Duramold B Duramoid A -P-20 -Lustre-Die .30/ 1..20/ .85/ ..30 3.20/ . per cent Name Grade cl Mn is.25 -- .00 .80 Nitriding N (Type G with S) ..51 1.) (3.10 ..08/ .25 . per cent Type Grade Name clMnls'lw MolCr 1 "' I PLASTIC-MOLD STEELS -----... 1.70 --- .95 - Brake Die Lehigh L 71 Alloy Bearing Standard Non-Tempering .40/ 1.20 . 1.25 1.85/ 180 .50 -- .25 5. 1..40 .85 12..30 - 2..00 .13 Nitriding 135 Mod...20/ ..25 1..38/ .00 -- P6 P20 P21 -- Duramoid N .20/ .40 1. IWIMo i C ICu .40 -1.. 4.70 .40 .20AI 3.00 1.20/ ..70 .00 . 7) (11.6 25.8) (12.0 98.2 45.* B C Rockwell 1000 psi Approx.1 41.7 57.35 2.8 86.5) 277 (104.3 56.15 3.7 60.0 85.40 4.6 50.9 80.0 89.60 3.20 4.8 67.70 4.0) 331 ( 08.30 163 156 149 143 137 131 126 (9.0 87.5 52.35 3.70 2.75 2. *Values above 500 are for tungsten carbide ball" below 500 for standard ball.0) 100.00 3. Brinell Indent.25 3.8 40.10 5. Diam. No.8 27.2) (13.1 578 555 534 514 495 477 461 51.0) (102.1 30.4) (5.6 93.65 2.0 99.20 5.2 97.90 2.4 95. Tensile Strength.2 22.05 3.4 39.65 3.0) 285 (105.1 32.80 2..95 3.60 2.90 3.9 36.30 2.30 4.HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLE Brinell Indent.10 3.7 53.5 I I Tensile Strength.50 2.4) (4.55 3.5) 321 (108.80 3. Diam.55 2.55 174 388 375 363 352 (110.0) 293 (106.95 4.85 3.7 C 26.05 4.9 29.40 2.60 111 58 56 are beyond normal range NOTE" This is a condensation of Table 2.0 54.8 86.7 90.25 2. 2.3 48.0 58.5 34.5 43.85 2.20 3.6 65..9 28.70 745 712 682 653 627 601 65.4 24.7 76.75 3. Values in ( ) and are presented for information only.5) (16. Report J417b.9 90.7 44.10 4.3 96.8 47.15 4.40 121 138 134 130 5.8) (17.50 262 255 248 241 235 229 223 217 212 207 201 197 192 187 183 179 127 123 120 116 114 111 (18.0 82.4) (3.35 4.50 116 5.5O 3.7 20.8 91. SAE 1971 Handbook.5) 269 (104.0) (15.6 35.8 92.8 21.80 4.5 94.3 61.0) (101.0 72.5) (lO.90 5.0 69.O) 105 102 100 98 95 93 90 89 87 85 83 81 4.4 74.1 37.45 3.6 298 288 274 269 258 244 231 444 429 415 401 219 212 202 193 184 177 171 3.9) 79 76 73 71 67 65 63 6O 5.3) (0.40 3.* Rockwell mm B (103.0) (8. 181 .0) 311 (107.0) 4.45 4.0) (6.3 33.25 4.45 2. 1000 psi Approx. mm No.00 5.5) 302 (107.8 78.00 4.60 170 4.30 3.65 167 164 159 1 54 149 146 141 4.0) 341 (109. 4 54 130 266 277 530 986 o15.8 9 48.9 48 118.6 78 172.4 104 220 428 332 630 1166 10.4 6 42.7 27.3 74 165.4 11.2 63 145.8 16.4 24 75.0 96 204...8 100 212..34 -.0 50 122..7 71 159.2 45 113.40 m 22 -4 14 32 5. C --273 --268 F m459.1 3 37.2 88 190 374 310 590 1094 12.6 13...4 33.3 26 78.2 60 140 284 282 540 1004 --15.0 59 138.8 99 210 410 321 610 1130 11.8.2 12..0 23..9 7 44. If in degrees Centigrade.2 138 280 536 366 690 1274 --234 --229 223 --218 --212 --207 --350 --340 --201 --196 --190 --184 --330 320 --179 173 169 310 300 --290 w280 273 --270 --260 --250 --459.1 12 53.0 38 1oo 212 260 500 932 m17.2 10 50.2 26.7 11 51.3 47 116.0 18.7 53 127.9 6.8 149 300 572 377 710 1310 418 D 5.2 37.2.51 46 -.4 7.0 87.4 132 270 518 360 680 1256 -.1 61 141.2 54 129..8 121 250 482 349 660 1220 m 8..6 327 620 1148 m10.1 79 174.4 94 201. 182 .5.9 66 150. C F --262 --257 251 --246 --240 --17.6 93 199.2 15.. 37.4 20.6.4 D454 --436 --168 --162 --157 --1 51 --146 =140 --134 --129 240 --230 m 6.1 21 69.7 2 35.0 538 1000 1832 Look up reading in middle column.2 20.6 22.6 4 39.7 9.6 60 140.7 29 84.40 -.6 170 --256 30 31 86.8 5.4 25.6 182 360 680 410 770 1418 --310 -.2 19 66.8 199 390 734 427 800 1472 -.3 17 62.6 69 156. read Centigrade equivalent in left hand column.4 36.1 .0 66 150 302 288 550 1022 --14.0 93 200 392 316 600 1112 --11.8 97 206.3 6.8 o 32 10.1.6 154 310 590 382 720 1328 --400 -.2 23.8 73 163.8 24.8 46 114.6 42 107.8 64 147.0 12.4 22..3 56 132.4 188 370 698 416 780 1436 --292 -.2 34.2.0 143 290 554 371 700 1292 -.3 65 149.4 160 320 608 388 730 1346 382 -.6 8.2 17.2 28 82..0 77 170.8 21.8 26.7 44 111.2 166 330 626 393 740 1364 220 210 200 --123 118 --112 --107 --190 180 --160 w364 w 3.8 177 350 662 404 760 1400 328 -.0 7.6 49 12o 248 271 520 968 m16.4 45o --440 --430 ---420 ..6 19.0 5 41.6 98 208.8 55 131..1 52 125..7 62 143...1.8 10.8 .6 22 71.0 15.2 72 161..3.29 w 23 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 76 58 -.0 14 57..6 51 123.6 77 170 338 299 570 1058 --13.4 49 120.0 41 105..3 8 46.8 92 197..6 11.0 68 154.6 13 55.1 70 158.4 82 180 356 304 580 1076 m12.9 25 77.6 33.6 16.8 18 64.6 100 212 413.8 32.4 14.0 21.4 67 152.9 16 60.8 71 160 320 293 560 1040 --13.2 488 493 499 504 510 516 521 527 532 910 1670 920 1688 930 1706 940 1724 95O 1742 96O 1760 97O 1778 980 1796 990 1814 17.0 171 340 644 399 750 1382 --346 -.8 27 80.2 1 33.6 25.6 127 260 500 354 670 1238 7.2 91 195.4 15 59.--410 400 --390 --380 370 --360 C F C F C C F .2 95 203.8 35..0 116 240 464 343 650 1202 -.4 17.4.4 76 168.6 36.4 to 0 0 to 1 00 1 00 to 1 000 .0 35.9 75 167.9 57 134.7 20 68.8 18.0 23 73.8 13.9.7.1 8.TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE --459.0 177. read Fahrenheit equivalent ir right hand column'if in Fahrenheit degrees.2 80 81 176.2 110 230 446 338 640 1184 -.8 43 11o 230 266 51o 950 --16.4 58 136.1 43 109.4 99 210..2 193 380 716 421 790 1454 274 -. if in degrees Fahrenheit..... C 816 821 827 832 838 843 849 854 860 866 871 877 882 888 893 899 904 910 916 921 927 932 938 943 949 954 960 966 971 977 982 988 993 999 1004 1010 1016 1021 1027 1032 1038 1043 1049 1054 1060 1066 1071 1077 1082 1088 1093 F CF 2732 2750 2768 2786 2804 2822 2840 2858 2876 2894 2912 2930 2948 2966 2984 3002 3020 3038 3056 3074 3092 3110 3128 3146 3164 3182 3200 3218 3236 3254 3272 3290 3308 3326 3344 3362 3380 3398 3416 3434 3452 3470 3488 3506 3524 3542 3560 3578 3596 3614 3632 1093 1099 1104 1110 1116 1121 1127 1132 1138 1143 1149 1154 1160 1166 1171 1177 1182 1188 1193 1199 1204 1210 1216 1221 1227 1232 1238 1243 1249 1254 1260 1266 1271 1277 1282 1288 1293 1299 1304 1310 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 . 