ADEV 111 NGOs DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENY 2015

Very easy to focus on characteristics of development
For example we know that underdevelopment is usually characterized by: low per capita incomes, low literacy and educational attainment, lack of basic services- water and power
But how do we EXPLAIN underdevelopment
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What causes underdevelopment
Head of Household
Middle-aged female with low level education.
Self-employed as vendor or employed as labourer
Either a widow, divorcee or deserted by husband
In some cases a pensioner supporting the whole family on her meagre income.
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Characteristics of the urban poor
(Research study carried out in Mamelodi & Orange Farm in the mid 1990s p13)
Lack of modern technology (farmers especially don't think modern enough, not enough knowledge)
Lack of modern outlook (rural people seen as resistant to change).

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Causes cont…
Dependency of Third World Countries ( who are depended on developed countries for capital, technology & markets).
The role of Trans National Corporations (TNCs).
Aid has a way of keeping Third World countries depended (poor).
Problems started with colonialism.

35
Causes cont…
Social Causes: Colonialism, lack of skills and knowledge, resistance to change, traditional systems, poor social services, racism.
Political causes: Lack of government institutions, international relations, political instability, civil wars.
Economic causes: lack of capital and credit, lack of infrastructure, debt.
Exploitation of the poor: They do not have access to finance and loans

34
Causes cont…
Physical limitations (Natural causes: droughts, floods, earthquakes). Countries cannot react effectively on these.
Bureaucratic stifling of development (this is the reason given mostly by NGOs)
Civil service too big
Over-centralisation of services (top-down approach).
Lack of representation at local level
Corruption.

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Causes of Poverty (Why some countries /regions suffer more than others)
Base line poverty:
How many people are poor in a specific region.
Measures food consumption

Income and Expenditure Base:
Looks at the income per adult and the money they will need for a minimum level of living.

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Indicators of poverty

Household composed of up to 4 generations.
School-going children in early 20s
Some of them being parents themselves
So the household will have a grandmother, a mother with children; these would in turn have their own children as well= 4 generations.

Children and adult children
Adult male children married & sharing a parent's house.
These might eventually move out into a formal house or informal shack.
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Composition
Mostly overcrowded.
A one-roomed 'mkhukhu' made from corrugated iron, wood or sometimes asbestos.
Not much room for privacy; sometimes curtains provide some privacy.
Some basic furniture such as beds, a few chairs & table that are mostly second-hand.
Sometimes a radio & television set
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Material Living Conditions
Social services are inadequate
Up to 20 households or more share a common tap
Pit/bucket system toilet being more prevalent
(What has changed today)?
Social services. Non-school fees education, RDP houses
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Social Services
RDP is an integrated, coherent, socio-economic policy framework, seeking to mobilise all our people's & our country's resources towards the final eradication of apartheid & building a democratic, non-racial & non-sexist future.
This framework stipulated detailed positions and legislative programmes of government
The RDP has been drawn by ANC alliance, NGO's, businesses and researchers and was a consultative process
This approach of developing and implementing the policy was unique in SA's political history.
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The Reconstruction & Development Programme (RDP)

Rural development is concerned with eradicating of poverty by addressing the following:
Equal treatment-empowerment, corruption
Land tenure-access to land, migration
Migration and population pressure-rural-urban migration
Economic and political relations-

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Framework for integrated rural development
Poverty alleviation/ eradication- biggest challenges facing the world today
National policies and institutions exclude the poor from the benefits of development
Institutional biases are a lack of access to productive assets eg land and water
Others are lack of access to credit and lack of grassroots institutions to encourage peoples participation

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Rural and Development Urban Issues
Vicious circle of poverty: difficult to separate causes from symptoms.
Vicious circle: disease/malnutrition
poor health/low production
low production/low income
low income/low taxation
low taxation/lack of health
facilities.
Need to separate symptoms from causes in order to do something about poverty.

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Conclusion
Paraffin & candles the predominant form of energy.
Some better-off families own coal stoves for cooking & heating water
In exceptional cases the landlord will provide electricity.
Income
Monthly income of the household is R650 or less

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Energy Usage
The rural household is poor: The poor becomes poorer and the rich become richer.
Household is physically weak: not enough food, which leads to malnutrition.
Household is isolated: not adequate communication in rural areas, removed from adequate infrastructure.
Household is vulnerable: because of dependency on landlords and traditional leaders.
Household is powerless: poor people always intimidated and depend on the rich people for their livelihood.