1649 3000 5432 Look up reading in middle column. F 2500 2510 2520 2530 2540 4532 4550 4568 4586 4604 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1371 1377 1382 1388 1393 3722 3740 3758 3776 3794 1399 1404 1410 1416 1421 2550 4622 2560 4640 2570 4658 2580 4676 2590 4694 2100 3812 1427 2600 4712 2110 3830 1432 2610 4730 2120 3848 1438 2620 4748 2130 3866 1443 2630 4766 2140 3884 1449 2640 4784 2150 3902 1454 2650 4802 2160 3920 1460 2660 4820 2170 3938 1466 2670 4838 2180 3956 1471 2680 4856 2190 3974 1477 2690 4874 2200 2210 2220 2230 2240 "2250 2260 2270 2280 2290 2300 2310 2320 2330 2340 3992 4010 4028 4046 4064 4082 4100 4118 4136 4154 4172 4190 4208 4226 4244 1482 1488 1493 1499 1504 1510 1516 1521 1527 1532 1538 1543 1549 1554 1560 2700 2710 2720 2730 2740 2750 2760 2770 2780 2790 2800 2810 2820 2830 2840 4892 4910 4928 4946 4964 4982 5000 5018 5036 5054 5072 5090 5108 5126 5144 2350 4262 1566 2850 5162 2360 4280 1571 2860 5180 2370 4298 1577 2870 5198 2380 4316 1582 2880 5216 2390 4334 1588 2890 5234 1316 2400 4352 1593 2900 5252 1321 2410 4370 1599 2910 5270 1327 2420 4388 1604 2920 5288 1332 2430 4406 1610 2930 5306 1338 2440 4424 1616 2940 5324 1343 1349 1354 1360 1366 2450 4442 1621 2950 5342 2460 4460 1627 2960 5360 2470 4478 1632 2970 5378 2480 4496 1638 2980 5396 2490 4514 1643 2990 5414 . read Centigrade equivalent in left hand column.. 183 ........... If in degrees Centigrade.. I.1000 to 2000 C F" 538 543 549 554 560 566 571 577 582 588 593 599 604 610 616 621 627 632 638 643 649 654 660 666 671 677 682 688 693 699 704 710 716 721 727 732 738 743 749 754 760 766 771 777 782 788 793 799 804 810 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 2000 to 3000 F 1832 1850 1868 1886 1904 1922 1940 1958 1976 1994 2012 2030 2048 2066 2084 2102 2120 2138 2156 2174 2192 2210 2228 2246 2264 2282 2300 2318 2336 2354 2372 2390 2408 2426 2444 2462 2480 2498 2516 2534 2552 2570 2588 2606 2624 2642 2660 2678 2696 2714 . read Fahrenheit equivalent in right hand column. F 3632 3650 3668 3686 3704 C .. 49378 13.76251 .96875 4 .89065 14.44691 .53125 1 3..14376 7.875 % 2%4 27 .%.375 .98438 2.21875 .00318 25.734375 .71875 .27191 .296875 .5 .984375 1.953125 .6875 11/ 6 16.65316 1 9.93752 8.41567 23.421875 .63754 21.70003 .140625 .19063 1.54064 7.1875 13//64 3.078125 .82817 22.INCH/MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS Fraction //64 Decimal Millimeters Fraction 3%4 35 Decimal Millimeters . 25//32 s 4 % 1%4 .31877 10.52502 9..40005 2¼4 11/ 2 2%4 .35001 '%4 23/ 2 4 4 .81255 24.55626 5.890625 .109375 .703125 .15625 %2 .43129 21. % 9 4 .640625 .46253 17.06566 17.66878 17.09690 4 .484375 .47816 15.09375 %.453125 .578125 .78125 .609375 .39688 0.33439 8.36563 4.359375 .87503 16.25 ¾ .85941 .515625 .73127 9.828125 27//32 s 4 .046875 .96876 4.11252 11.125 .40625 s%4 29/32 .84375 .50940 11.30315 12.171875 . ½ 184 .17501 .84379 20.4375 s%4 15A6 .671875 .90625 4 .34375 .625 4 21 43 4 2 4 .90627 12.921875 .92189 10.38125 2.24067 20.0625 4 0.5625 13.95314 6.859375 .03442 21.28753 14.74689 7.765625 .15939 5.20942 24.22504 22.03125 .234375 ¼ 1%4 5.68440 15.01880 23.46875 s¼4 31/ 2 6 1 4 .9375 =%4 3 .59375 .58750 1.3125 6.60630 25.390625 .79375 1.8125 19.265625 .796875 .203125 .015625 .28125 .75 18.05004 19.71565 11.08128 15.62192 23.546875 .57188 3.77813 3.25629 18.65625 .328125 .12814 9. 609.093.= 1 cubic cm (cm3) = 0.83 ft 1 kilometer (km) (1.= = 70.2808 ft = 1..000 kg) = 1.2048 Ib per ft= i :g per m3 .= 1 centimeter (cm) (10 mm) = 0.[ .760 yd) = 1. 1 square cm (cm=) = 0.54 cm 1 square inch (in. = 178.2 I qm per cm3 = 0.3872 cm3 1 foot (ft) (12 in.0929 m2 = 28.61 yd = 0.1023 NT 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.0624 Ib per ft= t .000 gm) = 2.6 gm I ) per in.ETRIC EQUIVALENTS FOR WEIGHTS I . 1 meter (m) (100 cm) = 3.0015 in.314 ft = 1.7639 ft= = 1.8361 m= 1 cubic yard (yd3) = 0.=) = 6.9144 m I qram (gm) = 0.6093 km = 1.) = 2..44 cm 1 square yard (yd=) = 0.4882 kg per m I ) per ft= = 4.unce Avoirdupois (oz) = 28.2046 Ib i .0936 yd 1 square meter (m=) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 10.0184 kg per m3 I et ton (NT) (2. I gm per cm= = 0.) = 30.19 kg 1 yard (yd) (3 ft) = 0.03937 in.6 gm per cm I ) per in.0.03 cm= 1 square foot (ft=) = 0.3079 yds = 3.0610 in2 = 39.48 cm = 929.000 Ib) = 907.3 = 9t .344 m I ilogram (kg)(1.4516 cm2 I pound (Ib) (16 oz) = 453.0283 m3 I Ib per in2 = 27.g per m = 0.1549 in. or 1.280. 1 square mm (mm=) = 0.68 gm per cm3 I ) per ft = 1.000 m) = 1.0056 Ib per in.280 ft.6214 mile 185 .0361 Ib per in.netric ton (1.7646 m 1 mile (5.0142 Ib per in.0022 Ib I im per cm = 0.3937 in.3495 gm IVI ETRIC EQUIVALENTS FOR MEASURES 1 inch (in.37 in.196 yd2 = 35.8824 kg per m= I Ib per ft3 = 16.31 gm per cm= 1 cubic inch (in2) = 16.67197 Ib per ft i kg per m= = 0.317 cm3 1 cubic foot (ft3) = 0. 822 5.7612 2.332 .379 3.587 2.379 1.607 1.966 4.5862 .1572 2.5591 6 %4 .747 .475 .120 .187 .325 7./64 13/ 2%2 s%4 2.993 2.8906 1.016 .8415 1.670 2.078 9.4944 %6 1%2 % 21//32 11As 8...561 .697 2%2 59/ 2.558 .478 .0156 .7431 2.754 ..7371 .301 4.178 9.1077 .013 .710 .032 .941 .041 .0791 .334 7.473 8.096 1.288 .269 .605 . II Round e Squarei Round E3 ! C) .0039 .413 49//64 2%2 sl/ 4 2.0295 .441 .972 2.6103 =%2 10..008 6.4514 .079 .376 .788 13/16 11.8760 2%2 47/ 4 .0413 .2365 2.913 1.696 2%2 9.795 ¾6 %2 5.4102 1.262 1.440 1.4182 1.8213 .7119 © .0977 3.2500 .021 .240 .6903 .0352 .118 %.4104 .043 1.2053 .9689 1.014 3.0198 Diam in.3525 .3530 1.2656 1.075 1.6350 10.439 .857 6.763 31/ 2 13.681 1.065 .051 7.831 1.616 % . .7135 .893 .094 .763 1.1728 3.067 %= .139 6.9385 .636 8.188 .506 2.0549 .2893 1.355 1%6 I 12.8056 1.2197 .332 2.263 1.2500 2.8540 2.1780 . Ib per ft Square Area.8498 .7539 3.WEIGHTS AND AREAS OF SQUARE AND ROUND STEEL BARS Diam in.889 8.0635 1.212 .6337 3.3369 1.5185 ./16 11/ 23 2 4 % 2%4 13.904 .042 .850 .1289 1.783 7.7385 .3202 2.2852 3.235 .1526 .023 .167 .5386 .0061 .245 1.0625 3.7610 .518 5.0479 .428 6.545 4.798 .147 .511 2.320 1.9483 3.1963 1.6406 2.205 1.4853 1.5800 .9949 2.170 2 / 2 11.581 3.053 .384 .163 . Size or Weight.4987 ¾ 10.953 2%2 I 12.199 1%2 :3%4 % 41/ 4 1.5393 .6699 2.8353 .9175 1.300 .0625 .0031 .889 2.0069 .668 .6675 .030 .4794 .5802 2.366 .6450 .1650 .312 5.6416 1.2991 5.1914 .535 1.548 .0244 .8477 3.402 .0664 2.6230 1.650 7.773 9.9084 .327 6.600 4.9396 4.0120 .519 .110 .294 3. Size or Weight.3164 .651 .2656 .1292 .682 10..050 5.4849 1.407 . 11/64 3A 13 4 .4053 2. sq in.9940 1.3342 .128 .350 A 186 .511 .1666 1.044 2.570 3.9541 ls/16 61//64 31//32 s 4 1 %= 1%4 2.5156 3.191 ¼ 17.992 6 53.630 i 11.4307 .076 1. Square i Round il I • t Square Round rq .303 4..0000 1.6602 .838 4.9775 2.960 1.400 3. Ib per ft Area.328 1.704 21/ 2 43 4 11Ae 45/ 4 1. 1%4 .0706 .978 9.761 3%4 37 6.347 2.395 1.100 .211 .840 3.7854 .281 % 13/ 7/ 6 2 I%2 ½ 1½2 5.261 4 1.4414 2.140 .1075 1. z 27/ 4 .2659 .766 3.834 1.6858 .089 3.5532 1.1545 2.627 .0500 1.4727 .0048 .0881 57 2.5400 2.1182 .565 1..024 10..017 i ! .136 1.3906 .420 2.4604 .520 6.3447 2.3713 .388 . 4 3.s.194 .901 1.173 4.010 .1406 .316 .426 2.044 2.604 7.049 5.792 2.698 .0088 .3994 3.988 3.464 1.6230 .7671 ¼ %2 %6 11/ 2 29/ 4 31/ 4 33 ½ 4 2 17 . sq in.5625 1.261 .270 2.5166 .6013 .067 .756 1.193 2.159 1.8789 .345 .0739 2.5625 .026 7.7932 .083 .587 .1811 .972 8.053 .150 .4920 2.178 8.502 1.2272 1.799 .2346 .8866 .6943 1.845 .7227 1.724 7.0442 1.603 4 4 2.2822 . 063 i 47.000 36.707 158.973 11.800 17.250 12.472 i 35..109 i 27.045 11.7583 4..9087 5.772 14.45 197.557 25.6406 5.08 191.380 109.250 t44.4918 6.160 23.173 61.2500 6.535 15.918 58.665 19.35.129 !20.266 26.1 35 i 22.39 162.891 44.285 39. 7.420 51.607 15.178 0.31 106.713 54.301 124.035 !47.160 10.17 102.98 112.8906 7.348 i 25.85 214.2227 7.563 10.441 125.52 110.24 .190 18.125 i 35.951 52.004 49. sq in.063 ¼ 7/ 6 ½ %6 % 11//16 ¾ 1 7 6 15/16 48.43 149.3410 3.20 107.66 112..05E 2.112 66.1572 5.176 41.303 i 70.43.51E 4.68 200.391 © 3.473 54.415 t 6O.59 172.391 134.3662 7.35 92.59E 20.000 16.307 38.813 49.391 21.139I 71.232 65.650 43.316 .353 16.413 63.20 119.218 117.175 1140.274 128.602 93.629 26..129 49. Ib per ft Diam Square Round or Area.495 73.86 94.6727 5.0000 9.177 7 1 6 1.52 130.850 54.82 115.075 70.888 33.563 28.289 114.758 i 24..60 175.680 32.428 24.100 l 1 1£.759 85.566 1 .664 59.600 14. 5.800 !38485 i 39.71 150.098 46.913 37.713 75.6289 9.0686 7.52 210. .895 28.19 135.40 96.151 8.250 78.148 98.70 163.228 100..00 117.203 34.629 21.465 i 30.257 17.066 i 33.21 l 160.4119 5.182 19.122 i 37.5156 4.728 40.2539 4.338 30.85 133.535 127. Ib per ft Area. 135.745 61. Squarei mi• Round Square r--1 Round 0 2 1A6 3A.266 48.86( 6.121 74.141 lC.9761 Diam in.0000 4.824 43.48 138.41 ¾ .776 !55.691 13.785 34.2958 8.183 43.250 22.221 30.063 39.793 1.18 130.72 155.967 126.718 55.997 187 .850 32.223 28.9396 6.910 27.58 84.:.641 21.9798 8.254 36.60 169.548 42.43 121.516 35.721 3/ 6 157.79 160.620 61.563 46.641 41.138 68.93 126.957 77.201 13.053 52.c 5 'A6 A6 2.016 1" 10.21 33.063 14.133 124.0625 5.9414 6.67 123.766 24.5664 6.364 13.648 30.96 98.65 146.888 65.186 14.078 9. ¼ %6 % ?A6 20.069 [31.816 21.681 1.213 18.91 9 130.5625 7.438 89.848 40.000 25.2656 8.81 ¼ 6 184.77E 3.6699 7.24 147.321 ¾ 13A6 7 1 s//16 4 1/ 3Ae 42.410 47.728 57.660 52.326 23.574 152.21 108.463 82.504 17.250 133.904 16.191 i 44.713 60.504 16.95 140.93 188.583 68.103 29.36 142. in II @ Square Round rq 4.406 ¼ 6 ¾ 7/ 6 ½ %6 % 11A6 44.483 .071 45.723 45.691 i 29.250 23.846 80.726 44.60 168.871 i i 39.635 i 20.87 90.3789 9..2806 9.296 i 31.349 16.232 47.941 31.140 122.233 49.6179 8.06 154.53E .825 13.816 12.141 7.466 15.282 i 41.680 11.000 87.5466 3.563 53.688 128.81 25.492 86.063 33.953 80.2000 4.79 145.64 166.71 181..93 204.22 128.973 22.400 56.250 20.587 72.53 I 78.566 !23.033 15.879 50.4301 3.270 17.1416 3.545 35.3477 5.962 .662 51.6664 4.147 7 6 207.691 1 .6211 6 66.9102 8. i 41.90 143.23 132. Size or Weight.Size Weight.7656 10.2126 6.853 59.28( 5.9462 9.9678 10. sq in. 15/ 6 42.866 i 29.23 152.766 51.016 15.778 102.41 88.785 136.141 45.64 178.416 11.860 91.:.598 14.55 100.803 63.25 194.99 165.463 15.675 76.754 37.56 137.91 104.40£ 4.891 i 19.69(.445 I 56.937 62.7852 5.600 31.563 23.85 82.438 46.7771 ¾ ?Ae 1/£ %6 % ¾ 13//16 7 ¼ '/le ¾ ?/16 ½ %e % 11 6 11.53.06.= ¼ %6 ½ 9A6 % 11A6 ¾ 13A6 1%6 3 'A6 %e 21.364 95.624 105.707 63..713 26.450 1 37.113 57.26 157.516 38.179 57.166 122.678 46.379 13.000 49.81 18.169 119.146 127.18 140.016 ' 48. 79"/ 1.850 1.869 4.5941 2.516 5.05 28.244 10.453 4.500 9.039 5.781 5.913 2.844 7.213 .16 1.463 5.372 .319 .506 5.40 21.216 4.863 9.234 9.550 2.744 1.019 3.WEIGHTS OF SQUARE EDGE FLATS Pounds per Linear Foot Thickness.288 9.638 .85 18.975 3.913 2.13 14.43 8.063 1.'75 30.941 6.563 11.88 188 .116 1.250 5.691 1.35 27.50 14.275 1.550 3.063 2.825 4.531 .00 .275 1.144 5.763 4.9561.275 1.36 12.850 1.488 1% 1½ 134 2 .75 13.038 6..04 1.222 2.50 4.950 6.588 8.594 2.347 .169 1.825 5.797 1.859 2. Inches ¼ ½ 34 1 ]/1 i % ?