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Clusters of Disadvantage
The poor are trapped in a cycle of poverty.
This cycle is called the Deprivation Trap
Robert Chambers identified 5 clusters of disadvantage:
1. Poverty
2. Physical Weakness
3. Isolation
4. Vulnerability
5. Powerlessness

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The Deprivation Trap

Communication System
Belief and Educational System
Physical and Cultural Security
Political System to define Leadership
Systems for Health and Recreation

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Communities Have Special Needs for Survival

This is found in affluent/rich countries
Just some individuals or families are poor
Their poverty is visible when compared to their surrounding area
20

Case Poverty

Poverty can be classified according to the level of disadvantage experienced

There are 4 ways to describe and examine poverty or types of poverty



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POVERTY
Development without infrastructure: (markets, roads, communication)
Development without Participation: (building people capacity)
Development without women
Development without environment
Development without the poor
Development without the do-able
Development without mobilisation

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How Development should NOT take Place
Mothers need to be more informed about health issues, especially family planning.
Education concerning prevailing health problems and how to prevent and control them
Provision of essential drugs. Some minor diseases could be treated before they become serious illnesses

17
How these contribute……
Malnutrition leads to a number of diseases, even death which could be prevented if people had information about proper nutrition
Lack of safe drinking water. Bilharzia is one of the examples of diseases caused by contaminated water.
Basic sanitation: Human waste landing in rivers and other sources of water leads to the spread of diseases to millions of people around the world.
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How these contribute to Development
Old view that absence of development caused by certain physical environments, particular cultural traditions and value systems-environmental and cultural determinism
Lack of natural resources certainly impediment to development but not impossible- example of Japan

15
What causes underdevelopment
Almost everybody in the community is poor
More affluent/richer individuals are more visible as compared to the poor members of the community
Mostly found in rural areas or squatter camps in urban areas.
Mass poverty
Usually found in the Third World

21
Community Poverty

The concept refers to people whose basic needs are met, but, in terms of their social environment, they are poor/or have disadvantages
Poverty situation of one entity in relation to the poverty of another
In relation to South Africa, Lesotho is poor.
In relation to the USA, South Africa is poor.


22
Relative Poverty
Refers to a desperate situation
Refers to a comparison of levels of poverty
Incomes are extremely low
Minimum standards of nutrition, shelter, etc, cannot be maintained
Next meal may make a difference between life and death
About 20% in the world live in absolute poverty
85% of these live in rural areas. 85% live in the rural areas in the Third world


23
Absolute Poverty
Clean air
Adequate and balanced food
Physical and emotional security
Physical and mental health
Clothing
Shelter.
Poverty can be defined in terms of basic needs (When these basic needs cannot be met)
Poorest of the poor is when these cannot be met.

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Basic Needs and Poverty
An urban area can be defined in spatial, social, economic and demographic terms
Urbanisation is a process in which people, services, employment are concentrated
Rural deprivation and poverty 'push' towards cities eg.
Lack of income generating, few job opportunities, schools and are few and far
Urban areas 'pull'
Third World governments invest more on the infrastructure
27
Causes and consequences of urbanisation and urban poverty
Poverty is a rural phenomenon
In S.A. 75% of the poor live in rural areas
They are people in a deprivation trap: poor, weak , isolated, powerless, vulnerable
Cities are viewed as places of opportunities
The results of their migration is the densification of urban poverty
Therefore rural and urban poverty is an integrated approach
26
Rural and urban poverty
S.A. invest development aid in the infrastructure eg schools, public service salaries, informal settlements, hospitals
Accepting poverty as normal is called accommodation to a culture of poverty


25
Equilibrium Cont…

Poverty alleviation measures lead to a short term relief then beneficiaries return to their previous balance
In a poor community any progress is cancelled out due to birth rate, or natural disaster
Job creation are nullified by an uncontrolled increase in population numbers
24
Equilibrium of poverty
The country was a bitter one, dominated by colonialism, racism, apartheid, oppressive labour policies.
The economy was built on systematically enforced racial division in every sphere of our society.
Rural areas were divided into underdeveloped 'bantustans' and well-developed white-owned commercial farming areas.
Poverty characterised our society
Towns & cities were divided into townships without basic infrastructure for blacks & well-resourced suburbs for whites.

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Why did we need an RDP?
Segregation in education, health, welfare, transport & employment left deep scars of inequality & economic inefficiencies.
Large companies dominated by whites controlled large parts of the economy.
Labour policies concentrated skills in white hands, & black workers were poorly equipped for the rapid changes that took place in the world economy.
Not a single sector/individual living in SA untouched by the ravages of apartheid.
Whole regions of our country are in poverty as a result of apartheid policies.
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Why an RDP continued…….
In its dying years, apartheid unleashed a vicious wave of violence.
Thousands of people were brutally killed, injured & forced from their homes.
Security forces were often accused for failing to protect those involved in these massacres.
Millions of ordinary S Africans struggled this system over decades to improve their lives, restore peace, bring about a more just society.