/]e % 11.525 6.55 20.869 3.00 17..594 3.70 19.39 1.372 .116 .381 2.913 2.3911 3.613 5.641 3.888 6.331 8.328 1.434 2.159 .700 2.53 1.15 34.20 11.106 .047 6.100 5.594 1.109 7.444 3.391 2.4 34 z3/l % 15/1s 1 .753 3.259 7.994 4.275 1.400 5.531 1.563 11.744 1.419 7.48 13.719 ..60 14.719 4.75 13.950 7.925 1.79 8.266 .638 1.013 8.694 1.169 2.144 6.100 6.375 7.438 1.95 23.322 .338 2.45 32.638 .056 7.666 4.90 1.09 12.225 9.188 4.250! 6.76 14.20 ] .90 12.053 .29711.869 3.019 2.956 1.125 2.05 11.478 .719 5.266 .500 10.463 5.650 9.975 4.903 1.781 5.45 15.700 3.188 4.231 3.975 .478 .10 22.825 4.897 4.622 6.800 7.531 .319 .463 .11 8.188 3.906 8.594 1.313 6.375 7.578 6.834 .066 1.65 25.031 10.013 8.638 .859 3.80 24.638 .116 2.738 7.64 1.753 2.172 8.163 7.809 1.27 1.806 3.709 3.20 11.16 13.213 .986 2.072 2.550 3.091 . i Width.669 1.125 2.700 2.63 12.969 9.85O 1.328 2.188 3.650 8. Inches ]/8 3/1s ¼ 5/1 I .500 10.613 4.800 8.925 10.850 1..763 3.922 3.425 .578 .931 5.766 10.425 .50 26.081i 4.738 7.8061 2.656 3.488 2.950 .319 .231 2.463 5.425 .913 2.297 1.550 3.703 9.781 6.075 10.231 2.488 2.347 4.250 5.338 3.650 8.797 .375 7.213 .381 2.438 9.028 4.303 5.579 7.10]] .375 / i i 2% 2% 23 3 3% 3½ 334 4 4% 4% 434 5 5% 5% 534 6 6% 6% 634 7 7% 7% 73.825 5.125 3.60 31.319 . 8 8% 8% 834 9 9% 934 10 7.100 6.656 3.553 1.231 .400 4.009 2.063 1.313 6.02 1.550 3.488 1.144 4.419 6.84 12.506 4.52 12.828 11.2 ]8 10.434 1.056 4.956 1.41 1.913 3.641 7.275 2.700 2.188 3.063 1.989 9.60I] 10.78 1.181 1.744 .859 .584 1.250 5.400 4..20 28.25 22.541 3.956 1.072 2.881 11.159 .994 5.675 5.15 17.350 10.30 16.603 .694 7.438 8..90 29.100 5.294 4.125 3.738 6.30 33. 763 5.87 51.30 16.08 21.19 38.90 29.231 2.78 57.03 44.55( 3.19 16.89 35.17 19.94 17.56 32.42 !35.92 21.22 13.17 42.322 6.55 53.73 53 6 6z 61/2 63 7 18.38 20.39 35.20 45.82 44.32 36.33 19.12 31.43 34.77 21.00 35.25 22.9O 47.34 38.69 10.10 57.34 15.25 28.92 55.11 18.08 22.77 32.80O 8.71i 26.22 30.97 60.51 31.063] 16" 3.34 20.313 6.43 48.19 27.65 55.96 ' 48.30 32.40 56.338 3.81 32.35 i45.30 51.88 17.89 29.30 68.34 20.73 47.90 13.391 31.70 20.38 52.82 1% 1.84 11.222 2.13 14.31 19.88 28.172 8.12 32.241 45.66 ! 26.69 30.00 12.86 1% 1.93 !39.94 57.54 58.188i 3.76 21.73 151.13 31/2 33.82 44.51 55.20 28.438 8.563 10.27 18.00 35.88 33.69 130.04 11.700 3.31 35.36 40.11 59 .888i 5.24 27.88 33.77 121.91 42.38 25.91 25.44 43.39 14.578 6.65 20.85 19.82 37.70 1.61 15.99 25.234 11.81 32.58 36.06 53.85 10.25 39.63 ]38.22 i37.969 9.34 43.25 40.73 17.64 54.463 ' I 1.99 40.66 38.30 17.0561 6.781j 5.594 3.31 23.75 31.50 27.88 16.72 22.58 i52.35 33.934 10.00 56.588 8. Inches 1% [ 1% 1% i .17 42.375 8.80 53.41 51.76 49.613 3.28 14.83 46.400 5.806 1.75 14.43.50 15.21 18.48 124.48 45.21 11.58 64.83 23.99 57.29 38.78 28.58 23.08 44.63 11.25 189 .54 25.43 13. 5 17.013 13/1 17/16 1.53 ' 35.50 22.27 13.35 139.738 1¾ 1.14 7% 7'/2 73/ 8 26.381 2.26 17.53 41.20 60.506 4.25 22.13 20.08 59.622 5.03 44.74 40.35 16.47 18.80 25.25 28 69 25.39 31.87 21. 4 12.163 7.00 29.18 14.13 38.56 32.22 47.50 44.59 19.38 58.11E .63 29.881 10.01 160.65 i43.93 62.88 45.25O 4.06 41.09 150.43 36.81 49.47 35.61 32.41 46.28 31.31 23.64 13.656 3.347 3.33 46.28 31.48 12.94 17.47 i35.419 5.63 i 9.68 46.05 52.52i 22.00 27.313J 6.51 32130 34.O38 4.78 27.109 6.669 10.16 12.63 24.91.49 20.11 i47.63 i46.709 2.28 37.65( 9.41 51.07 54.2881 8.95 24.0091 1.22 47.62 16.59 50.63 48.55 31.96 19.90 4?.44 11.70 28.68 22 95 24.40 38.15 34.35 55.85 19.969 9.781 6.84 41.57 24.87 21.1251 2.43 28.32 41.94 16.33 37.65O 8.90 130.703 9.169 2.81 15.16 12.60 31.38 42.48 12.57 39.39 14.70 54.50 ]61.606 9.70 37.24 24.36 17.34 15.084 9.10 40.65 26.) 19.60 43.20 34.16 34.100 6.69 12.444 3.40 22.21 35.41 16.19 55.77 48.31 23.51 36.666 !% 1.21 23.09 28.68 22.45 15.869 5.563 11.19 21.16 41.00 18.24 27.297 10.66 38.46 54.19 27.06 34.53 35.23 37.809 8.97 18.90 147.99 23.694 6.80 25.Widthl Inches % 1/2 1V16 Thickness.15 17.81 49.55 31.30 33.26 29.29 38.52 40.20 7.80 30.16 63.01 30.64 31 29 32.63 1 5A6 ¾ 1 1.90 64.12 19.47 46.33 13.181 8.144J 4.54 42.1.41 23.06 24.09 1 35.00 52.69 30.951 1.20 45.91 25.22 24.52 40.70 37.06 13.066 7.88 29 .10( 6.80 142.84 41.825 4.56 27.55 14.68 40.23 25.13 55.438 7.925 • 9.84 11.44 21.04 22.225 7.031 9.91 37.45 150.13 33.03 15.73 6.77 43.71 31.50 44 .29 26.86 26.63 43.14 51.68 37.19 21.10 23.88 39.47 46.29 61.40 21.75 11.19 34.03 21.73 34.78 28.90 13.869 3.3311 7.44 43.38 49.88 62.25 37.24 32.601 5.56 26.48 24.78 12.64 30.10 40.47 52.39 14.95 13.58 23.20 10.58 36.29 39.43 i 13.43 24.53 13.21I 35.31 49.13 20.70 36.06 36.38 25.12 13.29 26.80 59.86 14.91 14.95 24.231 37.52 11.01 31.14 44.34 15.11 12.64 53.303 2.33 30.04 22.541 1.188 4.500 11.20 28 .03 15.27! 2.80 42.75 43.60 31.35 33.66 15.36 17.38 134.60 15.984 5.35 ! 27.58 47.19 16.21 44.53 158.16 45.00 9% 9% 93 10 33.27 20.78 17.32 36.08 39.488 113/ 6 1.294 4.86 35.94 34.23 25.53 19.56 62.60 4% 4% 43.44 14.94 3 1.18 49.26 17.38 42.09 10.95O I 6.516 4.10 11.941 6.23 26.844 7.10 29.14 15.00 J 28.05 29.903 .128 8.99 7.30 16.16 18.82 27.47 35.60 29.97 20.56 33.25 39.11 34.43 36.74 12.244 10.13 20.27 i 30.75 46.75 23.08 19.73 40.60 66.53 41.06 41.16 7.9?5 1 3.34 50.463 ! 4.925 10.18 120.99 23. 2.047[ 5.001 21.11 26.38 23.53 18.33 30.73 30.17 19.20 22.58 i 47.81 i 14.641 7.05 29.91 25.58 17.98 38.60 42.50 4.22 30.88 39.72 22.21 18.70 37.76 49. 2.84 52.50 8% 8% 83 9 33.05 40.20 51.52 11.26 29.55 20.06 18.00 153.10 23.49 49.694 7.86 25.06 i 36.328 2.87 15.028 3.16 18.09 28.82 16.98 38.54 26.23 65.82 27.500 5.375 7.75 14.0751 8.775 10.350 9.04 157.73 [29.40 39.43 36.88 28.58 17.58 44.50 2% 2% 2% 3 9.37! 1¾ 2 4.78 29.553j 8.37 41.88 33.41 11.675 5.95 18.019 2.oel 4.48 12.19 41.22 24.05 12.9061 7.66 26.77 11.29 i 32.69 30.23 26.88 15.15 I 34.92! 8.563 9.60 4.44 i 43.525 1. 0..015 0.005 Under Out-of-Round or Out-of-Square to 1 incl incl Over 1 to 1 Over 1 to 1¼ incl Over 1¼ to 1¾ incl Over 1% to 1½ incl Over1½ to 2 incl Over 2 to 2½ incl Over 2½ to 3½ incl Over 3½ to 4½ incl Over 4½ to 5½ incl Over 5½ to 6½ incl Over 6½ to 8¼ incl Over 8¼ to 9½ incl Over9½to 10 Over 0.008 0. 1A6 %. ¼ to ½.230 in.010 0. in thickness.014 1/ .009 0.010 . incl Over 1 to 2. 1 90 .ROLLING TOLERANCES--INCHES Hot-Rolled Carbon and Alloy Steel Bars Rounds.015 0.6= ! %2 1A6 + *"i %=** *Flats over 6 in.... '/32 +A2 I ¾. in width and over 3 in...120 .203 to ¼. +A2 ¾+** "A6 t '.. +A2 0.009 0.015 0.012 0.006 0. Square-Edge and Round-Edge Flats Variation from Thickness for Thicknesses Given from Width Variation Specified Widths To 1 incl Over 1 to 2 incl Over 2 to 4 incl Over 4 to 6 incl Over 6 to 8 incl .008 0.018 0.023 0. Out-of-square is the difference in the two dimensions at the same cross section of a square bar between opposite faces.100 0.021 ¾. Squares..013 0.021 +A 0.011 A6 i +A. & Round-Cornered Squares Variation from Size Specified Sizes Over To %6 incl Over %6 to 7A6 inci Over 7/16 to % incl Over % to 7 incl 0. NOTE: Out-of-round is the difference between the maximum and minimum diameters of the bar.007 0.010 0. +. %2 %6 ¼ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.012 0. NOTE: Out-of-hexagon is the greatest difference between any two dimensions at the same cross section between opposite faces.010 0. measured at the same cross section.007 ! 0.020 i 0.007 0.015" 0.016 0.010 i 0.009 0.085 0.014 1A.012 0.O58 0.023 0.012 0.011 0.007 +A.008 0.020! 0. I 0. Over incl 2 Over Under I i i +A2 i -+A2 0.015 0. 0.005 0.O08 O.046 O. in width are not available in thicknesses under 0.070 0.010 0.015 0.016 0.006 0. Hexagons Specified Sizes Opposite Sides To ½ incl Over ½to1 incl Over1 tol½incl Overl½to2 incl Over 2 to 2½ incl Over 2½ to 3½ incl between Variation from Size Over Under Out-of Hexagon 0.013 0.009 0. excl inci Over ½ to 1..025 .62 I + ¾. **Tolerances not applicable to flats over 6 in.025 ¾6 1A6 0.008 0.007 0.011 0.035 0.007 O. In general. See Transformation Temperature. 191 . Its microstructural appearance is feathery if formed in the upper part of the temperature range. resembling tempered martensite. or after a cold working operation (strain aging). A thermal cycle involving heating to. and hold ing at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a suitable rate.TR EATI N G TER IVIS GLOSSARY OF STEEL TESTING AND THERMAL Ac TEMPERATURE. AUSTENITIZING. and holding the material at a temperature above that of martensite formation until transformation is complete. facil itating cold working. acicular. Certain of these definitions have been derived from ASTM Standard E44-75. after a thermal treatment (quench aging). it forms at tempera tures lower than those where very fine pearlite forms. The process of forming austenite by heat ing a ferrous alloy into the transformation range (partial austenitiz ing) or above this range (complete austenitizing). for such purposes as reducing hardness. or obtain ing desired mechanical or other properties. and higher than that where martensite begins to form on cooling. AUSTEMPERING. BAINITE. producing a desired microstructure. A time-dependent change in the properties of certain steels that occurs at ambient or moderately elevated temperatures after hot working. if formed in the lower part. AR TEMPERATURE. AGING. AN N EALI N G. A decomposition product of austenite consisting of an aggregate of ferrite and carbide. improving machinability. The product formed is termed lower bainite. See Transformation Temperature. A thermal treatment process which in volves quenching steel from a temperature above the transformation range in a medium having a rate of heat abstraction high enough to prevent the formation of high-temperature transformation products. CREEP. CRITICAL RANGE. Synonymous with Transformation Range. or internal damage.BLUE BRITTLENESS. or more especially. which is the preferred term. CASE HARDENING. or the selective hardening of the surface layer by means of flame or induction hardening. the major form in which carbon occurs in steel. or case. CARBURIZING. by diffusion. 192 . after being worked within this range. or to produce de sired microstructure or mechanical properties. Killed steels are virtually free from this kind of brittleness. brittle compound of iron and carbon (FeaC). is made substantially harder than the inner portion. DECARBURIZATION. Ameasureof hardness determined by the Brinell hardness test. cracking. The number is derived by dividing the applied load by the surface area of the resulting impression. Hardening by quenching follows. A term descriptive of one or more processes of hardening steel in which the outer portion. or core. A process by which steel is cooled from an elevated temperature in a predetermnied manner to avoid hardening.A process in which an austenitized ferrous material is brought into contact with a carbonaceous atmosphere or medium of sufficient carbon potential as to cause absorption of carbon at the surface and. CEMENTITE. in which a hard steel ball under a specific load