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Why an RDP…continued…..
Development is about releasing the community of the poor from the poverty trap so that they can take responsibility for their own destiny.
Development is not about placing facilities among the poor or creating infrastructure.
Development is not about giving relief to poor people.
6
Definition of Development
Education extremely important in development process
Primary Education
Adult Literacy
Primary Health Care
Elimination of Malnutrition
Family Planning
Safe Drinking Water
Sanitation
Availability of credit to create self-employment opportunities

5
Other aspects of development
Three important aspects are:
1. Raising peoples' living levels, i.e. incomes and consumption, levels of food, medical services, education through relevant growth processes
2. Creating conditions conducive to the growth of peoples' self-esteem through the establishment of social, political and economic systems and institutions which promote human dignity and respect
3. Increasing peoples' freedom to choose by enlarging the range of their choice, e.g. varieties of goods and services

4
Definition of Development
Development is not purely an economic phenomenon but rather a multi-dimensional process
It involves reorganisation and reorientation of entire economic and social system
Development is a process of improving the quality of all human lives with three equally important aspects. These are:


3
Definition of Development
1,4 billion people in the world lack access to proper sanitation.
1,2 billion lack access to clean water.
1,2 billion (1 in 5) live on income of less than US$I per day.
1,7 million (1 in 7) cannot afford food to eat each day.
114 million children (55% girls) not in primary school with this number doubling for girls as they reach secondary school
Over 1 million children die every year from easily preventable diseases (mortality rate)




2
Statistics to put concept in perspective
1


Presented by: Ms Mdiniso

Department of Anthropology & Development Studies

NGOs, Development and Underdevelopment



Empowerment of the people to be responsible for their own development in ways that will not harm the future of their children.
The local development must be in harmony with the local ecology.
Capacity of the people is built up so that human dignity is enhanced.
7
Sustainable Development

Instability and adverse internal situations- political factors
Extended periods of disorder are not conducive to development- central African nations with tribal conflicts and ethnic cleansing
Poor physical environment- lack of rainfall, poor soils also may pose barriers to development

13
Explanations of underdevelopment
Demographic change- population size and population growth
Economic Growth
Increased use of Resources
Modernisation & Technology –developing wealth
Income Distribution
Life-Sustenance (food, health, shelter, protection )
UNDP sees development in terms of human security (economic, food, environment, personal, community, political)


9
Many/Various meanings, such as:
It is this collective heritage of the struggle, the common desires and our strengths which are the cornerstone of the RDP
The first decisive step was the one-person, one-vote elections which were to lay the basis for effective reconstruction & development which would restore peace in our beloved South Africa.
No political democracy can survive if people remain in poverty, without land and tangible prospects for better life
Attacking poverty and deprivation must be the first priority of democratic government
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Why the RDP……..
Of the poor in South Africa:
72% live in rural areas mainly in the Eastern Cape, Free State, North West, Limpopo & KwaZulu-Natal
Poverty predominant among Blacks (61%) followed by Coloureds (38%), Indians (5%) then Whites (1%).
There is a clear relationship between poverty & the size of the household, large households with many dependents are generally much poorer.
Female-headed households poorer than male-headed
Poverty in SA has a strong rural, race, gender bias.
(Black, rural women bear the brunt of poverty in South Africa).

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Conclusion
Defined as development that is likely to achieve lasting satisfaction of human needs and improvement of the quality of life and includes:

1) Help for the poorest who are left with no
option but to destroy their environment to survive

2) Cost effective development using different
economic criteria to the traditional –i.e.
development should not degrade environment

3) Important issues of health control, appropriate
technologies, food self-reliance, clean water and
shelter for all

8
Sustainable Development

Focuses on the value of goods and services produced by each sector of the economy

Expressed in terms of GDP which is the total market value of all final goods and services eg exports and imports, investments

Potential for reducing poverty

Sound economic policy
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Economic Growth Development

Measured by life expectancy
Adult literacy and three levels of education
Improvement in workers knowledge
Skills and better jobs
Better conditions for better businesses to grow
Greater democracy at all levels for decision making
Environmental protection
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Human Development
Development of economic wealth of the country
It is aimed at the overall well-being of the citizens as beneficiaries of the development of the economy
Creation of more opportunities in different sectors


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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT



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