is forced into the surface of the test material. create a concentration gra dient. Brittleness occurring in some steels after being heated to within the temperature range of 400 to 700 F. BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER (HB). A hard. usually followed by quenching and tempering. The loss of carbon from the surface of steel as a result of heating in a medium which reacts with the carbon. A time-dependent deformation of steel occurring under conditions of elevated temperature accompanied by stress in tensities well within the apparent elastic limit for the temperature involved. Most of the processes involve either enriching the surface layer with carbon and/or nitrogen. CONTROLLED COOLING. Internal fissures which may occur in wrought steel product during cooling from hot-forging or rolling.. A hardening process in which the surface is heated by direct flame impingement and then quenched. An inspection procedure in which a sample is deep-etched with acid and visually examined for the purpose of evaluating its structural homogeneity. FLAKES. Their occurrence may be minimized by effective control of hydrogen. usually expressed in pounds per sq in. silicon. one of the two major constituents of steel (cf Cement#e) in which it acts as the solvent to form solid solutions with such elements as manganese. ELONGATION. ETCH TEST (MACROETCH). The maximum cyclic stress.). by height of cupping in an Erichsen test. END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY TEST (JOIVIlNY TEST). Conventionally established by the rotating-beam fatigue test. to which a metal can be subjected for indefinitely long periods without damage or failure. nickel. (as: 25% in 2 in. FERRITE. The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing.DUCTILITY. either in melting or in cooling from hot work. and. FLAME HARDENING. and expressed as a percentage of that specimen's original gage length. conventionally used when a stress-strain diagram is to be plotted. A method for determining the hardenability of steel by water-quenching one end of an austenitized cylindrical test specimen and measuring the resulting hardness at specified distances from the quenched end. or. determined by the amount of permanent extension achieved by a tension-test specimen. carbon. The greatest stress that a material can withstand without permanent deformation. An instrument capable of measuring small magnitudes of strain occurring in a specimen during a tension test. usually measured by elongation or reduction of area in a tension test. to a small degree. EXTENSOMETER. for flat products such as sheet. 193 . A measure of ductility. A crystalline form of alpha iron. ELASTIC LIMIT. ENDURANCE LIMIT. HARDENABILITY. 194 . ISOTHERMAL TRANSFORMATION. Subsequent cooling to ambient temperature may be accomplished either in air or in the furnace. An arbitrary number which is calculated from the average number of individual crystals. It is accomplished by heat ing above the transformation range. Involves quenching an austenitized ferrous alloy in a medium at a tempera ture in the upper part of the martensitic range. and having the maximum hardness of any of the decomposition products of austenite. Rockwell. or Vickers indentation-hardness test methods (q. and controlled slow cooling to below that range. A test for determining the ability of a steel to withstand high-velocity loading. as measured by the energy. IMPACT TEST. or slightly above that range. A quench hardening process in which the heat is generated by electrical induction. The resistance of a material to plastic defor mation. Practical application of the principle involved may be found in the isothermal annealing and aus tempering of steel. and holding in the medium until the temperature throughout the alloy is substantially uniform. A method of hardening steel. characterized by an acicular.v. which appear on the etched surface of a specimen at 100 diameters magnification. or needle-like pattern. which a notched-bar specimen absorbs upon fracturing. The alloy is then allowed to cool in air through the martensitic range. Usually measured in steels by the Brinell. That property of steel which determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching.FULL ANNEALING. in ft-lb. GRAIN SIZE NUMBER. A microconstituent or structure in hardened steel.). holding for the proper time in terval. MARTENSITE. A thermal treatment for steel with the primary purpose of decreasing hardness. MARTEMPERING. A change in phase at any constant temperature. HARDNESS. See page 81. or grains. INDUCTION HARDENING. Izod) Impact. as applied to a tension test specimen. Developed from the ratio of the stress. Sometimes designated erroneously as "physical properties. Compression psi (kPa) Reduction of area Tension per cent Shear strength Shear Tensile strength Tension Torsional strength Torsion psi (kPa) psi (kPa) psi (kPa) Yield point Yield strength Tension Tension psi (kPa) psi (kPa) MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (YOUNG'S MODULUS). and units are listed below: Mechanical Property Test Units: Customary (Si metric) angular degrees (radians) psi (kPa) psi (kPa) temperature Cold bending Cold-bend Compressive strength Compression limit Creep strength Elastic limit Elongation Corrosion-fatigue Corrosion-fatigue Creep psi (kPa) per time and Tension. 195 . Compression psi (kPa) Proportional limit Tension.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. to the corresponding strain. or elongation of the specimen. torsional Torsion-impact ft-lb (Joule) Modulus of rupture Bend psi (kPa) Proof stress Tension. expressed in pounds per sq in. empirical numbers Rockwell. Compression psi (kPa) Tension per cent of a specific specimen gage length Endurance Limit Fatigue psi (kPa) Hardness Static: Brinell. Properties which reveal the reactions. Vickers Dynamic: Shore empirical numbers (Scleroscope) Impact Notched-bar impact ft-lb (Joule) (Charpy. A measure of stiffness." Some common mechanical properties. and applicable for tensile loads below lhe elastic limit of the material. tests. of a material to applied forces. bending Bend ft-lb (Joule) Impact. elastic and inelastic. or rigidity. Usually employed to improve toughness or ma chinability. and involves reheating to a temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate desired. electrical conductivity. N O R MALIZI N G. Expressed as a percentage of the original area. A surface hardening process in which certain steels are heated to. PEARLITE. Temper ing improves ductility and toughness.v.). The maximum stress at which strain remains directly proportional to stress. resulting in a thin case of very high hardness. 196 . and coefficient of thermal expansion. Properties which pertain to the physics of a material. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. The nitrogen combines with certain alloying ele ments. and held at a temperature below the transfor mation range in contact with gaseous ammonia or other source of nas cent nitrogen in order to effect a transfer of nitrogen to the surface layer of the steel. QUENCHING AND TEMPERING. then cooling at a rate sufficient to achieve partial or complete transformation to martensite. REDUCTION OF AREA. Not to be confused with mechanical properties (q. PROPORTIONAL LIMIT. such as density. A measure of ductility determined by the difference between the original cross-sectional area of a ten sion test specimen and the area of its smallest cross section at the point of fracture. A thermal process used to increase the hardness and strength of steel. A microconstituent of iron and steel consisting of a lamellar aggregate of ferrite and cementite. Slow cooling completes the process. or as a preparation for further heat treatment. It consists of austenitizing.NITRIDING. Tempering should follow immediately. A thermal treatment consisting of heating to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in still air. but reduces the quenched hardness by an amount determined by the tempering temperature used. usually 1000/1200 F. and elongation and reduction of area. The brittle ness is revealed by notched-bar impact tests at or below room tem perature. SPHEROIDIZE ANNEALING (SPHEROIDIZlNG). Any operation involving the heating and cooling of a metal or alloy in the solid state to obtain desired microstructure or mechanical properties. The usual information derived includes the elastic prop erties. The maximum tensile stress in pounds per sq in. the treatment is used prior to cold deformation. THERMAL TREATMENT. 197 . The difference between the depths of impressions from the two loads is read directly on the arbitrarily calibrated dial as the Rockwell hardness value. ultimate tensile strength. which a material is capable of sustaining. hence. and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the develop ment of new residual stresses.ROCKWELL HARDNESS (HRB or HRC). A thermal cycle involving heating to a suitable temperature. TEMPER BRITTLENESS. a specific range of temperatures below the transformation range. Brittleness that results when cer tain steels are held within. by which a diamond spheroconical penetrator (Rockwell C scale) or a hard steel ball (Rockwell B scale) is forced into the surface of the test material under sequential minor and major loads. A thermal treatment which produces a spheroidal or globular form of carbide in steel. A measure of hardness determined by the Rockwell hardness tester. This is the softest condition possible in steel. A test in which a machined or full-section specimen is subjected to a measured axial load sufficient to cause fracture. holding long enough to reduce residual stresses from either cold deformation or thermal treatment. Spheroidizing also improves machinability in the higher carbon grades. as de veloped by a tension test. STRESS RELIEVING. See Quenching and Tempering. TEMPERING. or are cooled slowly through. TENSION TEST. TENSILE STRENGTH. This definition ex cludes heating for the sole purpose of hot working. but utilizes a pyramid-shaped diamond penetrator instead of a ball. and depend on the rate of change of temperature. Arl ---The temperature at which transformation of austenite to fer rite or to ferrite plus cementite is completed during cooling. VICKERS HARDNESS (HV). Note: All these changes (except the formation of martensite) occur at lower temperatures during cooling than during heating. See Modulus of Elasticity. The deviation is expressed in terms of strain. The minimum stress at which a marked in crease in strain occurs without an increase in stress. The tempera ture at which a change in phase occurs. usually a strain of 0. 198 . YIELD STRENGTH. YOUNG'S MODULUS. and trans forms during cooling. and in the offset method.2 per cent is specified. Ae8 --The temperature at which transformation of ferrite to aus tenite is completed during heating. or Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. the temperature at which the solution of cementite in austenite is completed during heating. YIELD POINT. Aez --The temperature at which transformation of ferrite to aus tenite begins during heating. Mf --The temperature at which transformation of austenite to mar tensite is substantially completed during cooling. A measure of hardness de termined by the Vickers.TRANSFORMATION RANGES. Those ranges of tem peratures within which austenite forms during heating. which is similar in principle to the Brinell test. TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURE. Ar8 --The temperature at which transformation of austenite to fer rite begins during cooling. The symbols of primary interest for iron and steels are: Aeem---In hypereutectoid steel. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. Ms --The temperature at which transformation of austenite to mar tensite begins during cooling. vacuum 15 Product analysis tolerances 42 Rolling tolerances 190 SAE typical thermal treatments Carburizing grades 74 Directly hardenable grades 78 . chemical.. induction 68 Product analyses tolerances 33 Rolling tolerances 190 SAE typical thermal treatments Carburizing grades 76 Water. effects on steel properties 19 Aluminum 23 Boron 23 Carbon 20 Chromium 22 Copper 22 Lead 23 ) as of square and round bars 186 ) .and oil-hardening grades 93 Open-hearth 7 Glossary of steel testing & thermal treating terms 191 Grain size 81 Hardenability 43 Calculation of end-quench 46 End-quench testing 44 Limits tables 51 Hardening..tempering 65 3asic open-hearth furnace 7 Nickel 21 Manganese 20 Molybdenum 22 Nitrogen 23 Phosphorus 20 ! ic oxygen furnace 8 ilast furnace 6 Silicon 21 Sulfur 21 Vanadium 22 End-quench hardenability limits tables 51 End-quench hardenability testing 44 Flame-hardening treatment for surface 68 3oron steel grade analyses Carbon H 31 2apped steels 14 Alloy and Alloy H 38 : :bon steels AISI/SAE standard grades and ladle chemical ranges 26 Flats. Basic oxygen 8 Electric-arc 10 Machinability 168 Mechanical properties tables Carburizing grades 87 Water. chemical analyses 30 Hardenability limits tables 51 Ladle chemical ranges and limits 32 .. blast 6 Furnaces.. 168 Furnace.INDEX t. effects on machinability 169 Isothermal 73 Solution. weights of square-edge 188 Free-machining carbon steels 30.and oil-hardening grades 77 199 . steelmaking Definition 19 Effects of chemical elements 19 Free-machining grades.ealing Eddy-current testing 176 Electric-arc furnace 10 Elements. or Full 72 Spheroidize 72 Stress-relief 71 _ Sub-critical 72 Elements.y steels AISI/SAE standard grades and ladle chemical ranges 34 Carbo-nitriding treatment for surface hardening 68 Carburizing treatment for surface hardening 66 Machinability 172 Definition 19 Effects of chemical elements 19 Hardenability limits tables 51 Ladle chemical ranges and limits 40 Mechanical properties tables Carburizing grades 121 Oil-hardening grades 145 Water-hardening grades 137 Chemical analyses of carbon and alloy steel AISI/SAE grades 25 Conversion tables Hardness 181 Metric equivalents for weights & measures 184 Temperature 182 Cyaniding treatment for surface hardening 68 Degassing. chemical.. 60 Mechanical properties tables Alloy carburizing grades 121 Alloy oil-hardening grades 145 Alloy water-hardening grades 137 Carbon carburizing grades 87 Carbon water. chemical analyses 36 Alloy boron grades. water-& oil-hardening grades 77 chemical analyses 31 Hardenability limits tables 51 Induction hardening treatment for surface 68 Ingots.D) Hardening treatment. killed. basic 7 Oxygen furnace.IN DEX (CONT.and oil-hardening grades 93 Strand casting 14 Surface hardening treatments 66 Carbo-nitriding 68 Carburizingwliquid. grade analyses 30 Segregation in the ingot. segregation in steel 12 Isothermal treatments 63 Austempering 65 Martempering 65 Killed steels 13 Ladle chemical ranges and limits Alloy steels 40 Carbon steels 32 "M" steels. Quenching media 62 Raw materials for steelmaking 5 Rimmed steels 12 Rolling tolerances. 12 Semi-killed steels 14 Steelmaking methods Basic oxygen process 8 Electric-arc process l0 Open-hearth process 7 Machinability of steel 168 Machinability testing 168 Magnetic measurement testing 175 Magnetic particle testing 175 Martempering 65 Mechanical properties obtainable in H-steels Oil quench 58. surface 66 Hardness conversion tables 181 H-Steels Pig iron production 6 Piping in the ingot 12 Quenching and tempering. semi-killed) 12 Ultrasonic testing 173 Vacuum treatment 15 Magnetic particle 175 Ultrasonic testing 173 Normalizing and annealing 71 Open-hearth furnace. rimmed. 60 Water quench 59. basic 8 Ladle degassing 17 Stream degassing 16 Vacuum lifter degassing 17 Weights of square and round bars 186 Weights of square-edge flats 188 2OO . directly hardenable grades 78 Carbon steels. carburizing grades 76 Carbon steels. gas. conventional 61 Alloy grades. carbon and alloy steels 190 SAE typical thermal treatments Alloy steels. carburizing grades 74 Alloy steels. pack 66 Cyaniding 68 Flame hardening 68 Induction hardening 68 Nitriding 67 Taconite 5 Temperature conversion table 182 Thermal treatments Metric equivalents for weights and measures 184 Nitriding treatment for surface hardening 67 Nondestructive examination of steel 173 Electromagnetic test methods 175 Eddy current 176 Magnetic measurement 175 Austempering and martempering 65 Conventional quenching and tempering 61 Normalizing and annealing 71 Quenching media 62 SAE typical 74-79 Tool steels. chemical analyses 38 Carbon and carbon boron grades. identification & type classification 178 Types of steel (capped. 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